1 The Fish Tale

Deep under the sea

See the lovely coloured fish
Swimming peacefully

This special poem in three

lines is called a Haiku. Such
poems about nature are
popular in Japan. Here is
another Haiku—
The lake, calm, smooth, still Navyata Class I
A fish jumps up and returns
Ripples shake the lake
Do you know any poems about fish?

Here are some drawings made by

children.
I V
When you think of fishes what Cla
ss
ya
shapes come to your mind? Ma

h Try to use a square and a

triangle to draw a fish.

1
Look for fish designs around you — on cloth, in paintings,
on mats, etc.

‘Meen’ means a fish and ‘Meenakshi’ is a girl whose

eyes look like a fish. Can you think of someone who has
such eyes?

h Draw a face with ‘fish eyes’.

Fishes can have very different sizes. The smallest fish is about
1 cm long. How long is the biggest fish you can imagine? _______
h How many times longer is your big fish than the smallest fish?

The biggest fish is the whale shark. It is actually not a whale but

is a big, big fish. Whales are different from fish. Whales breathe
like we do, through their noses. But fish have no noses and they
take in water, not air. Whales give birth to babies, but fish lay
eggs. The whale shark fish looks big and dangerous, but is quite
harmless. It does not attack humans.

One whale shark was as long as 18 m. Just think how long that
is – almost 12 children of your size standing one on top of the
other! And guess what it weighed? Well, much, much more than
what 12 of you together weigh! Its weight was about 16000 kg!

2
h About how many kilograms do you weigh? __________
h So 12 children like you put together will weigh about _______ kg.
h About how much more does the whale shark weigh than 12
children like you put together? __________

The Fish Tail

To see the difference between whales and fish look carefully at

their tails. Can you see that the fish tail stands flat along its body,
but the tail of the whale almost looks like two legs. Can you spot
the fish in the picture?

“Schools” of Fish!

Fish like to swim together in the sea in big groups called

‘‘schools” of fish. In their school they feel safe from the bigger fish.
(Do you feel safe in your school?)

This is a thematic chapter which presents to children the world of fish and fish workers through
an integrated approach. Mathematical concepts, such as shapes, estimation, sense of large
numbers, simple operations, speed, loans, etc. are woven into real-life contexts to allow a
creative revision of some ideas learnt earlier.

3
To scare away the bigger fish, some small fish drink up a lot of
water, swell up and look big!

h Jincy used these shapes to make drawings of fish. Now you also
use some shapes to draw the different sea animals shown below.

Sea urchin Lobster

Eel Red snapper

4
 Clam Parrot fish

n
Praw

Cuttle fish
Octopus

Jelly fish
Squid

t
f re
om
rp
lve
Si Crab

h Which of these sea animals have you seen before?

Fishermen in their Boats

How many of you have seen the sea? Where did you see it? Did
you see it in a movie or for real? How deep do you think the sea
could be? Find out.

Do you know how to swim? Would you be scared of the high

sea waves?

5
h Close your eyes and imagine the sea with waves rising high.
h How high do you think the waves can go? __________

Imagine that there are fishermen in their

boats, going up and down with the waves.
They start their trip when it is still dark.
Some go on a simple boat made from logs of
wood tied together. If the sea is rough, with
very high tides and a strong wind, then
these fishermen have a very difficult time.

Log boat

These log boats do not go very far.

If the wind is helpful, they travel
about 4 km in one hour.

h How long will they take to go a

distance of 10 km?

h Guess how far you can go in

one hour if you walk fast.
Log boat
6
Fishermen can feel the wind
and look at the sun to find out
which way to go. Many of us
would get lost and not be able
to find our way on the sea
where you only see water,
water, and nothing else!

Find out

Look at the sun and find out the direction from where it rises.

h From where you are, what interesting thing do you see to your east?

h Name two things that are lying to your west.

What a Catch!

Out on the sea, fishermen look for a

place where they hope to find a good
catch of fish. There they spread
their nets. They will have to wait for
many hours for the fish to come into
their nets.
What a long sword-fish!
h Look at the different types of boats.
Some boats have motors and go further into the sea. Since they
go far out they can catch more fish. These boats travel faster, at
the speed of about 20 km in
one hour.
h How far would the motor
boats go in three and a half
hours?
h How much time will they
take to go 85 km?
Oar boat

7
 oat Moto
rb r boa
Moto t

Big mac
bo at hine boa
Long tail t (trawle
r)

But the fishermen are now very worried.

There are some very big machine boats
(trawlers) in the business. They go far
out and put their big nets deep in the
sea. This way they collect a whole lot of
fish, leaving very few near the sea
shore. They also stay out on the sea for
many days.

These big machine boats also catch

the small baby fish, which have yet to
grow up. Fishermen in the smaller
boats always let the baby fish pass
through their nets to go back into the sea. They choose a net
size in such a way that only the grown up fish are caught.

8
For hundreds of years fishermen have cared for the sea
and its fishes, and fished only a little to eat and sell.
They say that if trawlers catch thousands of kilograms
of fish everyday, there will be no fish left in the sea!
h Write a news report about
the dangers faced by the
fishes in our rivers and
seas.

Which Boat Gets How

Much?
In one trip the log boat
brings about 20 kg of fish.
But other types of boats
bring a bigger catch as
given in the table. The table also shows the speed of each type of
boat, which is how far each boat goes in one hour. Look at the
table and calculate —

a) About how much fish in all will each type of boat bring in
seven trips?

b) About how far can a motor boat go in six hours?

c) If a long tail boat has to travel 60 km how long will it take?

Type of boat Catch of fish in Speed of the boat (how far

one trip (in kg) it goes in one hour)
Log boat 20 4 km per hour

Long tail boat 600 12 km per hour

Motor boat 800 20 km per hour

Machine boat 6000 22 km per hour

9
Some Big, Big Numbers!

In the Class IV Math-Magic you heard of the number

‘lakh’ which is equal to a hundred thousand. You had
read that there are about one lakh brick kilns in our
country, where bricks are made.

h What other things have you heard of in lakhs?

h Write the number one thousand. Now write one hundred

thousand. So how many zeroes are there in the number
one lakh? Easy, isn’t it?

h There are about two lakh boats in our country. Half of

them are without a motor. What is the number of
boats with a motor? Write it.

h About one fourth of the boats with a motor are big

machine boats. How many thousand machine boats
are there? Come on, try to do it without writing down.

We might wonder about the number of people whose

lives are related to fish. In all there are about one
hundred lakh fishworkers — who catch fish, clean and
sell them, make and repair nets
and boats, etc. We also have a
name for this big number — ‘one
hundred lakh’ is called a crore.
h Where have you heard of a
crore? What was the number
used for?
h Try writing the number one
crore. Don't get lost in all the
zeroes!

10
 The Fish Market

Have you been to a fish market? If

you have then you might know why
a very noisy place is sometimes
called a ‘fish market’!

This fish market is busy today.

Many boats have brought a good catch. The fisherwomen are

shouting out their prices to the buyers.

Mini — ‘‘Come here! Come here! Take sardines at Rs 40 a kg’’.

Gracy — ‘‘Never so cheap! Get sword-fish

for Rs 60 a kg’’.

Floramma sells prawns for Rs 150 a kg.

Karuthamma sells squid for Rs 50 a kg.

Look, Fazila can hardly carry this big

kingfish! She says, ‘‘This fish weighs
8 kg. I will sell the whole for Rs 1200’’.
Practice Time

1) At what price per kg did Fazila sell

the kingfish?

2) Floramma has sold 10 kg prawns

today. How much money did she
get for that?

3) Gracy sold 6 kg sword fish. Mini

has earned as much money as
Gracy. How many kg of sardines
did Mini sell?

11
4) Basheer has Rs 100. He
spends one-fourth of the
money on squid and another
three-fourth on prawns.
a. How many kilograms of squid did he buy?

b. How many kilograms of prawns did he buy?

Try saying this fast!

Here is a tongue twister. Repeat it fast!

She sells sea shells on the sea-shore.
She is sure that the shells that she sells
will be there no more.

Women's 'Meenkar Bank'

The meeting of the Meenkar Bank has just begun. Fazila is the
president. Twenty fisherwomen have made their own bank. Each
saves Rs 25 every month and puts it in the bank.

h How much money does the group collect each month?

h How much money will be collected in ten years?

Practice time

Gracy needs money to buy a net. Jhansi and her sister want to
buy a log boat. So they take a loan from their bank. They will
return it with interest.

a) Gracy took a loan of Rs 4000 to buy a net. She paid back

Rs 345 every month for one year. How much money did she
pay back to the Bank?
12
b) Jhansi and her sister took a loan of Rs 21,000 to buy a log
boat. They paid back a total of Rs 23,520 in one year. How
much did they pay back every month?

Earlier women did not go on the boat to fish. But now Jhansi and
some others are going on the boats during the day. Things are
changing now and their Bank helps them. They have also got a
special bus to take their baskets full of fish.

Why Don't We Start a New Fish-drying Factory?

The women of Meenkar Bank also want to start a factory to dry

fish. The Panchayat has given them some land for that. Over the
years they have saved Rs 74,000. They find out how much they
will need for the factory.
Fazila writes the things they need to buy to begin. See the table
for the cost of each item and the number of items they want to
buy. Find the total cost.

13
 Price Number of Cost
Item of each items
Bore well for fresh water Rs 3000 1

Bamboo rack for fish drying Rs 2000 20

Cement tank Rs 1000 4

Tray and knife Rs 300 20

Bucket Rs 75 20

Total cost to set up the factory = ____________

When fresh fish is dried it becomes 1/3 its weight.

In one month they plan to dry 6000 kg of fresh fish.

How much dried fish will they get in a month? ____________

Floramma — Let us first calculate for 6 kg of fresh fish.

We buy fresh fish for Rs 15 per kg

We sell dried fish for Rs 70 per kg

We dry 6 kg fresh fish to get _____ kg dried fish

For 6 kg fresh fish we have to pay 6 × __ = Rs 90

We will sell 2 kg dried fish and get 2 × __ = Rs __

So if we dry 6 kg fresh fish we will earn __ – 90 = Rs __

But if we dry 6000 kg we can earn Rs __ × 1000

in one month!

14
They are all very happy with this plan.
The group can make profits and each
woman can get a salary for the work
she does.

Jhansi — I found that for 6000 kg fish

we would need 1500 kg salt every
month! Its price is Rs 2 per kg.

Monthly costs:

a) Salt 1500 × 2 = Rs ____

b) Packing and bus charges = Rs 3000

So the total monthly cost of drying and

selling the fish = Rs ____

Fazila — That sounds very good! Our

calculations tell us that every month
our Bank will earn Rs 44,000!

h Check to see if you also get the

same answer.

Find out

Songs sung by
fishermen are
beautiful. Find out
about the words and
tunes of such songs.

15
 2 Shapes and Angles
Rohini and Mohini are twin sisters. They love doing the same
things. One day when they were making shapes with matchsticks,
Shaila gave them a challenge. Rohini will make a shape.
Mohini has to make the
same without looking at it,
Oh! That is
but she can ask questions.
so simple.

Rohini made this shape.

Mohini — Is it a closed shape or an open shape?

Rohini — It is a closed shape.

Mohini — How many sides are there?

Rohini — It has 6 sides.

Mohini made this.

Now you give the answers.

Is it a closed shape? _______. Does it have
6 sides? ________.

But it is not the same as the one made by

Rohini. So Mohini tried again.

This is what she made.

16
 Is it a closed shape with 6 sides? _______

Is it the same as the one made by Rohini? ___________

Is there some way to say in what way these shapes are different?

h Mohini tried again but got different shapes. Guess and make
two more shapes Mohini could have made.

Mohini is now tired of trying and asks Shaila what to do.

If you ask for the
angles that the
Oh! So let us look
matchsticks make at the
for the angles.
corners, you can do it.

h Look at the angles marked in these shapes. Can you

see the difference?

Rohini Mohini

atchsticks
See, how the m
gle , a
make a small an angle
big angle , and a ow ! When the e
W the shap
bigger angle
. changes o much.
s
changes

It is important to encourage children to think about the way in which shapes can differ even
when the number of sides is the same. This will help them to get a sense of how angles
determine the shape of a polygon.

17
Practice Time

1) Look at the shape and answer.

h The angle marked in ________ colour is the biggest angle.

2 (a) Are the angles marked with yellow equal? ________

b) Are the angles marked with green equal? ________

c) Are the angles marked with blue equal? ________

3) Four different angles are marked in four colours. Can you find
other angles which are the same as the one marked in red?
Mark them in red. Do this for the other colours.

18
4) How many different shapes can you make by changing the
angle between the matchsticks in each of these? Try.
c)
a) b)

5 matchsticks
4 matchsticks
8 matchsticks

d) e)

7 matchsticks 10 matchsticks

Matchstick Puzzles

1) Make 8 triangles using 6 matchsticks. Try!

2) Take 8 matchsticks and make a fish like this.
Now pick up any 3 matchsticks and put them
in such a way that the fish now starts
swimming in the opposite direction. Did it?

3) Using 10 matchsticks make this shape. Pick

up 5 matchsticks and put them in such a
way that you get the shape of a house.

If you have not been able to

solve these then look for
the answers on page 29.

19
 Angle Tester Let us make an
angle tester.
How do we make You also have an angle
equal angles?
tester in your geometry
box. It is called a divider.

h Cut two strips from a cardboard sheet.

h Fix them with a drawing pin or such that both the strips
can move around easily.

Rohini and Mohini went all around with the angle tester to look
for different angles in their class.
Rohini tested the angle of the Maths book and the pencil box.

Look at the tester. It has

opened like the letter L.

This is a right
angle. We
write it as L.

20
h Go around with your tester and draw here those things in
which the tester opens like the letter L. Are you sure they are
all right angles?

Practice time

1) Look at the angles in the pictures and fill the table.

Angle Right angle More than a Less than a
right angle right angle

21
2) Sukhman made this picture with so many angles.

Use colour pencils to mark.

h right angles with black colour.

h angles which are more than a right angle with green.

h angles which are less than a right angle with blue.

3) Draw anything of your choice around the angle shown. Also
write what kind of angle it is. The first one is done.

Less than a right angle

22
Activity

a) Take a square sheet of paper.

b) Fold it in half.

c) Fold it once more and press it.

d) Open the last fold so that the sheet is folded in half.

e) Take one corner and fold it to meet the dotted line.

On the paper you will find lines making a right angle, an angle
less than a right angle and an angle more than a right angle.

Look for each of the angles and mark them with different colours.

Activity — Angles with your body

Can you make these angles?

a) A right angle with your hand?

b) An angle less than a right angle with your leg?

c) An angle more than a right angle with your arm?

d) An angle more than a right angle with your body?

Try them out. It's fun! Draw them in your notebook

using stick drawings like these.
23
 Angle Garden

My angle dance shows the way!

When I see flowers for making honey, I
want to tell other bees. To show them the
way I start dancing. My dance shows the
angle between the sun and the flower.

Activity

Collect some leaves from the garden. Colour each

leaf and print it. Look at the angles on the leaves.
Which of them are more/less than a right angle?

Hey! Look at that bird.

Its beak has an angle
less than a right angle.
er.
am a w oodpeck
I
y b e a k is sharp
M
it has to
because
wood.
cut the

24
h Look for the birds which have beaks with small angles.

h In the picture mark angles between the two branches. Which

two branches have the biggest angle?

Angles in Names

ow,
You kn e
ar
there the
in
angles f our
so
letter too.
names

In my name there are 11 right angles. There are also 10 angles

less than a right angle.

h Write 3 names using straight lines and count the angles.

Name Number of Number of angles Number of angles

right angles more than a right angle less than a right angle

Activity

a) Put 10 Math-Magic books on top of each

other. Keep one book slanting to make a slide.

b) Now do this with six books.

h Roll a ball from the top. From which slide does the ball roll
down faster?

h Which slide has the smaller angle?

25
These are two slides in a park.
h Which slide has a larger angle?

h Which slide do you think is safer for the little boy? Why?

Changing Shapes

h Things you need — used (or new) matchsticks. Piece of

rubber tube used in cycle valves.

i) Clean the black end of the

matchsticks.

ii) Cut small pieces of the tube (about

1 cm long).

iii) Push two matchsticks into each end

of a tube piece.

iv) Add more matchsticks to form a

triangle.

26
Now make these 4, 5, 6 sided shapes by using tube pieces and
matchsticks.

a) b) c)

h Find out how many angles are there in each of these shapes.
Mark them.

Now push each shape downwards with the tip of your finger.

Does the angle change when pushed down by the finger?

h Find out and write your results in the table given.

Shape Change in angle

Yes/no

27
Shapes and Towers
Look for triangles in the pictures below.

h From the activity ‘Changing Shapes’ can you guess why

triangles are used in these towers, bridges etc?

h Look around and find out more places where triangles are used.

Angle and Time

Zeenat, your watch
does not have digits.
How do you read time?
les.
t s e e the ang
I jus ds
w h e n the han
See, ,I
a r ig ht angle
make is
know it
k.
9 o’cloc

h There are many times in a day when the hands of a clock make
a right angle. Now you draw some more.

Triangles are shapes which are strong and do not change easily when pressed. In fact,
children can also observe how different shapes are made stronger by using diagonal beams
(like in the bridge) which divide shapes into triangles.

28
h Write what kind of angle is made by the hands at these times.
Also write the time.

h Draw the hands of the clock when they make an angle which is
less than a right angle. Also write the time.

Answers: Matchstick Puzzles (page 19)

1. 2. 3.

29
Degree Clock
Appu and Kittu are playing carromboard. Appu hit the striker.

Hm Hm........ It
comes back at
the same angle.

h In the picture three points A, B and C are shown. Draw a

line to show from which point Kittu should hit to get the
queen. _______

If you want, you can

measure the angle in
degrees using a
degree clock. Degree
is written as º.

A B C

30
Activity: Making a degree clock

1. Cut a circle out of paper.

2. Fold it into half.

3. Fold it once again into a quarter.

4. Fold it once more.

5. Open the paper. You will see lines like this.

90º
0º
45º
6. Now mark 0º, 45º, 90º and 180º as shown.
180º 0º

7. Paste it on an old card. 90º

0º
180º
45º

180º 0º
8. From the centre draw one hand. 90º
0º
45º
180º

9. Make a red hand with a thick paper and fix it to the 180º 0º

centre with a drawing pin, so that it is free to move. 180º

Your degree clock is ready.

h Use your degree clock to measure the right angle of your pencil
box. ____________ is the measure of the right angle.
h Can you guess how many degrees is the angle which is —

l
1 of a right angle __________
2 90º is called
1 right angle.
l
3 of a right angle __________
l 2 times of a right angle __________

h Measure the angle from where Kittu should hit the

striker on page 30.
31
Angles in a Paper Aeroplane

1. Take a square sheet of paper.

2. Fold it in half and open it. P

3. Fold the corners to the centre. Your paper looks like this.
Q

4. Fold the green triangle such that P touches Q.

Q

5. Fold the top two corners of this rectangle along the

dotted lines.

6. Your paper will look like this. There is a small

triangle in the picture which has to be folded up.

7. Turn it over and fold it in half along the dotted line.

8. Now, to make a wing fold the yellow edge over the red edge.

9. Turn it and do the same on the other side as well.

Your plane is ready to fly. How well does it fly?

h Find the angles of 45° and 90° when you open your plane.
In the aeroplane there are folds of 45º, 90º and other angles. The cut-outs of 30º and 60º are on
the last page of the book. Children can be encouraged to measure various angles around them.

32
Angles with Yoga
Rahmat is doing Yoga. These are the pictures of different ‘Asanas’
he does everyday.

h Measure as many angles as you can made by different parts

of the body while doing ‘Asanas’.
The D Game
You can play the ‘D’ game with your friends. You draw an
angle. Your friend will guess the measure of that angle. Then
you use your ‘D’ to measure it. The difference between the
measured angle and the guess will be your friend’s score. The
one with the lowest score will be the winner.
Come on, play!
Draw Angle Guess Measure Score

You can find this 'D' in your

geometry box. Measure the
angle on my head fan.

Take this opportunity to introduce the 'D' (protractor). Children will need some help to read the
measure of the angle, but they need to do so only approximately.

33
 3 How Many Squares?

h Measure the side of the red square on the dotted sheet. Draw
here as many rectangles as possible using 12 such squares.
h How many rectangles could you make? ________

Here's one!

Length of the
Each rectangle is made out of 12 equal boundary is called
squares, so all have the same area, but the perimeter.
length of the boundary will be different.
h Which of these rectangles has the longest perimeter?
h Which of these rectangles has the smallest perimeter?
Children are not expected to learn the definition of the term 'area', but develop a sense of the
concept through suitable examples. Give them many opportunities in the classroom to
compare things in terms of area and guess which is bigger. Things like stamps, leaves,
footprints, walls of the classroom etc. can be compared.

34
Measure Stamps

ve`rk 'ksjfxy AMRITA SHERGIL

Hkkjr
A
75 India

INDIA
B

D F

E
25 Hkkjr India 200

Look at these interesting stamps. Stamp D covers 12

squares. Each square is of
a) How many squares of one centimetre side 1 cm. So the area of
side does stamp A cover? ________ stamp D is 12 square cm.

And stamp B? ________

b) Which stamp has the biggest area?

How many squares of side 1 cm does this stamp cover?

How much is the area of the biggest stamp? _____ square cm.

c) Which two stamps have the same area? _____

How much is the area of each of these stamps? ____ square cm.

d) The area of the smallest stamp is _____ square cm.

The difference between the area of the smallest and the

biggest stamp is _____ square cm.

Collect some old stamps. Place them on the square grid and find
their area and perimeter.

35
 Guess

a) Which has the bigger area — one of your

footprints or the page of this book?

b) Which has the smaller area—two

five-rupee notes together or a hundred-
rupee note?

c) Look at a 10 rupee-note. Is its area more than hundred square cm?

d) Is the area of the blue shape more than the area of the yellow
shape? Why?

e) Is the perimeter of the yellow shape more than the perimeter of

the blue shape? Why?

How Big is My Hand?

Trace your hand on the squared sheet on the next page.

How will you decide whose hand

is bigger — your hand or your
friend’s hand?
What is the area of your hand?
_______ square cm.
What is the area of your friend’s
hand? _______ square cm.

36
 But my footprint My Footprints
is wider. So whose
My footprint
foot is bigger? h Whose footprint is
is longer!
larger — yours or your
friend’s?
h How will you decide?
Discuss.
h Is the area of both your
footprints the same?

37
 What is the area
of my footprint?

My skin has many

many folds. So I have
a big area! This way What is the area
the air all over me of my footprint?
keeps me cool.

Baby Rhino

h Guess which animal’s footprint will have the same area as

yours. Discuss.
h Here are some footprints of animals — in actual sizes. Guess
the area of their footprints.

Hen

Dog

38
 Make big squares and rectangles
like this to find the area faster.

Tiger

At this stage children need not count each square. Encourage them to identify the largest
squares and rectangles within a footprint to know their area and then count small squares for
irregular shapes. Though area of a rectangle will be done in chapter 11, some children may
discover themselves that they can find the area faster through multiplication.
39
How Many Squares in Me? The triangle is half
the rectangle of
area 2 square cm.
ea
t he ar ? So its area is ___
at i
s ngle square cm.
Wh his tria
of t

pe Hmmm…… So its
i s sha ig
h b
Is t f the area is _____
o ?
half ctangle square cm.
re

h Write the area (in square cm) of the shapes below.

B
A
D

F
E

In this exercise children are expected to notice the geometrical symmetry of the shapes to
find out their area. Encourage children to evolve their own strategies. Rounding off is not
needed in these examples.

40
 Try Triangles

Both the big

triangles in this
rectangle have
the same area.

But these look

very different.
Sameena Sadiq

The blue triangle is half of

And what about
the big rectangle. Area of
the red triangle?
the big rectangle is 20
square cm. So the area of
the blue triangle is
_______ square cm.

Ah, in it there Now you find the area

are two halves of
of the two rectangles
two different
Sadiq is talking about.
rectangles!
What is the area of the
red triangle? Explain.

41
 Yes you are right. And
you know what!! You can Help Sadiq in finding some
draw many more triangles more such triangles. Draw
of area 10 square cm in at least 5 more.
this rectangle. Try
drawing them.

Complete the Shape

Suruchi drew two sides of a shape. She asked Asif to complete

the shape with two more sides, so that its area is 10 square cm.

He completed the shape

like this.

How did you Oh that's easy! If you look

do this? at the green area it is 4
square cm. Below it is the
yellow area of 6 square cm. So
the area of my shape is 10
square cm!

h Is he correct? Discuss.

h Explain how the green area is 4 square cm and the yellow area
is 6 square cm.

42
 Oh, I thought of
doing it differently!
If you draw like
this, the area is
still 10 square cm.

h Is Suruchi correct? How much is the blue area? Explain.

h Can you think of some other ways
Every time guests
of completing the shape? come home, I ask them
h Try some other ways yourself. to do this. But why do
they run away!
h Now ask your friends at home to
solve these.

Practice time
1) This is one of the sides of a shape.
Complete the shape so that its
area is 4 square cm.

2) Two sides of a shape are drawn here.

Complete the shape by drawing two
more sides so that its area is less
than 2 square cm.

Children can be encouraged to make shapes with either straight edges or curved edges to cover
the given area. This exercise can be extended by asking children to draw on squared paper as
many shapes as they can of a given area and making guesses for the largest or the smallest
perimeter. They can also be asked to check their guesses by measuring the dimensions of the
shapes. In case of curved edges, thread can be used for measuring the perimeter.

43
3) Here is a rectangle of area 20 square cm.

a) Draw one straight line in this rectangle to divide it into two

equal triangles. What is the area of each of the triangles?
b) Draw one straight line in this rectangle to divide it
into two equal rectangles. What is the
area of each of the smaller rectangles?
c) Draw two straight lines in this rectangle
to divide it into one rectangle and two
equal triangles.

h What is the area of the rectangle?

h What is the area of each of the triangles?

Puzzles with Five Squares

Measure the side of a small square on the
squared paper on page 45. Make as many
shapes as possible using 5 such squares.
Three are drawn for you.

44
a) How many different shapes can you draw? ___________

b) Which shape has the longest perimeter? How much? _______ cm

c) Which shape has the shortest perimeter?

How much? _______ cm

d) What is the area of the shapes? _______

square cm. That’s simple!

45
Did you get all the 12 shapes using 5 squares?

All 12 shapes are arranged here

to make a rectangle.
This is a 10 X 6 rectangle as
there are 10 rows and 6 columns.
You will be surprised to know
that there are more than 2000
ways in which these shapes make
a 10 X 6 rectangle.

Draw all the 12 shapes on a sheet of

cardboard and cut them.
Try to arrange your 12 shapes in some other way
to make a 10 × 6 rectangle. Could you do it?

Try another puzzle

You have to make a 5×12 rectangle
with these 12 shapes. There are
more than 1000 ways to do it. If
you can find even one, that’s great!

46
Game Time
Here is a chessboard. Play this game with your partner, with one
set of 12 shapes.

The first player picks one shape from the set and puts it on the
board covering any five squares.
The other player picks another shape and puts it on the board,
but it must not overlap the first shape.
Keep taking turns until one of you can’t go any further.
Whoever puts the last piece wins!

Make Your Own Tile

Remember the floor patterns in Math-Magic Book 4 (pages

117-119). You had to choose the correct tile which could be
repeated to make a pattern so that there were no gaps left.

Encourage children to try to do these ‘pentomino’ puzzles at home. Such exercises can be
designed for shapes with 6 squares (hexominoes) in which case there will be 35 different
shapes possible.

47
Ziri went to a shop and was
surprised to see the different
designs of tiles on the floor.
Aren’t these beautiful!
h Can you find the tile which is
repeated to make each of these
floor patterns? Circle a tile in
each pattern.

After looking at the patterns Ziri wanted to make her own yellow
tile. You too make a tile this way.

Step 1: Take a piece of cardboard or thick paper. Draw a

square of side 3 cm on it.

Step 2: Draw a triangle on any one of the sides of this square.

Step 3: Draw another triangle of the same size on another side of

the square. But this time draw it inside the square.

Step 4: Cut this shape from the cardboard. Your tile is ready!

What is it’s area?

48
Make a pattern using your tile. Trace the shape to repeat it on a
page, but remember there must be no gaps between them.

Ziri made a pattern using her yellow tiles.(You know the area
of her tile.)

Answer these —
h How many tiles has she used?
h What is the area of the floor pattern Ziri has made here?
Practice time
Ziri tried to make some other tiles. She started with a square of
2 cm side and made shapes like these. C
A
Look at these carefully and find out: B

h Which of these shapes will tile a floor (without any

gaps)? Discuss. What is the area of these shapes? D

h Make designs in your copy by tiling those shapes.

h Now you create your own new tiles out of a square. Can you do
the same with a triangle? Try doing it.
In Class III and IV basic shapes like squares, rectangles, hexagons, triangles, circles etc
were used to examine which of those can tile and which do not tile to make floor patterns.
Children must now be able to modify basic shapes to create different tiling shapes. In the
exercise above they may create new shapes out of a square that do not tile even though
their area remains the same as that of the square from which they are made.

49
 4 Parts and Wholes
Our Flag
You must have seen the flag of our country. Do you
know how to draw the flag?

Draw a rectangle of length 8 cm and width 6 cm.

Divide it into three equal parts and complete the flag.

The top one-third of our flag is saffron (or orange).

What is the colour of the middle one-third of the flag?
Where will you draw the Ashoka chakra?
How much of the flag will you colour green?
1
Is the white colour now less than 3 of the flag? Why?

Now look at this flag. How much of it is

The flag of Afghanistan
black? _________

The green part of the flag can be

written as _________

Is red less than one-third of the flag?

Why?
This is the flag of Myanmar, our neighbour.

Is blue more than one-fourth of the flag

or less ?

1
Guess how much of the flag is red. Is it more than 2 ? Is it more
than three-fourths?

Because of the blue chakra in the white part of the Indian flag, the white colour is a little less
than 1/3.There can be some discussion on this point.

50
Find out

Collect as many flags as you can.

How many flags have three colours? Are all the coloured parts
equal in these flags?

This is the flag of the Math Club in a school in Kerala. What part
of the flag is coloured red? What part is green?

See this black logo. Draw it.

Is there a Math Club in your

M ATH C LUB school? If not, ask your teacher
how to set it up. Design a flag for
your Math Club. Draw it here.

Have you used the red colour? What part of

the flag did you colour red?

What were the other colours you chose?

Math Club can be set up in the school in which interesting activities can be taken up like making
puzzles, shapes with tangrams, maps of buildings, looking for different geometrical shapes and
angles in the environment, calculating area and perimeter of a school ground, etc.

51
 Magic Top
Let us make a magic top.

Take a cardboard piece.

Draw a circle of radius 3 cm
and cut it out.

Divide the circle into 8 equal

1 of the
parts. Now each part is 8
circle.
2 1 1
Colour 8 red, 8 orange, 8 yellow etc. as shown here. Push a
matchstick through the centre of the circle .

Your magic top is ready. Spin it fast!

What do you see? Can you see all the

colours? Write what you see in your
notebook.

Practice time

A) Chocolate bar

Manju had a chocolate. She gave one-

fourth of it to Raji, one-third to Sugatha
and one-sixth to Sheela. She ate the
remaining part. How many pieces of
chocolate did each get? Write here.
Sheela
Sugatha
Raji

Manju
What part of the chocolate did Manju eat?

52
B) Colour the hats
1
Colour 3 of the hats red.
Colour three-fifth hats
blue.
How many hats did you
colour red?
How many hats did you
colour blue?
What part of the hats
are not coloured?

C) Equal parts of a triangle

The white triangle is divided Now try to make three equal

into three equal parts. Fill each parts of this triangle in a
one-third part with a different different way. Colour each one-
colour. Can you show that these third with a different colour.
parts are equal? Think how.
53
 D) Six parts of a rectangle
Rani has divided a green rectangle into six equal parts like this.

h Now you divide each of these rectangles

into six equal parts. Use a different way
for each of the three rectangles.

Discuss

h How will you check that each part is really one-sixth of

that rectangle?

h The green rectangle is bigger than the blue one. Can we

1 1
say that 6 of the green rectangle is bigger than 6 of the
blue rectangle?

54
Greedy Gatekeepers

Remember Birbal, the clever

minister of King Akbar? (Math-
Magic Class IV, page 14) Do
you know how he became a
minister?
I am
Birbal was then a young boy a poet
living in a village. He was very
clever and could write poetry.

He thought he would try his

luck in the King’s court. So he
took some of his poems and set
off for the city.

When he reached the outer gate

of the palace, he was stopped by
the gatekeeper. “Hey! Stop there! Where are you going?”, shouted
the gatekeeper.

“I am a poet. I want to see King Akbar and show my poems to

him”, replied the poet.

“Oh, you are a poet! The king is kind, he will surely give you a
1
prize. I will let you in if you give me 10 of your prize”.

55
Young Birbal agreed since he had no other way.

When he went in, the gatekeeper calculated “If he gets 100 gold

coins I will get _________ gold coins”.

The poet came to a second gatekeeper.

This gatekeeper also said, “I will let you in if

you give me two-fifth of your prize”. The
poet agreed.

The gatekeeper happily calculated, “The

poet will get at least 100 gold coins so I will
get __________ gold coins!”

The poet reached the last gate. The

gatekeeper said, “I will allow you to see the
king only if you give me half of the prize that
you get”. The poet had no other way. He
agreed and went inside.

The gatekeeper thought, “Today is a great

day. If he gets 100 gold coins I will get ______
gold coins. But if he gets 1000 coins — wow!
I will get _______”.

56
 Patterns in Parts 1) Make different patterns by colouring some
squares in the grids B, C, D. What part of
the grid did you colour? What part of the
grid remained white? Write.
A
B

8 8
16
blue, 16 white

C
D

2) Look at grid A again. Is the grid coloured —

1 1 2 2
a) 2 blue, 2 white? b) 4 blue , 4 white?
3 5 4 4
c) 8 blue, 8 white? d) 8 blue, 8 white?
Mark (5) on the wrong answer.
3) Draw grids of 16 squares and make patterns with
2 1 1
a) 8 red, 2 yellow, 4 green
3 5 1
b) 16 blue, 16 red, 2 yellow

57
Ramu’s Vegetable Field

Ramu’s vegetable field has 9 equal parts. What vegetables does

he grow?

1) Which vegetable grows in the biggest part of his field?

What part?

2) On what part of the field does he grow potatoes?

3) What part of the field is used to grow spinach?

What part is used for brinjals?

4) Now you write some questions by looking at

this picture.

58
Your Questions and Answers

h Ramu wanted to give these vegetables to his friends. He gave

1
Aboobacker one-fifth of these tomatoes and 3 of the potatoes.
2 3
Srija got 5 of the tomatoes and 6 of the potatoes. Nancy got the
rest of these vegetables. Circle Aboobacker’s share in blue.
Circle Srija’s share in yellow.

h How many potatoes and tomatoes did Nancy get?

59
 Game: Who Colours the Circle First?

This game is to be played in groups of 4. Each player has

to make a circle as shown. Each one has to make 15
1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4
tokens on slips of paper. Write 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 12 , 12 ,12 , 12 , . . . . .
11
12 to make your tokens.
Shuffle the tokens and make a pile in the middle of the
group. Now you are ready to start the game.
The first player takes a token from the pile, colours that
part of the picture, and puts the token under the pile. The
next player does the same, and so on. The winner is the
one who first colours the circle completely.

h Who won the game?

h What are the winner’s tokens?

h Write the tokens you got.

h What part of the circle did you colour?

The Card Puzzle

Look carefully at the

A B picture and get ready
to answer four
questions. Ready?

C D

60
1) Divide the white area in square A into two equal parts.
Got the answer? Was that easy?
Now do the second question.
2) Divide the white area in square B into three equal parts!
That too is easy, isn’t it?
Now see the third question.
3) Divide the white area in square C into four equal parts!!
Is it a bit difficult? Don’t worry, take your time.
Only if you have given up, look for the answer.
Here comes the last question .
4) Divide the white area in square D into seven equal parts!!!!
The world record for this is 7 seconds. But you can
take minutes!
Tired of thinking? Look for the answer on page 68.
So was that difficult??

Guess and Check

A) What part of each shape is coloured?

First guess the answer, then check.

(1) (2)

The colouring circle game and many more such activities should be done in class. The
follow-up discussions for all these activities will play a major role in developing children’s
conceptual understanding about fractions.

61
(3) (4)

B) Do you remember this picture? Look at the

small triangle. What part of the square is
it? How will you find this out?

Divide the big triangles and other shapes

into small triangles (like the red one). How
many small triangles are there altogether?

Coloured Parts 1 2
Complete these

This circle is divided into

two equal parts. Out of
_____ equal parts one Here the circle is divided
part is coloured blue. into _____ equal parts. Out
of _____ equal parts, _____
3
parts are coloured blue.

4 Here the circle is ...........

Here the circle is ...........
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................

1 2
So we can say that 2 = .... = ....
6
= ....
8

62
 Cutting the Halwa

Ramesh bought a piece of halwa

for his children Ammu and Anu.

He divided it equally for them.

h Each will get ________ part of halwa.

“This piece is too big. We can’t eat it”, they said.

So he divided the pieces into half again. Now

how many pieces will Ammu get? ________
h What part of the halwa is it? ________

“Make it even smaller, Dad” they asked.

So he again cut the halwa into smaller pieces.

“Ok, thank you, Dad.”

63
h Now how many pieces will each get?

h What part of the halwa is each piece now?

h If Ramesh had cut the halwa into 6 equal parts how many
pieces would each have got? Look at your answers for
questions 1 to 4 and write —

1 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2
= = = = =

Parts of the Strip

Look at the picture. Write what part of the strip is each green
piece. Write the part for a piece of each colour.

How many one-fourths will make a half?

1 1
How many 8 will make 4 ?

How many 1 are in 1 ?

8 2

Now ask your friends some questions on the same picture.

Patterns

Look at this square.

What part is coloured blue?

What part is green?

Puzzle: Is it Equal?

Ammini says half of half and one-third of three-quarters are

equal. Do you agree? How will you show this?
The use of concrete things (such as matchsticks, bottle caps etc.) will help children make sense
3
of equivalent fractions such as 21 = 42 = 6 = 84 = 10
5
. Children must make their own fraction strips
using papers of different sizes. Encourage them to compare the strips by colouring them into
different fractions.

64
From a Part to the Whole
1
1) This show 5 petals of a flower.
Complete the flower by drawing
the other petals.

2) The picture shows one-third of

the blades of a fan. Complete the
picture by drawing the other
blades.

3) Half of the blades of another

fan are shown here. Complete
the picture by drawing the
other half. How many blades
have you drawn?

Rupees and Paise

How many will make one rupee?

Is 50 paise half of one rupee?

How many will make one rupee?

25 paise is _________ part of one rupee

20 paise is _________ part of one rupee

How many 10 paise will make one rupee?

So 10 paise is _____ part of one rupee.

65
An Old Woman's Will

Once there lived an old woman. She lived with her three
daughters. She was quite rich and had 19 camels. One day she
fell ill. The daughters called the doctor. The doctor tried his best
but could not save the woman. After her death, the daughters
read what she had written in her will.
My eldest daughter will get 21 of my camels
My second daughter will get 41 of my camels
My third daughter will get 51 of my camels

The daughters were really puzzled. “How can I get

1 of the 19 camels?” asked the eldest daughter.
2
“Half of 19 is nine and a half. But we can’t cut
the camel!” The second daughter said.

“That is right. But what will we do now?” asked

the third daughter”.

Just then they saw their aunt coming. The daughters told her
their problem.

“Show me the will. I have an idea. You take my camel. So you have
20 camels. Now can you divide them as your mother wanted?” the
aunt said.

“You want half of the camels, don’t you? Take 10 camels” she said
to the eldest daughter.

“Take your share”, the aunt told the second daughter. She took
one-fourth of the camels and got _____ camels.

“You can take one-fifth of the camels”, the aunt told the third
daughter. She got _____ camels. The daughters were very happy
and counted their camels 10+ _____ + _____ =19.

66
“The one remaining is mine”, said the aunt and took her camel away!

h How did this happen? Discuss.

Arun’s Time Table

Sleeping: One third of a day

pm and
Use different colours to show Arun sleeps at 10
. He
wakes up at 6 am
am and
Playing: One eighth of a day plays from 7 to 8
pm.
1 again from 4 to 6
Studying: 4 of a day

How many hours does Arun take for

Sleeping? hours

Studying? hours

Playing? hours
One day is 24
What part of the day does he use hours. Then how
for other activities? will I find out one
third of a day?

67
School Magazine

A school has decided to bring out a magazine every quarter of the

year. How many magazines will they have in a year? If they want to
print it at the end of each quarter of a year, which are the months for
printing? Mark the number for those months.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Sleeping Beauty!

Have you heard of Kumbhakarna, the brother of

Ravana? He is famous for sleeping for half a year.
Most people sleep about 8 hours a day.
Then what part of a day is it? ________
So what part of a year do they sleep? A
person 60 years old must have slept
_______ years!!!

A B
Answer: Card Puzzle (page 61)

Did you get stuck on square D?

Actually that was the easiest!!
D
C

Children should be encouraged to think of what part of a day they spend in different activities.
They should be sensitive about those children who have to spend a large part of the day
working or helping at home. They should also be encouraged to think about parts of a year.

68
 rd
Gou

Keerti’s Shopping List

Look at the yellow price list.

a) How much does 2 kg of tomato cost?

1
b) How much does 2 kg of tomato cost?
1
c) Kiran wants 2 2 kg of tomato. How much
kg
will it cost? 1/
4
kg
2 4
1 3/ kg
d) How much does 3 2 kg potato cost? 3
1
½

1 d
e) What is the price of 14 kg of carrot? our
G

f) He bought a gourd of weight

3 Item Price in Rs Amount
44 kg and it costs _________
(per kg)
g) Look at the shopping list in Keerti’s
hand. How much will she have to pay
to buy all of these?

h) Make a bill of your own for vegetables

you want to buy. Find the total money
you will have to pay.
Total

Children should be encouraged to bring samples of real price lists and bills to discuss in
the classroom.

69
Practice time

1) Raheem’s journey
1
Raheem has to travel 14 km to reach school. What distance does
he travel to go to school and come back home?

2) What coins?

Latha bought a pencil and a pen for seven and a half rupees. She
gave Rs 10/–. The shopkeeper gave back the money in half and
quarter rupees. What are the coins she got?
3) At the railway station

Your attention please.

Mangalore Express coming
from Mangalore and going to
Thiruvananthapuram is now
running late by half an hour.

late
Oh the train is
time
today. The right
is a quarter to 7.

a) What time is the train expected to come today?

1
b) Nazia gets off at a station after 2 2 hours from this
station. What time will she get off?

c) Shaji will take 5 hours to reach Ernakulam by

this train. At what time will he reach there?

70
 5 Does it Look the Same?
Let ' s Make Patterns From a Drop of Colour

I have made these

patterns from
a drop of colour! You
can make them too.

Pattern A Pattern B

Make your pattern

Open the fold and

Take a sheet of paper Fold it into half put a drop of colour
on the middle line

Fold it twice and press

it to spread the colour

Open it and see

a beautiful pattern

Can you cut this pattern in such a way that you get two similar
mirror halves? In how many ways can you do it?

71
Look at this pattern.

The dotted line divides the shape into two halves. But if you
fold it along the dotted line, the left half does not cover the
right half completely. So the two halves are not mirror halves.

Now look at another shape.

If you fold it along the dotted line, one half will cover the other
similar half completely. So the two here are mirror halves.

Now imagine the same for these pictures.

On the next page, children need to understand that even though the shape is symmetric, the
colour scheme of the figure can make it asymmetric (e.g. in shapes 10 and 12). Encourage
children to look for asymmetry based on the shape as well as the colour scheme.

72
 1

2 3
4

h Which shapes are divided

into two mirror halves by 6
the dotted line?

11

9
8 10

12

13 15
14

73
Mirror Games

1. Here is a picture of a dog. You can place a mirror on the dotted

line. Then the part of the dog to the right of the line will be
hidden behind the mirror. What you will see is like (a).

(a)
Mirror

Look at the figure in the white box. On which of the dotted lines
will you keep the mirror so that you get shape (b)? Also tell
which part of the picture will be hidden when we keep the
mirror on the dotted line.

(b)

74
Now make a line on the white box to show where you will keep the
mirror to get the picture next to it.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

75
 2. Venky has made a red and white shape. Make a line on the white
box where you will keep a mirror to get that shape. Look at how
the line is drawn in the first box to get the picture next to it.

(a)

(b) (c)

(d) (e)

Encourage children to look at the final picture in each pair and guess where the line(e)
of
symmetry should be made on the original shape in the white box.

76
Half a Turn

Once there was a king. He was upset because thieves kept

stealing costly jewels from his locker. Here is what the locker
looked like:

The locker could be opened by giving its handle half a turn.

Another half turn and the locker would be locked again.

The king would often leave the locker open thinking it was
locked. Can you guess the reason?

Locked
Open

77
One day his clever daughter gave him
an idea which he liked very much.
Now he never got confused.

Can you guess what the

idea was?

The king's daughter asked

the king to put a dot on
one of the yellow blades.
Open Locked

The king had many such lockers with different handles. Check if,
on giving them half a turn, he can get confused with these too.

What will you do to solve the problem for each of these?

Same after ½ turn?

Guess which of the shapes below would look the same after half a turn.

The focus of the exercise following the story (on the next page) is to (i) break the
symmetry of the figures. (ii) recreate the symmetry in the same figure.

78
Do you find it difficult to tell? If yes, then there is a way to check
your guess. Here’s how you can do it.

Take any of the shapes. Trace its outline on a sheet of paper.

Now keep the shape on its outline and give it a half turn. See if the
shape fits its outline.

Practice time
1) Find out which letters in
the English alphabet look
the same after half a turn.
2) Which of these English words reads the same
on half a turn?
ZOOM, MOW, SWIMS, SIS, NOON
3) Give half a turn to the numbers from 0 to 9.
Find which of them still looks the same.
4) Think of all 2, 3 and 4 digit numbers which look
the same on half a turn.
Example
2 digit numbers 11, _______, _______
3 digit numbers 101, 111, ______, ______, ______,
_____, _____, ______
4 digit numbers 1001, 1111, _____, _____, _____,
_____, _____

79
5) Which among the following pictures will look the same on
half a turn?

Activity Time

Have you ever seen a windmill? What is it used for?

Let us make a toy windmill.

1. Take a sheet of paper.

2. Fold it as shown in the picture.

3. Cut out the blue part of the paper. Your sheet of paper will now
look like a square.

80
 4. Fold it along the red lines and then open the fold. Draw a
circle on the sheet as shown in the picture.

5. Cut along the red lines till you reach the circle.
The paper will look like this.

6. Take a pin and make holes on the four

corners as shown in the picture.

7. Now fold the corners such that all the

holes lie one on top of the other.

8. Pass the pin through the holes and

fix it in the stick.

Your windmill is ready. Run with it

and see how fast it moves.

h Does your windmill look the same

1
on 4 of a turn?

h Does it look the same on half a

turn? Discuss.
One-fourth Turn
1
Does the fan look the same on 4 turn?

Before turning it After 1 turn

4
81
 1
Will this fan also look the same after 4 turn? Draw in the
yellow box.

Before turning it 1
After turn
4

Practice time
A) h Among the following shapes, find out which ones would
1
look the same after 4 turn. Put a (3).
h Put a (5) on the shapes that will not look the same after
half a turn.

82
 3 4 5 6

B) Try and change the shapes in such a way that the new shape
remains the same on giving it half a turn.

83
 C) Draw what the following shapes would look
1
like on 4 turn and half a turn.

1
On turn On half turn
4
a)

b)

c)

d)

Which of the above shapes do not look the same on

1 1
4
turn? Which shapes do not look the same on 2 a turn?

1
h Which fan will look the same on a 3 turn?

a) b)
1
h Draw this shape after 3 turn.

1
Shape after
3 turn

84
One-sixthTurn

Can you see that this shape looks the same on 1 turn?
6

Practice Time
1
1. Look at the following shapes. Draw how they will look on 3
1
and 6 turn.
1 1
3 turn 6
turn

Encourage children to look at the figure and see what kind of a symmetry there is. If they need
they can draw six lines to see how to rotate a figure through 61 turn. They should also be able to
see that a figure which looks the same on 61 turn will also look the same on 31 turn (which is the
same as two 61 turns).

85
2. Look at the following shapes —
a) Find out which of these figures look the
1
same on 3 turn. Mark them with (3).
b) Which are the ones that will not look the
1
same after 3 turn? Mark them with (5).

c) Try and change the shapes below in such a way that they
1
look the same on 3 turn.

1
3. Draw some shapes which will look the same after 3 turn.
1
4. Draw some shapes which will look the same after 6 turn.

86
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 7 Can You See the Pattern?
Isha, your skirt My mother
made this
is beautiful!
pattern
I have seen the same
block making a different
pattern on a kurta.

How was it.

different?

In your skirt, the rule

of the pattern is: one
up, one down. Then
this is repeated. But in my brother’s kurta,
it is once up, then takes a
1 turn every time.
4
The rule is to repeat it
with a 41 clockwise turn.

Now you use these two rules to make patterns with this block.
Also make your own rule.
In Math-Magic Class IV (page 107- 108) , children have seen how one motif is used in 3
different ways and in Class III (page 145), the same sequence of motifs is repeated. Discuss
how the motif here turns clockwise.

99
Turns and Patterns

Look at this block . We make three different rules to turn it

clockwise and see the patterns.

Rule 1: Repeat it with a one-fourth turn.

Rule 2: Repeat it with a half turn.

Rule 3: Repeat it with a three-fourth turn.

Practice time

1) What should come next?

a)

N N
N

b)

Encourage children to think of other alternatives. Answers obtained by anticlockwise turns

should also be accepted and discussed.

100
c)

d)

2) See this pattern

F F
F
a)
F

The rule of the pattern is — turning by 45º each time. Which will
be the next? Tick (3) the right one.
F
F
F

( ) ( )
( )

Using the same rule take it forward till you get back to what you
started with.

b)
L
L

c)
P
P

101
3) Some patterns are given below on the left side of the red line.
For each pattern, write the rule. Then choose what comes
next from the right side of the line and tick (3) it.
a)

Rule:

b)

Rule:

c)

Rule:

d)

Rule:

102
Look for a Pattern

Mark that picture which is breaking the rule. Also correct it.
a)

b)

c)

d)

Magic Squares
Do you remember magic triangles? Come now, let’s make some
magic squares.
49
h Fill this square using all the numbers
from 46 to 54.
46
Rule: The total of each line is 150.

52 47

25 h Fill this square using all the

numbers from 21 to 29.

Rule: The total of each side is 75.

You can see Math-Magic Class IV (page 11) for similar magic patterns.

103
Magic Hexagons
Look at the patterns of numbers in hexagons.
Each side has 2 circles and 1 box. 7
70
84
You get the
number in each 14 10
box by multiplying
the numbers in
the circles next 70 20
to it.

5 52
65
26
13
5 13 = 65 Look at the number 65 in the box.
Which are the circles next to it?
= 70 Can you see how the rule works?

h Use the same rule to fill the hexagons below.

a) 9 b)
10 10
8 78 8
11 8

6 7 4 8
64
17
Now you also make your own magic hexagons.
You can discuss that a hexagon is a six-sided closed figure, but this is not to be evaluated.

104
Numbers and Numbers

24 + 19 + 37 = 37 + 24 + 19

215 + 120 + 600 = 600 + 215 + 120

h Are they equal?

h Fill in the blank spaces in the same way.

a) 14 + + = 34 + 14 + 20

b) + 42 + = 65 + + 80

c) 200 + 300 + = + 400 +

d) + + = + +
h Now, look at this — 48 × 13 = 13 × 48
Check if it is true or not.

Left Right — Same to Same

Can you see something 121

special about 121? What, it’s just
a number!

See it is the
Oh, yes! It is
same forward as
1,2,1 from right
well as backward.
to left also!

Discuss with students that changing the order of numbers does not make any difference to the sum.

105
Come, let’s Take a number, say 43
see how to
get such Now turn it back to front 34
numbers. You have
Then add them together 77 reversed the
number by
77 is one such special number. writing it back
There are many such numbers. to front.

Take another number 48

Now turn it back to front 84
Then add them together 132
Is this a special number? No! Why not?
OK, carry on with the number 132
Again turn it back to front 231
Then add the two together 363
Ah! 363 is a special number.

So we see that to get special numbers we sometimes need more steps.

h Now you try and change these numbers into special numbers —
a) 28 b) 132 c) 273
Now let’s use words in a special way.

N O L E M O N S N O M E L O N

S T E P N O T O N P E T S
Did you notice that it reads the same from both sides — right to
left and left to right?
Now try and use words in a special way.

Special words/numbers which read the same both ways are called palindromes. Help
children to read them from both the ends.

106
Calendar Magic

Look at the calendar below.

Let us mark a 3 × 3 box (9 dates) on the calendar and see some magic.

I can quickly find

s m t w th f s the total of these
numbers in the box.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Won't that
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
take some
time?
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
The total
29 30 31 is 99.

Take the smallest number 3

Add 8 to it +8

= 11

Multiply it by 9 ×9

Total 99 Hey! Just take the middle number

and multiply it by 9. See you can
get the answer even faster.

Now you choose any 3 × 3 box from a calendar and find the total
in the same way. Play this game with your family.

You can see Math-Magic Class III (page 105 -106 ) for other calendar tricks.

107
Some more Number Patterns
h Take any number. Now multiply it by 2, 3, 4 ............... at every
step. Also add 3 to it at each step. Look at the difference in the
answer. Is it the same at every step?
12 2 + 3 = 27
12 3 + 3 = 39
12 4 + 3 = 51
12 5 + 3 = 63
12 + 3 =
7 + 3 =
+ 3 =
+ =
Now try doing it with some other number and also take a
different number to add at each step .
h Look at the numbers below. Look for the pattern. Can you
take it forward?

(9 – 1) ÷ 8 = 1
(98 – 2) ÷ 8 = 12
(987 – 3) ÷ 8 = 123
(9876 – 4) ÷ 8 = ____
(98765 – 4) ÷ 8 = ____
( ________–__ ) ÷ 8 = ____
( __________–__ ) ÷ 8 = ____
Encourage children to read aloud the numbers on the left hand side, even if they can not read
them correctly. Some of the numbers are large. To help children read them, recall the concept
of 1 lakh or 100 thousand.

108
Smart Adding What if someone
gives you to add ten
numbers together?

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 +10 = 55
Oh! I can find
it quickly. 11+12+ + + + + + + +20 = 155
21+ + + + + + + + +30 =
Smart! How
can you do 31+ + + + + + + + +40 =
that?
41+ + + + + + + + +50 =
I can get the
sum without 51+ + + + + + + + +60 = 555
adding.
61+ + + + + + + + +70 =
h Did you notice some pattern in the answers?

Fun with Odd Numbers

Take the first two odd numbers. Now add them, see what you get.
Now, at every step, add the next odd number.
1 + 3 = 4 = 2 2
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 = 3 3
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 4 4
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = =
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = =
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 = =
How far can you go on?
When we add the first n odd numbers, we will get the sum as n × n . Children should be left free
to add the numbers.

109
Secret Numbers

Banno and Binod were playing a guessing game by writing clues

about a secret number. Each tried to guess the other’s secret
number from the clues.

Can you guess their secret numbers?

It is larger than half of 100

It is more than 6 tens and What is
less than 7 tens my secret
number?
The tens digit is one more
than the ones digit
Together the digits have a
sum of 11
It is smaller than half of 100
It is more than 4 tens and
less than 5 tens

What is The tens digit is two more

my secret than the ones digit
number? Together the digits have a
sum of 6

h Write a set of clues for a secret number of your own. Then give
it to a friend to guess your secret number.
Number Surprises
a) Ask your friend — Write down your age. Add 5 to it. Multiply
the sum by 2. Subtract 10 from it. Next divide it by 2. What
do you get?
Is your friend surprised?

110
b) Take a number

Double it 2 =

Multiply by 5 5 =

Divide your answer by 10 ÷ 10 =

c)
Take a number

Double it 2 =

Again double it 2 =
Add the number you took
+ =
first to the answer

Now again double it 2 =

Divide by 10 ÷ 10 =

d) Look at this pattern of numbers and take it forward.

1 = 1 × 1

121 = 11 × 11

12321 = 111 × 111

1234321 = ?

h Now make your own number surprises.

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 9 Boxes and Sketches
Sweet Box

Ramya went to buy sweets. The shopkeeper took a paper cut-out

and quickly made a lovely pink box for the sweets!

h Look at the photo and make your own

box. Use the cut-out on page 201. How
fast can you fold it?

After coming home Ramya unfolded the

box. She removed the extra flaps so the
cut-out looked like this.

This shape makes

a box. Let me see
what other shapes
will make a box.

h She made four more shapes. Each is to be folded along the

dotted lines. You have to find out which of these can be made
into a box.

a) c)

b) d)

This chapter focuses on visualisation of 3-dimensional shapes and how they can be
represented on paper (in 2 dimensions). The representation used here are nets (like the
ones above), layout plans for a house, and perspective drawings.

126
Shapes that Fold into a Cube

A. Buddha wants to make a paper

cube using a squared sheet. He
knows that all the faces of a
How many faces
cube are squares.
does the cube
have? _____
He draws two different shapes.

h Will both these shapes fold into a cube?

h Draw at least one more shape which can fold into a cube.
h What will be the area of each face of the cube?
h Draw one shape which will not fold into a cube.
h Look around and discuss which things around you look like
a cube. List a few.
Shapes for an Open Box
Remember the puzzles with five squares in chapter 3? You saw
12 different shapes made with five squares (page 46).
If you cut those shapes and fold them, some of those will fold into
an open box (box without a top).

127
 I can make
open boxes
with both
these.
But with these
I cannot make
open boxes.

h Find out which of the other 8 shapes (on page 46) can be folded
to make an open box.
h Draw more shapes which will not fold to make an open box.
Boxes and Boxes
All boxes are not cubes. Here are some different kinds of boxes.
Match the shape on the left with a box into which it will fold.

Making mental images of shapes is an important mathematical ability. Children will need
many exercises to visualise the net of a box, to think of how it looks when flattened, and also
to check which nets (like those on page 126) do not make a box.

128
Floor Maps
Window
For making a house a floor map
Window is first made. Have you ever
seen a floor map? Here is a floor
map of Vibha’s house. It shows
where the windows and the
Door
Window doors are in the house.
Window

h Which is the front side of her house? How many windows are
there on the front side?

From the floor map we cannot

make out what her house
really looks like or how high
the windows are. So we look a)
for a special way of drawing the
house which is deep — to show
the length, width and height.

Here are four deep drawings

of houses.

h Which one is Vibha’s house?

b)

d) c)
h Why do the other three deep drawings not match the floor
map? Discuss.
A 3-dimensional perspective drawing has been called a 'deep drawing' so that children get a
sense of the need to represent depth. They should be able to see the difference between
deep drawings and layout plans.

129
Practice time
1. Look at this floor map of a house. Make doors and windows on
the deep drawing of this house.

Window Window

Door
Window Window

h Are there any windows you couldn’t show on the deep

drawing? Circle them on the floor map.

2. Try to make a floor map of your own house.

A Deep Drawing of a Cube

Soumitro and his friends made deep drawings of a cube.
These are their drawings.

a) b)

c) d) e) f) g)
h Which of the drawings look correct to you? Discuss.
h Can you add some lines to make drawing f ) into a deep
drawing of the cube?

130
Puzzle

This cut-out is folded to make a cube.

Which of these are the correct deep drawings of that cube?

a) b) c) d) e)

A Simple Way to Draw a Cube

Chanda wants to make a deep drawing of this cube.

She draws the cube like this.

I drew two squares like
this to show the front I joined the corners of the
face and the back face. squares like this to make the
deep drawing of the box.

h In the same way make a deep

drawing of a box which looks
like this.

The 2D representation of 3D objects is a matter of convention and is learnt by children

through experience. Here the conventional way of drawing the cube is given.

131
Matchbox Play
Navin, Bhaskar and Pratigya made this bridge using matchboxes.

Navin and Pratigya made drawings of the bridge.

The bridge looks

like this to me
from where I am
standing.

From your drawing I can

make out how long and
The bridge looks how high the bridge is.
like this to me. My But I cannot make out
drawing shows how how wide it is.
high our bridge is
and how wide it is.

132
h If you look at the bridge from the top, how will it look? Choose
the right drawing below:
a)

b)

h Look at the photo and try to make a deep drawing of this bridge.

Practice time

1) Make drawings to show how this bridge will look

h From the top

h From the front

h From the side

2) Make a matchbox model which looks like this.

From the top
From the front From the side

h Also make a deep drawing of the model in your notebook.

3) How many cubes are needed to make

this interesting model?
h Here are some drawings of the model.
Mark the correct top view drawing
with 'T' and the correct side view
drawing with 'S'.

a) b) c) d)

133
 10 Tenths and Hundredths
What was the length of the smallest pencil you have used?

How long is this pencil ? Guess _______ cm

Measure it using a scale. How good is your guess?

We can see that Anju used a lens to make it look bigger.

It is more than
3 centimetres.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 4

0
e h as 1
tr is
en time h part .
c e
e o ne c . So ea timetr s
Her l parts f a cen i
u a o tim etre . Oh, so this pencil is 3
eq tent h n )
- f a ce tre (mm centimetres and
one th o m e 6 millimetres long.
n e -ten ne milli
O ed o
call

See I am
3 mm long!

er!
long of a
am h
1 2 3
u t I -tent e or s
B en etr
v tre
Se entim llime
c i
_m
1 2 3 4
_
__

We also call one-tenth of a centimetre as 0.1 centimetre. We read

it as ‘zero point one centimetre’.
So one millimetre is the same as 0.1 cm.

134
h What is the length of this pencil? _______ mm.
1 2 3 4
What is its length in centimetres? 1 2

Frogs
Have you seen frogs? Where? How many different types of frogs have
you seen? Are all the frogs of the same length? Here are two
interesting examples.

Gold Frogs Bull Frog

This kind of frog is among
But this is among the biggest frogs.
the smallest in the world. Its
It is as long as 30.5 cm!
length is only 0.9 cm !
Guess how many such frogs
can sit on your little finger!

What does 0.9 cm mean? It is the same as ____ millimetres. We

can also say this is nine-tenths of a cm. Right?
So 30.5 cm is the same as ____ cm and ____ millimetre.
About how many of the big frogs will fit on the 1m scale? _______
If they sit in a straight line about how many of the small frogs will
cover 1m? _______
Practice time
1) Length of the nail — 2 cm and ___ mm 1 2 3 4 5
or 2. ___ cm.

135
 2)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

The length of this lady's finger (bhindi) is _____ cm and _____ mm.
We can also write it as ______ cm.

3. Using the scale on this page find the difference in length

between candle 1 and candle 3.
Length of Length in cm Length in cm
and mm
Candle 1
Candle 3

Flame 1
Candle 2

Candle 2
Candle 1

Flame 2

Candle 3

Flame 3

Guess and Colour

First colour the rods as shown, without measuring! Then check.
Rods of length less than 1 cm Red
Rods of length between1 cm and 2 cm Blue
Rods of length between 2 cm and 3 cm Green
Rods of length between 3 cm and 4 cm Orange

136
Guess, Draw and Measure
Guess the lengths to draw these things. Ask your friend to draw
the same. After you make the drawing use a scale to measure the
length. Whose drawing showed a better guess?

Guess its length Measure of Measure of your

and draw your drawing friend's drawing

An ant of length
less than 1 cm

Pencil of length
about 7 cm

A glass 11 cm high with

water up to 5 cm

A bangle of perimeter
20 cm

A curly hair of length

16 cm

Our Eyes Get Confused?

Which line is longer? A or B ? Measure each line and write how
long it is in centimetres. How good is your guess?

B
C

Which line is longer? C or D ? Measure each line.

How good is your guess?

D
137
Whose Tail is the Longest?

Guess whose tail is the longest. Now measure

the tails. How good is your guess?

The Longest Rupee Notes?

What is the length of a 100 rupee note? Guess.

Now measure it using a scale.
Now guess the length and width of many other things. Measure
and find the difference between your measure and your guess.
Size of Your guess in cm Your measure in cm
length width length width
100 Rupee note

10 Rupee note

20 Rupee note

5 Rupee note

Post card

Math-Magic book

At the market
Rs 2.50 for
one egg
Rs
6

Rs 120.50
.5
0

.75
Rs
0
8 .50
Rs
.2 5
Rs 567 . 99
Rs 32
138
 ly to fool
f unny price
! 32 This is on ing 1 One paisa is one
i s w
Look at t h
ais e! But if w
e us by sho ! hundredth of a
p
rupees a nd 9 9 give paisa less
3 r up e es they don’t rupee, isn’t it?
give 3 e paisa! It is written as
us back on Rupee 0.01. So
that is why we
write 99 paise
as Rupee 0.99
What part
of a rupee
is 1 paisa?

1) How many paise does a matchbox cost? ______

2) How many matchboxes can be got for Rs 2.50? ______

3) How many rupees does the soap cost? ______

4) Arun wanted to buy a soap. He has a five-rupee coin, 2

one-rupee coins and 4 half-rupee coins. Write in rupees
what money he will get back.
Kannan, take rupees 60
5 a) An egg costs two and a half and buy one and half dozen
eggs. You can buy pens
rupees. How much will one and a with the money left.
half dozen cost?

b) How many pens can Kannan

buy? How much money is left?

Can I buy
two pens with
rupees 13?

6) The price of two pens is Rs _____. Can she buy two pens?

139
Practice time — Match these

Match each yellow box with one green and one pink box.

Rupee 1 5 paise Rupee 0.75

2

Rupee 1 25 paise Rupee 0.50

10

Rupee 5 99 paise Rupee 0.05

100

Rupee 3 50 paise Rupee 0.10

4

Rupee 99 75 paise Rupee 0.25

100

Rupee 1 10 paise Rupee 0.99

4

Colourful Design
What part of this sheet is coloured blue? ___/10
What part of the sheet is green? _____
Which colour covers 0.2 of the sheet?
.1
h , t h e b lu e strip is 0
O et.
of the she
Now look at the second sheet. Each strip is divided into 10 equal
boxes. How many boxes are there in all?

Is each box 1/100 part of the sheet?

How many blue boxes are there? _____
Is blue equal to 10/100 of the sheet? We
saw that blue is also equal to 1/10 of the
sheet. We wrote it as 0.1 of the sheet.

140
 Can we say 10/100 = 1/10 = 0.10 = 0.1?
Think: Can we write ten paise as 0.1 of a rupee?
How many boxes are red? What part of the sheet is this? 15/____
Can we also write it as 0.15 of the sheet ? Don't get confused!
(Hint: remember we wrote 99 paise as 0.99 rupee!) 0.10 is the same as 0.1
Remember, this is
Now 3/100 of the sheet is black. We can say
0.____ sheet is black. Rupee 0.50 and also
Rupee 0.5
How many white boxes are there in the sheet?
What part of the second sheet is white? ____
h Make your designs.

Make a nice design by colouring Use four colours. Each colour

0.45 part of this square red. should cover 0.05 of this square.
Sports Day
The school at Malappuram has its sports day. Teena 3.50 m
The first five children in the Long Jump are: Meena 4.05 m
Rehana 4.50 m
Anu 3.05 m
Amina 3.35 m

Teena jumped 3.50m But how far did Anu

which is 3 m and 50 cm. jump? ___ m and ___ cm

Who is the winner in the long jump? ______

141
Write the names of the I, II and III winners on this stand.

Do you remember that 1 metre = 100 centimetres?

So one centimetre is 1/100 of a metre.

We also write 1 cm as _______ m

Write in Metres

3 metre 45 centimetre metres

99 centimetre metres
1 metre and 5 centimetre metres
How Big Can You Get

A)

After breathing out 1.52 m On taking a deep breath 1.82 m

Difference in size
Do this for yourself and find the difference.

B) You have to grow 45 cm

more to reach 2 m height

What is Dinesh’s height in metres?

_____ m _____ cm.

142
Practice time
1) Money from different countries
Have you seen any notes or coins used in any other country?
Shivam Bank has a chart to show us how many Indian rupees we can
get when we change the money of different countries.
Country Money Changed into
Indian Rupees
Korea Won 0.04

Sri Lanka Rupee (SL) 0.37

Nepal Rupee 0.63

Hong Kong Dollar (HK) 5.10

South Africa Rand 5.18

China Yuan 5.50

U.A.E. Dirham 10.80

U.S.A. Dollar 39.70

Germany Euro 58.30

England Pound 77.76

(This is the rate on 15-2-2008)

A) The money of which country will

cost the most in Indian Rupees?
B) Mithun’s uncle in America had
sent him 10 USA dollars as a gift.
Mithun used 350 rupees for a
school trip. How much money was
left with him?
Children are not expected to carry out long multiplication involving decimals. Instead,
encourage them to think in terms of currency. For example, 75 paise × 2 can be thought of as
two 50 paisa coins and two 25 paisa coins.

143
C) Majeed’s father is working in Saudi Arabia. He gets 1000 Saudi
Riyal as salary. Arun’s father who is working in Sri Lanka gets 2000
Sri Lankan Rupees. Who gets more Indian rupees as salary?

D) Leena’s aunty brought a present for her from China.

It cost 30 Yuan. Find what it costs in Indian rupees.

E) Astha wants some Hong Kong Dollar and Won.

1) How many Won can she change for Rs 4? For Rs 400?

2) How many Hong Kong Dollars can she change for Rs 508?

2) Kiran went shopping with Rs 200. Look at the bill. The

shopkeeper forgot to put the point correctly in the prices. Put the
point in the correct place
and find out the total Item Quantity Price (Rupees)
amount of the bill. Soap 1 1250

Green gram 1 kg 5025

Tea 250 gm 2725

Coconut Oil 1 Litre 6000

Total
3) Which city is cool?
But in Rajasth
an
I live the tem where
I live in Himachal. perature
reaches 48º
There the temperature Celsius.
Here it is ve
in winter is 2º Celsius. ry hot. One
has to walk k
Sometimes water in ilometres
pipes freezes into ice. to get water
.

Children can be encouraged to look at temperatures (in degree Celsius or °C) of different cities in
the newspaper and on TV. Without using the terms 'maximum' and 'minimum' this exercise will give
them an idea that temperatures can be measured at two different times of the day. Only simple
subtractions using decimals have been used here. They will also get familiar with the names of
different capital cities and can do similar exercises for the capital cities of other countries.

144
The temperature in each city was noted at 3 pm on 16 January 2008.

1) Which place had the Srinagar

highest temperature at 8.1°C

3 pm? Which place is Jaipur

23.2°C
the coolest at that time?
2) How much higher is the Kolkata Guwahati
temperature in Mumbai 26.6°C 24.8°C
Bhopal
from that in Srinagar? 25.9°C
Mumbai
35.1°C

Chennai
Thiruvananthapuram 29.9°C
33.5°C

3) How many degrees will the temperature need to rise for it to

reach 40º C in Thiruvananthapuram?
City Temperature
4) How much lower is the temperature at 3 am
of Kolkata from that in Chennai?
Chennai 21.1
5) The temperature in these cities was Mumbai 19.0
also noted at 3 am on the same day.
Th'puram 21.6
Look at the table and answer the
questions. Kolkata 13.1
Bhopal 9.8
a) Which place had the lowest
temperature at 3 am? Imagine Srinagar 1.3
yourself to be there and describe Guwahati 12.8
how it would feel. Jaipur 10.2
b) What is the difference between the
temperatures at 3 pm and 3 am in Chennai? In Bhopal?

145
 11 Area and its Boundary

Whose Slice is Bigger?

Parth and Gini bought aam paapad (dried

mango slice) from a shop.

Their pieces looked like these.

6 cm

Both could not make out whose

5 cm piece was bigger.
h Suggest some ways to find out
whose piece is bigger. Discuss.
A friend of Parth and Gini showed
Piece A one way, using small squares.

11 cm

3 cm

Piece B

The length of piece A is 6 cm.

So 6 squares of side 1 cm can be arranged along its length.

The width of piece A is 5 cm.

So 5 squares can be arranged along its width.

146
h Altogether how many squares can be arranged on it? ________

h So the area of piece A = ________ square cm

It's silly to
count them all!
Just multiply!

Piece A

h In the same way find the area of piece B.

h Who had the bigger piece? How much bigger?

Cover with Stamps

This stamp has an area of 4 square cm. Guess how many such
stamps will cover this big rectangle.

25 Hkkjr India

Encourage children to first discuss different strategies for comparing the area of things by
using different tokens, stamps, etc. In Class IV they have compared irregular shapes by
counting squares. In the case of rectangles they can measure the sides to see how many
squares of 1 cm side will fit in the whole shape.

147
Check your guess

a) Measure the yellow rectangle. It is ________ cm long.

b) How many stamps can be placed along its length? ________

c) How wide is the rectangle? ________ cm

d) How many stamps can be placed along its width? ________

e) How many stamps are needed to cover the rectangle? ________

f) How close was your earlier guess? Discuss.

g) What is the area of the rectangle? ________ square cm

h) What is the perimeter of the rectangle? ________ cm

Practice time

a) Arbaz plans to tile his kitchen floor with

green square tiles. Each side of the tile is 10
cm. His kitchen is 220 cm in length and 180
cm wide. How many tiles will he need?

b) The fencing of a square garden is 20 m in length. How long is

one side of the garden?

c) A thin wire 20 centimetres long is formed into a

rectangle. If the width of this rectangle is
4 centimetres, what is its length?

This ‘Guess and check’ activity can be done in the class by making use of other things
present. For example: how many postcards can be placed on the top of the mathematics
book, how many charts will cover the classroom walls, etc? Children can be asked to check
their guesses by tiling things wherever possible. Once they are able to make close guesses,
this work can be further extended by asking them to guess the area in terms of square cm.

148
d) A square carrom board has a perimeter of 320 cm.
How much is its area?
e) How many tiles like the triangle given here will fit
in the white design?
This triangle Area of design = ________ square cm
is half of the
cm square

h Make your own designs of area 4 and 6 square cm.

f ) Sanya, Aarushi, Manav and Kabir made greeting

cards. Complete the table for their cards:

Whose card Length Width Perimeter Area

Sanya 10 cm 8 cm
Manav 11 cm 44 cm
Aarushi 8cm 80 square cm
Kabir 40 cm 100 square cm

My Belt is Longest!
Take a thick paper sheet of length 14 cm and width 9 cm. You
can also use an old postcard.
h What is its area? What is its perimeter?
h Now cut strips of equal sizes out of it.

149
Using tape join the strips, end to
end, to make a belt.
h How long is your belt?_____
h What is its perimeter _____
h Whose belt is the longest in the
class? _____
Discuss
h Why did some of your friends get longer belts than others?
h Is the area of your belt the same as the area of the postcard?
Why or why not?
h What will you do to get a longer belt next time?

This belt is for

the elephant.
ha
o o k! I ca n pass throug
L
made a loop
postcard. I ips.
it h o u t c ut ting the str
w

Puzzle: Pass through a Postcard

Can you think of how to cut a postcard

so that you can pass through it? (See
photo.) If you have tried hard enough
and still not got it… look for the answer
somewhere ahead.

The aim of the belt activity is to understand that things with the same area can take different
forms and also have very different perimeters. While measuring sides, lengths in mm can be
rounded off for this activity.

150
People People Everywhere With four Math-Magic
books in a line you can
A) You can play this game in a ground. get the length of around
one metre 9 cm.
Make two squares of one square metre each.

Divide your class in two teams. Ready to play!

Try these in your teams —

h How many of you can sit in one square

metre? _______

h How many of you can stand in it? _______

h Which team could make more children

stand in their square? How many? _______

h Which team could make more children sit

in their square? How many?

B) Measure the length of the floor of your classroom

in metres. Also measure the width.
h What is the area of the floor of your classroom
in square metres? _______
h How many children are there in your class? ______

h So how many children can sit in one square

metre? _______
h If you want to move around easily then how
many children do you think should be there
in one square metre? _______

151
 Can you imagine how big a
square of side 1 km is! It has
In West Bengal there are
an area of ______ square km.
about 900 people living in
Guess how many people can live
a square km.
on that.
But in Arunachal Pradesh
it feels very lonely! There
are less than 15 people
living in a square km!

Share the Land

Nasreena is a farmer who wants to divide her land equally among

her three children — Chumki, Jhumri and Imran. She wants to
divide the land so that each piece of land has one tree. Her land
looks like this.

h Can you divide the land equally? Show how you will divide it.
Remember each person has to get a tree. Colour each person’s
piece of land differently.
Children are not expected to do conversion of sq m into sq km or vice-versa. The aim of
exercise B is to develop a sense of how big or small the units of sq m and sq km are.

152
h If each square on this page is equal to 1 square
metre of land, how much land will each of her
children get? ________ square m

Chumki, Jhumri and Imran need wire to make

a fence.

h Who will need the longest wire for fencing? _________

h How much wire in all will the three need? ___________

Practice time
A. Look at the table. If you were to write the area of each of these
which column would you choose? Make a ( 4).

Square Square Square

cm metre km
Handkerchief
Sari
Page of your book
School land
Total land of a city
Door of your classroom
Chair seat
Blackboard
Indian flag
Land over which a river flows

153
 B. Draw a square of 9 square cm. Write A on it.
Draw another square with double the side.
Write B on it.
Answer these —
1. The perimeter of square A is __________ cm.
2. The side of square B is __________ cm.
3. The area of square B is __________ square cm.
4. The area of square B is __________ times the
area of square A.
5. The perimeter of square B is __________ cm.
6. The perimeter of square B is __________ times the perimeter of
square A.

Answer — Pass Through a Postcard (page 152)

1. 2.

Make lines on a postcard like this.

Cut the postcard only on the lines.
3.

So, can you pass through it!

h You know the area of the loop,

don’t you? It is ___________.

154
Thread Play

Take a 15 cm long thread. Make different shapes by joining its

ends on this sheet.

A) Which shape has the biggest area? How much? _______

What is the perimeter of this shape? _______

B) Which shape has the smallest area? How much? _______

What is the perimeter of this shape? ________

Also make a triangle, a square, a rectangle and a circle. Find

which shape has biggest area and which has the smallest.

155
Save the Birds

There are two beautiful lakes near a village. People come for
boating and picnics in both the lakes. The village Panchayat is
worried that with the noise of the boats the birds will stop
coming. The Panchayat wants motor boats in only one lake. The
other lake will be saved for the birds to make their nests.

A B

1 cm on this drawing = 1 km on the ground

a) How many cm is the length of the boundary of lake A in the

drawing? _____________ (use thread to find out)
b) What is the length of the boundary of lake B in the drawing?

c) How many kilometres long is the actual boundary of lake A ?

d) How many kilometres long is the actual boundary of lake B?

e) A longer boundary around the lake will help more birds to lay
their eggs. So which lake should be kept for birds? Which lake
should be used for boats?
156
 f) Find the area of lake B on the drawing in square cm. What is its
actual area in square km?

King's Story
The King was very happy with carpenters Cheggu and Anar. They
had made a very big and beautiful bed for him. So as gifts the
king wanted to give some land to Cheggu, and some gold to Anar.

take as
Cheggu, s what Cheggu was happy. He took 100
nd a
much la thin 100 metres of wire and tried to make
i
comes w f wire.
o different rectangles.
meters
He made a 10 m × 40 m rectangle.
Its area was 400 square metres.
So he next made a 30 m × 20 m
rectangle.

h What is its area? Is it more than

the first rectangle?

h What other rectangles can he make

Ah! I want this piece of
with 100 metres of wire? Discuss land. It covers an area
which of these rectangles will have the of 800 square metres.
biggest area.
Cheggu’s wife asked him to make a circle
with the wire. She knew it had an area of
800 square metres.

h Why did Cheggu not choose a

rectangle? Explain.

Ok. Cheggu has taken 800 square metres

of land. Anar! Now I will give you as much
gold wire which can make a boundary for
land with area 800 square metres.

157
So Anar also tried many different ways to make a
boundary for 800 square metres of land.
h He made rectangles A, B and C of different sizes.
Find out the length of the boundary of each. How
much gold wire will he get for these rectangles?

A 40 m × 20 m
Gold wire for A = _________ metres

B 80 m × 10 m Gold wire for B = _________ metres

C 800 m × 1 m

Gold wire for C = ____________ metres

But then Anar made an even longer rectangle.... See how long!

D
8000 m × 0.1 m
So he will get ____________ metres of gold wire!!

Now do you understand why the

ow
Gosh! H o king fainted!!!
ive s
can I g
old?
much g
Can you make a rectangle with a
still longer boundary? I made a
rectangle 1 cm wide and 80000 m
long. Imagine how long that
boundary will be!!! With that much
gold wire I can become the king!

158
 12 Smart Charts
Chi-Chi, Meow-Meow

Yamini did a project ‘Animals and Birds’. She asked each child of
her class about one favourite pet animal.

She used tally marks to record each answer. For example

if someone said ‘cat’ she put one line in front of ‘cats’. When someone
said ‘cat’ again, she added a line. So means two cats and means 5
cats. In all 24 children said ‘cat’ was their favourite animal. Help
Yamini complete the table.

Animal Tally Marks Number

24
Cats

Dogs

Rabbits

Cows

Parrots

Goats

Squirrel

D Look at the tally marks and write the number for each animal
in the table. How many children in all did Yamini talk to?
' Which is the most favourite pet animal in this table?
D
'
D Which pet will you like to have? What will you name it? Which
other animals can be kept at home? Discuss.

159
Making Tally Marks on the Road
Sumita stood on the road for half an
hour and counted the number of
vehicles passing by. She made a tally
mark for each vehicle. This helped her
in counting quickly the total number
of vehicles in each group.

160
 Tally Marks Number

Cycle

Car

Auto rickshaw

Bus

Cycle rickshaw

Truck

D Write the number of each vehicle in the table.

D How many vehicles in all did Sumita see on the road in half
an hour?

D Auto rickshaws are thrice the number of trucks — true/false?

D Make tally marks for 7 more buses, and 2 more trucks.

Try yourself

D Take a round in your colony. Find out how many types of

trees you can see there. Do you know their names? You can
make drawings. Use tally marks to note the number of
different trees.

Children should be encouraged to use tally marks to simultaneously record data of a variety of
things with larger numbers.

161
Helping Hands
In the EVS period, the teacher
asked children whether they
help their parents at home.
There were different answers.
Children named the work in
which they help their parents
the most. The teacher collected
their answers and made a table.

Help most in house work Number of children

Going to the market 47

Washing utensils 15

Washing clothes 3
Making, serving food 25

Cleaning the house 10

Total children who said

they help their parents

162
Now you can fill the chapati chart to show the numbers given in the
table.
1) Look and find out
Children who help in making or serving food are

a) One-third of the total children

b) Half of the total children
c) One-fourth of the total children
ng
ani
Cle house
the 10
2) Practice time: After school
Ask 10 of your friends about what they like to do most after school.
What they like to do Number of children
after school
Watching TV

Playing football

Reading story books

163
Ad Mad!!
Ragini loves to watch cartoons on television. One day she
thought of counting the number of ads during the breaks. She
found that in each break there were 14 advertisements. In 10 of
those ads there were children as actors.

D Why do you think that children are used in so many ads?

D Use tally marks to count the number of ads during a short
break in a programme.
Were there ads during the news programme?

Try yourself
? D Next time when you watch your favourite
TV programme, count the number of
' advertisements during each break. Use
tally marks. Put a dot below the tally
when you find children in any
advertisement.
D Compare with your friends. Do you get
' different answers?

164
Hot and Cold

Have you seen the weather report on TV or in a newspaper? These

are two bar charts. These show the highest temperature (in degrees
Celsius) in four cities, on two different days. The cities are Delhi,
Shimla, Bangalore and Jaisalmer.

40°C 38° 40°C

33°
30°C 28° 30°C
23° 24° 25°
22°
20°C 20°C

Bangalore
Bangalore

Jaisalmer
Jaisalmer
10°
10°C
Shimla
10°C

Shimla
Delhi
Delhi

1 June 1 December

Find out from the bar chart —

D Which city is the hottest on 1 June?
D Which city is the coldest on
1 December?
D Which city shows little change in
temperature on the two days —
1 June and 1 December.

Try yourself
On any one day, choose any three cities and record their
temperature from the TV or newspaper.
D Make a bar chart in your notebook and ask your friends a few
questions about it. See if they understand your chart!

Encourage children to look at the map of India to locate different cities. They can try to relate
the temperature variations in a city to get an idea of the climate there.

165
Rabbits in Australia

Earlier there were no rabbits in Australia. Rabbits were brought

to Australia around the year 1780. At that time there were no
animals in Australia which ate rabbits. So the rabbits began to
multiply at a very fast rate. Imagine what they did to the crops!

The table shows how rabbits grew every year.

Time Number of rabbits

Start 10

1 year 18

2 year 32

3 year 58

4 year 105

5 year

6 year

1) After each year the number of rabbits was —

a) a little less than double the number of rabbits in the last year.
b) double the number in the last year.

c) 8 more than the number in the last year.

d) more than double the number of rabbits in the last year.

2) At the end of year 6, the number of rabbits was close to

400 600 800

3) After which year did the number of rabbits cross 1000?

More such examples should be done in class. It is important for children to get a sense of
approximation.

166
 Family Tree
Madhav went to a wedding along
with his parents. He met many
relatives there. But he didn’t know everyone. He met his
mother’s grandfather, but found that her grandmother is not
alive. He also found that her Dadi’s mother (grandmother’s
mother) is still alive, and is more than a hundred years old.

Madhav got confused. He couldn’t imagine his mother’s

grandmother’s mother! So, Madhav’s mother made a family
tree for him —

Shobna's Shobna's Shobna's Shobna's Shobna's Great great

Shobna's Shobna's grand parents
Dada's Dada's Dadi's Nana's Nana's Nani's Nani's
Father Mother Father Father Mother Father Mother

V Generation

Great
Shobna's grand parents
Dadi
Shobna's Shobna's
Shobna's IV Generation
Dada Nani
Nana

Grand parents

Shobna's Shobna's
Father III Generation
Mother

Madhav's
Parents

Madhav's
Father Madhav's Mother
II Generation
Shobna

Madhav

Madhav
I Generation

167
 Madhav’s mother helped him understand her family with
the help of this drawing. You can also find out about your
older generations using such a family tree.

Answer these questions:

1) How many grand parents in all does Shobna have?

2) How many great, great grand parents in all does Madhav have?

3) How many elders will be in the VII generation of his family?

4) If he takes his family tree forward in which generation will he

find 128 elders?

Day Length of the plant

Growth Chart of a Plant (in cm)

Amit sowed a few seeds of moong dal 0 0

in the ground. The height of the plant 4 1.4
grew to 1.4 cm in the first four days.
8 5.3
After that it started growing faster.
12 9.5
Amit measured the height of the 16 10.2
plant after every four days and put a 20 10.9
dot on the chart. For example if you
look at the dot marked on the fourth
day, you can see on the left side scale
that it is 1.4 cm high.

Now look at the height of each dot in

cm and check from the table if he has
marked the dots correctly.

168
 12

11

Length of plant (in cm) 10

0 4 8 12 16 20
Days
Find out from the growth chart

a) Between which days did the length of the plant change the most?

i) 0-4 ii) 4-8 iii) 8-12 iv) 12-16 v) 16-20

b) What could be the length of this plant on the 14th day? Guess.

i) 8.7 cm ii) 9.9 cm iii) 10.2 cm iv) 10.5 cm

c) Will the plant keep growing all the time? What will be its length
on the 100th day? Make a guess!

There should be some discussion on the last question. Children should be encouraged to
observe growth patterns of many other plants and animals.

169
 13 Ways to Multiply and Divide
Maniratnam – The Cashier

Maniratnam is the cashier of king Jayan. His

job is to find out the salary of all the people
who work for the king. This chart shows how
much salary each person gets in a day.

Person Salary in a day

Minister — Rs 195

Horse rider — Rs 76

Cook — Rs 65

Maniratnam wanted to calculate

the salary of the cook for the
month of January. He wrote —
60 5
60 × 30 5 × 30
730
1800 150
60 × 1 5×1
1
60 5

Rupees 1800 + 150 + 60 + 5 = Rs ________

Maniratnam’s daughter Bela has learnt another method to
multiply. She wrote like this and showed it to Bhanu, her brother.

Akka, how did 65 We can multiply

you do this? 65 with 31 in two
×31
steps. We know
65 (65×1) 31 is 30 + 1. So,
(65×30) first multiply 65
+1950 with 1 and then
with 30.

170
Now Bhanu tried to find the salary of a minister for the month of
January. He wanted to multiply 195 × 31.

195 To multiply by 30
×31 I first write a zero
here. Then I only have
195 (195 × 1) to multiply by 3.
+ ___0 (195 × 30)

Practice time

1) Use Bela’s method to multiply these numbers.

a) 32 × 46

b) 67 × 18

67
32
×46 ×18
192 (32×6) ___ (67×8)
+ ____ (32×40) + 670 (67×__)

2) Do these in your notebook using Bela’s method.

a) 47 × 19 b) 188 × 91

c) 63 × 57 d) 225 × 22

e) 360 × 12 f ) 163 × 42

171
Shantaram a Special Cook

h Shantaram is a special cook who

comes only on party days. Last year he
was called for only 28 days. For each
day he has to be paid Rs 165. Find out
how much money he will get in all.

h If he is called for all days of the year, how

much salary will he get?
165
×365
___ (165×5)
____ (165×60)
+49500 (165×300)

h Now find the salaries of the minister and horse rider for 1 year.
Years and Years
a) Sohan drinks 8 glasses of water everyday.
h How many glasses will he drink in one month? ___________
h How many glasses will he drink in one year?
h If 125 people living in a colony drink 8 glasses of water in a
day, how much water will they drink in a year?

Can you guess how many

glasses of drinking water are
used in a day in your colony?

172
b) If Soha’s heart beats 72 times in one
minute, how many times does it beat in Guess how many
one hour? times it beats in
one year.
h Now find out how many times it beats
in one day.

h Count your own heart beats to find

out how many times your heart
beats in one week.

c) A baby elephant drinks around 12 L of milk every

day. How much milk will it drink in two years?

d) A baby blue whale drinks around 200 L of milk in

one day. Just imagine how much milk that
is! Find out in how many days your
family would use 200 L milk. How
much milk would the baby blue
whale drink in eight months?

Karunya — The Landlord

Karunya bought three fields.

27 m 36 m

12 m

28 m
Field (B)

27 m

Field (A)
19 m

Field (C)
173
h Find the area of all the three fields.

Field (A) ____________ square metre.

Hum, did he
Field (B) ____________ square metre.
spend more than
Field (C) ____________ square metre. a lakh of rupees!

He bought field (A) at the rate of Rs 95 for a square metre, field

(B) at Rs 110 for a square metre and field (C) at Rs 120 for a
square metre.
h Find the cost of all three fields.

Thulasi and her husband work on Karunya’s

farm. The Government has said that farm
workers should be paid at least Rs 71 for one
day’s work. But he pays Rs 55 to Thulasi and Rs
58 to her husband.

If Thulasi works for 49 days, how much money

does she get? ____

If her husband works for 42 days, how much

money does he get? ________

Find the money they earn together __________

And why does he

Oh! He does not pay less to Thulasi
give them the and more to her
minimum wage? husband? Discuss.

174
 I saw this in the newspaper.
Governments of different states have
said that farmworkers should not be paid
less than this salary for a day's work.

State Salary for one day

Haryana Rs 135
Rajasthan Rs 73
Madhya Pradesh Rs 97
Orissa Rs 75
The table shows the amounts fixed by four states.

a) For farm work which state has fixed the highest amount? Which
state has fixed the lowest?
b) Bhairon Singh is a worker in Rajasthan. If he works for 8
weeks on the farm, how much will he earn?

c) Neelam is a worker in Haryana. If she works for 2½ months on

the farm, how much will she earn?

d) How much more will a farm worker in Madhya Pradesh get

than a worker in Orissa after working for 9 weeks?

Farmers in Vidarbha (Maharashtra)

Vidarbha is facing a very serious

problem. There was no rain and crops
failed. Many farmers were unhappy.
Some farmers even ended their own
lives. A newspaper reporter went around
the area and spoke to the people. He
wrote these two reports.

175
Satish’s story

Satish is a 13 year old boy. His father had taken a loan for
farming. But the crops failed. Now Satish’s mother has to pay
Rs 5000 every month for the loan.
Satish started working — he looked after
17 goats of the village.

He earns Rupee 1 everyday for one goat.

h How much will he earn in one month?

h Does he earn enough to help pay the loan every month?

h How much will he earn in one year?

Kamla Bai’s story

To help farmers the State Government gave cows. Kamla Bai
Gudhe also got a cow. The cost of the cow was Rs 17,500. She had
to pay Rs 5,500 and the government spent the rest of the money.
h How much did the government spend on the cow?

h If 9 people from her village got cows, how

much did the government spend in all?

But Kamla Bai was not happy. She had

to spend Rs 85 everyday on the cow. She
made some money by selling the milk.
But still she wanted to sell the cow.

h If Kamla Bai spends Rs 85 a day, find out

how much she will spend in one month.

h The cow gives 8 litre of milk everyday.

How much will it give in one month?

176
 Find out — how
h If the milk is sold at Rs 9 per litre, how much much do you pay
money will Kamla Bai make in one month? for 1 litre of milk?
__________

So the money spent on keeping the cow was Rs _______

Money earned by selling the milk Rs _________

Which is more — money spent on the cow or

money earned from it? How much?

h Explain why she wanted to sell the cow.

Practice time

a) Sukhi works on a farm. He is paid Rs 98 for one day.

If he works for 52 days, how much will he earn?
b) Hariya took a loan to build his house. He has to pay
back Rs 2,750 every month for two years. How much
will he pay back in 2 years?

c) Ratiram is a milk seller in the city. He sells

13 litres of milk everyday at Rs 23 per litre. How
much does he earn?

d) A farmer sells 1 litre of milk for Rs 11. In one

month he sells 210 litres of milk. How
much does he earn in a month?

e) A company sells 1 litre of packed water for

Rs 12. A shopkeeper buys 240 litres of
packed water. How much does he pay?

Oh God! Water costs more

than milk!! In the city people
buy water for Rs 12 per litre!

177
Fun with multiplication
A) Look for the pattern and take this forward.
(0 × 9) + 1 = 1
(1 × 9) + 2 = 11
(12 × 9) + 3 = 111
(123 × 9) + 4 = ________
(1234 × 9) + 5 = ________
(12345 × 9) + 6 = ________
B) Each letter a, b, c here stands for
a number.
aaa
×aaa
aaa
aaa0
aaa00
abcba
Take a = 1, then find what the
numbers b and c will be.

C) Tricks with your age.

Write your age_____________
Multiply it by 7 ___________
Again multiply the answer by 13 __________
Multiply again that answer by 11 __________
Now look at your last answer. Can you find your age in that answer?
How many times does your age show in the answer?
Now try this trick with other people.
178
D) Going round and round!

142857 142857 142857 142857 142857

×1 ×2 ×3 ×4 ×5

Do you find a pattern in all these

answers? Discuss this with your friends.

Division
Dolma took a loan from a friend to buy a moped
for Rs 9,588. She has to pay it back in equal
amounts every month for six months.
h How much will she have to pay every
month? She asked her children to calculate.

Her daughter did it Her son started this way.

this way. Now you complete it.
500 + 500 + 500 + 90 + 8
1000 +
6 9588 9588
–3000 6
–6000
6588
–3000
3588
–3000
588
–540
48
–48
5

Will both of them get the same answer? Discuss.

179
 Practice time
Try to solve these using as few steps as you can.
a) 4228 ÷ 4 b) 770 ÷ 22 c) 9872 ÷ 8
d) 672 ÷ 21 e) 772 ÷ 7 f) 639 ÷ 13

How Many Times?

976 children are going on a picnic.
They will be taken in mini buses. If
25 children can go in one bus,
how many buses do they need?

h Two children have solved it.

Check if they have made a
mistake — correct it. Discuss.
9 7 6 5 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 4
25
–125
851 9 7 6 20 + 10 + 4 + 1
25
–250 –500
601 4767
–250 –250
351 226
–250 –125
101 101
– 100 – 100
5 1
Ans. We need 39 buses. Ans. We need 40 buses.
Giving children the opportunity to find and discuss the errors in these examples will help their
own understanding about the different steps for division. In A) a very common error has been
given in which children either forget or do not understand the remainder. In B) there is a
simple error of multiplication but there is also a more interesting question of whether the child
has shown one extra bus for one remaining child.

180
 How Much Petrol?
Isha has Rs 1000 with her. She wants to buy
petrol. One litre of petrol costs Rs 47. How many
litres can she buy?
Money with Isha = Rs 1000
Cost of 1litre = Rs 47
Litres of petrol she can buy = Rs 1000 ÷ Rs 47 = ?
Isha can buy ______ litres of petrol.

Find out

If Isha comes to your city, how much petrol can she buy with the
same money?

Children's Day

Children are happy today. They are celebrating Children’s Day.

Each child will be given 4 coloured pencils from school. The
school has got 969 pencils. To find out how many children can
get pencils the teacher asks them to divide.

Iru's Way Sreeni's Way

4 9 6 9 100 + 4 9 6 9 200 +
–400 –

Complete Iru’s and Sreeni’s way of division. What is the answer

you get?

181
Shivangi did it by a shortcut way.

I learnt it after a lot of

practice. In this you have
to remember many things.

Shivangi's Way I know that I have

to divide 969 with
9 6 9 242 4. But I first only
4 look at 9. I put an
–8 arrow to remember
16 to bring down 6.
–16
09
u –08
d i d yo ?
How with 9 1
t
star
Iru

I remember to
So bring down 9
no
look w you and divide by 4.
Wh at only
at a 16 ÷ 4
fte ?
r th
at?

But then you

1.
are left with
Yes! This is the
remainder. 1
pencil is left.

Oh! I can't remember

so many things. I will do
it my way.

182
Practice Time

h 576 books are to be packed in boxes. If

one box has 24 books, how many boxes
are needed?

h 836 people are watching a movie in a hall. If

the hall has 44 rows, how many people can sit
in 1 row?

h A gardener bought 458 apple trees. He wants to

plant 15 trees in each row. How many rows can
he plant?

How many trees would be left over?

Brain Teaser
h Shyamli bought a battery. She read on it ‘Life: 2000
hours’. She uses it throughout the day and the
night. How many days will the battery run?

More with Multiplication and Division

h A tank is full of 300 L of water. How much water will
be filled in 25 tanks? If 15 buckets can be filled with
one tank of water, how many buckets in all can be
filled with the water in 25 tanks?
h There are 28 laddoos in 1 kg. How many laddoos
will be there in 12 kg? If 16 laddoos can be
packed in 1 box, how many boxes are needed to
pack all these laddoos?
h There are 26 rooms in a school. Each room has 4
plants. If each plant needs 2 cups of water, how
much water do we need for all the plants?

183
Make the Best Story Problem
Each line gives a story. You have to choose the
question which makes the best story problem.
The first one is already marked.
1) A shopkeeper has 50 boxes. There are 48 fruits
in one box.
Tick the one question which matches with the
given problem.
a) How much will the shopkeeper pay in all?
b) How many fruits are there in all? 4
c) How many more boxes will he need?
Explain why (a) and (c) are not good choices.

2) 352 children from a school went on a camping

trip. Each tent had a group of 4 children.
a) How many children did each tent have?
b) How many tents do they need?
c) How many children in all are in the school?

3) A shopkeeper has 204 eggs. He puts them in egg trays.

Each tray has 12 eggs.
a) How many more eggs will he need?

b) How many fresh eggs does he sell?

c) How many egg trays does he need?

Such exercises will help children understand the strategies to make questions related to the
concepts of division and multiplication.

184
4) The cost of one book is Rs 47. Sonu buys 23 books.

a) How much money does she have?

b) How much money does she pay for the books?

c) What is the cost of 47 books?

Cross Check for Harisharan

Harisharan wanted to divide Rs 2,456 amongst
his 4 sons. He asked his eldest son to tell him
how much money each one will get.

Papa, each of us will

get 2456 ÷ 4 = Rs 624.

When Harisharan started giving Rs 624 to each son, he

was left with less money for the youngest one.

It seems you have

Harisharan multiplied 624 with 4.
made some mistake
in the calculations. He got = Rs 2,496.
Let me check.

Hum! This shows you have

done the division wrong.

The son did the division again 2456 ÷ 4 = 614.

Before telling his father he checked on his own.
614 × 4 = 2456. Now, it is correct. Each one will get Rs 614.

185
 Practice Time

1) Do these divisions. Check your results by multiplication.

a) 438 ÷ 9 d) 900 ÷ 10

b) 3480 ÷ 12 e) 678 ÷ 6

c) 450 ÷ 7 f ) 2475 ÷ 11

2) Solve the given sums and colour the answers in the grid given
below. See what you find.

21 × 16 15 × 7 93 × 2 17 × 5 10 × 10

26 × 26 77 × 10 50 × 10 11 × 11 59 × 7 31 × 19
85 × 30 64 × 42 3200 ÷ 40 19 × 3 248 ÷ 8

432 ÷ 18 729 ÷ 9 825 ÷ 5 221 ÷ 13 576 ÷ 12

288 ÷ 4 869 ÷ 11 847 ÷ 7 981 ÷ 3 475 ÷ 19

545 110 434 642 709 623 919 341 72 168

984 165 561 608 236 513 529 62 259 905

709 907 367 632 336 121 492 178 431 475

165 806 584 186 100 589 72 717 248 676

624 80 105 24 165 17 85 770 126 500

247 997 485 2688 81 80 48 901 327 121

742 427 756 531 79 2550 347 1001 314 57

945 1000 687 854 1200 999 24 3126 918 53

109 799 845 1999 864 955 123 1234 678 56

549 459 614 1864 834 559 900 1111 268 171

186
 14 How Big? How Heavy?

Sarika collects things like marbles, coins, erasers

etc. She takes some water in a glass and marks the
level of water as '0'.

If I drop 5 I think
ch.
marbles in this this mu
glass, can you
guess what will be
the level of water?

She drops 5 marbles in the glass. She marks

200
g

the new level of water as 5 marbles. I just made a guess

1kg
about how much
1kg

200
g
Oh, how did water will be
you guess! Do pushed up by the
you know the marbles. How do you
volume of a
find the volume?
marble?

See, each marble pushes up

some water. Right? That is
because it takes up some space
which is its volume.

Children will need more exercises to compare the volume of solid bodies by guessing and by
informal measurement (using marbles, coins, matchboxes, etc.) before they begin to use
formal measures such as litres and cubic centimetres.

187
 Your Measuring Glass

Now make a guess. Do you think the volume of 10 five-rupee

coins will be more than that of 10 marbles?

Guess the volume of each of these:

D A ball is nearly __________ marbles.

D An eraser is nearly __________ marbles.

D A lemon is nearly __________ marbles.

D A pencil is nearly __________ marbles.

D A potato is nearly __________ marbles.

200
g

Now make your own measuring glass using 35 marbles.

1kg

Take a glass of water and mark the level of water as ‘0’. Then put in 5 marbles
and mark the level of water as 5 M.

Again drop 5 marbles and mark the level of water as 10 M. Likewise make the
markings for 15 M, 20 M, 25 M, 30 M and 35 M.

Now put each thing in the measuring glass and check your guess.

Try with different things like a matchbox, a stone, etc. and fill the table.

ox Name of the thing Its volume (nearly

hb o I with
at c
d Let's fill it how many marbles?)
h e m How me? sand or nail
s.
T ts. u
loa s vol
f di t
fin

Children can paste a paper strip on the glass and mark the level of water using a pen or a
pencil. The aim is to develop a sense of the concept of volume through examples and hands
on activities without giving a definition of volume. Comparing things on the basis of volume is
more abstract then comparison in terms of length or area.

188
Which has More Volume?

Yes, if we
Can you tell make a
me the volume measuring
of 6 marbles bottle.
in mL?

In Class IV you made a measuring bottle for 250 mL.

Can you think of ways for making a measuring bottle which can
measure 10 mL, 20 mL, 30 mL, ………., 60 mL? Discuss with your
friend.

Tariq and Mollie made their measuring bottles.

Tariq had an injection. He used it to make his measuring

bottle. Mollie used an empty medicine bottle.

1kg
I took 5 mL once
in my injection.

200
g
I filled it twice I used this bottle
to mark 10 mL which measures
on my bottle. 10 mL to make my
measuring bottle.

Mollie used her measuring bottle to find the volume of five-rupee

coins. She found that 9 five-rupee coins push up 10 mL of
water. So you can also use 9 five-rupee coins to make your
measuring bottle! Go ahead!
Use your measuring bottle to find out:
a) What is the volume of 6 marbles? ________ mL.

189
 b) What is the volume of 16 one-rupee coins? _________ mL.
Now solve these in your mind.
c) The volume of 24 marbles is _________ mL.
d) The volume of 32 one-rupee coins? _________ mL.
e) Mollie puts some five-rupee coins in the measuring bottle.
How many coins has she put in it:
h if 30 mL water is pushed up? __________
h if 60 mL water is pushed up? __________
First guess and then use your measuring bottle to find out the
200

volume in mL of some other things.

g
1kg

Thing Its volume (in mL)

Guess how many
litres of water your
body will push up?!

How Many Can Fit In? 1cm

1cm

This is a cube whose sides are of 1 cm each.

See, your Math-Magic book is 1 cm high. So
guess how many such centimetre cubes will
take the same space as your Math-Magic book?

To make a measuring bottle, make children use a wide-mouthed and transparent bottle so
that markings can be made easily. The activity aims to develop measurement skills in
children and involves both making and handling apparatus (such as measuring bottle) in the
mathematics classroom.

190
 Hey, my Math-Mag
ic out ___ cm
And it is ab
book is about ___
cm _ cubes will
wide. So __
b es e width.
long. So ___ cm cu fit along th
gth.
will fit along its len

So total ___ cm
cubes will fit on the
Math-Magic book.

h Now if all these cubes are arranged in one line then how long
will that line be?______cm

Practice time
1. A stage (platform) is made with 5 Math-Magic books. The
volume of this stage is the same as __________ cm cubes.

2. Guess the volume of these things in cm cubes.

1kg
h A matchbox is about _________ cm cubes.

200
g
h A geometry box is about_______cm cubes.

h An eraser is about__________cm cubes.

How will you check your guess? Discuss.

Matchbox Play

Tanu is making a stage with matchboxes.

She first puts 14 matchboxes like this in

the first layer.
The activity 'How many can fit in' requires a sense of the size of a cm cube. For finding the
volume of different shapes, the teacher can make cm cubes and use matchboxes to make
different models. Tanu's stage or Mohan's model are examples where children calculate
volume in terms of matchboxes, which may later be converted into cm cubes.

191
 She makes 4 such layers and her
stage looks like this.

h She used _____ matchboxes to

make this stage.

h The volume of one matchbox is the same as 10 cm cubes.

Then the volume of this stage is same as _____ cm cubes.

h If all these cubes are arranged in a line, how long will that
line be? _____ cm.

h Which has more volume — your Math-Magic book or

Tanu’s platform?
200
g

With your friends, collect many empty matchboxes of the same

1kg

size. Measure the sides and write here.

My matchbox is ____ cm wide.

It is ____ cm long.
It is ____ cm high.

h Use 56 matchboxes to make platforms of different heights.

Fill this table.
How high is it? How long is it? How wide is it?
Platform 1

Platform 2

Platform 3

The volume of each platform is equal to ________matchboxes.

h Make deep drawings of the platforms you have made.

192
 Practice time

Mohan arranged his matchboxes like this.

h How many matchboxes did he use to
make it? What is its volume in
matchboxes? ________ matchboxes.
h Collect empty matchboxes. Arrange
them in an interesting way. Make a deep drawing of it.

Making a Paper Cube

Aanan and his friends are making a cube with paper. They cut a
sheet of paper into a square of 19.5 cm side. They cut 6 such
squares. Follow these photos to make your paper cube.

1. Fold the paper into 2. Fold the top left

four equal parts to cor ner and the
make lines like this. corner opposite to
it like this.

1kg
3. Fold the top and

200
g
4. So that the paper
the bottom edges to
looks like this.
meet the centre line.
Now fold corner P...

5. Fold corner Q in 6. Lift corner P

the same way. The and slip it under
paper will look like the folded paper
this now. like this.

Encourage children to make different shapes of the same volume using identical units, for
example, bricks or matchboxes. To calculate the sides of the platform, lengths can be rounded
off to the nearest centimetre.

193
 7. Do the same for 8. Turn the paper
corner Q. The paper and fold it to make
will look like this. lines like these.

9. Each child should make one

such piece. Six children will take
their pieces and put one inside
another to make this paper cube.

Note: Remember to begin with a square paper of side 19.5 cm. Also, in step 2
you must all start by folding the left corner.
How
200
g

cube many cm
How Big is Your Cube? s
need in all do
1kg

platf to mak I
o e
1. a) How long is the side of your cube? _______ the p rm as big a
aper a
cube s
b) How many centimetre cubes can be ?
arranged along its:

h Length? __________
h Width? __________
h Height? __________ Thimpu

c) Answer Thimpu's questions:

on
i rst layer
f
o make the ow many cm How many s
T ble h ____ uch
the ta ill I use? _ layers will I
need
w to make? __
cubes ______

d) So the total cm cubes = __________

e) The volume of the paper cube is same as __________ cm cubes.

If we begin with square paper of side 19.5 cm, then we get a cube of side 7 cm.

194
2. Anan made a big cube having double the
side of your paper cube.
How many of the your paper cubes will
fit in it? Try doing it by collecting all the
cubes made in your class.
Packing Cubes

Ganesh and Dinga want to pack 4000 centimetre cubes in boxes.

These are to be sent to a school. There are three different boxes
available for packing.

10 cm
6 cm

10 cm
B C
cm

m
cm

9c
10

11

20 cm 11 cm 15 cm

1kg
Dinga Ganesh
Will we be able to
fit all 4000 cubes in

200
g
I think there is
these three boxes?
enough space in
I think we need one
these boxes to pack
more box for it.
all 4000 cubes.

h What is your guess? Who is right? Look at Box A. In the

first layer we can
h How can Ganesh and Dinga test arrange 20 × 10 = 200
cubes. And 6 such
their guesses before packing the layers can be packed. So
cubes in the boxes? Discuss with in box A we can arrange
Ganesh
your friend. 200 × 6 = 1200 cubes.

195
 Use Ganesh's method and write:
h _____ centimetre cubes can be arranged in box B.

h _____ centimetre cubes can be arranged in box C.

h So _____ centimetre cubes in all can be packed in the three boxes.

Which Pipe Fills More?

Collect some old postcards. You can also use

thick paper of size 14 cm × 9 cm.

Fold the postcard along the width to make

pipe-1. Join the ends with cello tape.
200
g

Take another postcard and fold it along

the length to make pipe-2. Join the ends
1kg

with tape.
h Guess which pipe can take more sand inside it. Hold it
on a plate and pour sand to check your guess. Was 1 2
your guess correct? Discuss.

Now do the same with other pipes shown here.

To make the triangle-shaped pipe-3,

draw two lines on the postcard. Fold 3
the postcard along the lines. Join the
ends with tape.

Now make the square-shaped pipe-4.

4
Find out which pipe can take the most
sand inside it. So which pipe has the
most volume?

Remind children of the thread activity on page 155 where they may have seen that
out of the shapes they made with a fixed perimeter, the circle had the biggest area.
Here they will be looking for the shape with the biggest volume while they keep the
area of the paper fixed.

196
 Trek to Gangotri

The students of Class XII are going on a

trek to Gangotri. They have to pack their
bags for six days and keep them light.
They also have to take things that do not
take too much space. So they will look for
things that have both less volume and
less weight. After all, they will carry their
own bags while climbing the mountains!

They even dry the onions and tomatoes to

make them light. One kg of onions or
tomatoes becomes 100 g when the water
inside dries up.

The list of food each person will need for one day:
 Rice: 100 g

 Flour (Atta): 100 g

 Pulses (Dal): 1 the weight of rice and

3

1kg
flour

200
g
 Oil: 50g

 Sugar: 50g

 Milk powder: 40g (for tea, porridge,

and hot drink)

 Tea: Around 10g

 Dalia: 40g for breakfast.

 Salt: 5 g

 Dried onions: 10 g

 Dried tomatoes: 10 g

197
 a) For 6 days, each person will need
 Rice and flour – ______ g  Pulses – ______ g
 Dried onions – ______ g

b) How much of fresh tomatoes should be dried for 6 days for

10 people?

c) What is the total weight of food (for 6 days) in each person’s bag?

us
Even one gram Guess how many of
e
extra can make together weigh on
the trek tough! gram! About 100?
200
g
1kg

How Heavy am I?

Do you remember the story of how Vaidika’s daughter found the

weight of an elephant? (Math-Magic Class IV Page 143)

Can you guess the weight of the

heaviest animal on this earth? No,
it's not me. I weigh only 5000 kg!

ale. Its weight is

It is the Blue Wh
ore than me. So
around 35 times m ?
d kg does it weigh
how many thousan

198
h Guess how many children of your weight will be equal to the
weight of an elephant of 5000 kg.

h At birth, a baby elephant weighs around 90 kg. How much did

you weigh when you were born? Find out. How many times is a
baby elephant heavier than you were at birth?

h If a grown up elephant eats 136 kg of food in a day then it will

eat around _________ kg in a month.

Guess about how much it will eat in a year.

Shahid Saves the Bank!

Shahid works in a bank. He sits at the
cash counter. Whenever there are too
many coins he does not count them. He
just weighs them.

Weighing is so much
easier! The weight of a
5-rupee coin is 9 g. Tell

1kg
me the weight of the
sack and I will tell you Can you hold these coins and say

200
which is the heaviest?

g
the number of coins in it.

s
r upe e coin One kg is equal to 1000g
g of 5 ow
My ba s 9 kg. So h ve? so 9 kg is equal to 9000
weigh ha
i ns d oes it g. If one coin weighs
o
many c 9 g, then the bag
weighing 9000 g has
9000 ÷ 9 =______ coins
in it. Easy!

199
 h How many coins are there in a sack of 5 rupee coins if it weighs:

a) 18 kg? ______ b) 54 kg? ______ 2250 g can also

be written as 2
c) 4500 g? ______ d) 2 kg and 250 g? ______ kg and 250 g. Can
you explain why?
e) 1 kg and 125 g? ______

h A 2 rupee coin weighs 6 g. What is the weight of a sack with:

a) 2200 coins ? _____ kg _____ g b) 3000 coins? _____ kg

h If 100 one rupee coins weigh 485 g then how much will 10000
coins weigh? _____ kg _____ g

With your eyes closed, can you tell which is heavier — a

100-rupee note or a 50-rupee note? This may be difficult to say,
but Shahid, who cannot see, has a better sense of touch than
200

most people.
g

1kg
1kg

Once Shahid noticed that a bundle of notes which came to the bank

200
g
felt different and heavier. He asked the manager to check. Others
looked at it but found no problem. He insisted and so a machine
was brought weigh it. It showed that the notes were fake, not real
ones. “Oh Shahid! You really saved the bank!” said everyone.

Find out and discuss

h How do people who cannot see make out different notes and
coins? (Hint: Look for a shape , , , etc. on notes of Rs 20,
50, 100, 500 etc. and feel it.)
Spec

h What should we look for to check if a 100-rupee

enim

note is real or fake?

During the discussion on checking a note as fake or real, different things can be observed. A
fake note may differ in size, quality of paper and printing or the style in which numbers are
written. The watermark (the white area with Gandhi's image) and the words 'Hkkjr' and 'RBI'
written on the shiny security thread are meant to prevent people from printing fake notes.

200