Chronology of SF in Latin America
Chronology of SF in Latin America
Chronology of SF in Latin America
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 369
Many readers and critics possessing only a superficial acquaintance with Latin
American science fiction erroneously assume the works to be mere variations of
the more prestigious genres, magical realism and the literary fantastic.
(Oftentimes, this misperception is fueled by publishers, who are unconvinced of
the market appeal of a book labeled "science fiction.") Any foray into the
speculative that comes from Latin America runs the risk of being classified as
either magical realism or the fantastic, as if those genres were somehow
endemic and unavoidable. The term "sf" has now become internationally
accepted, however, and is widely used, sometimes to differentiate subgenres
within the overall rubric of the fantastic and at other, less fortunate times, to
label those works as "sub-literature." Although we use the designation "sf"
here, we must point out that sf is often intertwined with other speculative forms
in Latin America (most commonly horror and the fantastic). Historically, in the
absence of sustained attention from the literary establishment, Latin American
writers have been free to disregard the more stringent genre boundaries that
shaped early sf production in the US. Therefore, this and any chronology of
Latin American sf will of necessity include texts not always or exclusively
identifiable as science fiction, especially to readers accustomed to works from
parts of the world with more established sf traditions and stronger ties to the
critical and market sectors.
The objective of this Chronology is to continue to inventory this type of
cultural production in Latin America and to present it here in English for the
first time. An earlier version was published in November 2000 in Chasqui, a
journal devoted to Latin American literary criticism. That first attempt was
written in Spanish and included coverage of regional works published between
1775-1999. * While we have expanded this version of the Chronology into the
twenty-first century, we are nonetheless aware that it may still be incomplete
and welcome additional titles for a future edition.
The selection criteria do not necessarily imply aesthetic or other value
judgments. Generally, this compilation does not include forms of the sf genre
such as poetry, film scripts, films, or comic books. The only exceptions are
indicated in the text. The Chronology is mostly organized by country and year
of publication, and the term "Latin American" is meant to indicate the authors'
nationalities as well as the original language of the fictional works?that is,
either Spanish or Portuguese. If an author is classified under "Argentina," for
example, in most cases this designates his or her country of origin. In some
instances, authors are listed under the countries where they spent most of their
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370 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
lives or where their works were published, rather than under the countries where
they were born. Such is the case of Alfredo Cardona Pena, who was born in
Costa Rica in 1917 but whose works are listed under Mexico, where he lived
and worked until his death in 1995; such is also the case of Rene Rebetez, a
Colombian who lived and published in Mexico for many years. If the author
published the work under a pseudonym, his or her real name is indicated in
square brackets the first time the pseudonym appears?for example, S. Fragoso
Lima [pseud, of Horacio Quiroga]?and thereafter is omitted. Novels and short
story collections are indicated by italics; the titles of short stories are given in
quotation marks. Some short stories have been listed individually in order to
highlight their importance; whenever possible, we have included the titles of the
collections, anthologies, or magazines in which they were first published. A
collection of short stories by either single or multiple authors is indicated in
parentheses as "(anth)."
Titles of magazines or fanzines from each country are listed following the
fictional works. They are organized chronologically according to the years in
which those magazines were in circulation (e.g., " 1998-99")- In cases where the
magazine in question is still being published, this is indicated by a dash
following the date it first appeared (e.g., "1998- "). The number of issues is
shown in parentheses whenever possible. Some of the listed magazines are not
sf magazines proper but have published special issues on the genre. In these
cases, this information appears in parentheses next to the name of the magazine.
Meriting its own subsection within the Chronology is the Spanish-language
magazine Nueva dimension, edited in Spain from 1968 to 1982, which published
the work of many Latin American sf authors throughout its 148 issues.2
The section entitled "Essays" includes critical works about Latin American
sf written in any language, as well as academic articles written in Spanish or
Portuguese that deal with sf in general. The bibliographical information about
primary texts has been kept to a minimum for reasons of space; the critical
works, however, are listed with complete bibliographical information. For the
benefit of those who do not read Spanish or Portuguese, we have included a
section that lists sf works available in English translation.
Finally, the sections entitled "The Caribbean," "Mexico," "Central
America," "Colombia," "Venezuela," "Bolivia," "Peru," "Brazil,"
"Argentina," "Chile," and "Uruguay" provide us with a convenient format for
organizing the bibliographical entries. Each section will introduce leading sf
authors and provide some historical context for the sf production in the country
specified. It is thus our hope that the data and commentary offered in this
Chronology will be useful both to literary critics and historians and to the
general public.
The Caribbean
Science fiction published in the countries forming the Hispanic Caribbean
(Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic) has historically experienced
a strong US influence and presence. And yet we must note that the genre has
developed in very different ways in each of these three countries. While the
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 371
Dominican Republic can only offer one notable work?Josefina de la Cruz's Una
casa en el espacio [A House in Space, 1986]?and Puerto Rico has only
two?James Stevens-Arce's Soulsaver (1998) and Rafael Acevedo's Exquisito
cadaver [Exquisite Corpse, 2001]?Cuba has excelled in sf production, mostly
since Castro's 1959 Revolution. Such disparity is difficult to explain. We might
speculate that the Dominican Republic has been too economically disadvantaged
to develop what we may call a "scientific literary taste" among its reading
public, or that Puerto Rico has been so culturally dominated by the US that its
writers were exposed only to American sf, while Spanish and Latin American
models were practically unavailable. But these are mere hypotheses. In any case,
the quality of sf produced in Puerto Rico has recently been internationally
recognized, after Stevens-Arce won the Spanish UPC award and Acevedo won
an honorable mention in the Cuban Casa de las Americas award competition.
(The UPC award for short stories and short novels has been hosted by the
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya in Spain since 1991; it is the only sf
competition that considers submissions written in French, English, Catalan, and
Spanish. The Casa de las Americas award, for its part, is one of the most
prestigious literary awards in Spanish, promoted by the official Cuban Casa de
las Americas since 1960 for the best Latin American novel, play, essay, poetry, and
short-story collection.) Nothing similar can be said about their Dominican
counterpart, De la Cruz, whose work was so poorly received by the public that
she took it upon herself to publish an essay "explaining" the plot of her novel
as well as the reasons for having published it in the first place.
On the other hand, if we take a look at Cuba's recent history, it becomes
much easier to understand why this small island of some eleven million people
has become one of the most important producers of sf in Spanish. Although
there are some pre-1959 works listed as sf in this Chronology, it is not until the
1960s, with the publication of works by Angel Arango, Miguel Collazo, and
Arnaldo Correa that there is a clear effort by Cuban publishers to encourage the
genre. The genre did not, however, reach its pinnacle until the 1980s, more
specifically after 1979, when more titles of high quality by local authors
appeared on Cuban shelves. Two major reasons are usually given to explain that
development. The first is the abundant publication of sf works from the
Communist block in the 1970s, which fed a new generation of Cuban writers
who had grown up under Castro's regime. The second reason is the
establishment of a category for sf within the prestigious national David award
for new Cuban writers. The award included the publication of the winner's work
by Editorial Union, a national publisher, ensuring the distribution of thousands
of copies all over the country. The David award for sf continued uninterrupted
for eleven years and prompted the appearance of a strong sf movement with
annual national conferences and literary workshops. It also fostered a new group
of writers that included Daina Chaviano, F. Mond (Felix Mondejar), Agustin
de Rojas, and Yoss (Jose Miguel Sanchez). Although the 1990s were a difficult
period for Cuba in general, sf has remained strong and today both authors and
fans keep the genre alive. In addition, some authors are publishing and garnering
acclaim overseas?for example, Yoss and Vladimir Hernandez in Spain and
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372 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
Daina Chaviano in Spain, Mexico, and the US. With Cuba still strong and
Puerto Rico emerging as a contender, sf in the Caribbean looks healthier today
than it has ever been.
Mexico
Mexican science fiction has a long, though rather uneven, two-hundred-year
history that can be divided into five distinct periods. The first, the precursor era,
spans more than a century, beginning in 1775 with a philosophical short story
by Manuel Antonio de Rivas, a Franciscan friar who imagined a trip to the
Moon as a prologue to his astronomical almanac. Almost 70 years later,
Sebastian Camacho Zulueta (under the pseudonym Fosforos Cerillos) offered his
vision of Mexico in the year 1970 as a model nation whose main method of
transport was balloons. In 1849 Geronimo del Castillo Lenard also imagined his
countrymen in the twentieth century transported by balloons and ruled by a
monarch. From 1861 to 1871, writers such as Juan Nepomuceno Adorno,
Nicolas Pizarro, and Ignacio M. Altamirano sympathized with a liberal party
bent on preventing religion from hindering progress; these writers produced
Utopian works in which religion and technological advances joined forces to
ensure material progress. Pedro Castera celebrated the new popularity of
Comptian positivism in "Un viaje celeste" [A Celestial Trip, 1872] and his best
novel, Querens (1890), deals with the effects of mesmerism and hypnosis on
human will and our ability to reason.
The second period, from 1900 to 1939, is characterized by a clear interest
in improving the literary quality of the genre. To do this, Mexican writers found
it helpful to follow foreign models such as Verne, Flammarion, and Wells. The
most acclaimed writer of this period is Amado Nervo, who contributed to the
genre with poems such as "El gran viaje" [The Great Voyage, 1917] and such
excellent short stories as "La ultima guerra" [The Last War, c. 1900], where he
speculates about animal evolution into the fifty-sixth century. Other noteworthy
writers of the period are Carlos Toro, who imagined a global disaster brought
about by Halley's Comet in "En los dias del cometa" [In the Days of the Comet,
c. 1910]; Martin Luis Guzman, who presents an intelligent machine able to
predict the consequences of World War I in "Como acab6 la guerra en 1917"
[How the War Ended in 1917, 1917]; and Julio Torri, with two stories also
published in 1917, "La conquista de la Luna" [The Conquest of the Moon] and
"Era un pais pobre" [It Was a Poor Country]. The novel Eugenia: Esbozo
novelesco de costumbresfuturas [Eugenia: A Fictional Outline of Future Mores,
1919], by Eduardo Urzaiz Rodriguez, is an optimistic forerunner of Aldous
Huxley's Brave New World (1932); and Felix F. Palavicini's jCastigo! Novela
mexicana de 1945 [Punishment! Mexican Novel of 1945, 1926] is the first
Mexican dystopia.
The next period, from 1940 to 1964, is one of consolidation that begins with
the work of H.G. Wells's most successful Mexican follower, Guillermo
Zarraga, who wrote under the pseudonym Diego Canedo. His first novel, El
referi cuenta nueve [The Referee Counts to Nine, 1942], is set in a parallel
universe where the Nazis have invaded Mexico. He followed that first work with
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 373
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374 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 375
problema [The Problem], imagined a near future when Central America would
be taken over by a great power that was then digging an interoceanic canal
across Nicaragua. In 1920, Costa Rican Carlos Gagini continued this anti
imperialist tradition with La caida del dguila [The Eagle's Fall], a story
featuring an alliance among the nations of Central America against the US.
Another Guatemalan, the Modernist Rafael Arevalo Martinez, followed suit in
1925 with La oficina depaz de Orolandia [Goldland's Peace Office], about the
offices of the Panamerican Union, a satire of Washington's Peace Office
denouncing the exploitation of his country's natural resources. He later wrote
a couple of Utopian works, El mundo de los Maharachias [The World of the
Maharachias] in 1938 and Viaje a Ipanda [Trip to Ipanda] in 1939. Yet his most
genuine contribution to the genre is his 1951 short story "El gigante y el auto"
[The Giant and the Automobile] which clearly pays homage to Voltaire's
"Micromegas" (1752).
During the postwar period, Panamanian author Rogelio Sinan combined
magical realism and cubist techniques in his 1954 "La boina roja" [The Red
Beret]. This story was included in Seymour Menton's 1964 anthology El cuento
hispanoamericano [The Latin American Short Story] and is considered one of
the best sf stories from the region.
The most prominent and prolific Central American author writing during the
so-called "Latin American Boom" is Salvadoran Alvaro Menendez Leal, better
known by his pseudonym, Alvaro Menen Desleal. His literary influences include
Borges, Kafka, Bradbury, Asimov, Poe, Wells, and Arreola, and he paid
homage to those writers in the following short-story collections: Cuentos breves
y maravillosos [Brief and Wonderful Stories, 1963], La ilustre familia androide
[The Illustrious Android Family, 1972], Racer el amor en el refugio atdmico
[Making Love in the Atomic Bomb Shelter, 1972], and Tribulaciones de un
americano que estudio demografia [Tribulations of an American who Studied
Demographics, n.d].
From the 1970s on, there is little information available about the works and
authors of this region, except for their sporadic appearances in Latin American
sf anthologies. Thus, in Primer a antologia de la ciencia-ficcion latinoamericana
[The First Anthology of Latin American Science Fiction, 1970], we find Costa
Rican Alberto Canas with "El planeta de los perros" [The Planet of the Dogs],
and Hondurans Oscar Acosta with "La busqueda" [The Search] and "El
regresivo" [The Regressive] and Orlando Enriquez with "Nacimiento ultimo"
[Last Birth]. Costa Rican Louis Doudray's story "Aqui" [Here] is included in
the Spanish fanzine Zikkurath (1979).
The last decades have produced only a few titles and authors, among them
the novel Juan Chapin en el siglo XXX [Juan Chapin in the Thirtieth Century,
1986] by Guatemalan Francisco Javier Aguirre Batres, and the collection CR.
2040 (1996) edited by Costa Rican Roberto Sasso. In 2003, Alberto Ortiz, also
from Costa Rica, published in Mexico Azory Luna [Goshawk and the Moon] a
novel of historical extrapolation set in a post-apocalyptic Caribbean Basin that
combines science fiction and magical realism. Before that, in 1995, Laura P.
Quijano Vincenzi became the first Costa Rican author to publish an sf novel.
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376 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
Her Una sombra en el hielo [A Shadow in the Ice] is a mystery set in 2195 about
an abandoned underground polar research station and an enigmatic figure who
disappeared along with it. Finally, Ivan Molina Jimenez is the only other Costa
Rican author who has managed to publish two recent short-story anthologies, La
miel de los mudos y otros cuentos ticos de ciencia ficcion [The Honey of the
Mutes and Other Costa Rican Science Fiction Stories, 2003] and El alivio de las
nubes y mas cuentos ticos de ciencia ficcion [The Relief of the Clouds and More
Costa Rican Science Fiction Stories, 2005].
Colombia
Colombia's literature is among the richest in the Spanish language, having given
us authors of the stature of Jose Eustasio Rivera, Jorge Isaacs, and Gabriel
Garcia Marquez, the grand master of magical realism. Yet science fiction
represents only a brief chapter in its history. Studies of the genre in Colombia
are very rare, perhaps the most comprehensive of them being Ricardo Burgos
Lopez's "La narrativa de ciencia ficcion en Colombia" (2000) which is our
principal source of information for this introduction (see the full entry below in
"Studies in English on Latin American sf and studies on sf in Spanish and
Portuguese," 429).
Colombian sf s predecessors appeared toward the end of the nineteenth
century and at the beginning of the twentieth: "Futura" (1896), a short poem by
the distinguished writer Jose Asuncion Silva, and "Bogota en el ano 2000"
[Bogota in the Year 2000, 1905], an exercise in social extrapolation by Soledad
Acosta de Samper. Over two decades would pass before another sf work would
come to light: Una triste aventura de catorce sabios [A Sorrowful Tale of
Fourteen Wise Men, 1928], an episodic social satire by Jose Felix Fuenmayor.
The 1930s were years of political stability and industrialization in Colombia
and, in that context, two new sf novels appeared. Barranquilla 2132, by Jose
Antonio Osorio Lizarazo, used the familiar trope of a man falling asleep only
to awaken two centuries later in a future that mirrors his own social reality. In
the realm of pulp fiction and extraordinary voyages, we have Viajes
interplanetarios en zepelines que tendrdn lugar en el ano 2009 [Interplanetary
Zeppelin Voyages That Will Take Place in the Year 2009, 1936] by Manuel F.
Sliger, of interest now only to literary historians.
The 1940s and 1950s marked the start of political violence and guerrilla
warfare in Colombia, and most authors abandoned the emphasis on regionalism
that prevailed in earlier times and adopted a more universal and experimental
narrative style. Sf s most prolific period began in the 1960s with authors such
as Rene Rebetez and Antonio Mora Velez, who openly identified their work as
science fiction. For much of his life, Rebetez (1933-99) lived outside his native
country, primarily in Mexico. There he published a large part of his oeuvre,
beginning with Las ojos de la clepsidra [The Clepsydra's Eyes, 1964], a volume
containing many sf stories and poems. Those of his sf stories that appeared in
La nueva prehistoria y otros cuentos [The New Prehistory and Other Stories,
1967], Ellos lo llaman amanecer [They Call it Dawn, 1996], and Cuentos de
amor, terror y otros misterios [Stories of Love, Terror, and other Mysteries,
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 377
1998] are well known for incorporating elements of the genre's traditional
iconography into a mythic, latino-flavored environment. Rebetez's early literary
criticism was published in Ciencia ficcion: la cuarta dimension de la literatura
[Science Fiction: Literature's Fourth Dimension, 1966].
Mora Velez, a poet and short-story writer, remains si's chief proponent in
Colombia. He has published three sf anthologies?Glitza (1979), Eljuicio de los
dioses [The Judgment of the Gods, 1982], and Lorna es una mujer [Lorna is a
Woman, 1986]?in which he develops the genre's main themes to reflect a
certain candor and trust in scientific progress. His two recent collections of
poetry are Los caminantes del cielo [Travelers of the Heavens, 1999] and El
fuego de los dioses [The Fire of the Gods, 2001].
Science fiction has not yet managed to establish itself in Colombia as a genre
in its own right, however. Unfortunately, few Colombian sf texts really pass
critical muster and the country's top writers have, for a variety of reasons,
tended to avoid the genre.
Venezuela
The earliest example of Venezuelan science fiction, a short story by Julio
Garmendia titled "La realidad circundante" [The Reality Around Us, 1927],
proposed a device that would enable the user to adapt effortlessly to any
circumstance, be it physical or psychological. Nothing could better proclaim the
arrival in Venezuela of the new genre of science fiction. Almost a decade later,
in his novel La galera de Tiberio [Tiberius's Galley, 1938], Enrique Bernardo
Nunez described his nation's future by means of an ironic and critical timeline
of the years to come.
We have no other record of Venezuelan sf until the end of the 1960s, when
the start of the space race between the US and the Soviet Union triggered in
Venezuela?as it had in other Latin American countries?a prolific increase in
the number of sf authors. Most of them engaged the genre only briefly,
examples being the anthology Quorum (1967) by David Alizo and the short
stories "Conspiracion en Neo-Ucronia" IConspiracy in New Uchronia, 1967]
by Francisco de Venanzi, "Racine desde el aeropuerto" [Racine from the
Airport, 1970] by Jose Balza, and "Jinetes de la luz" [Riders of the Light, 1970]
by Humberto Mata. De Venanzi's and Balza's stories criticize their present
society from the distance of a technologically perfect country, while Mata's
story takes a nostalgic look at contemporary human achievements that wil 1 be
scorned or ignored in the future.
Luis Britto Garcia, better known as a university professor and writer of
mainstream literature, made his debut with the anthology Rajatabla [To the
Letter, 1970], which contains many sf stories representative of his sharp sense
of humor and his irony; it was awarded the prestigious Casa de las Americas
prize, an honor also bestowed upon his later novel Abrapalabra [Hocus Wordus,
1979]. His most recent incursions into the genre appear in the anthology, La
orgia imaginaria [The Imaginary Orgy, 1983].
In 1979, Julio E. Miranda published the first anthology of Venezuelan sf as
part of the "Libros de Hoy" collection sponsored by the newspaper El Diario de
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378 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 379
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380 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 381
type written by Godofredo Emerson Barnsley (Brasil no Ano 2000 [Brazil in the
Year 2000, 1909]), Rodolfo Teofilo (O Reino de Kioto [The Kingdom of Kiato,
1922]), and Adalzira Bittencourt {Sua excelencia, a Presidente no ano 2500 [Her
Excellency, the President in the Year 2500, 1929]) portray Brazil as a world
power that has made reforms in the areas of health, urbanization, and political
organization. By modernizing the Brazilian myth of grandeza (greatness based
on the country's size, natural resources, and potential political and economic
advances), these works reflect a generally optimistic attitude toward science and
technology and its role in Brazilian society.
In the 1930s and 1940s, Afonso Schmidt continued the Utopian current in his
1934 novel Zanzald, while other Brazilian sf authors began writing futuristic
short stories criticizing contemporary mores, adventure tales of lost worlds, or
stories of the uncanny and absurd. Berilo Neves's A costela de Addo [Adam's
Rib, 1930] and Gomes Netto's Novelas Fantdsticas [Fantastic Novellas, 1934]
focus on the battle of the sexes, bemoaning incipient feminism and the ills of
modern society. Among the "lost world" adventure novels set in the remote
hinterlands of Brazil are Menotti del Picchia's Afilha do Inca [The Daughter of
the Inca, 1930] and Kalum (1936), as well as Jeronimo Monteiro's O irmao do
diabo [The Brother of the Devil, 1937], all of which recall works by Haggard,
Burroughs, and Conan Doyle. In 1947, Monteiro wrote his first sf novel, Tres
meses no seculo 81 [Three Months in the 81st Century], while the master of the
literary fantastic, Murilo Rubiao, began to publish tales of the uncanny, first in
newspapers and then in an anthology titled O ex-mdgico [The Ex-Magician,
1947].
The late 1950s and early 1960s ushered in the first works of modern sf
published in Brazil. Known as the GRD Generation, after Gumercindo Rocha
Dorea?one of the few Brazilian publishers of the genre during this
period?these authors demonstrated originality in their reworking of typical sf
motifs such as space travel, alien contact, robots, and nuclear war, by filtering
them through the perspective of Brazilian culture. Lighthearted works from this
period make reference to Rio's carnaval and street hustlers (malandros), as in
"Missao T-935" [Mission T-935, 1963] by Wilmar Guido Sassi and "Ukk"
(1965) by Levy Meneses, or to affectionate robots, as in "O menino e o robo"
[The Boy and the Robot, 1961] by Rubens Teixeira Scavone, "Zinga, o robo"
(1963) by Andre Carneiro, and "O Carioca" (1960) by Dinah Silveira de
Queiroz. More somber works by these authors, along with the novel Fugapara
parte alguma [Flight to Nowhere, 1961] and Os visitantes do espaqo [Visitors
from Outerspace, 1963] by Jeronimo Monteiro, portray the threat of nuclear war
and the fear of non-humanoid aliens, evoking a sense of powerlessness and a
dread of neo-colonialist exploitation. Tales of space travel resulting in death or
alienation, such as Fausto Cunha's "Regresso" and "O dia que ja passou"
[Return, and The Day that Already Passed, 1960], illustrate the fear that Brazil
might lose its sense of compassion or cultural identity by assimilating technology
and foreign cultural values. It could be said that these works anticipated the
actual policies of modernization and development initiated by the Brazilian
military beginning in 1964.
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382 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
Brazilian science fiction of the late 1960s and the 1970s can be divided into
two categories: narratives of the fantastic and dystopian novels. At this point,
almost all of the typical motifs of science fiction disappear, except for the
uncanny events of fantastic literature and the clockwork worlds of imaginary
technocratic regimes. Fantastic tales by Jose J. Veiga (A mdquina extraviada
[The Misplaced Machine, 1968] and Sombras de Reis Barbudos [Shadows of the
Bearded Kings, 1972]) and by Murilo Rubiao (O pirotecnico Zacharias
[Zacharias, The Pyrotechnician, 1972]), include motifs such as unfathomable
machines, unexplained appearances of animals in urban environments, unending
bureaucratic procedures, and Kafkaesque interrogations. In the 1970s, several
mainstream authors turned to dystopian fiction to avoid censorship by the
regime, disguising their critiques of its policies of fast-paced economic
development in their futuristic tales. As allegorical representations of Brazil
under military rule, these novels contain clear allusions to the regime's use of
censorship, media control, torture, imprisonment, and disappearances, tactics
of the post-1968 crackdown by military hardliners. The dystopian novels of the
period are characterized by a nostalgia for the past, especially in the idealized
portrayal of nature or women as repositories of authentic Brazilian identity, as
seen in works such as Fazenda Modelo [Model Farm, 1974) by Chico Buarque,
Ofunciondrio Ruam [Ruam the State Worker, 1975] by Mauro Chaves, Ofruto
do vosso ventre [The Fruit of Thy Womb, 1976] by Herberto Sales, Asilo nas
tones [Asylum in the Towers, 1977] by Ruth Bueno, and Um dia vamos rir
disso tudo [Someday We Will Laugh about All This, 1976] by Maria Alice
Barroso. Recurrent themes include governmental regulation of reproduction and
sexual behavior, policies of modernization, the destruction of natural
environments, and control of the media and the minds of citizens. In the
dystopian novels Umbra [Shadow, 1977)] by Plinio Cabral and Ndo verds pais
nenhum [And Still the Earth, 1981] by Ignacio de Loyola Brandao,
environmental degradation goes hand in hand with eroding personal freedoms
as Brazil faces the ecological and political consequences of military rule.
Coinciding with the end of the dictatorship in 1985, a new generation of
writers emerges and begins to write in a wide variety of sf subgenres. In hard
science fiction, Jorge Luiz Calife's Horizonte de Eventos [Event Horizon, 1986]
and Roberto Schima's "Os fantasmas de Venus" [The Ghosts of Venus, 1993]
use outer space exploration and settlement to criticize the political and
environmental devastation caused by the dictatorship and its policies of economic
development. Other hard sf stories such as Fabio Fernandes's "Color Me Black"
(1998) and Carlos Orsi Martinho's "Pressao fatal" [Fatal Pressure, 2000] raise
as yet unresolved issues of race and gender within Brazilian society, which
persist despite technological advances in the future. Highlighting verbal play and
sensory overload made possible by computers, Brazil's cyberpunk introduces
elements of racial politics, sexuality, violence, and poverty to comment on social
and political changes taking place in Brazil's urban culture. Brazilian cyberpunk
novels such as Silicone XXI (1988) by Alfredo Sirkis, Santa Clara Poltergeist
(1990) by Fausto Fawcett, and Piritas siderais [Outerspace Pyrites, 1993] by
Guilherme Kujawski use urban settings instead of cyberspace, stressing
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 383
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384 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
Argentina
Argentina has a wide-ranging and rich history of fantastic literature, particularly
of science fiction. The first example we can claim for the genre, "Delirio"
[Delirium], was published anonymously just before Argentina's Declaration of
Independence in 1816. This short story, an exercise in social and urban criticism
following the dicta of the French Revolution, is set in 1880 in Buenos Aires and
its main character is Tremebundo, a kind of superman who makes all sorts of
improvements in the city.
Many sf works were written in the second half of the nineteenth century,
partly because of the political stability that had been achieved after decades of
unrest and partly due to the creative impulse reigning in Buenos Aires society
at that time. Progressive liberalism, European Romanticism, "new sciences"
such as spiritualism and mesmerism, and the theory of evolution all contributed
to the production of sf works during this period. The most prominent sf writer
of the time was Eduardo Ladislao Holmberg, with works such as Viaje
maravilloso del senor Nic-Nac [The Marvelous Voyage of Mr. Nic-Nac, 1875]
and "Horacio Kalibang o los automatas" [Horacio Kalibang or the Automatons,
1879], a work that predicts the advent of robots. Also worth mentioning from
that same period is Eduardo de Escurra's Buenos Aires en el siglo XXX [Buenos
Aires in the 30th century, 1891] a work that reflects positivist thinking as it
relates to technological development.
During the first decades of the twentieth century, highly respected
Argentinian authors experimented with the genre, producing works of superior
literary quality; these include Leopoldo Lugones's Las fiuerzas extranas [Strange
Forces, 1906] and Ricardo Rojas's La psiquina [The Psychine, 1917). There
were also some popular anarchist and socialist-Utopian works published at this
time, and La novelafantdstica, the first magazine in Spanish entirely dedicated
to science fiction, was published in Buenos Aires in 1937.
La invencion de Morel [The Invention of Morel] by Adolfo Bioy Casares was
published in 1940; this is a key novel in Argentinian literature and one of the
most influential sf novels written in Spanish. This novel?which Borges is said
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 385
to have called perfect?explores two key topics in science fiction: the search for
immortality and the nature of reality. Bioy Casares, winner of the Cervantes
Award (the Nobel Prize of Spanish letters), turned to science fiction several
times, although critics did not acknowledge his affiliation with the genre for
quite some time. Jorge Luis Borges's work, although much closer to the
fantastic, also touches the realm of science fiction in stories such as "Las ruinas
circulares" [The Circular Ruins, 1964] and "La otra muerte" [The Other Death,
1949].
During the 1950s, science fiction came into its own as a genre, especially
after the magazine Mas alia [Beyond] was launched and a publishing house,
Minotauro, issued handsome editions of modern sf classics. It was also at this
time (1957) that the comic El Eternauta became available. This comic, with
scripts by H.G. Oesterheld and drawings by Francisco Solano Lopez, helped
popularize sf motifs.
During the 1960s, sf works began appearing more frequently in anthologies,
in short-story collections, and as novels. The first important study of the genre
in Spanish, El sentido de la ciencia ficcion [The Meaning of Science Fiction],
appeared in 1966. In it, Pablo Capanna used his philosopher's skills to examine
sf s mythological and religious roots. Later, the same author would write studies
about Cordwainer Smith, Philip K. Dick, J.G. Ballard, and J.R.R. Tolkien,
among others.
Science fiction in Argentina was strengthened during the 1970s by the
publication of specialized collections and several books by Argentinian authors.
Especially noteworthy are the short-story collections by celebrated author
Angelica Gorodischer, Bajo las jubeas enflor [Under the Flowering Jubeas,
1973] and Casta luna electronica [Chaste Electric Moon, 1977], with their
picaresque, colloquial, and epic tones. Gorodischer's most praised book, Kalpa
Imperial [Imperial Kalpa, 1983], portrays the growth of an empire in language
that is both precise and fluid.
After a bloody dictatorship and decades of political instability, the sf genre
began to flourish with the return of democratic governments in 1983. The point
of departure for this new period was the launching of the magazine El Pendulo
edited by Marcial Souto, a key proponent of sf during this time. El Pendulo, in
the words of Swedish critic Sam J. Lundwall, was "undoubtedly the best science
fiction magazine in content, presentation and layout ever published anywhere"
("Adventures in the Pulp Jungle," Foundation: The International Review of
Science Fiction 34 [Autumn 1985]: 12). Numerous other publications, both
professional and amateur, also appeared in connection with the magazine.
Between 1983 and 1989 more Argentinian sf works were published than in the
whole of the previous period. Among the most noteworthy authors of these years
are the two-time winner of the Spanish UPC Award, Carlos Gardini, with
Primera linea [First Line, 1983] and Mi cerebro animal [My Animal Brain,
1983]; Marcelo Cohen, highly regarded in academic circles, with lnsomnio
[Insomnia, 1986]; and Sergio Gaut vel Hartman, one of the main promoters of
the genre, with Cuerpos descartables [Disposable Bodies, 1986]. Two other
periodicals that are still active began during this same period: Cudsar, edited by
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386 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
Luis Pestarini, and Axxon, edited by Eduardo Carletti. The former started in
1984 and is the longest-running Spanish-language magazine dedicated to the
genre, and the latter is an electronic publication, a pioneer in its field that began
its distribution via diskette in 1989 and now appears on a very popular web site.
During the 1990s, a downturn in the economy brought a considerable
reduction in the publication of sf works. In 1991, ConSur I, the first Latin
American Science Fiction Convention, was held in Buenos Aires. A few
noteworthy novels appeared, but only sporadically, and many of the authors
whose names had appeared frequently a decade earlier either abandoned the
genre or remained silent. Unsurprisingly, pessimistic visions dominated this
period, in works such as Anatomia humana [Human Anatomy, 1993] and Cruz
diablo [Vade Retro, 1997] by Eduardo Blaustein.
After Argentina's social crisis and financial default of 2001-02, the early
twenty-first century shows signs of a new vitality, with new works by emerging
authors such as Alejandro Alonso's La ruta a Trascendencia [Route to
Transcendence, 2004] and Postales desde Oniris [Postcards from Oniris, 2004].
Also worth noting is the launch of Nautilus, edited by Carlos Abrahan, the first
publication in Latin America dedicated exclusively to sf criticism.
Chile
Futuristic fiction was probably introduced to Chilean readers during the colonial
era through works such as Jean-Sebastien Mercier's Utopian time-travel fantasy,
UAn 2440 [In the Year 2440, 1771]. In 1877, Francisco Miralles published
Chile's first full-length speculative fiction novel, Desde Jupiter: Curioso viaje
de un santiaguino magnetizado [From Jupiter: The Curious Voyage of a
Magnetized Man from Santiago], a positivist critique of Chilean society written
at a time of popular fascination with the paranormal and, in progressive circles,
a belief in human perfectibility through science and technology. One might
assume that Miralles's novel spawned followers, yet to date scholars have found
nothing published between 1877 and 1913.
Up until the late 1950s, most Chilean sf authors paid little attention to
scientific plausibility, mixing the fantastic with technological innovations to
create a convenient platform from which to examine serious social issues. Some
notable exceptions include Alberto Edwards (writing as Miguel de Fuenzalida)
and Ernesto Silva Roman, with his short story collections El dueno de los astros
[The Owner of the Stars, 1929] and El holandes volador [The Flying Dutchman,
1948]. They wrote for rival magazines and penned thrilling stories full of
technological gadgetry and action-adventure heroics in the style of the US pulps.
The appearance in 1959 of Hugo Correa's seminal novels, Los altisimos [The
Superior Ones] and Alguien mora en el viento [Someone Dwells Within the
Wind], was a turning point in Chilean sf and is widely considered to mark the
first flourishing of the genre in Spanish America. The excitement of the space
race, combined with the expansion of the Chilean publishing industry and the
availability of sf in Spanish?both translations and original works were published
in classic magazines such as Argentina's Mas Alia and Spain's Nueva
dimension?resulted in more works appearing between 1959 and 1973 than in
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 387
the entire preceding eighty years. Writers were now less isolated from each
other and from their readers, and they shared a sense of purpose in developing
and promoting this new genre in Chile. The first sf fan club was formed in the
1970s and around this time Julio Bravo Eichkoff launched two short-lived
fanzines, Sagitario (1972) and Aleph (1973). In addition to Hugo Correa, the
most important sf writers from this period are Elena Aldunate, with her 1967
anthology El senor de las mariposas [The Lord of the Butterflies] and Antonio
Montero with Los superhomos [Supermen, 1963]. Although Chile's publishing
industry suffered during that country's military dictatorship (1973-89) and the
economic hardships of the 1980s, sf managed to survive with an average of two
new or reissued works published every year between 1974 and 1986.
A new generation has been sustaining Chilean sf since the late 1980s.
Fandom coalesced around Sochif (Sociedad Chilena de Fantasia y Ciencia
Ficcion) in the 1980s and Ficcionautas Asociados in the 1990s and these groups
hosted several public sf events. Moises Hasson, a much-published sf historian,
brought out thirteen issues of the fanzine Nadir between 1986 and 1994. Fobos,
another noteworthy fanzine edited by Luis Saavedra, holds Chile's record for
longevity, with 23 print and electronic issues published between 1998 and 2004;
the entire run can be found online at < www. fanzine-fobos. cjb. net >. C urrently,
Chile's leading e-zine is Tau Zero (<www.tauzero.org>). Fobos sponsored
three national sf short-story contests and subsequently published three volumes
of prize winners, Pulsares 2002, Pulsares 2003, and Pulsares 2004. (An earlier
contest, not organized by Fobos, resulted in the collection Fixion 2000.)
Saavedra has written about Chilean fandom, and Hasson and Omar E. Vega
recently compiled a comprehensive bibliography of the genre (this Chronology
owes a large debt to these three researchers).
The literature itself is now more self-consciously science fictional, and many
of the genre's most innovative techniques and ideas are handled skillfully by
such writers as Diego Munoz, with Flores para un cyborg [Flowers for a
Cyborg, 1997]; Pablo Castro, with "Exerion," published in 2002 and available
in English translation in the 2003 anthology Cosmos Latinos; and Sergio Amira,
with "PET," available in the 2002 edition of Pulsares: relatos chilenos de
ciencia ficcion. Jorge Baradit recently achieved a milestone in Chilean sf when
his 2005 novel Ygdrasil was released by a major international publisher. Chilean
sf s momentum and quality may vary over time, as they do everywhere, but the
genre is again on the ascendent thanks to a dedicated corps of writers and
promoters. There is every reason to expect a vigorous Chilean presence on the
future Spanish-language sf scene.
Uruguay
Uruguayan science fiction was only a collection of isolated texts until the 1970s,
when a few authors began producing a body of work identifiable within the
genre. It must be noted that a significant portion of Uruguayan science fiction
was published outside the country, either because the authors lived abroad
(mostly in Argentina) or because they found better publishing conditions there
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388 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 389
2. Another great Spanish-language magazine, the Argentinian Mas alia, started even
earlier in 1953 and folded in 1957 after 48 issues.
3. Most of the information presented here is also found on that web site
(< http://elforastero.blogalia.com/documentos/articulos/cienciaficcion.html >).
4. These two short stories can be found online at <http://espanol.geocities.com/
cifiper2002/colaboraciones.htm>.
5. Solange Iriarte, "Delirio boliviano" <http://sololiteratura.com/edm/
edmdelirio.htm > . For a discussion of Paz Soldan's El delirio de Turing, see J. Andrew
Brown's "Edmondo Paz Soldan and His Precursors: Borges, Dick, and the SF Canon"
elsewhere in this special section.
6. By using the suffix "itis"?as in tonsillitis, bronchitis?the term "Brazilitis" (as
opposed to "Brazilian," for example) is a play on words that deliberately evokes the
image of disease, and thus takes the mania for Brazilianess to the point of sickness and
repulsion.
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390 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
1933: Bioy Casares, Adolfo (as Martin Sacastru.) 17disparos contra loporvenir (anth).
1939: Cancela, Arturo. La mujer de Lot.
1940: Borges, Jorge Luis, Adolfo Bioy Casares, and Silvina Ocampo, eds. Antologia de
la literaturafantdstica.
Bioy Casares, Adolfo. La invencion de Morel.
1942: Borges, Jorge Luis. Eljardin de senderos que se bifurcan (anth).
1944: Bioy Casares, Adolfo. El perjurio de la nieve (anth).
-. Plan de evasion.
Borges, Jorge Luis. Ficciones (anth).
Cancela, Arturo. Historia funambulesca del profesor Landormy.
1945: Brun, Alberto. El interplanetario atomico: condensado del relato d
asombroso alplaneta Saturno en un nuevo medio de locomocion, mov
energia atomica, y los extraordinarios descubrimientos a que dio lug
Svanascini, Osvaldo. El espiritu petrificado (anth).
1946: Scorpio, Roberto. Hacia un mundo perfecto.
Oyarzabal, Zaira. La ultima sensacion del siglo XX: en 11 dias al
Metcurio.
1948: Bioy Casares, Adolfo. "La trama celeste."
1949: Borges, Jorge Luis. El Aleph (anth).
1951: Schmersow Marr, German. Argentina luz: novelafantdstica de cardcter
1953: Gentile, Salvador. Contraste de dos mundos.
Jerez, Hipolito. Yanquis en Marte.
1956: Castellani, Leonardo. Su majestad Dulcinea.
Oesterheld, Hector G. El tanque invencible. Vol. I of the comic serie
Rockett" (9 issues). Rpt. 1995.
Vail, Carlos. Invasion marciana.
1957: Holmberg, Eduardo Ladislao. Cuentos fantdsticos (anth).
Oesterheld, Hector G. "El Eternauta." Hora cero. Part I of this very inf
comic.
1958: Pracilio, Ovidio. La explosion que destruyo un mundo.
1959: Cocaro, Nicolas, ed. Cuentos fantdsticos argentinos (anth).
Fernandez Pinto, Jose. El viaje a otros planetas.
Pracilio, Ovidio. El uranio de los atlantes.
-. La primer a base interplanetaria.
-. Sobrevolando mundos desconocidos.
Verbitsky, Bernardo. Megaton (poem).
1961: Caro, Luis. El viaje de Ariel: periplo al mundo inverosimil.
Dabove, Santiago. La muertey su traje (anth). Rpt. 1976, 1998.
Rodriguez Mufioz, Alberto. Los paraisos.
1962: Bioy Casares, Adolfo. "El calamar opta por su tinta."
1963: Caraffa, Brandan. Mas alia de la Tierra.
1966: Goligorsky, Eduardo, and Alberto Vanasco, eds. Memorias delfuturo (anth).
Marechal, Leopoldo. Elpoema de robot (poem).
Rodrigue, Emilio, ed. Ecuacion fantdstica: 13 cuentos de ciencia ficcion por 9
psicoanalistas (anth).
Zagrich, Felix. Polvo lunar.
1967: Albamonte, Luis Maria. Los invasores (anth).
Bajarlfa, Juan-Jacobo, ed. Cuentos argentinos de ciencia ficcion (anth).
Castagnini, Carlos. Ano 2000 (anth).
Chernovetzky, Valentin. Ines, la reina de Marte (1999).
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 391
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392 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
1981: Gandolfo, Elvio, ed. Cuentos fantdsticos y de ciencia ficcion en America Latina
(anth).
Pracilio, Ovidio. Viaje al sol.
1982: Teruggi, Mario E. Casal de patitos.
Nasberg, Jose R. Epitafio.
1983: Gardini, Carlos. Mi cerebro animal (anth).
-. Primera linea (anth).
Gorodischer, Angelica. Kalpa Imperial. Libro I: La casa delpoder.
Ramos Signes, Rogelio. Las escamas del senor Crisolaras (anth).
1984: Axpe, Luisa. Retonos (anth).
Gardini, Carlos. Juegos malabares.
-. Sinfonia cero (anth).
Gimenez, Eduardo Abel. Unpaseopor Camarjali.
Gorodischer, Angelica. Kalpa Imperial. Libro II: El imperio mas vasto.
Shua, Ana Maria. La sueiiera. Rpt. 1985, 1999.
1985: Armando, Ignacio A. Cometa.
Denevi, Marco. Manuel de historia.
Souto, Marcial, ed. La ciencia ficcion en la Argentina (anth).
1986: Arveras, Jose Oscar. Joe Penas en Necroburgo.
Bioy Casares, Adolfo. Historias desaforadas (anth).
Cohen, Marcelo. Insomnio.
Gaut vel Hartman, Sergio. Cuerpos descartables (anth).
Gimenez, Eduardo Abel. Elfondo delpozo.
Lopez Gomez, Jose Manuel. 2-4-2015: Tierra del Fuego (anth).
Moledo, Leonardo. Veridico informe sobre la ciudad de Bree.
Mourelle, Daniel, ed. Par sec XXI (anth).
Vanasco, Alberto. Memorias del futuro: cuentos completos de ciencia ficcion
(anth).
1987: Antognazzi, Carlos O. Punto muerto (anth).
Carletti, Eduardo J. Instante de mdximo quebranto.
Gaut vel Hartman, Sergio, ed. Fase uno (anth).
Souto, Marcial. Para bajar a un pozo de estrellas (anth).
1988: Antognazzi, Carlos O. Ciudad.
Lugones, Leopoldo. 'El espejo negro' y otros cuentos, ed. Pedro Luis Barcia
(anth).
Posse, Abel. La reina delplata.
Saenz, Dalmiro, and Sergio Joselovsky. Latinoamerica, go home.
Souto, Marcial, ed. Historia de la Fragua y otros inventos (anth).
-. Trampas para pesadillas (anth).
Shua, Ana Maria. Viajando se conoce gente (anth).
1989: Cohen, Marcelo. El oido absoluto.
Montes, Francisco. Memorias de una mujer italiana: ano 2101.
Muniz, Enriqueta. Emaciano en el umbral.
1990: Bajarlia, Juan-Jacobo, ed. Elfin de los tiempos (anth).
Bar bier i, Daniel. Domun.
Capanna, Pablo, ed. Ciencia ficcion argentina (anth).
Gandolfo, Elvio. Rete Carotida (anth).
Gutman, Daniel. Contra tiempo.
1991: Carletti, Eduardo. Por media eternidad, cayendo (anth).
Esposito, Orlando. No somos una banda.
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 393
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394 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
Magazines
1937: La novela fantdstica (1 issue).
1947: Hombres delfuturo (3 issues).
1953: Urania (2 issues).
1953-57: Mas alia (48 issues).
1957-59: Pistas del espacio (14 issues).
I960-?: The Argentine Science Fiction Review (11 issues).
1962: Ficcion cientifica y realidad (2 issues).
1964-68: Minotauro (10 issues).
1965: Geminis (2 issues).
1968: Antelae (1 issue).
1969: El Alienigeno Solitario (3 issues).
1972: Kadath (1 issue).
1976: ElPerof(l issue).
Tralfamadore (1 issue).
1976-77: La revista de ciencia ficcion y fantasia (3 issues).
1977-79: Umbral Tiempo Futuro (9 issues).
1978: Entropia (1 issue).
1979: Suplemento de Humor y Ciencia Ficcion (2 issues).
1979-80: El Pendulo (4 issues).
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 395
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396 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 397
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398 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 399
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400 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 401
Magazines
1955-60: Fantastic (12 issues).
1968: Galaxia 2000 (6 issues).
Magazine de Ficcdo Cientifica (20 issues).
1983-88: Hiperespago (fanzine).
1985-2005: Somnium (89+ issues; fanzine; official publication of the Clube de Leitores
de F.C. [the SF Readers Club]).
1990-: Megaton fanzine (71 + issues).
Borduna & Feiticaria (10 issues; fanzine).
1990-92: Isaac Asimov Magazine (25 issues).
1993-2003: Hiperespago (fanzine).
1993-: Noticias ...do Fim do Nada (61 issues; fanzine).
1996-2002: Papera Uirande (3 issues; 8 special issues; fanzine).
1997: The Brazuca Review (3 issues; fanzine).
2001: Quark (10 issues).
2001-: Sci-Fi News (7+ issues).
Chile
1875: Tallman, Benjamin. ;Una vision del porvenir! o El espejo del mundo en el ano de
1975.
1878: Miralles, Francisco. Desde Jupiter: Curioso viaje de un santiaguino magnetizado.
1924: Sienna, Pedro. La caverna de los murcielagos.
1927: Land, R.O. [pseud, of Julio Assman]. Tierra Firme: Novela futurista.
1929: Silva Roman, Ernesto. El dueho de los astros (anth).
1932: Astica Fuentes, Manuel. Thimor.
1933: Perry, David. Ovalle: El 21 de abril del ano 2031.
1934: Huidobro, Vicente. La proximo.
Thayer Ojeda, Luis. La Atldntida pervertida.
1935: Silva, Hugo. Pacha Pulai.
Thayer Ojeda, Luis. El mundo en ruinas.
1936: Marin, Juan. El secreto del Doctor Baloux (anth).
Rojas, Manuel. La ciudad de los Cesar es.
1938: Lilo, Samuel. Campanario de la Humanidad.
1939: Delano, Enrique L. En la ciudad de los Cesares.
1942: Alegria, Fernando. Leyenda de la ciudad perdida (anth).
Lazo Jarpa, Hugo. Realidady fantasia (anth).
1948: Silva Roman, Ernesto. El holandes volador (anth).
1950: Araya, Enrique. El caracoly la diosa.
Doezis, Michel [pseud, of Rolando Sanchez]. Vision de un sueho milenario.
1954: Barros Ortiz, Diego. Kronios: La rebelion de los atlantes.
Perez de Arce, Camilo. Este poderoso reloj.
1956: Edwards, Alberto. Cuentos fantdsticos (1913-1921) (anth).
1957: Laso Jarpa, Hugo. El convoy errante (anth).
Silva Roman, Ernesto. Jristos.
1959: Bunster, Enrique. Un angel para Chile.
Correa, Hugo. Alguien mora en el viento.
-. Los altisimos.
1961: Correa, Hugo. El que merodea en la lluvia.
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402 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 403
Magazines
1965: Espacio-tiempo (2 issues).
1972: Sagitario (2 issues).
1973: Aleph (1 issue).
1986-94: Nadir (fanzine, 13 issues).
1987: Nova (fanzine, 1 issue; official magazine of the Chilean Science Fiction Club).
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404 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 405
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406 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
Magazines
1993-?: I+Real (virtual magazine in DOS format).
1997-98: Nexus (2 issues).
1998-: miNatura.
2001?- Oaicdn literario
2005-: isparo en red (PDF format).
2005-: ubit.
Guatemala
1899: Soto Hall, Maximo. Elproblema.
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 407
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408 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
1918: Nervo, Amado. "El gran viaje" (poem). El estanque de los lotos. Rpt. 1993. Sin
permiso de Colon: fantasias mexicanas en el quinto centenario. Ed. Federico
Schaffler Gonzalez.
-. "El sexto sentido." La novela semanal.
1919: Urzaiz Rodriguez, Eduardo. Eugenia: esbozo novelesco de costumbres futuras.
Rpt. 1982,2001.
1921: Nervo, Amado. "Los congelados," "Diana y Eros (cuento astronomico)," and
"El pais en que la lluvia era luminosa." Cuentos Misteriosos.
1926: Palavicini, Felix F. ;Castigo! Novela mexicana de 1945.
1928: Samper, Carlos M. La vuelta al mundo en 24 horas: novela futurista en Revista
de revistas.
1932: Martinez Sotomayor, Jose. "Neocentauro." Lentitud.
Useta, Jorge [pseud, of Jose Ugarte]. "El joven Godofredo y sus glandulas."
1934: Urquizo, Francisco L. Mi tio Juan.
1935: Dr. Atl [pseud, of Gerardi Murillo]. Un hombre mds alia del universo.
1938: List Arzubide, German. Troka elpoderoso (anth). Rpt. 1984, 1985.
Ortiz de Montellano, Bernardo. "La maquina humana" and "Cinq heures sans
coeur." Cinco horas sin corazdn.
1941: Dr. Atl. "El hombre que se quedo ciego en el espacio." Cuentos de todos colores,
Vol. Ill (anth).
1942: Canedo, Diego [pseud, of Guillermo Zarraga]. El referi cuenta nueve.
1945: Becerra Acosta, Manuel. "El mecanismo del dolor," "El laboratorio de
espiritus," and "El negro que se pinto de negro." Los domadores y otras
narraciones.
Delhumeau, Eduardo. El ano 3000 bis.
Canedo, Diego. Palamds, Echevete y yo, o el lago asfaltado.
1947: Bernal, Rafael. Su nombre era muerte.
Toro, Carlos. "El hombre artificial," "El dieciocho de mayo," and "Cuento del
futuro. El miedo: algunos cuentos.
Canedo, Diego. La noche anuncia el dia.
1952: Arreola, Juan Jose. "Baby H.P.," "Anuncio," and "En verdad os digo."
Confabulario.
1954: Fuentes, Carlos. "El que invento la polvora." Los dias enmascarados.
c.1955: America, Enrique [pseud, of Enrique Francisco Camarena]. La dama del nuevo
mundo.
1955: Arreola, Juan Jose. "Parabola del trueque." Confabulario y varia invencion.
1956: Camarena Machorro, Pedro. El mundo que sohamos.
1957: Caballero, Jose Luis. "Rayos beta." Aventura y Misterio.
De la Llave, Gustavo. "Verde y ambar." Aventura y Misterio.
1959: Castro Leal, Antonio. "La literatura no se cotiza" and "Una historia del siglo
XX." El laurel de San Lorenzo.
1961: Rojas Garciduefias, Manuel. La gran amiba.
1962: Castillo Ledon, Beatriz. "Rubicundo Hematies."
Ochoa Sandoval, Eglantina. "Breve resena historica." Anuario del cuento
mexicano.
1964: Cardena, Jaime. "Charles Darwin IV." El domino: cuentos.
Gutierrez Arias, Arturo, and Irene G. de Lanz. El mensaje de Fobos.
Leal Cortes, Antonio. "Orestes." El cuento mexicano del siglo XX: antologia.
Rebetez, Rene. Los ojos de la clepsidra (anth).
1966: Cardona Pena, Alfredo. Cuentos de magia, misterio y horror (anth).
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 409
Rebetez, Rene. "El alegre planeta." La ciencia ficcion: breve antologia del
genero. Ed. Rebetez (anth).
Antonio Sanchez Galindo. Orden de colonization (anth).
1967: Cardona Pena, Alfredo. "Recreo sobre la ciencia ficcion" (epic poem).
Cuadernos americanos.
De Mora, Juan Miguel. Otra vez el dia sexto.
Diaz, Jose Pedro. Tratados y ejercicios (anth).
Fabregas, J.J. "El error." El cuento: Revista de imagination.
Rebetez, Rene. La nueva prehistoria y otros cuentos (anth).
Martinez Villasenor, Jorge. "La bomba omega." Suspensoy Misterio.
Manjarrez, Froylan C. "Los blatidos." El cuento.
Weil, Raul [pseud, of Maria Elvira Bermudez]. "Los centauros de Denebola."
Madame.
1968: Aroca Sanz, Juan. El ultimo reducto.
Bermudez, Maria Elvira. "Hesperide." El Nacional.
Cardona Pena, Alfredo. Los ojos del ciclope (anth).
Cortes Gavino, Agustin. Hacia el infinito (anth).
De Mora, Juan Miguel. Otra vez el dia sexto.
Olvera, Carlos. Mejicanos en el espacio.
Weil, Raul. "Vuelo en la noche." Madame.
1969: Cortes Gavino, Agustin. iDe donde...! (anth).
c.1970: Pavlo Tenor io, Jesus. Lapildora maravillosa.
1970: Contin, Agustin. jCuentos increibles! (anth).
Genovese, Narciso. La nueva aurora.
1971: Canedo, Diego. El gran planificador.
Dominguez Aragones, Edmundo. Argon 18 inicia.
Tenorio, B. Jorge. Sin ventaja.
1972: Del Rio, Marcela. Cuentos arcaicos para el ano 3000 (anth).
1973: Aviles Fabila, Rene. Nueva Utopia (y los guerrilleros) (anth).
-. "La desaparicion de Hollywood" and "La importancia de ser mutilado."
La desaparicion de Hollywood.
Bonilla Ruz, Luis Fernando. Dos vidas en una.
Canedo, Diego. Nina mia, idonde estds?
Martre, Gonzalo [pseud, of Maria Trejo Gonzalez]. "Barnardiana."
Coprofernalia.
Mojarro Tomas. Trasterra.
Ramirez Heredia, Rafael. "... y Goya pintaba su lienzo ...."?/ rey que aguarda.
1974: Campos Lemus, Socrates A. Truculencias.
Canedo, Diego. La singular aventura de Agustin Monterde.
Cardona Pena, Alfredo. "La nina de Cambridge." Todos los caminos del
universo.
Ramirez Natera, Maria Elvira. Vuelo en la noche (anth).
Rodriguez Lobato, Olivia, ed. Todos los caminos del universo (anth).
1975: Barbosa, Rene. Malaquias.
Martre, Gonzalo. "Comportamiento colectivo." La noche de la septima llama.
1976: Ayala Anguiano, Armando. El dia que perdio el PRI.
Del Rio, Marcela. Proceso a Faubritten.
Ruiz, Bernardo. Viene la muerte (anth).
1977: Bonilla, Luis Fernando. Suenosy despertares (anth).
Cero, Enrique. Sexo en el ano 3000 (anth).
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410 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
1978: Almazan, Marco Aurelio. "La vida sexual de los robots." Los gormondios de
marfesia.
Aviles Fabila, Rene. Fantasias en carrusel (anth).
-. "Fiat lux." Pueblo en sombras.
Dornbierer, Manu. "La grieta," "La verdadera historia de la muerte de un
planeta," "Pasteleria vienesa," and "Las almas." La grieta.
Gonzalez, Emiliano. "Rudisbroeck o los automatas." Los suehos de la bella
durmiente.
Sailendra, Kalar [pseud, of Arturo Cesar Rojas]. "La rosa crisalida de
Krondoria." Zona 1.
1979: Ramirez, Armando. El regreso de Chin-Chin el Teporocho.
1980: Alatorre, A.T. Mds alia del horizonte (anth).
Cardona Pena, Alfredo. Los ojos del ciclope (anth).
Ruiz, Bernardo. La otra orilla (anth).
1981: Aridjis, Homero. Espectdculo del ano 2000 (play)
1982: Cardena, Jaime. Los supervivientes (anth).
Guerrero Zorrilla, Juan. Destruyan a Armonia.
Ortiz, Antonio. "La tia Panchita." Ciencia y desarrollo.
1983: Almazan, Marco Aurelio. "La bomba de megonio" and "Inventos al por mayor."
Real y verdadera historia de los inventos.
1984: Cervera, Juan. Los ojos de Ciro.
Elizondo, Salvador. La luz que no regresa (anth).
Sailendra, Kalar. Xxyeroddny, donde el gran sueno se enraiza.
1985: Benitez, Fernando."Segundo sueno" and "Tercero sueno." Los demonios en el
convento.
Martre, Gonzalo. Dime con quien andas y te dire quien herpes (anth).
Paz Luna, Jesus Lauro. "La espera." Cuentame uno. Ed. Gerardo Cornejo.
Zaidenweber, Jose. Elfestin de los egos.
1985: Acosta de Pina, Carmen. "Planeta de ilusion." Segunda Antologia Narrativa
Tamaulipeca.
Schaffler Gonzalez, Federico. "Prediction cumplida" and "Un error de calculo."
Segunda Antologia Narrativa Tamaulipeca.
1986: Aridjis, Homero. El ultimo Addn.
Osorio, Eduardo. Cuentos breves para suicidas y enamorados (anth).
1987: Fuentes, Carlos. Cristobal nonato.
Martre, Gonzalo.Apenas seda azul (anth).
Medero, Marines. Sol del siglo XXII.
1988: Agustin, Jose. Cerca delfuego.
Almazan, Marco Aurelio. "Deception" and "Peligros de la antimateria."
Lecturas para consultorio.
Estaiiol, Bruno. M el reino de este mundo.
Icaza, Jose V. A. Herencia estelar.
Martre, Gonzalo. Apenas seda azul (anth).
Roffe, Irving. Vertigos y barbaries (anth).
Schaffler Gonzalez, Federico. Absurdo concur sante: diez cuentos de ciencia
ficcion (anth).
1989: Cornejo, Gerardo. Al norte del milenio.
Morales, Juan Jose. Elproyecto Superman y otros cuentos (anth).
Rubio, Arnulfo. Oniria.
Schaffler Gonzalez, Federico. Absurdo concur sante (anth).
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 411
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412 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 413
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414 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 415
Magazines
1929-: Revista de Revistas (mostly foreign authors).
1934-36: Emocion (90 + issues; first Mexican pulp magazine).
1948-53: Los Cuentos Fantdsticos (48 issues; Mexican version of Famous Fantastic
Mysteries).
1955-57: Enigmas (16 issues; in agreement with Startling Stories and Fantastic Story
Magazine).
1956-57: Ciencia y Fantasia (14 issues; The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction)
1957-?: Aventura y Misterio.
1958: Fantasias del Futuro (1 issue; material from Science Fiction Quarterly, Super
Science Fiction, Future Science Fiction, Planet Stories, and The Original Science
Fiction).
1964: Crononauta (2 issues).
1976-82: Contactos Extraterrestres (published several sf stories).
1977-95: Ciencia y Desarrollo (from issue #13, published one sf story per month, by
foreign and national authors).
1977-78: Espacio (6 issues).
1978: Kosmos 2000 (2 issues).
1978-81: Oculto (published several sf stories, by foreign and national authors).
1981-: Comunidad CONACYT (published two double sf issues, #128-131, Nov.).
1984-: Revista de revistas (issue #3904 dedicated to sf).
Plural (issue #163 dedicated to Latin American sf).
1989-: Revista de revistas (issues # 4149, #4150, and #4151 dedicated to sr).
1991: Estacosa (2 issues, fanzine).
1991-92: Prolepsis (3 issues, fanzine).
1991-: Tierra Adentro (double issue #51 dedicated to new Mexican sf)
1992: Otracosa (1 issue; virtual magazine).
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416 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
1992-98: A Quien Corresponda (many issues on Mexican and Latin American sf).
1992-2000: Umbrales (49 issues).
1993-96: Laberinto (8 issues; fanzine).
1993-98: La langosta sehaposado (9 issues; virtual magazine).
1993-99: Asimov Ciencia Ficcion (16 issues; Mexican version of Asimov's Science
Fiction).
1995-96: Nahual! (6 issues; fanzine).
1995-97: fractal'zine (9 issues; fanzine).
1996-: Revista de revistas (issue #4444 on sf).
1997-98: Azoth (4 issues; fanzine).
Complot Internacional (2 issues on sf).
Charrobot (8 issues).
1998-2002: Sub (5 issues; fanzine).
1998-: Generacion (issue #21 on cyberpunk).
2002: El Oscuro Retorno del Hijo del;Nahual! (3 issues).
Tierra Adentro (1 issue on sf).
Vagon Literario: Literatura e infanciapara el adulto de habla hispana (1 issue on
children's sf).
2002-04: Blanco Movil (3 issues on sf).
2003: Sol de Tierra: Revista del Instituto Coahuilense de Cultura (1 issue on sf).
2004: CIECAS (1 special issue on sf; published by the Instituto Politecnico Nacional).
Nicaragua
1959: Dona, William Henry. Sputch-Nica.
Peru
1904: Palma, Clemente. "La ultima rubia."
1910: Palma, Clemente. "El dia tragico."
1934: Palma, Clemente. XYZ.
1952: Alarco, Eugenio. La magia de los mundos.
1958: Velarde, Hector. Laperra en el satelite.
1963: Belli, Carlos German. "Oh hada cibernetica" (poem).
1966: Alarco, Eugenio. Los mortales.
1968: Adolph, Jose B. El retorno de Aladino (anth.)
1971: Adolph, Jose B. Hasta que la muerte (anth.)
Estremadoyro B., Jose M. Glasskan: El planeta maravilloso.
-. Los homos y la tierra.
1972: Adolph, Jose B. Invisible para lasfieras (anth.)
1973: Adolph, Jose B. La ronda de los generates.
-. Los monstruos que vendrdn (anth.)
1974: Adolph, Jose B. Cuentos del relojero abominable (anth.)
1975: Adolph, Jose B. Mahana fuimos felices (anth.)
Stagnaro Ruiz, Giancarlo. Hiperespacios.
1976: Belevan, Harry, ed. Antologia del cuento fantdstico peruano (anth.)
Rivera Saavedra, Juan. Cuentos sociales de ciencia-ficcion (anth.)
1978: Belevan, Harry. Lapiedra en el agua.
1983: Adolph, Jose B. "El dia que saltaron los chinos," in El cuento peruano 1975
1979, ed. Ricardo Gonzalez Vigil.
1984: Adolph, Jose B. La batalla del cafe (anth.)
-. Mariana, las ratas.
1986: Belevan, Harry. Fuegos artificiales (anth.)
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 417
1987: Bravo de Rueda, Jose Alberto. "Arakne," in "Cide Hamete Benengeli coautor del
Quijote" y los cuentos ganadores del Premio Cope.
1989: Adolph, Jose B. Un dulce horror (anth.)
1990: Stagnaro Ruiz, Giancarlo. Hiperespacios.
1992: Bravo de Rueda, Jose Alberto. Hacia el sur.
1993: Bravo de Rueda, Jose Alberto. "Sobreviviente," in El hombre de la mascara.
1997: Bancayan Llontop, Carlos. Lasformas, (anth.)
Prochazka, Enrique. Un unico desierto, (anth.)
1999: Donayre Hoefken, Jose. Lafabulosa mdquina del sueno.
2001: Donayre Hoefken, Jose. Entre dos eclipses (anth.)
2003: Adolph, Jose B. Un ejercito de locos.
Rivera Saavedra, Juan. Oprimidos y exprimidos (anth.)
Magazines
2002-03: Ciencia Ficcion Peruana (E-zine).
2003 -: Velero 25 (E-zine).
Puerto Rico
1998: Stevens-Arce, James. El Salvador de almas (Soulsaver). Trans, from the original
English by Rafael Marin.
2001: Acevedo, Rafael. Exquisito cadaver.
Uruguay
1898: Piria, Francisco. El socialismo triunfante o Lo que sera mi pais dentro de 200
anos.
1910: Fragoso Lima, S. [pseud, of Horacio Quiroga]. El hombre artificial.
1935: Quiroga, Horacio. Mas alia (anth).
1970: Levrero, Mario [pseud, of Jorge Varlotta]. La ciudad. Rpt. 1999.
-. La mdquina depensar en Gladys (anth).
1973: Carson, Tarik. El hombre olvidado (anth).
1974: Varlotta, Jorge. Nick Carter se divierte mientras el lector es asesinado y y
agonizo.
1976: Terra Arocena, Horacio. El planeta Arreit.
1977: Elissalde, Enrique. Ciencipoemas: la computadora dijo basta (poems).
1978: Federici, Carlos Maria. "El nexo de Maeterlinck."
1980: Levrero, Mario. Paris.
1982: Blengio Brito, Raul. El ultimo hombre.
Levrero, Mario. Ellugar. Rpt. 1991.
-. Todo el tiempo (anth).
1983: Levrero, Mario. Aguas salobres (anth).
1985: Obes Fleurquin, Felix. Urugabon al final de la calle (anth).
1986: Carson, Tarik. El corazon reversible (anth).
Levrero, Mario. Caza de conejos. Rpt. Lo mejor de la ciencia ficcion
latinoamericana, ed. Bernard Goorden and A.E. Van Vogt, 1998 (anth).
1987: Levrero, Mario. Desplazamientos.
-. Espacios libres (anth).
-. Fauna.
1989: Carson, Tarik. "El estado superior de la materi
1990: Rodriguez Barilari, Elbio. Alarmas & excursione
-, ed. Mas vale tarde que nunca (anth).
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418 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
Magazines
1988: Trantor (1 issue).
1989: Smog (2 issues).
1989-95: Didspar (3 issues).
2002-03: Dias extrahos (2 issues).
Venezuela
1927: Garmendia, Julio. "La realidad circundante." La tienda de los muhecos.
1938: Nunez, Enrique Bernardo. La galera de Tiberio.
1967: Alizo, David. "Los convidados," "La rebelion de Emilio," "Alarma general,"
"Segun sus obras," "Quorum," "La nube de humo." Quorum.
1967: De Venanzi, Francisco. "Conspiration en Neo-Ucronia." Papeles.
1970: Balza, Jose. "Racine desde el aeropuerto." Ordenes.
Mata, Humberto. "Jinetes de la luz." Imdgenes y conductos.
1971: Britto Garcia, Luis. Rajatabla (anth).
1973: Berroeta, Pedro. La salamandra.
Estrada, Pascual. Rostro desvanecido memoria (anth).
1975: Quintero, Ednodio. "Valdemar Lunes, el inmortal." Volvere con misperros.
1977: Bello Porras, Jose Gregorio. Andamiaje (anth).
Sequera, Armando Jose. Me parecio que saltaba por el espacio como una hoja
muerta (anth).
1979: Britto Garcia, Luis. Abrapalabra.
Miranda, Julio E. Ciencia ficcion venezolana: antologia (anth).
1983: Britto Garcia, Luis. La orgia imaginaria (anth).
1985? Vargas, Arquimedes. 666.
1988: Nuno, Juan., et al. Fantasmas computarizados (anth).
1989: Sabino, Carlos A. La religion de los hanksis.
1994: Quintero, Ednodio. El rey de las ratas.
Magazines
1986-94: Cygnus (5 issues).
1988-99: La Gaceta de Ubik (24 issues).
1993-94: Necronomicon (2 issues).
1998; 2002-: Desde el lado obscuro (E-zine, 8+ issues).
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CHRONOLOGY OF LATIN AMERICAN SF, 1775-2005 419
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420 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 34 (2007)
1991: Gorodischer, Angelica. "Under the Yubayas in Bloom." Beyond the Border: A
New Age in Latin American Women's Fiction. Ed. Nora Erro-Peralta and
Caridad Silva. Pittsburgh: Cleis, 1991. Rev. ed. Gainesville: UP of Florida,
2000. 110-31.
1992: Agosin, Marjorie, ed. Secret Weavers: Stories of the Fantastic by Women of
Argentina and Chile. New York: White Pine, 1992. (Science fiction, fairy
tales, and political allegories by 18 authors.)
1996: Esquivel, Laura. Law of Love. Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. New York:
Crown, 1996.
1998: Gorodischer, Angelica. "The End of a Dynasty" [excerpt from Gorodischer's
Kalpa Imperial]. Trans. Ursula K. Le Guin. Starlight 2. Ed. Patrick Nielsen
Hayden. New York: Tor, 1998. 216-50.
2000: Pereira, Carla Cristina. "Xochiquetzal." Trans. David Alan Prescott. Altair6&
7 (2000): 70-81.
2001: Lugones, Leopoldo. Strange Forces. Trans. Gilbert Alter-Gilbert. Pittsburgh:
Latin American Literary Review, 2001.
2003: Bell, Andrea, and Yolanda Molina-Gavilan, eds. and trans. Cosmos Latinos: An
Anthology of Science Fiction from Latin America and Spain. Middletown, CT:
Wesleyan UP, 2003. (stories from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century,
from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru, Spain, and
Venezuela.)
Gorodischer, Angelica. Kalpa Imperial. Trans. Ursula K Le Guin. Northampton:
Small Beer, 2003.
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