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Formula sheet - Summary Advanced Engineering

Mathematics

Advanced Engineering Mathematics (University of Southern Queensland)

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1. The alternative notation for the exponential function ex = exp(x).

2. Euler’s formula: ejx = cos x + j sin x
  2 k

 
1 1 1
3. De Moivre’s formulae: z   re  j  2 k  n
n j
j n jn
n
r e ; z  re  r ne n . n

f f
4. Directional derivative: Dn f  m  cos   sin  , where  is the angle between the unit
vector n and axis x. x y
f f f
5. The gradient: grad f  x, y, z   f  i  j  k.
x y z
a a i  a y j  a zk
6. The unit vector n parallel to vector a: n   x .
a a x2  a y2  a z2
7. The integrating factor for a linear ODE: y  p  x y  q  x ; I  x  exp   p  x dx.
 
 x  a    f  n a  x  a  .
2 n
x a
8. The Taylor series: f  x  f  a   f   a   f   a   
1! 2! n!

a
9. The Fourier series: f  t   0    a n cos  n t   bn sin  n t  , where  = 2 /T and
2 n 1
T 2 T 2
2 2
f  t  cos  n t  dt ,  n  0, 1, 2,  ; bn   f t  sin  n t  dt ,  n  1, 2,  .
T T 2
an 
T T 2
10. General solution to the linear homogeneous 2-nd order ODE with constant coefficients:
a) y  Ae p1x  Be p2 x – if roots are distinct and real;
b) y  e x  C1 cos  x  C2 sin  x – if roots are complex-conjugate (p1,2 =  ± i);
c) y   C1  C2 x erx – if roots are equal (p1 = p2 = r).
11. The method of undetermined coefficients for a particular solution of non-homogeneous
ODE:
a) If function in the right-hand side is f (x) = ekxP(x), where P(x) is a polynomial of degree n, then
the trial solution should be taken in the form ypn = ekxQ(x), where Q(x) is an n-th degree
polynomial with the unknown coefficients.
b) If function f (x) = ekxP(x) cos mx or f (x) = ekxP(x) sin mx, where P(x) is a polynomial of degree
n, then the trial solution should be taken in the form ypn = ekxQ(x) cos mx + ekxR(x) sin mx,
where Q(x) and R(x) are an n-th degree polynomials with the unknown coefficients.
c) If any term of the particular trial solution ypn is a solution of a complementary homogeneous
equation (the resonance case), then multiply ypn by x or even by x2 if necessary.
12. The chain rule for the function of 3 variables w = f (x, y, z), where x, y and z are in turn
functions of other three variables s, t and u, x = x(s, t, u), y = y(s, t, u), z = z(s, t, u):
w w x w y w z w w x w y w z w w x w y w z
   ,    ,    .
s x s y s z s t x t y t z t u x u y u z u
13. The criterion for the complete differential for a function of two variables (the criterion that
the plane vector filed is potential): the expression df = P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy is a complete
differential if P y = Qx. Correspondingly the vector field V = P(x, y) i + Q(x, y) j is potential at the
same condition.
14. Equation of a tangent plane to a surface z = f (x, y) at the point P(x0, y0, z0):
z = z0 + f 'x (x0, y0)(x – x0) + f ' y (x0, y0)(y – y0).
15. The differential of function w = f (x, y, z) is: df = f ' x(x, y, z)dx + f ' y(x, y, z)dy + f ' z(x, y, z)dz.
16. Necessary conditions for the extremum of a differentiable function: all its partial derivatives
must be zero at the point of extremum.

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17. Sufficient conditions for the extremum. Find all second partial derivatives at the critical
point: A = fxx(x0, y0), B = fxy(x0, y0), C = fyy(x0, y0) and calculate the discriminant: D = AC  B2.
- If D > 0 and A > 0 – then function z = f (x, y) has a local minimum at the critical point (x0, y0);
- If D > 0 and A < 0 – then function z = f (x, y) has a local maximum at the critical point (x0, y0);
- If D < 0 – then function z = f (x, y) has a saddle at the critical point (x0, y0);
- If D = 0 – then the test is inconclusive.
18. Area of the plane figure can be calculated by means of a double integral over the domain
bounded by the given curves A = 1dA.
19. The links between the Cartesian and polar coordinates:
y
x  r cos  , y  r sin  ; r  x2  y2 ,   atan .
x
20. Conversion from the Cartesian to polar coordinates in double integrals:
 f  x, y dxdy   f  r ,  rdrd .
 

 Q P 
21. Green’s theorem:  F  x, y  dr   P  x, y  dx  Q  x, y  dy      dxdy.
C C  
x y 

22. The area of a domain via the contour integral: A   F  x, y  dr    curlF  z dxdy   1dxdy.
C  

23. The line integral of the first kind is:

T

 F  x, y, z ds   F  t  , t  ,  t    t      t      t  dt ,

2 2 2

 0

where is a continuous line in 3D space: r (t) =  (t) i +  (t) j +  (t) k, where 0 ≤ t ≤ T, and
scalar function F(x, y, z) is defined on 
24. The line integral of the second kind is:
A   F  x, y, z   dr    P  x, y, z  dx  Q  x, y, z  dy  R  x, y, z  dz  
 
T

 P   t  ,  t  ,   t    t   Q   t  , t  ,  t  t   R  t  , t  ,  t   t  dt ,

0

where is a continuous line in 3D space: r (t) =  (t) i +  (t) j +  (t) k, where 0 ≤ t ≤ T, and
F(x, y, z) is the vector field in 3D space: F(x, y, z) = P(x, y, z) i + Q(x, y, z) j + R(x, y, z) k.
25. The characteristic equation for eigenvalues: det (A  I ) = 0;
26. Equation for eigenvectors of a matrix A: Av = v, where  is a known eigenvalue.
27. Definition of the symmetric matrix AT = A.
28. The norm of n-component vector: v  12  22   n2 .
uv u11  u22   unn
29. The angle between two vectors: cos    .
uv u1  u22   uz2 12  22   n2
2

30. Symmetric matrix: AT = A. Orthogonal matrix P: P T = P 1 or equivalently, if PP T = P TP = I.

31. sin 2 = 2 sin cos ; cos 2 = cos2 – sin2; 2sin2 = 1 – cos 2; 2cos2 = 1 + cos 2.
b b
32. Integration by parts:  u ( x) ( x)dx  u ( x) ( x) a    ( x)u( x)dx.
b

a a

dx 1 x dx 1 ax dx x x
33. a 2
x 2
 tan 1 ;
a a a 2
x 2
 ln
2a a  x
;  a x
2 2
 sin 1
a
  cos 1 .
a

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