1851968974biology Class X For Sa-I 2015-16
1851968974biology Class X For Sa-I 2015-16
1851968974biology Class X For Sa-I 2015-16
for
Summative Assessment -I
CLASS – X
2015 – 16
Prepared by
M. S. KUMARSWAMY, TGT(MATHS)
M. Sc. Gold Medallist (Elect.), B. Ed.
M. S. KUMARSWAMY
LIFE PROCESSES
LIFE PROCESS
The maintenance of living organisms must go on even at the conditions, when they are not
physically active. Even when we sit idle and during sleeping, this maintenance job through
cells functioning has to go on. The life process includes the activities performed by the
different organs to maintain the body.
Some of the life processes in the living beings are described below:
Nutrition
The process of obtaining energy through consumption of food is called as nutrition.
Respiration
The process of acquiring oxygen through breathing and make it available to cells for
the process of breaking down of organic substances into simpler compounds is called as
respiration.
Transportation
Transportation is the process by which the food and oxygen is carried from one organ
to other organs in the body.
Excretion
It is the process by which the metabolic waste by-products are removed from the
different organs and released out from the body.
The process by which an organism takes food and utilizes it is called nutrition.
NEED OF NUTRITION
Organisms need energy to perform various activities. The energy is supplied by the nutrients.
Organisms need various raw materials for growth and repair. These raw materials are provided
by nutrients.
NUTRIENTS
Materials which provide nutrition to organisms are called nutrients. Carbohydrates, proteins
and fats are the main nutrients and are called macronutrients. Minerals and vitamins are
required in small amounts and hence are called micronutrients.
TYPES OF NUTRITION:
Autotrophic Nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own
food is called autotrophic nutrition. Green plants and blue-green algae follow the
autotrophic mode of nutrition.
Heterotrophic Nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food from
another organism is called heterotrophic nutrition. Organisms; other than green plants
and blue-green algae follow heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
Autotrophic organisms are able to produce organic matter from simple inorganic materials.
They consequently create their own food—but require a source of energy to do this.
Photoautotrophs harvest energy from light to produce organic matter.
Chemoautotrophs use energy from inorganic reactions in the environment to drive the
creation of organic matter.
Heterotrophic nutrition can be further divided into two types, viz. saprophytic nutrition and
holozoic nutrition.
o Saprophytic Nutrition: In saprophytic nutrition; the organism secretes the digestive
juices on the food. The food is digested while it is still to be ingested. The digested
food is then ingested by the organism. All the decomposers follow saprophytic
nutrition. Some insects; like houseflies; also follow this mode of nutrition.
o Holozoic Nutrition: In holozoic nutrition; the digestion happens inside the body of
the organism, i.e. after the food is ingested. Most of the animals follow this mode of
nutrition.
STEPS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Sunlight activates chlorophyll; which leads to splitting of water molecule.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Photosynthesis is the main way through which the solar energy is made available for
different living beings.
Green plants are the main producers of food in the ecosystem. All other organisms
directly or indirectly depend on green plants for food.
The process of photosynthesis also helps in maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide
and oxygen in the air.
ANIMAL NUTRITION
Heterotrophic Nutrition: When an organism takes food from another organism, it is called
heterotrophic nutrition. Different heterotrophic organisms follow different methods to take and
utilize food. Based on this, heterotrophic nutrition can be divided into two types:
Saprophytic Nutrition: In saprophytic nutrition, the digestion of food takes place
before ingestion of food. This type of nutrition is usually seen in fungi and some other
microorganisms. The organism secretes digestive enzymes on the food and then ingests
the simple substances. Saprophytes feed on dead materials and thus help in
decomposition dead remains of plants and animals.
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Holozoic Nutrition: In holozoic nutrition, the digestion of food follows after the
ingestion of food. Thus, digestion takes place inside the body of the organism. Holozoic
nutrition happens in five steps, viz. ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and
egestion.
Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows holozoic mode of nutrition. The cell membrane
of amoeba keeps on protruding into pseudopodia. Amoeba surrounds a food particle with
pseudopodia and makes a food vacuole. The food vacuole contains the food particle and water.
Digestive enzymes are secreted in the food vacuole and digestion takes place. After that,
digested food is absorbed from the food vacuole. Finally, the food vacuole moves near the cell
membrane and undigested food is expelled out.
Mouth or Buccal Cavity: The mouth has teeth and tongue. Salivary glands are also present in
the mouth. The tongue has gustatory receptors which perceive the sense of taste. Tongue helps
in turning over the food, so that saliva can be properly mixed in it.
Teeth help in breaking down the food into smaller particles so that swallowing of food
becomes easier. There are four types of teeth in human beings. The incisor teeth are used for
cutting the food. The canine teeth are used for tearing the food and for cracking hard
substances. The premolars are used for coarse grinding of food. The molars are used for fine
grinding of food.
Salivary glands secrete saliva. Saliva makes the food slippery which makes it easy to swallow
the food. Saliva also contains the enzyme salivary amylase or ptyalin. Salivary amylase digests
starch and converts it into sucrose.
Small Intestine: It is a highly coiled tube-like structure. The small intestine is longer than the
large intestine but its lumen is smaller than that of the large intestine. The small intestine is
divided into three parts, viz. duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
Liver: Liver is the largest organ in the human body. Liver manufactures bile; which gets stored
in gall bladder. From the gall bladder, bile is released as and when required.
Pancreas: Pancreas is situated below the stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice which contains
many digestive enzymes.
Bile and pancreatic juice go to the duodenum through a hepato-pancreatic duct. Bile breaks
down fat into smaller particles. This process is called emulsification of fat. After that, the
enzyme lipase digests fat into fatty acids and glycerol. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes
which digest protein into amino acids. Complex carbohydrates are digested into glucose. The
major part of digestion takes place in the duodenum.
No digestion takes place in jejunum. The inner wall in the ileum is projected into numerous
finger-like structures; called villi. Villi increase the surface area inside the ileum so that
optimum absorption can take place. Moreover, villi also reduce the lumen of the ileum so that
food can stay for longer duration in it; for optimum absorption. Digested food is absorbed by
villi.
Question 1: What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic
nutrition?
Answer :
Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition
1. Food is synthesised from simple 1. Food is obtained directly or indirectly
inorganic raw materials such as CO2 from autotrophs. This food is broken
and water. down with the help of enzymes.
2. Presence of green pigment 2. No pigment is required in this type of
(chlorophyll) is necessary. nutrition.
3. Food is generally prepared during 3. Food can be prepared at all times.
day time.
4. All green plants and some bacteria 4. All animals and fungi have this type
have this type of nutrition. of nutrition.
Question 2: Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Answer : The following raw materials are required for photosynthesis:
The raw material CO2 enters from the atmosphere through stomata.
Water is absorbed from the soil by the plant roots.
Sunlight, an important component to manufacture food, is absorbed by the chlorophyll
and other green parts of the plants.
RESPIRATION
The process by which a living being utilizes the food to get energy is called respiration.
Respiration is an oxidation reaction in which carbohydrate is oxidized to produce energy.
Mitochondrion is the site of respiration and the energy released is stored in the form of ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate). ATP is stored in mitochondria and is released as per need.
STEPS OF RESPIRATION:
Breaking down glucose into pyruvate: This step happens in the cytoplasm. Glucose
molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid. Glucose molecule is composed of 6 carbon
atoms, while pyruvic acid is composed of 3 carbon atoms.
Fate of Pyruvic Acid: Further breaking down of pyruvic acid takes place in
mitochondria and the molecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a particular
organism. Respiration is of two types, viz. aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
TYPES OF RESPIRATION:
Aerobic Respiration: This type of respiration happens in the presence of oxygen.
Pyruvic acid is converted into carbon dioxide. Energy is released and water molecule is
also formed at the end of this process.
Anaerobic Respiration: This type of respiration happens in the absence of oxygen.
Pyruvic acid is either converted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Ethyl alcohol is usually
formed in case of anaerobic respiration in microbes; like yeast or bacteria. Lactic acid is
formed in some microbes as well as in the muscle cells.
Exchange of Gases: For aerobic respiration; organisms need a continuous supply of oxygen,
and carbon dioxide produced during the process needs to be removed from the body. Different
organisms use different methods for intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide.
Diffusion is the method which is utilized by unicellular and some simple organisms for this
purpose. In plants also, diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases. In complex animals,
respiratory system does the job of exchange of gases. Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes.
Fishes take in oxygen; which is dissolved in water; through gills. Since availability of oxygen
is less in the aquatic environment so the breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster. Insects
have a system of spiracles and tracheae which is used for taking in oxygen.
Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for exchange of gases. Availability of oxygen is
not a problem in the terrestrial environment so breathing rate is slower compared to what it is
in fishes.
Nostrils: There two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The inner lining of the
nostrils is lined by hairs and remains wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus and the hairs help
in filtering the dust particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is warmed up when it enters the
nasal passage.
Pharynx: It is a tube like structure which continues after the nasal passage.
Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also called the voice box.
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Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent the collapse of
trachea in the absence of air.
Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea; with one bronchus going to each lung.
Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches; inside the lung.
Alveoli: These are air-sacs at the end of bronchioles. Alveolus is composed of a very thin
membrane and is the place where blood capillaries open. This is alveolus; where oxygen mixes
with the blood and carbon dioxide exits from the blood. The exchange of gases; in alveoli;
takes place due to pressure differential.
Breathing Mechanism: The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and
the intercostalis muscles. Diaphragm is a membrane which separates the thoracic chamber
from the abdominal cavity. When diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand and air is inhaled.
When diaphragm moves up, the lungs contract and air is exhaled.
Question 1: What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have
with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Answer : Terrestrial organisms take up oxygen from the atmosphere whereas aquatic animals
need to utilize oxygen present in the water. Air contains more O2 as compared to water. Since
the content of O2 in air is high, the terrestrial animals do not have to breathe faster to get more
oxygen. Therefore, unlike aquatic animals, terrestrial animals do not have to show various
adaptations for better gaseous exchange.
Question 2: What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in
various organisms?
Answer : Glucose is first broken down in the cell cytoplasm into a three carbon molecule
called pyruvate. Pyruvate is further broken down by different ways to provide energy.
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The breakdown of glucose by different pathways can be illustrated as follows.
In yeast and human muscle cells, the breakdown of pyruvate occurs in the absence of oxygen
whereas in mitochondria, the breakdown of pyruvate occurs in the presence of oxygen.
Since haemoglobin pigment has less affinity for CO2, CO2 is mainly transported in the
dissolved form. This de-oxygenated blood gives CO2 to lung alveoli and takes O2 in return.
Question 4: How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for
exchange of gases?
Answer : The exchange of gases takes place between the blood of the capillaries that surround
the alveoli and the gases present in the alveoli. Thus, alveoli are the site for exchange of gases.
The lungs get filled up with air during the process of inhalation as ribs are lifted up and
diaphragm is flattened. The air that is rushed inside the lungs fills the numerous alveoli present
in the lungs.
Each lung contains 300-350 million alveoli. These numerous alveoli increase the surface area
for gaseous exchange making the process of respiration more efficient.
Circulatory System: The circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances
in human beings. It is composed of the heart, arteries, veins and blood capillaries. Blood plays
the role of the carrier of substances.
HEART
Heart is a muscular organ; which is composed of cardiac muscles. It is so small that it can fit
inside and adult’s fist. The heart is a pumping organ which pumps the blood. The human heart
is composed of four chambers, viz. right auricle, right ventricle, left auricle and left ventricle.
Arteries: These are thick-walled blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood from the heart to
different organs. Pulmonary arteries are exceptions because they carry deoxygenated blood
from the heart to lungs; where oxygenation of blood takes place.
Veins: These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood from different
organs to the heart. Pulmonary veins are exceptions because they carry oxygenated blood from
lungs to the heart. Valves are present in veins to prevent backflow of blood.
Capillaries: These are the blood vessels which have single-celled walls.
Blood: Blood is a connective tissue which plays the role of the carrier for various substances in
the body. Blood is composed of plasma, blood cells and platelets.
Blood Plasma: Blood plasma is a pale coloured liquid which is mostly composed of water.
Blood plasma forms the matrix of blood.
Blood Cells: There are two types of blood cells, viz. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and White
Blood Cells (WBCs).
Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs): These are of red colour because of the presence of
haemoglobin which is a pigment. Haemoglobin readily combines with oxygen and carbon
dioxide. The transport of oxygen happens through haemoglobin. Some part of carbon dioxide
is also transported through haemoglobin.
White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs): These are of pale white colour. They play important role in
the immunity.
Platelets: Platelets are responsible for blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is a defense
mechanism which prevents excess loss of blood; in case of an injury.
Lymph: Lymph is similar to blood but RBCs are absent in lymph. Lymph is formed from the
fluid which leaks from blood capillaries and goes to the intercellular spaces in the tissues. This
fluid is collected through lymph vessels and finally returns to the blood capillaries. Lymph also
plays an important role in the immune system.
Double Circulation: In the human heart, blood passes through the heart twice in one cardiac
cycle. This type of circulation is called double circulation. One complete heart beat in which all
the chambers of the heart contract and relax once is called cardiac cycle. The heart beats about
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72 times per minute in a normal adult. In one cardiac cycle, the heart pumps out 70 mL blood
and thus about 4900 mL blood in a minute. Double circulation ensures complete segregation of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood which is necessary for optimum energy production in
warm-blooded animals.
Phloem: Phloem is responsible for transportation of food. Phloem is composed of sieve tubes,
companion cells, phloem parenchyma and bast fibres. Sieve tubes are the conducting elements
in phloem.
Ascent of Sap
The upward movement of water and minerals from roots to different plant parts is called ascent
of sap. Many factors are at play in ascent of sap and it takes place in many steps. They are
explained as follows:
Root Pressure: The walls of cells of root hairs are very thin. Water; from soil; enters the root
hairs because of osmosis. Root pressure is responsible for movement of water up to the base of
the stem.
Capillary Action: A very fine tube is called capillary. Water; or any liquid; rises in the
capillary because of physical forces and this phenomenon is called capillary action. Water; in
stem; rises up to some height because of capillary action.
Transpiration Pull: Loss of water vapour through stomata and lenticels; in plants; is called
transpiration. Transpiration through stomata creates vacuum which creates a suction; called
transpiration pull. The transpiration pull sucks the water column from the xylem tubes and thus
water is able to rise to great heights in even the tallest plants.
Question 1: What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What
are the functions of these components?
Answer : The main components of the transport system in human beings are the heart, blood,
and blood vessels.
Heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. It receives deoxygenated blood from the
various body parts and sends this impure blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Being a fluid connective tissue, blood helps in the transport of oxygen, nutrients, CO2, and
nitrogenous wastes.
The blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) carry blood either away from the heart to
various organs or from various organs back to the heart.
Thus, it is necessary for them to separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood, so that their
circulatory system is more efficient and can maintain their constant body temperature.
Question 3: What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?
Answer : In highly organised plants, there are two different types of conducting tissues −
xylem and phloem. Xylem conducts water and minerals obtained from the soil (via roots) to
the rest of the plant. Phloem transports food materials from the leaves to different parts of the
plant body.
Kidney: Kidney is a bean-shaped organ which lies near the vertebral column in the abdominal
cavity. The kidney is composed of many
filtering units; called nephrons. Nephron
is called the functional unit of kidney.
EXCRETION IN PLANTS
Plants have no special organs for removal of wastes. The waste products of respiration and
photosynthesis are used as raw materials for each other. Oxygen gas produced as a by-product
of photosynthesis is used up during respiration and carbon dioxide produced during respiration
is used up during photosynthesis.
The water and solute are transferred to the nephron at Bowman’s capsule.
In the proximal tubule, some substances such as amino acids, glucose, and salts are selectively
reabsorbed and unwanted molecules are added in the urine.
The filtrate then moves down into the loop of Henle, where more water is absorbed.
From here, the filtrate moves upwards into the distal tubule and finally to the collecting duct.
Collecting duct collects urine from many nephrons.
The urine formed in each kidney enters a long tube called ureter. From ureter, it gets
transported to the urinary bladder and then into the urethra.
Question 2: What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Answer : Plants can get rid of excess of water by transpiration. Waste materials may be stored
in the cell vacuoles or as gum and resin, especially in old xylem. It is also stored in the leaves
that later fall off.
Question 1: The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for
(a) nutrition.
(b) respiration.
(c) excretion.
(d) transportation.
Answer : (c) In human beings, the kidneys are a part of the system for excretion.
Question 5: How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
Answer : Fats are present in the form of large globules in the small intestine. The small
intestine gets the secretions in the form of bile juice and pancreatic juice respectively from the
liver and the pancreas. The bile salts (from the liver) break down the large fat globules into
smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them. This is referred to as
emulsification of fats. It takes place in the small intestine.
Question 7: What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its
by-products?
Answer : Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis. Carbon
dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment, and sunlight are the necessary conditions required for
autotrophic nutrition. Carbohydrates (food) and O2 are the by-products of photosynthesis.
Question 8: What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name
some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
Answer :
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
1. It occurs in the presence of O2. 1. It occurs in the absence of O2.
Question 9: How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Answer : The alveoli are the small balloon-like structures present in the lungs. The walls of the
alveoli consist of extensive network of blood vessels. Each lung contains 300−350 million
alveoli, making it a total of approximately 700 million in both the lungs. The alveolar surface
when spread out covers about 80 m2 area. This large surface area makes the gaseous exchange
more efficient.
The blood passes to aorta from the left ventricle. The aorta gives rise to many arteries that
distribute the oxygenated blood to all the regions of the body.
Therefore, the blood goes twice through the heart. This is known as double circulation.
Question 12: What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and
phloem?
Answer :
Transport of materials in xylem Transport of materials in phloem
1. Xylem tissue helps in the transport of 1. Phloem tissue helps in the transport
water and minerals. of food.
2. Water is transported upwards from 2. Food is transported in both upward
roots to all other plant parts. and downward directions.
3. Transport in xylem occurs with the 3. Transport of food in phloem
help of simple physical forces such as requires energy in the form of ATP.
transpiration pull.
Function
(i) The exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place between the blood of the capillaries that surround
the alveoli and the gases present in the alveoli.
NEPHRON
Structure
(i) Nephrons are tubular structures present inside the kidneys.
(ii) Nephrons are made of glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tube. It also
contains a cluster of thin-walled capillaries.
10. What is the name given to the process of using the absorbed food for producing energy?
11. What happens to visible light of the Sun when it falls on chlorophyll?
21. Name the enzyme present in saliva, what is its role in digestion?
22. Which chemical is used to test for starch? Which colour shows the presence of starch?
31. Give two points of differences between respiration in plants and respiration in animals.
33. From where do the following take in oxygen? (i) prawn (ii) rat.
36. What are the living organisms that cannot make their own food called?
38. Give the term- rhythmic contraction of alimentary canal muscle to propel food.
41. Name the sphincter which regulates the exit of food from the stomach.
45. Give two functions of bile juice, from which organ it is released?
47. Name any three important enzymes of pancreas and the food component on which they
act.\
50. What are the simplest digestive product of carbohydrate, fats and protein?
51. Name the finger like projections of small intestine and what is the necessity of such type of
projections in digestive system?
55. A three carbon compound is the common product of both aerobic and anaerobic pathway.
What is that?
62. Name the main carrier of oxygen and carbon dioxide in man.
63. Why does haemoglobin molecule act as efficient carrier of oxygen than diffusion process?
65. Name the organ that- (a) pushes blood around body (b) make blood to reach to tissues.
66. Name the blood vessel that carries blood from heart to lungs and from lungs to heart.
67. How many heart chambers are there in (a) fish (b) frog (c) lizard (d) crocodile (e) birds (f)
man?
76. Which process acts as suction to pull water from xylem cells of roots.
78. What are the two substances transported through phloem tissue?
79. Name the food component whose digestion produce nitrogenous waste?
96. If grana of a chloroplast are removed then, which of the reaction of will not be carried out?
99. Artificial removal of nitrogenous wastes from the human body in the event of kidney
failure is
i. Plasmolysis
ii. Dialysis
iii. Diffusion
iv. Osmosis
1. Name the pore through which gaseous exchange takes place in older stems.
4. Define translocation.
5. Name the vessel that brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
9. The mode of nutrition in which digestive enzymes are secreted out side the body.
11. The diagram below represents urinary system in the human body. Identify the structure
through which urine leaves the urinary bladder.
13. Why is the rate of breathing in terrestrial animals slower than aquatic animals?
16. The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for
(a) nutrition.
(b) respiration.
(c) excretion.
(d) transportation.
19. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
(a) cytoplasm.
(b) mitochondria.
(c) chloroplast.
(d) nucleus.
20. Movement of food through oesophagus is due to
(a) Lubrication by saliva
(b) Peristalsis
(c) Gravitational Pull
(d) All of the above
21. Where is bile produced?
(a) Gall bladder (b) Blood
(c) Liver (d) Spleen
27. Wastes concentrated in the tubules of Bowman’s capsule are called ____.
(a) salts.
(b) juices
(c) urine
(d) amino acids
28. On seeing good food our mouth waters. This fluid is actually
a) Water
b) Hormone
c) Enzyme
d) None of the above
32. Rajib was absent in the class because of muscle pain which he claims to be due to excess
physical exercise he had done yesterday. This pain is due to
a) Formation of lactic acid
b) Formation of acetic acid
c) Formation of Pyruvic acid
d) Formation of Hydrochloric acid
34. The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called translocation and it occurs in
the part of the vascular tissue called
a) Xylem
b) Sclerenchyma
c) Phloem
d) Collenchyma
35. In human each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called ___
a) Neutrons
b) Neurons
c) Neptune
d) Nephrons
40. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
44. After long running, you may experience cramps in your leg muscles. Whats the reason
behind this?
45. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
47. Why bile juice is considered important even though it does not contain any digestive
enzymes?
51. What is the name given to rhythmic wave like manner occurring in alimentary canal?
52. The bark of woody plants is dead but the inner layers inside the bark are living. How do
they get oxygen and release carbon dioxide?
55. Name the mode of nutrition in an organism that uses simple substances like CO2 and
water to prepare food inside its body?
56. What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
57. Read following statements from A to E and identify the relevant life process from the
following word list.
growth, transport, synthesis, regulation, nutrition
A. A butterfly sucking the nectar from the flowers in a garden.
B. A boy shouts with excitement when his school team wins the match on the last ball.
C. After finishing lunch, Mohan's blood distributes the food molecules to different cells
of his body.
D. Green plants prepares starch (complex substance) from simpler chemicals.
E. Radha finds her height has increased by 4 cm since her last birthday.
59. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various
organisms?
64. What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?
67. Leaves of a healthy potted plant are coated with Vaseline to block the stomata. Will this
plant remain healthy for long? State three reasons to support your answer.
69. What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the
functions of these components?
70. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and
birds?
73. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for exchange of gases?
74. Why blood is necessary for oxygen delivery to all parts of the body in larger animals?
78. State the role and function of lymph in human transport system.
89. During daytime transpiration and photosynthesis are interlinked. What do you mean by
this statement?
104. What are the important enzymes of pancreatic juice and their function?
108. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet oxygen requirement of multicellular organisms like
us?
110. What is the advantage of terrestrial organisms over aquatic organisms for obtaining
oxygen for respiration?
111. How are lungs designed to maximize area for gaseous exchange?
112. Describe fat digestion in human body and the organ where it occurs.
116. Due to availability of less water, how does the plant cope up with lack of water in desert
conditions?
117. After a vigorous exercise, you may experience cramps in your leg muscles. Why does
this happen?
119. Food moves down the gut by peristalsis. Which region of brain controls peristalsis?
120. Name the pigment present in plants, which can absorb solar energy.
121. Name the respiratory organs of (i) fish (ii) mosquito (iii) earthworm.
122. Which of the four chambers of the human heart has the thickest muscular walls?
123. What will be the outcome if a farmer floods his field everyday?
127. Which equipment is used to facilitate breathing during serious breathing problems?
129. Why is the rate if breathing much faster in aquatic organisms than those of terrestrial
organisms?
131. Autotrophs synthesise food for the living world. Justify this statement in one sentence
only interconnecting autotrophs and heterotrophs.
132. Veins and arteries carry blood. Which of these carry blood?
a) Away from the heart?
b) Back to the heart?
134. Name the areas in a woody stem through which respiratory exchange of gases take
place.
135. Tooth enamel is one of the hardest substances in our body. How does it undergo damage
due to eating chocolates and sweets?
136. A certain tissue in a green plant somehow get blocked and the leaves wilted. What was
the tissue that got blocked?
137. Write one feature which is common to each of the following pairs of the
term/organs.
i) glycogen and starch
ii) chlorophyll and haemoglobin
iii) gills and lungs
iv) arteries and veins.
138. Why doesn’t the lungs collapse even after forceful expiration?
139. The two openings of the pharynx, one leading to trachea and the other leading to
oesophagus, lie very close to each other. Yet food we swallow normally does not enter
into our trachea. Why?
140. How would it affect the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates if the duodenum of man
if there is a blockade in the pancreatic duct?
2. In which of the following groups of organisms, food material is broken down outside the
body and absorbed?
(a) Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba
(b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould
(c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta
(d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm
5. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which of the following events in the mouth
cavity will be affected?
(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids
(b) Starch breaking down into sugars
(c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol
(d) Absorption of vitamins
6. The inner lining of stomach is protected by one of the following from hydrochloric acid.
Choose the correct one
(a) Pepsin
(b) Mucus
(c) Salivary amylase
(d) Bile
10. Choose the function of the pancreatic juice from the following
(a) trypsin digests proteins and lipase carbohydrates
(b) trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase proteins
(c) trypsin and lipase digest fats
(d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats
11. When air is blown from mouth into a test-tube containing lime water, the lime water turned
milky due to the presence of
(a) oxygen
(b) carbon dioxide
(c) nitrogen
(d) water vapour
17. Which of the following statement (s) is (are) true about heart?
(i) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from different parts of body while right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from lungs
(ii) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different body parts while right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
(iii) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to right ventricle which sends it to different
body parts
(iv) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body while left
ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the body
(a) (i) (b) (ii)
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
18. What prevents backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction?
(a) Valves in heart
(b) Thick muscular walls of ventricles
(c) Thin walls of atria
(d) All of the above
19. Single circulation i.e., blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of passage
through the body, is exhibited by
(a) Labeo, Chameleon, Salamander
(b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas
(c) Hyla, Rana, Draco
(d) Whale, Dolphin, Turtle
20. In which of the following vertebrate group/groups, heart does not pump oxygenated blood
to different parts of the body?
(a) Pisces and amphibians
(b) Amphibians and reptiles
(c) Amphibians only
(d) Pisces only
29. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depends upon
(a) oxygen
(b) temperature
(c) water in guard cells
(d) concentration of CO2 in stomata
31. Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the digestive tract?
(a) Pepsin
(b) Cellulase
(c) Amylase
(d) Trypsin
33. Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps among cricketers. This results due to
(a) conversion of pyruvate to ethanol
(b) conversion of pyruvate to glucose
(c) non conversion of glucose to pyruvate
(d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid
35. During deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human beings, pyruvic acid is converted into
lactic acid in the
(a) cytoplasm
(b) chloroplast
(c) mitochondria
(d) golgi body
36. Name the process in plants that links light energy with chemical energy
37. Name the Organisms that can prepare their own food
40. Name the Organisms that cannot prepare their own food
41. Name an enzyme secreted from gastric glands in stomach that acts on proteins.
42. “All plants give out oxygen during day and carbon dioxide during night”. Do you agree
with this statement? Give reason.
43. How do the guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pores?
45. If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that
there is no photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.
50. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with vaseline. Will this plant remain healthy
for long? Give reasons for your answer.
55. What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?
58. Why does absorption of digested food occur mainly in the small intestine?
59. Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms?
63. In each of the following situations what happens to the rate of photosynthesis?
(a) Cloudy days
(b) No rainfall in the area
(c) Good manuring in the area
(d) Stomata get blocked due to dust
64. Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where is it produced?
72. Why and how does water enter continuously into the root xylem?
79. Draw the diagram of alimentary canal of man and label the following parts.
Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Intestine
80. How do carbohydrates, proteins and fats get digested in human beings?
83. Describe the flow of blood through the heart of human beings.
85. Why is the process of diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of human
beings?
86. Draw a diagram of human alimentary canal showing duodenum, small intestine, liver and
pancreas.
87. Draw a diagram of the human urinary system and label in it.
89. “If there were no algae there would be no fish in the sea”. Comment.
As the complexity of the individuals, plants or animals increases the different cells and organs
become separated from each other by greater distance. Thus it becomes necessary to have a
system by which the different parts of the organisms can function as a single unit. This is
possible only if the different parts can coordinate with each other and carry out a particular
function.
To carry out a simple function such as picking up an object from the ground there has to be
coordination of the eyes, hands, legs and the vertebral column. The eyes have to focus on the
object, the hands have to pick it up and grasp it, the legs have to bend and so does the back
bone (vertebral column). All these actions have to be coordinated in such a manner that they
follow a particular sequence and the action is completed. A similar mechanism is also needed
for internal functions of the body.
The individuals also have to adjust to the changing conditions around them and vary their
responses. At the same time, the internal conditions of the body should be maintained constant.
This is called homeostasis. Homeostasis is derived from 'homeo' meaning same and 'stasis'
meaning standing still. The internal conditions of the body are maintained at a constant by
controlling the physiology of the organism. Just as in animals, plants also have to control and
coordinate their various functions.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system of an animal is composed of
i) Specialized cells called neurons or nerve cells which can detect, receive and transmit
different kinds of stimuli.
ii) The nerve fibres which are certain bundles of extended processes of nerve cells.
NERVE CELLS
Nerve cells or neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. Billions of
nerve cells make up our brain.
A nerve cell is a microscopic structure consisting of three major parts namely cell body,
dendrites and axon.
DENDRITES
Dendrites or Dendrons are shorter fibres which branch repeatedly and project out of the cell
body. Dendrites transmit electrical impulses towards the cyton.
AXON
One of the fibres arising from the cell body is very long with a branched distal end and it is
called as Axon.
The distal branches terminate as bulb like structures called synaptic knob filled with chemicals
called neuro transmitters. Axon contains axoplasm inside and is covered by a membrane called
neurilemma. Neurilemma encloses the axon except at the branched distal ends. In some
neurons called myelinated neurons an additional white fatty fibre called myelin sheath covers
the neurilemma. Myelin sheath is not continous over the neurilemma. The gaps left by the
myelin sheath on the axon are called Nodes of Ranvier. Over the myelin sheath are found
certain cells called Schwann cells.
d) Bipolar neurons:
The sensory hair cells of the sense organs like rods and cones of retina are made up of bipolar
neurons. Each bipolar neuron has a cell body and two process at the ends, one acting as axon
and the other acting as Dendron.
NERVE IMPULSE
The conduction of stimuli by the nerve cells is called nerve impulse. The dendrites will receive
the stimuli from the receptor (sense organ) and conduct the same as electrical impulse to the
axon through the cyton. At the synapse, the synaptic knobs release out chemical substances
called neuro transmitters which convert the electrical impulse into chemical impulse and pass it
to the neighbouring neuron.
TYPES OF NEURON
AFFERENT NEURONS:
Afferent (or ferrying towards) which carry messages towards the central nervous system
(spinal cord or brain) from nerve endings on the muscles of different sense organs that sense
the change in surroundings are called stimulus detectors. These are also called ‘sensory’
nerves.
EFFERENT NEURON:
Efferent (or ferrying away) which carry messages from the central nervous system to parts that
shall carry out the response or the effectors (nerve endings). They are also called ‘motor’
nerves.
ASSOCIATION NERVES:
Association nerves, which link together the afferent and efferent nerves.
The nervous system can be divided into two parts mostly on the basis of a functional difference
in responses. The somatic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for conscious perception and
voluntary motor responses. Voluntary motor response means the contraction of skeletal
muscle, but those contractions are not always voluntary in the sense that you have to want to
perform them. Some somatic motor responses are reflexes, and often happen without a
conscious decision to perform them. If your friend jumps out from behind a corner and yells
“Boo!” you will be startled and you might scream or leap back. You didn’t decide to do that,
and you may not have wanted to give your friend a reason to laugh at your expense, but it is a
reflex involving skeletal muscle contractions. Other motor responses become automatic (in
other words, unconscious) as a person learns motor skills (referred to as “habit learning” or
“procedural memory”).
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for involuntary control of the body,
usually for the sake of homeostasis (regulation of the internal environment). Sensory input for
autonomic functions can be from sensory structures tuned to external or internal environmental
stimuli. The motor output extends to smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glandular tissue.
The role of the autonomic system is to regulate the organ systems of the body, which usually
means to control homeostasis. Sweat glands, for example, are controlled by the autonomic
system. When you are hot, sweating helps cool your body down. That is a homeostatic
mechanism. But when you are nervous, you might start sweating also. That is not homeostatic,
it is the physiological response to an emotional state.
There is another division of the nervous system that describes functional responses. The enteric
nervous system (ENS) is responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in
your digestive system. It is a large part of the PNS, and is not dependent on the CNS. It is
sometimes valid, however, to consider the enteric system to be a part of the autonomic system
because the neural structures that make up the enteric system are a component of the
autonomic output that regulates digestion. There are some differences between the two, but for
our purposes here there will be a good bit of overlap. See Figure for examples of where these
divisions of the nervous system can be found.
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 52 -
REFLEX ACTION
Reflex action is a special case of involuntary movement in voluntary organs. When a voluntary
organ is in the vicinity of a sudden danger, it is immediately pulled away from the danger to
save itself. For example; when your hand touches a very hot electric iron, you move away your
hand in a jerk. All of this happens in flash and your hand is saved from the imminent injury.
This is an example of reflex action.
Reflex Arc: The path through which nerves signals; involved in a reflex action; travel is called
the reflex arc. The following flow chart shows the flow of signal in a reflex arc.
The receptor is the organ which comes in the danger zone. The sensory neurons pick signals
from the receptor and send them to the relay neuron. The relay neuron is present in the spinal
cord. The spinal cord sends signals to the effector via the motor neuron. The effector comes in
action moves the receptor away from the danger.
Muscular Movements and Nervous Control: Muscle tissues have special filaments; called
actin and myosin. When a muscle receives a nerve signal; a series of events is triggered in the
muscle. Calcium ions enter the muscle cells. It results in actin and myosin filaments sliding
towards each other and that is how a muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle brings
movement in the related organ.
HUMAN BRAIN
Human brain is a highly complex organ; which is mainly composed of the nervous tissue. The
tissues are highly folded to accommodate a larger surface area in less space. The brain is
covered by a three layered system of membranes; called meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid is filled
between the meninges. The CSF provides cushion to the brain against mechanical shocks.
Furthermore, the brain is housed inside the skull for optimum protection. The human brain can
be divided into three regions, viz. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part in the human brain. It is divided into two
hemispheres; called cerebral hemispheres.
Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus lies at the base of the cerebrum. It controls sleep and wake
cycle (circadian rhythm) of the body. It also controls the urges for eating and drinking.
Cerebellum: Cerebellum lies below the cerebrum and at the back of the whole structure. It
coordinates the motor functions. When you are riding your bicycle; the perfect coordination
between your pedaling and steering control is achieved by the cerebellum.
Medulla: Medulla forms the brain stem; along with the pons. It lies at the base of the brain and
continues into the spinal cord. Medulla controls various involuntary functions; like hear beat,
respiration, etc.
COORDINATION IN PLANTS:
Unlike animals, plants do not have a nervous system. Plants use chemical means for control
and coordination. Many plant hormones are responsible for various kinds of movements in
plants. Movements in plants can be divided into two main types, viz. tropic movement and
nastic movement.
TROPIC MOVEMENT:
The movements which are in a particular direction in relation to the stimulus are called tropic
movements. Tropic movements happen as a result of growth of a plant part in a particular
direction. There are four types of tropic movements, viz. geotropic, phototropic, hydrotropic
and thigmotropic.
Geotropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to the gravity is called
geotropic movement. Roots usually show positive geotropic movement, i.e. they grow
in the direction of the gravity. Stems usually show negative geotropic movement.
Hydrotropic Movement: When roots grow in the soil, they usually grow towards the
nearest source of water. This shows a positive hydrotrophic movement.
Thigmotropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to touch is called
thigmotropic movement. Such movements are seen in tendrils of climbers. The tendril
grows in a way so as it can coil around a support. The differential rate of cell division in
different parts of the tendril happens due to action of auxin.
NASTIC MOVEMENT
The movements which do not depend on the direction from the stimulus acts are called nastic
movement. For example; when someone touches the leaves of mimosa, the leaves droop. The
drooping is independent of the direction from which the leaves are touched. Such movements
usually happen because of changing water balance in the cells. When leaves of mimosa are
touched, the cells in the leaves lose water and become flaccid; resulting in drooping of leaves.
Some Plant Hormones: Auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin promote growth in plant parts.
Abscissic acid inhibits growth in a particular plant part.
Question 2: How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the
movement of a shoot towards light?
Answer : The movement of leaves of the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica or “touch me not”,
occurs in response to touch or contact stimuli. This movement is independent of growth. The
movement of shoot towards light is known as phototropism. This type of movement is
directional and is growth dependent.
Observation:
The roots of the germinating seeds will grow towards beaker A.
HORMONES IN ANIMALS
The hormones in animals are produced by the endocrine glands, and they too play an important
role in control and coordination.
Hormones are chemical substances that control and coordinate activities of living organisms
and also their growth. The term hormone was introduced by Bayliss and Starling. Animal
hormones do not bring about directional growth depending on environmental cues, but promote
controlled growth in various areas to maintain the body design. Thevarious endocrine glands in
humans are hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovary (in female) and testis (in males).
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is composed of several endocrine glands. A ductless gland is called
endocrine gland. Endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream. Hormones
are produced in the endocrine glands. Hormone is mainly composed of protein. Hormones
assist the nervous system in control and coordination. Nerves do not reach to every nook and
corner of the body and hence hormones are needed to affect control and coordination in those
parts. Moreover, unlike nervous control; hormonal control is somewhat slower.
Different types of endocrine glands present in our body are the pituitary gland, the pineal
gland, the hypothalamus, the thyroid, the parathyroid, the thymus, the adrenal gland, the
pancreas, the testes and the ovary.
The hypothalamus:
• It is a neuro-endocrine part of the brain.
• It links the nervous system and the endocrine system through the pituitary gland.
• Different hormones secreted by this gland include TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH,
Stomatostatin, Dopamine.
Parathyroid glands:
• These are two pairs of small, oval-shaped glands embedded on the dorsal surface of the
thyroid gland present in the neck.
• They secrete parathormone. Parathormone helps in regulation of calcium and phosphate
ions in the bones and blood.
• Hyposecretion leads to parathyroid tetany and hypersecretion causes osteoporosis.
The pancreas:
• It is located just below the stomach within the curve of the duodenum. It is both exocrine
and endocrine in function.
• It secretes hormones such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.
• Insulin regulates the sugar level in our blood. Insulin secreted in small amounts
increases the sugar level in our blood which in turn causes a disease called diabetes
mellitus.
Gonads:
Two types of gonads present in human beings are female gonads and male gonads.
Female gonads
• A pair of ovaries forms the gonads in female.
• Ovaries are the female sex organs that lie one on either side of the abdominal cavity.
Ovaries produce two hormones, namely, oestrogen and progesterone.
• Oestrogen controls the changes that occur during puberty, like feminine voice, soft skin
and development in mammary glands.
• Progesterone controls the uterine changes in the menstrual cycle, and helps in the
maintenance of pregnancy.
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Male gonads
• A pair of testes forms the gonads in males.
• A pair of testes is the male sex organ located in the scrotum, which is outside the
abdomen.
• Testes produce the hormone testosterone.
• Testosterone controls the changes, which occur during puberty, like deeper voice,
development of penis, facial and body hair.
Question 3: How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
Answer : Adrenalin is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in case of any danger or
emergency or any kinds of stress. It is secreted directly into the blood and is transported to
different parts of the body.
When secreted in large amounts, it speeds up the heartbeat and hence supplies more oxygen to
the muscles. The breathing rate also increases due to contractions of diaphragm and rib
muscles. It also increases the blood pressure. All these responses enable the body to deal with
any stress or emergency.
Question 4: Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
Answer : Diabetes is a disease in which the level of sugar in the blood is too high. Insulin, a
hormone secreted by the pancreas, helps in regulating the blood sugar levels. This is the reason
why diabetic patients are treated by giving injections of insulin.
Functions of receptors:
(i) They sense the external stimuli such as heat or pain.
(ii) They also trigger an impulse in the sensory neuron which sends message to the spinal cord.
When the receptors are damaged, the external stimuli transferring signals to the brain are not
felt. For example, in the case of damaged receptors, if we accidentally touch any hot object,
then our hands might get burnt as damaged receptors cannot perceive the external stimuli of
heat and pain.
Dendrite: It receives information from axon of another cell and conducts the messages
towards the cell body.
Cell body: It contains nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles. It is mainly concerned with
the maintenance and growth.
Plants respond to stimuli by showing movements. The growth, development, and responses to
the environment in plants is controlled and coordinated by a special class of chemical
substances known as hormones. These hormones are produced in one part of the plant body
and are translocated to other needy parts. For example, a hormone produced in roots is
translocated to other parts when required. The five major types of phytohormone are auxins,
gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. These phytohormones are either growth
promoters (such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene) or growth inhibitors such as
abscisic acid.
Question 9: What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?
Answer : The maintenance of the body functions in response to changes in the body by
working together of various integrated body systems is known as coordination. All the
movements that occur in response to stimuli are carefully coordinated and controlled. In
animals, the control and coordination movements are provided by nervous and muscular
systems. The nervous system sends messages to and away from the brain. The spinal cord
plays an important role in the relay of messages. In the absence of this system of control and
coordination, our body will not be able to function properly. For example, when we
accidentally touch a hot utensil, we immediately withdraw our hand. In the absence of nerve
transmission, we will not withdraw our hand and may get burnt.
Question 10: How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Answer : Involuntary actions cannot be consciously controlled. For example, we cannot
consciously control the movement of food in the alimentary canal. These actions are however
directly under the control of the brain. On the other hand, the reflex actions such as closing of
eyes immediately when bright light is focused show sudden response and do not involve any
thinking. This means that unlike involuntary actions, the reflex actions are not under the
control of brain.
Question 11: Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and
coordination in animals.
Answer :
7. Discuss phototropism.
12. Write the functions of any one part of the hind – brain.
15. Name the hormones secreted by thyroid, parathyroid and pancreas.Reaction of stimuli is a
characteristic property of living organisms. Explain
16. It usually takes lot of time to observe the effect of a stimulus on plants. Explain
33. Name the different regions of the brain and their parts.
41. What are the two main types of reflexes? Give one example for each.
53. Write Four major types of plant hormones and their functions
56. Explain the bending of plant root away from light by the action of auxin hormones
58. Roots can grow against the law of gravity. When does this happen?
60. Why do followers open their petals in morning and close them in evening
61. Name the Scientific terms for Bending of shoot towards sunlight
62. Name the Scientific terms for Growing of root towards the earth
63. Name the Scientific terms for Growth of a pollen tube towards ovule
64. Name the Scientific terms for Bending of root towards water
65. Name the Scientific terms for Winding of tendril around a support
72. Explain the types of peripheral nervous systemIn a reflex action, we are unaware that
anything is going to happen to us. Explain
75. What is Self governing nervous system and write its function
82. Name all glands in our body having both exocrine and endocrine functions?
92. What is synapse? What happens at the synapse between two neurons? How are the
messages carried?
93. Who detects smell and taste in our body?
94. Why does the food taste different when you nose is blocked?
95. Explain Insulin and diabetes.
96. Draw and mark Location of all glands in the human body
97. Write the Function of thyroxin hormone
98. Name one hormone found in male
99. Write the Function of hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebrum
100. Explain the Main thinking part of brain
101. Explain the Parts covered under hind brain
102. Name the part which control blood pressure, salivation and vomiting control
103. What do you understand by the term reflex arc
104. Write the Function of gustatory receptor
105. Write an assay on reflex action
2. Learning is related to
a. Hypothalamus
b. Thalamus
c. Cerebrum
d. Cerebellum
5. The substance that triggers the fall of mature leaves and fruits from plants is due to
a. Auxin
b. Gibberellins
c. Abscissic acid
d. Cytokinin
11. Which two organs are connected by pons with the help of transverse band of nerves?
a. Nerves of brain and spinal cord
b. Both the cerebral hemispheres
c. Cerebellum and central nervous system
d. Sympathetic and parasympathetic
20. Part of brain that controls respiration, heartbeat and peristalsis is ____.
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Pons
(d) Medulla
28. Which part of brain controls the posture and balance of the body?
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Pons
(d) Medulla
32. Nervous and hormonal system together perform the function of control and coordination in
human beings. Justify the statement.
38. What are meanings? What are their functions? Name the fluid, which is filled in between
meanings.
46. Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?
49. Which is the largest and most prominent part of the brain.
53. What do you mean by reflex action? Give examples of reflex actions?
58. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a
shoot towards light?
64. What are the limitations of nervous system in human body? How it is overcome?
69. Name the hormone secreted by an endocrine gland during emergency? Name the gland
which secretes this hormone.
71. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
73. Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
81. In Plants:
a). Name the two substances which are responsible for the control and coordination in
plants.
b). What is the function of Gibberellins, Ethene and Auxins?
c). What are Phytohormones? Name any two.
d). What is the difference between photoperiodism and phototropism?
e). What are nastic movements? Give one example.
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f). What are the different Hormones found in Plants and their functions?
82. In Animals:
a). Draw a diagram of nervous system of an insect. Label the following parts: Brain,
Ganglion, and Nerve Chord.
b). Which is the structural and functional unit of nervous system? Describe with the help of
a diagram.
c). “Nervous and the hormonal system together perform the function of the control and
coordination in the humans”. Justify.
i). Nervous system:
1). What are the different types of nervous systems found in human body? Mention the
functions of each.
2). Write the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on the
following: a. Heart b. Blood Vessels c. Bronchi d. Eyes e. Gastric Bladder
3). Draw the schematic diagram of reflex arc. Define reflex action with suitable
example.
4). If the parasympathetic nervous system causes constriction of pupil what will be the
effect of sympathetic nervous system.
ii). Brain:
1). Draw the labeled structure of human brain.
2). What are the four main parts of the fore brain? Give the function of each part.
3). What are the three parts of the mid brain and their functions?
4). Which part of the human brain is responsible for: Intelligence and Memory,
Adjustment movement and Posture, Smell?
5). Give the role of Frontal lobe, temporal, lobe and medulla oblongata.
6). Name the different lobes found in the fore brain and give their functions.
7). What is EEG? What is the use of an EEG? Which radiation do they measure?
iii). Endocrine Glands:
iv). Draw the diagram showing endocrine glands in a male body/female body and
label: Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Testis/ovaries, Thalamus, and
Hypothalamus.
v). Name the hormone associated with a) Reduction of blood glucose in the body
b) Overall metabolism of the body.
vi). Write the function of testes, ovaries and epidydmis
84. Injections are given to the cattle for the production of milk.
(i). Do you think it is a right practice.
(ii). What harm is this practice causing us?
85. Often the road accidents victims faced really a tough time due to the shortage of blood in
the hospital.
i). Give suggestion to avoid shortage of blood in the blood bank.
87. Most of students suffer from exam stress and anxiety during exam days.
i). Suggest three good habits which students should adopt to tackle this problem.
88. Generally some of teenagers readily come under bad influences under peer group pressure.
(i). Why does teenagers readily come under this influence.
(ii). Suggest methods to overcome such problems.
89. Differentiate between (i)tropic and nastic movements. (ii)axon and dendrites (iii)cerebrum
and cerebellum.
92. Which organ secretes hormone when the blood sugar rises? Name a digestive enzyme
released by this organ.
94. A particular hormone requires iodine for its synthesis. Name the endocrine gland which
secretes this hormone and state its location in human body.
97. Mention some secondary sexual characters seen in both girls and boys during puberty.
2. The cells in our body that can be over a foot long are _____.
1. muscle cells
2. nerve cells
3. bone cells
4. blood cells
5. Endocrine glands are those which pour their secretions into _________________.
1. Blood
2. Ducts
3. sinuses
4. any of the above
10. Which of the following acts as both endocrine and exocrine glands?
1. pituitary
2. adrenal
3. pancreas
4. ovaries
16. The hormone secreted by the alpha cells of islets of Langerhans is _____________.
1. glucagon
2. insulin
3. adrenaline
4. thymosin
30. The preganglionic fibres and the postganglionic fibres are a part of ____________.
1. central nervous system
2. peripheral nervous system
3. autonomous nervous system
4. endocrine system
34. The hormone that causes blood sugar level to fall is _______________.
1. glucagon
2. insulin
3. somatostatin
4. adrenalin
35. Hormone produced by the ovarian follicle is __________ and in addition ________ is
produced by the corpus luteum.
1. oestrogen, progesterone
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2. progesterone, oestorgen
3. oestrogen, thyroxin
4. progesterone, thyroxin
36. The gland that plays a role in 'fight or flight response' is _________________.
1. pancreas
2. pituitary
3. adrenal cortex
4. adrenal medulla
38. The processes that conduct signals towards the nerve cell body are the ___________.
1. fibres
2. axons
3. dendrites
4. all the above
40. At the synapses, the impulses are always passed from the __________________.
1. axon to the dendrites
2. dendrites to the axon
3. either way is possible
4. cyton to the dendrites
41. The lobes - parietal, temporal, frontal and occipetal belong to _________________.
1. medulla oblongata
2. cerebrum
3. cerebellum
4. hypothalamus
46. The kind of nerve carrying impulses from the brain to a gland or a muscle is called ______.
1. affector
2. effector
3. mixed
4. none of the above
53. Which of the following statements are true about the brain?
(i) The main thinking part of brain is hind brain
(ii) Centres of hearing, smell, memory, sight etc are located in fore brain.
(iii) Involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting, blood pressure are controlled by the
medulla in the hind brain
(iv) Cerebellum does not control posture and balance of the body
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
73. Dramatic changes of body features associated with puberty are mainly because of secretion
of
(a) oestrogen from testes and testosterone from ovary
(b) estrogen from adrenal gland and testosterone from pituitary gland
(c) testosterone from testes and estrogen from ovary
(d) testosterone from thyroid gland and estrogen from pituitary gland
81. Label the parts (a), (b), (c) and (d) and show the direction of flow of electrical signals in
below Figure
37. In Figure 7.4 (a), (b) and (c), which appears more accurate and why?
88. Which hormone is responsible for the changes noticed in females at puberty?
97. What constitutes the central and peripheral nervous systems? How are the components of
central nervous system protected?
99. Name various plant hormones. Also give their physiological effects on plant growth and
development.
100. What are reflex actions? Give two examples. Explain a reflex arc.
101. “Nervous and hormonal systems together perform the function of control and
coordination in human beings.” Justify the statement.
103. Why is the flow of signals in a synapse from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end
of another neuron but not the reverse?