Lecture 1-2 VPH RO Student PDF

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Veterinary medicine and public health
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Lecturer PhD Mara Georgescu
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C copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD
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Veterinary
Concept r
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copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD
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What is PUBLIC HEALTH ?
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nCourseWare © 2007 Tufts University
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Public Health
What is Public Health? ar

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What is
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PUBLIC HEALTH ?
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WHO - World Health Organisation
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- The World Health Organization was established in
1948 .
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- specialized agency of the United Nations
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- serving as the directing and coordinating
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authority for international health matters and public
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health.
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and advice in the field of human health.
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WHO - World Health Organisation
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- through offices in more than 150 countries, WHO staff
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work side by side with governments and other partners to
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ensure the highest attainable level of health for all
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people.
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- The World Health Assembly is the supreme decision-
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making body for WHO. It generally meets in Geneva in May
each year, and is attended by delegations from all 194
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Member States. Its main function is to determine the
policies of the Organization.
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FAO - Food and Agriculture
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Organisation of the United Nations a
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- Achieving food security for all is at the heart of
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FAO's efforts – to make sure people have regular
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access to enough high-quality food to lead active,
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healthy lives.
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- FAO’s three main goals are:
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1. the eradication of hunger, food insecurity and
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malnutrition;
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2. the elimination of poverty and the driving forward of
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economic and social progress for all; and,
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and genetic resources for the benefit of present and
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future generations.

A Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on
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Veterinary Public Health, defined VPH in
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1975 as:
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“a component of public health
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activities devoted to the application of
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professional veterinary
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skills,
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knowledge c and resources to the
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protection
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and improvement of human
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= first definition of VPH
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De la prima definiție VPH…
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până la abordarea a
actuală… M u
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…multe domenii de dezvoltare a VPH
.
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- 1970s - 1980s - probleme legate de
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poluarea chimică a mediului și a
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lanțului alimentar (e.g. from
s e pesticides, groundwater pollution by
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animal waste, natural toxins and drug
igh residues in food).  
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De la prima definiție VPH…
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până la abordarea a
actuală… M u
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Boli emergente și re-emergente:
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- Salmonella enteritidis,
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-Salmonella typhimurium,
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- Marburg și Ebola,
- Rift Valley fever,
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- Cochliomyia hominivorax
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De la prima definiție VPH…până la
abordarea actuală…
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(ESB - vCJD
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Between the 1st VPH definition…and
the present day approach…
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Pandemie de gripă
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Rezistența la substanțe
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antimicrobiene
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Antibiotice animale - impact sănătate umană

Between the 1st VPH definition…and
the present day approach…
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Alte probleme emergente: 
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-creșterea animalelor,
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-populația de animale sălbatice,
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-modificări demografice umane
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-globalizarea industriei alimentare
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Supraveghere
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epidemiologică Control Prevenție

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Conștientizarea
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tradusă în acțiune
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WHO Study Group on Future Trends in
Veterinary Public Health, ra
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Teramo, Italy 1–5 March 1999
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Importanța VPH - atingerea obiectivelor
ONE HEALTH
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Veterinary Public Health, r a
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held in Teramo, Italy 1–5 March 1999
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Obiective
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-reevaluarea contribuției științei veterinare
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- management programe și activități VPH in SM
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Suport eo
food and animal health
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industry
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nongovernmental
organisations
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h t Office International des
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WHO collaborating
Epizooties (OIE)
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centres
Food and Agriculture
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Nations (FAO),

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Parteneriat in eforturile
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Veterinary Public Health, ra
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held in Teramo, Italy 1–5 March
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Grupul de studiu REDEFINEȘTE VPH
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s ef “suma tuturor contribuțiilor la
bunăstarea fizică, mentală și socială a
h t oamenilor, prin înțelegerea și aplicarea
rig medicinei veterinare.
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= Ao
C DOUA definitie aVPH copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD
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…to compare a
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ULTIMA DEFINIȚIE ACTUALIZATĂ
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VPH = suma tuturor contribuțiilor la bunăstarea fizică, mentală și
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socială a oamenilor, prin înțelegerea și aplicarea medicinei
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veterinare.
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…Definiția inițială din 1975: “o componentă a activităților de
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sănătate publică, devotată aplicării cunoștințelor profesionale și
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resurselor veterinare pentru protecția și îmbunătățirea sănătății
umane”
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Știința veterinară
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1. Focare de boală și intoxicație
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2. Servicii de sănătatelu
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Veterinary science
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PERFORMS ESSENTIAL PUBLIC
influences human health in the following u

HEALTH FUNCTIONS and directly
ways:
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3. Pregătire medicală cr
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4. Abordare
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ROLURILE principale ale
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VPH a
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Pprevenție și control c alrbolilor zoonotice
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Protecția alimentelor
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Protecția mediului
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Servicii de sănătate publică veterinară
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ROLURILE principale ale VPH ra
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Food
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protection
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Zoonoses
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•Zoonoses •Food Chemistry
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•Epidemiology •Meat Hygiene
•Milk Hygiene
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Veterinary Public Health
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Environmental
health
VPH
services
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Food
Zoonoses
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protection
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•Food Microbiology
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•Zoonoses •Food Chemistry
•Epidemiology •Meat Hygiene
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•Milk Hygiene
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Veterinary PubliceHealth
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Environmental
health
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services
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Agenții internaționale implicate în colaborare ptr VPH
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Veterinary Public Health
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Veterinary Public Healt
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!Center for Disease Control
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!USDA
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and Prevention (CDC)
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. GVeterinary Public Health
r Veterinary Public He
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!US-FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
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!2
s e !US-FSIS (Food safety and inspection services)
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!US-FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
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!1
p y !US-FSIS (Food safety and inspection services)
C o !US-FDA
!1
!1
(Food and Drug Administration)

ARIA DE ACOPERIRE A VPH ESTE
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MULTIDISCIPLINARĂ   a
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THE SCOPE OF VPH IS
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY   a
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- model încrucișat e o
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r - NU
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- abordarea verticală de tip academic
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- VPH și Serviciile veterinare - abordare orizontală
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DOMENIUL VPH ESTE
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MULTIDISCIPLINAR   a
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veterinarians
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veterinarians
non- veterinarians
governmental
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sector sector sector
environmental
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specialists physicians
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SĂNĂTATEA
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PUBLICĂ
s e VETERINARĂ
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sanitarians
nurses
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y r agricultural
o p scientists
food paraveterinary
microbiologists
C technologists staff

DOMENIUL VPH ESTE
MULTIDISCIPLINAR  
veterinarians
veterinarians non- veterinarians
governmental governmental private
environmental
Contribuie la
tratamentul, prevenția și
controlul bolilor de origine
sanitarians animală nurses
agricultural
scientists microbiologists
food paraveterinary
technologists staff

AMELIOREAZĂ DIRECT
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SĂNĂTATEA UMANĂ
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veterinarians
veterinarians
non-
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veterinariansc
governmental
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governmental private
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environmental
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Reduce expunerea la
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pericole (animale și prod de orig
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animală)
sanitarians
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y r agricultural
o p scientists
food paraveterinary
microbiologists
C technologists staff

VHP reduce expunerea la pericole
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vector-borne
envenomations
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diseases
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or
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zoonoses
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communicable
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veterinary drugs
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diseases
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VHP IN THE PAST…
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- the concept itself of VPH as expressed
by its new definition implies and highlights
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the need for joint action of both medical
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and veterinary sciences (and allied
ones).
or
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- both disciplines (practices) were born
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together and share common roots.
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- no special differentiation was made in
t s the past between healers of humans and
igh healers of animals.
y r - Both mythology and history provide
o p various examples of ‘one medicine’ in
C different parts of the ancient world.

VHP IN THE PAST…
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- The legendary figure of the centaur
Chiron may be taken as the symbol of
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a unique medicine because, besides
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his physically being half-man and half-
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animal, he is depicted as a master
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practising and teaching veterinary and
human medicines at the same time.
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- He is reported to have lived during
t s the period from 1250 to 1220 BC and
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to have left a number of disciples. The
rig most famous of these, Asclepius, is

considered one of the ‘fathers of
p y medicine’, and both humans and
C o animals received medical care in his

temples.
VHP IN THE PAST…
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- The ancient Egyptians are known to
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practice one (or general) medicine.
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- Among the many examples provided
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by Schwabe, we read that “the
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Egyptian priesthood was hereditary.
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besides humans - authors’ note) cared
h t for the individual animal or animals
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maintained in the temples”.
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VHP IN THE PAST…
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- The Babylonian Hammurabi’s law code was a
found among the ruins of Susa.
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- The inscriptions date back to the 2nd millennium
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BC and, among other items, probably contain the
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first “institutional” regulations of veterinary activity
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along with topics of human medicine and
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principles of food hygiene.
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VHP IN THE PAST…
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- Hippocrates (460 BC, i.e. about 100 human
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generations ago), the ‘father of human medicine’,
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underlines the usefulness of comparative
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pathology and its application to human medicine.
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- He was also the first to refer to an occupational
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zoonosis when he mentioned that the Libyan
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shepherds in continuous contact with goats were
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the healthiest of men without any symptoms of
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epilepsy.
f
s e
h t
rig Galen, another ‘father of medicine’, maintained
p y that veterinary observations and practices are
C o useful to human medicine.

VHP IN THE PAST…
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- At the height of the Roman Empire, Cicero (1st
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century BC) reports that the birth of human
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medicine was believed to have first derived from
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the observation of diseases of animals and of the
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natural remedies they instinctively sought and
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applied.
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s e - It may be remembered that the
h t Romans worshipped a (minor)
rig god, Verminus, committed to
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epidemic infectious diseases of
o p humans and animals.

VHP IN THE PAST…
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- The merging of healing practices into a unique, comprehensive
medical science was also due to the recognition of diseases shared
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by animals and man and of ‘plagues’ which affected humans and
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animals contemporaneously.
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eo
r. G - A typical example of the
lu c common interest of health
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scholars in veterinary and human
s e medicine is rabies, ‘the mother
h t of all zoonoses’, a disease
rig known to and feared by man from

time immemorial and for which
p y the concept was developed of
C o ‘transmission’ (from dog to dog

and, later, from dog to man).
VHP IN THE PAST…
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- The ‘natural’ viewing of ‘one medicine’ was strongly discouraged
throughout the Middle Ages.
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- During such a period the prevailing concern was to stress the different
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nature of man modelled in the likeness of God rather than recognize
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(admit) that man and animals were so similar as to share the same
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from alchemy:
s ef Paracelsus (1493-1541)
t
supported a close
ig h correspondence
between man
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o p environment
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(“macrocosm”).
VHP IN THE PAST…
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- During the Enlightenment and Renaissance (XVI-XVII centuries),
a
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outstanding scientists and physicians in Europe were treating medical and
veterinary issues and were committed to the solving of animal health
problems, especially epidemics in livestock.
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- In this same period evolutionistic theories were developed and novel
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attention was again paid to comparative pathology.
G
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s e
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VHP IN THE PAST…
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- Great physicians such as:
a
proposed a scientific germ
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theory of disease more than 300 "Father of microscopical the "founder of
years before its empirical anatomy, histology, physiology
es experimental biology"
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formulation by Louis Pasteur and embryology" the "father of modern
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and Robert Koch. parasitology"
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rig
- G. Fracastorus (1478-1553), M. Malpighi (1628-1694) and F. Redi (1626-1698)
p y
C o
had studied animal diseases and parasites, and the concept of a unique
medicine was again prevailing.
VHP IN THE PAST…
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- Great physicians such as:
a
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- B. Ramazzini (1623-1714), professor at the University of Padua, wrote
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a dissertation on a cattle plague outbreak in Venice and Padua and
e
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may be considered the ‘resuscitator’ of comparative veterinary and
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medicine.
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human pathology as well as the founder (or inventor) of occupational
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VHP IN THE PAST…
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- Great physicians such as: a
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- The archiatre Giovanni Maria Lancisi
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(1654-1720) was charged by the Pope with
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the control of a cattle plague in the State of
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Church and enforced a number of
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.
measures, the most important of which is
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‘stamping out’, still used in fighting some of
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the most serious infectious animal
s ef diseases.
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“it is better to kill all sick and suspect
ig h animals, instead of allowing the disease to

spread in order to have enough time and
y r the honour to discover a speciﬁc treatment
o p that is often searched for without any
C
Lancisi edited and published success”
Tabulae anatomicae in 1714
VHP IN THE PAST…
ra
a
- A relevant example of interdisciplinary commitment is given by the
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work of L.A. Muratori (1672-1750), librarian and political adviser of the
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Duke of Modena, who published a large amount of contributions to
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public health based on his experience in the control of both human and
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animal plagues, with numerous recommendations and comments on
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the religious, political, social and economic aspects of the issue.
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VHP IN THE PAST…
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- Fundamental from our present interest and for the history of human a
kind was the contribution by Edward Jenner (1749-1823) who
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immunized humans against smallpox by the use of cowpox; the
procedure was later denominated ‘vaccination’ by L. Pasteur.
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The terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" are
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derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox
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of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to
s ef denote cowpox. He used it in 1796 in the

long title of his Inquiry into the Variolae
h t vaccinae known as the Cow Pox, in which

he described the protective effect of
rig cowpox against smallpox
p y
C o
"the father of immunology" copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD
VHP IN THE PAST…
ra
a
- The first veterinary schools were being founded in France in the XVIII
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century. Yet, the concept of one medicine and the close links and
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similarities between veterinary and human medicines continued to be
stressed by a number of authors.
e
rg
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-A. Zanon (1696-1770), in his first Italian History of Veterinary
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Medicine, wrote that veterinary medicine shares the same dignity with
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lu c
human medicine ‘...since veterinary doctrine does not differ in many
respects from the Medical Art, but these two Arts coincide in several
cases’.
s ef
h
-The same concept t
g
is expressed until the past century, e.g. by R.
ri
Virchow (1821-1902) who first used the term ‘zoonosis’.
p y
C o
VHP IN THE PAST…
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-Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) German physician and pathologist.
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es c
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eo Virchow noted the link between
diseases of humans and animals and
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indicate the infectious diseases links
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addition to his groundbreaking work
s ef in cellular pathology he created the

field of comparative pathology. Yet,
h t Virchow’s concept of “One
rig Medicine,” was not uniformly

appreciated during his lifetime.
p y
C o
VHP IN THE PAST…
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-Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) German physician and pathologist.
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es c
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r. G Virchow was an outspoken
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advocate for public health. His
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writings and teachings are full of
s ef observations and recommendations

about ways to improve people’s
h t health by improving their

economic and social conditions.
rig
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C o
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Abordarea ″ONE HEALTH″
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Abordarea ″ONEara
HEALTH″ M
s cu
Ce este “One Health”?
g e
o r
G
-Sintagma “One Medicine” - Sir William
e
c
-In sec. XXI, Dr. Calvin Schwaber . Osler (1849-1919)
- f lu (1927-2006) - “One Health”:

“One Health”=
e loca, național și global pentru sănătatea:
efortul
care conlucrează lasnivel
colaborativ al unor discipline multiple,
✓ h t
ri
✓Animalelor
g
Oamenilor
p y
C
✓o Mediului (Schwabe, 1984; Dunlop and Williams, 1996).

Abordarea ″ONEra
HEALTH″Ma
s cu
g e
or
Ge
cr.
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THE ″ONE HEALTH″ra
a
approach M
s cu
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o r
-Din 1,407 patogeni pentru om: G e
- c r .
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58% sunt zoonotici,
- f l
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177 - emergenți / re-emergenți , din care 130 (73%)
t s
sunt zoonotici (Coker et al., 2000)
i g h
y r
o p
″ONE HEALTH″ a- ra
concept vechi u M
dar
actual es c
r g
Albertert Calmette (1863-1933),
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.
Jean-Marie Camille Guerin (1872-1961),
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BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) din Mycobacterium bovis
h t
r ig
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concept vechi u M
dar
actual es c
r g
e o
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r ‘One Medicine’
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-Williams Osler (1849-1919), - termenul
s e f
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- Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), termenul ‘zoonoză’
r ig
p y
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″ONE HEALTH″ a- r a
concept vechi u M
dar
actuale s c
r g
e o
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l u c
-Rachel Carson (1907-1964), - mediu
s ef
h t
-Dr. Calvin Schwabe (1927-2006), reînvie conceptul ‘One Medicine’
r ig
p y
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concept vechi u Mdar
actual es c
r g
- e o
-
In 2007, Asociația Americană de
r G
Medicină
.
Veterinară n(AVMA),
+ Asociația Medicală
c
Americană
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-Federația veterinarilor din Europa
(AMA)
f
- Federation of Veterinarians of
Europe (FVE)
s e
-+ altele… ht
igHealth Initiative
- Adoptă rOne
p y
C o
ra
a
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www.onehealthinitiative.com copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD
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Risk analysis, health economics, cost–benefit, cost–analysis,
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effectiveness analysis and other methods of evaluating health service
THE
delivery and public health programmes.  
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VPH contributes to many areas of public health that are not related to
animals, including the DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
rig
PROGRAMMES.  
p y
C o

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ra

What is Public Health? ar

rig 3. the sustainable management and utilisation of

p y natural resources, including land, water, air, climate

copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

s e pesticides, groundwater pollution by

igh residues in food).

s e - noi virusuri rabice.

C copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

C o Organization of the United

copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

s ef pentru sănătatea publică

h t oamenilor, prin înțelegerea și aplicarea

rig medicinei veterinare.

influences human health in the following u

s e !US-FSIS (Food safety and inspection services)

p y !US-FSIS (Food safety and inspection services)

copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

C copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

t s the past between healers of humans and

igh healers of animals.

y r - Both mythology and history provide

o p various examples of ‘one medicine’ in

C different parts of the ancient world.

t s the period from 1250 to 1220 BC and

rig most famous of these, Asclepius, is

p y medicine’, and both humans and

C o animals received medical care in his

s ef The priests and priestesses... also (i.e.

h t for the individual animal or animals

p y that veterinary observations and practices are

C o useful to human medicine.

copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

h t Romans worshipped a (minor)

rig god, Verminus, committed to

o p humans and animals.

C copyright Dr. Mara Georgescu, Lecturer PhD

lu c common interest of health

s e medicine is rabies, ‘the mother

h t of all zoonoses’, a disease

rig known to and feared by man from

p y the concept was developed of

C o ‘transmission’ (from dog to dog

y r (“microcosm”) and his

ig h animals, instead of allowing the disease to

y r the honour to discover a speciﬁc treatment

o p that is often searched for without any

s ef denote cowpox. He used it in 1796 in the

h t vaccinae known as the Cow Pox, in which

rig cowpox against smallpox

r. G coined the term “zoonosis” to

lu c between animal and human health. In

s ef in cellular pathology he created the

h t Virchow’s concept of “One

rig Medicine,” was not uniformly

igh residues in food).  

s e - noi virusuri rabice.  