Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Original, 1956)

Skill Definition Key Words

Knowledge Recall information Identify, describe, name, label,
recognize, reproduce, follow
Comprehension Understand the meaning, paraphrase a Summarize, convert, defend,
concept paraphrase, interpret, give examples
Application Use the information or concept in a Build, make, construct, model, predict,
new situation prepare
Analysis Break information or concepts into Compare/contrast, break down,
parts to understand it more fully distinguish, select, separate
Synthesis Put ideas together to form something Categorize, generalize, reconstruct
new
Evaluation Make judgments about value Appraise, critique, judge, justify,
argue, support

Unlike the 1956 version, the revised taxonomy differentiates between “knowing what,” the
content of thinking, and “knowing how,” the procedures used in solving problems.

The Knowledge Dimension is the “knowing what.” It has four categories: factual, conceptual,
procedural,and metacognitive. Factual knowledge includes isolated bits of information, such as
vocabulary definitions and knowledge about specific details. Conceptual knowledge consists of
systems of information, such as classifications and categories.

Procedural knowledge includes algorithms, heuristics or rules of thumb, techniques, and methods
as well as knowledge about when to use these procedures. Metacognitive knowledge refers to
knowledge of thinking processes and information about how to manipulate these processes
effectively.

Remembering
Remembering consists of recognizing and recalling relevant information from long-term
memory.

Understanding
Understanding is the ability to make your own meaning from educational material such as
reading and teacher explanations. The subskills for this process include interpreting,
exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining.

Applying
The third process, applying, refers to using a learned procedure either in a familiar or new
situation.
Analysis
The next process is analysis, which consists of breaking knowledge down into its parts and
thinking about how the parts relate to its overall structure. Students analyze by differentiating,
organizing, and attributing.

Evaluation
Evaluation, which is at the top of the original taxonomy, is the fifth of the six processes in the
revised version. It includes checking and critiquing.

Creating
Creating, a process not included in the earlier taxonomy, is the highest component of the new
version. This skill involves putting things together to make something new. To accomplish
creating tasks, learners generate, plan, and produce.

Cognitive Processes Examples

Remembering—Produce the right information from memory
Recognizing  Identify frogs in a diagram of different kinds of
amphibians.
 Find an isosceles triangle in your neighbourhood.
 Answer any true-false or multiple-choice questions.
Recalling  Name three 20th century women African authors.
 Write the multiplication facts.
 Reproduce the chemical formula for carbon tetrachloride.
Understanding—Make meaning from educational materials or experiences
Interpreting  Translate a story problem into an algebraic equation.
 Draw a diagram of the digestive system.
 Paraphrase Mandela's Inaugural Address.
Exemplifying  Draw a parallelogram.
 Find an example of stream-of-consciousness style of
writing.
 Name a mammal that lives in our area.
Classifying  Label numbers odd or even.
 List the kinds of governments found in modern African
nations.
 Group animals into their proper species.
Summarizing  Make up a title for a short passage.
 List the key points related to capital punishment that the
website promotes.
Inferring  Read a passage of dialogue between two characters and
make conclusions about their past relationship.
 Figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar term from the
 context.
 Look at a series of numbers and predict what the next
number will be.
Comparing  Explain how the heart is like a pump.
 Write about an experience you have had that was like South
Africans being relocated.
 Use a Venn diagram to demonstrate how two books by
Charles Dickens are similar and different.
Explaining  Draw a diagram explaining how air pressure affects the
weather.
 Provide details that justify why the French Revolution
happened, when and how it did.
 Describe how interest rates affect the economy.
Applying—Use a procedure
Executing  Add a column of two-digit numbers.
 Orally read a passage in a foreign language.
 Kick a soccer ball.
Implementing  Design an experiment to see how plants grow in different
kinds of soil.
 Proofread a piece of writing.
 Create a budget.
Analyzing—Break a concept down into its parts and describe how the parts relate to the
whole
Differentiating  List the important information in a mathematical word
problem and cross out the unimportant information.
 Draw a diagram showing the major and minor characters in
a novel.
Organizing  Place the music in your i-Pod into categories.
 Make a chart of often-used figurative devices and explain
their effect.
 Make a diagram showing the ways plants and animals in
your neighborhood interact with each other.
Attributing  Read letters to the editor to determine the authors’ points of
view about a local issue.
 Determine a character’s motivation in a novel or short
story.
 Look at brochures of political candidates and hypothesize
about their perspectives on issues.
Evaluating—Make judgments based on criteria and standards
Checking  Participate in a writing group, giving peers feedback on
organization and logic of arguments.
 Listen to a political speech and make a list of any
contradictions within the speech (but dont tell the politician
;-)).
 Review a project plan to see if all the necessary steps are
included.
Critiquing  Judge how well a project meets the criteria of a rubric.
 Choose the best method for solving a complex
mathematical problem.
 Judge the validity of arguments for and against astrology.
Creating—Put pieces together to form something new or recognize components of a new
structure.
Generating  Given a list of criteria, list some options for improving race
relations in the school.
 Generate several scientific hypotheses to explain why
plants need sunshine.
 Propose a set of alternatives for reducing dependence on
fossil fuels that address both economic and environmental
concerns.
 Come up with alternative hypotheses based on criteria.
Planning  Make a storyboard for a multimedia presentation on insects.
 Outline a research paper on Alan Paton's views on religion.
 Design a scientific study to test the effect of different kinds
of music on hens’ egg production.
Producing  Write a journal from the point of view of an exiled South
African in the 1970's.
 Build a habitat for local water fowl.
 Put on a play based on a chapter from a novel you’re
reading.

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