Health, Illness, and Factors: Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang 2018/2019

Health, illness, and factors
Member:
1. Uke Alawiyah (P1337420517011)
2. Felisia Ratna Furi (P1337420517012)
3. Wury Yulyana astuti (P1337420517013)
4. Nur janatul Fitriyani (P1337420517030)
5. Windy Putri Junia R (P1337420517034)
Class: Antasena 1
POLTEKKES KEMENKES SEMARANG
2018/2019
1. Definition Health
Health is defined as a state of physical, mental and social wellbeing not

merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO,1948). Mental health
means theability to think clearly and coherently and has to do with
yourthinking and feeling and how you deal with your problem.
The concept of health must allow for his individual variability.Health is a

dynamic state in which the person is constantlyadapting to changes in the internal
and external environments.Someone when they are sick must still be able to
control themselves not to dissolve in the disease. So everyone have a perception
about health and illness.
Health is the conditional of our body feeling good without any problems
that occur
 Models of Health
There are various models of the concept ofmodels are based
narrowly on the presence definable illness. Others are based more
cohealth beliefs, wellness and holism.
A. Clinical Model (Dunn, 1961)
In this model, health is interpreted as the absence of signsand symptoms
of disease or injury; thus the opposite of healthis disease. Dunn defined,
in this model, “health as a relativelypassive state of freedom from illness,
and a condition relative homeostasis.” Illness is therefore, something
thathappens to a person.
N.B.This model may not take into consideration person’shealth beliefs or
person life- styles.
B. Host –Agent – Environment Model (Leavell, 1965)

This model helps to identify the cause of an illness. In thismodel:
1) Host: Refers to the person (or group) who may be at risk for or
susceptible to an illness.
2) Agent: is any factor (internal or external) that can lead toillness by its
presence.
3) Environment: refers to those factors (physical, social, economic,
emotional,spiritual) that may create the likelihoodor the predisposition
for the person to develop disease.
C. Health Belief Model (HBM) (Rosenstock, 1974, asModified by
Stone 1991)
There is a relationship between a person’s belief and actions.Factors that
influence persons belief’s:
1)Personal expectation in relation to health and illness
1) Earlier experience with illness or health
2) Age and development state.
Health beliefs are person’s ideas, convictions and attitudesabout health and
illness. They may be based on factualinformation, misinformation, commonsense
or myths, or realityor false expectations.Health beliefs usually influence health
behavior this influencecan be positive or negative.
 Components in HBM
1. First component (Individual Perception)
Individual’s perception of susceptibility to illness:
e.g. family like with coronary health disease (CHD),after link is recognized
particularly if one parent orboth siblings have died in the 4th decade
frommyocardial infections (MI).
2. Second component (Modifying Factors)
Individual’s perception of the seriousness of theillness. This perception is
influenced and modifiedby demographic and socio-psychological variables,
perceived threat of the illness and cues to action.
2. Third component (Likelihood of Action)
The likelihood that the person will take preventive actionresults from the
person’s perception of the benefits of andbarriers to taking action. The
preventive action may include:Lifestyle modification/change, increased
adherence to medicaltherapies or search for medical advice or treatment.
 Implication of HBM to Nursing

Helps nurses to understand factors influencing client’s
1. Perception
2. Beliefs and
3. Behaviors
4. Plan care that will most effectively assist client inmaintaining or
restoring health and preventing illness.
D. High – Level Wellness Model (Dunn, 1961)
Dunn described high level wellness as the experience of theperson alive with the
glow of good health, alive to the tips oftheir fingers with energy to burn, tingling
with vitality – at timeslike this the world is a glorious place.
So, the point of this theory is that health interest must exist, and high health level
must be principlebyeveryone, because everyone hasthe right togetrer health.
E. Holistic Health Model
Holism is seen as a “new” model of health, but actually it is not new at all.
Holism has been a major theme in the humanities,western political
tradition and major religions throughouthistory.Holism is a different
approach to health is that acknowledgesand respects the interaction of a
person’s mind, body andspirit within the environment.
Holism is based on the belief that people (or even their parts) cannot be
fully understood if examined solely in pieces apartfrom their environment.
People are seen as every changingsystems of energy.
So it is better to prevent disease than cure, and we as medical expert must
use holistic care consisting of bio, psycho, sosio, and cultural
 Health and illness
Rather than focusing on curing illnesses, community basednursing care
focuses on promoting health and preventingillness. This holistic
philosophy therefore differs greatly fromthat of the acute care setting.
The prevention
The prevention focus is a key concept ofcommunity basednursing.
Prevention isconceptualized on three levels:
1. Primary prevention level
To prevent the occurrence of disease
2. Secondary prevention level
To detect disease early
3. Tertiary prevention level
To disease recovery or rehabilitation

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Health, illness, and factors

1. Uke Alawiyah (P1337420517011)

2. Felisia Ratna Furi (P1337420517012)

3. Wury Yulyana astuti (P1337420517013)

4. Nur janatul Fitriyani (P1337420517030)

5. Windy Putri Junia R (P1337420517034)

POLTEKKES KEMENKES SEMARANG

Health is defined as a state of physical, mental and social wellbeing not

The concept of health must allow for his individual variability.Health is a

B. Host –Agent – Environment Model (Leavell, 1965)

 Implication of HBM to Nursing

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