Practical Manual On Data Structure: Mr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. Dharm Singh

PRACTICAL MANUAL
ON DATA STRUCTURE
Mr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. Dharm Singh
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &

ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
(Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture. and Technology, Udaipur)

Manual for Data Structure Page 1 of 138

PRACTICAL MANUAL
ON DATA STRUCTURE
Mr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. Dharm Singh

Associate Professor & Head Assistant Professor
2008
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &

ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
(Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture. and Technology, Udaipur)


PREFACE
The practical manual on “Data Structure” has been prepared for B.E.
Computer Science & Engineering Students. The “Data Structure” is
increasingly becoming the default choice of the IT industry especially
industries involved in software development at system level.
Therefore, for proper development of “Data Structure” skills among the

students this practical manual has been prepared. The manual contains the
exercise programs and their solution for easy & quick understanding of the
students. The author has gathered material from Books, Journals and Web
resources.
We hope that this practical manual will be helpful for students of Computer
Science & Engineering for understanding the subject from the point of view
of applied aspects
There is always scope for improvement in the manual. We would appreciate

to receive valuable suggestions from readers and users for future use.
Udaipur Mr. Naveen Choudhary
Dr. Dharm Singh

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. Laboratory Exercises Page No.

1. Let stack_ptr be a pointer to stack of integers and item be an integer 11
variable. Write function like Push, Pop, Initialize, Empty, and Full for
doing the following tasks. [You may declare additional variable in your
functions in needed]
a. Return the top element of the stack and leave the top element
unchanged. If the stack is empty, return INT_MAX.
b. Return the third element from the top of the stack, provided that
the stack contains at least three integers. If not, return
INT_MAX. Leave the stack unchanged.
c. Returns the bottom element of stack ( or INT_MAX if stack
empty), and leave the stack unchanged.
d. Delete all occurrences of x from the stack, leaving the other
elements of the stack in the same order.
2. Sometimes a program requires two stack containing the same type of 14
items. If the two stacks are stored in separate arrays. Then one stack
might overflow while there was considerable unused space in the other.
A neat way to avoid the problem is to put all the space in one array and
let one stack grow from one end of the array and the other stack start at
the other end and grow in opposite direction i.e., toward the first stack,
in this way, if one stack turns out to be large and the other small, then
they will still both fit, and there will be no overflow until all the space is
actually used. Declare a new structure type Double stack that includes
the array and the two indices top A and top B, and write functions Push
A, Push B, Pop A and Pop B to handle the two stacks with in one Double
Stack.
3. Use the functions developed to write other functions that will 17
a. Empty one stack onto the top of another stack
b. Move all the items from a queue onto a stack.
c. Start with a queue and an empty stack, and use the stack to
reverse the order of all the items in the queue.
4. Write C++ functions to implement queues by the simple method of 21

keeping the head of the queue always in the first position of a linear

array.
5. Write C++ functions to implement queues in a circular array with one 22

unused entry in the array. That is, we consider that the array is full when
the rear is two position before the front; when the rear is one position
before, it will always indicate an empty queue.
6. Write a function that will read one line of input from the terminal. The 24
input is supposed to consist of two parts separated by a colon’:’. As its
result your function should produce a single character as follows:
N No Colon on the Line.
L The Left part (before the colon) is longer then the right
R The Right part (after the colon) is longer then the left.
D The left and right parts have same length but are
Different.
S The Left and Right parts are exactly the same.
Use a queue to keep track of the left part of the line while reading the
right part.
7. If we implement a queue as a circularly linked list then we need only one 27
pointer rear (or tail) to locate both the front and rear. Write C++
functions to process a queue stored in this way.
a. Initialize
b. Add Node
c. Delete Node
8. Do the following operations on a given list. 30

a. Write a function that deletes the last entry of a list.
b. Write a function that deletes the first entry of a list
c. Write a function that reverse the order of the entries in a list.
d. Write a function that splits a list into other lists, so that the
entries that were in odd-numbered positions are now in one
list (in the same relative order as before) and those from
even-numbered positions are in the other new list.
The world deque (Pronounced either “deck” or “DQ”) is a shortened

from a double- ended queue and denotes a list in which items can be

added or deleted from either the first or the last position of the list, but
no changes can be made elsewhere in the list. Thus a deque is a
generalization of both a stack and queue.
9. Write a function that will reverse a linked list while traversing it only 33
once. At the conclusion, each node should point to the node that was
previously its predecessor; the head should point to the node that was
formerly at the end, and the node that was formerly first should have a
NULL link.
10. Write an algorithm that will split a linked list into two linked lists, so 36
that successive nodes go to different lists.(the first, third, and all odd
numbered nodes to the first list, and the second, fourth, and all even-
numbered nodes go to the second.)
11. Write a function that will concatenate two circularly linked lists, 39
producing one circularly linked list.
12. Write a function that will split a circularly linked list, into two circularly 42
linked lists.
13. Write a function for manipulating a doubly linked list as follows: 45
a. add a node after p.
b. Add a node before p.
c. Delete node p.
d. traverse the list.
14. Write and test a recursive function that return the maximum among the 50
first n elements of an array.
15. Write the following function template: 51
Template <class T> void reverse(stack<T>&);
// reverse the contents of the given stack;
16. Write the following function template: 53
T& bottom (); // returns the bottom element
17. Use the stack to implement the following function: 55
Bool is palindrome (string s);
18. Write the following overloaded equality operator for queues: 57
Bool queue::operator +=(const queue&)
19. Implement the following friend function for the Integer class: 60
friend istream& operator>> (istream & istr, Integer& x);
// Input x from the istr input stream.
20. Write the following function that uses a binary search tree to sort an 61
array a of n elements :
void sort (type* a, int n);
21. Implement the following Tree class member function: 65

Bool empty() const;
// returns true iff this tree has no elements.
22. Implement the following Tree class member function: 68
int size() const;
// returns the number of elements in this tree.
23. Implement the following member functions for the Tree class : 71
int width ( int n);
// returns the total number of nodes at level n in this tree.
24. Implement the following member function for the Tree class: 74
void defoliate();
// removes all the leaves from this tree.
25. There are 10 records present in a file with the following structures 77
struct
{
char itemcode[6] ;
char itemname[20];
int qty;
};
Write a program to read these records and arrange them in ascending
order and write them in a target file.
26. Write a class that implements a circular queue as a linked list. 80
27. Write a class that implements a Bubble Sorting algorithm on a set of 25 82
numbers.
28. A class has two member functions as Encript() and Decript(). Implement 84
this class to encrypt a string and decrypt it using your own method for
encryption and description.
29. Write a program for linked list, which will have the facility to add, 86
modify and delete the records from linked list. The fields to be accepted
from the user include
Employee No Numeric
Name String
Department String
Option should be made to view the list generated. Modularize the code
to perform the above actions.
30. Write a class that has the functionality to write and read the data from a 91
file line by line.
31. Write a program that performs the matrix manipulations such as addition 93
and deletion. The matrix class will have the member functions Create,
Add, Delete, Display.
32. Write a program that will print the largest and smallest number from and 97
5 row by 5 column matrix. The matrix class will have the member
functions as Create, Display, Largest, Smallest.
33. Write a template class for sorting method. Using this class, write a test 100
program for sorting using different data types.
34. Write a program that will convert the given decimal input in to other 101
number systems Hexadecimal, Octal, and Binary. The class Conversion
will have the methods as GetNumber, Print Number, Convert To
Hexadecimal, Convert To Octal, Convert To Binary.
35. Write a class Time that will have the member functions to calculate the 105
difference and addition for given two time values. It will store the time
in hours(0-31), minutes (0-59), and seconds (0-59).
36. Write a class to handle fractions such as “1/3”. Define Addition, 108
Substraction, Multiplication, and Division operators for these fractions.
(Hint: use operator overloading).
37. Write a Date class that allows you to add, subtract, read and print simple 112
dates of the form dd/mm/yy. Considering leap year calculations will be
an added advantage.
38. Define a “string_match” base class . 115
class string_matcher
{
public :
// Returns TRUE if the string matches, false if not.
int match(const char string);
………….
}
Define the derived classes that match words, numbers and strings.
39. Write a base Class Number that holds a single integer value and contains 116
one member function (print it). Define three derived classes to print the
value in hex, octal, and binary.
40. Write a template min that returns the minimum of two values. Make sure 118
you handle the strings correctly.
41. Write a program to reverse a given string using stack technique. 119
42. Write a class called Clock that simulates the keeping of time. Use three 120
private class members:
hours, minutes, and seconds. Your class should be able to :
Set() that starting time.
Increment() the time by one second.
Display() the time.
The function should take an argument with a default value of zero to
imply military time. If this value is something other than zero, display
the time in standard Am and PM notation. For example, 4 minutes and
31 seconds past 7 PM should be displayed either 19:04:31 or 7:04:31
PM and 5 minutes past midnight should be displayed as either 00:05:
43. Write a class called Date that keeps track of current date. Your class 123
should be able to :
Set() the starting date.
Increment() the day by 1. If no. of days overflows then
corresponding changes in month and year should be considered.
Display() the date in MM/DD/YY format.
44. Write a program that reads in string input from the user, reverse the case 126
of the letters, and then echoes the string back to the user. The class
Reverse Case contains a character buffer up to 80 bytes in length as the
member variable and Read(), Convert() and Print() as member functions.
Define Read and print functions as inline functions.
45. Create base class media. This class has two fields one for title and the 128
other for price. Derive two specific classes called tape and book, tape

has a field called length and book has got one field called pages. Add
two member functions to base class, one get_data() to initialize base
class data members and second display_data() which is virtual to display
values. Override display_data() function in both derived classes to
display data specific to them.
46. An election is contested by five candidates. The candidates are 131
numbered from 1 to 5 and voting is done by accepting the candidate
number from voter. Write a program which will accept the votes and
count votes for each candidate. If the number typed by voter is outside
the range the vote is discarded and the program will keep track of the
number of such discarded votes.
47. Implement circular link list. Include the following functions ; 133
a. Adding nodes to the list.
b. Traversing the whole list
c. Deleting a node form the list.
48-49 Write a menu-driven program which will accept an array of 10 integer 136
values and sort them with any two sorting algorithms of your choice.

Q.1 Let stack_ptr be a pointer to stack of integers and item be an integer
variable. Write function like Push, Pop, Initialize, Empty, and Full for
doing the following tasks. [ You may declare additional variable in your
functions in needed ]
e. Return the top element of the stack and leave the top element
unchanged. If the stack is empty, return INT_MAX.
f. Return the third element from the top of the stack, provided that the
stack contains at least three integers. If not, return INT_MAX. Leave
the stack unchanged.
g. Returns the bottom element of stack ( or INT_MAX if stack empty),and
leave the stack unchanged.
h. Delete all occurrences of x from the stack, leaving the other elements
of the stack in the same order.
//Example Code :
#include <iostream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define INT_MAX 999
#define MAX 10
class cStack
{
int data[ MAX ];
int top;
int Empty( );
int Full( );
public:
cStack( )
{
top = 0;
}
void Push( );
void Push( int );
int Pop( );
void DispStack( );
int Peek( );
int Third( );
int Bottom( );
void Delete( int );
void Delete( );
} ;
int cStack::Empty( )
{
if( top < 0 )
return 1;
return 0;
int cStack::Full( )
{
if( top > MAX )
return 1;
return 0;
int cStack::Peek( )
{
if( !Empty( ) )
return data[ top ];
return INT_MAX;
}
int cStack::Third( )
{

if( top >= 2 )
return data[ top - 2 ];
return INT_MAX;
}
int cStack::Bottom( )
{
if( !Empty( ) )
return data[ 1 ];
return INT_MAX;
}
void cStack::Delete( int x )
{
for( int i = 0; i <= top; i++ ) // < >
{
if( data[ i ] == x )
{
for( int j = i; j <= top; j++ ) // < >
data[ j ] = data[ j + 1 ];
i--;
top--;
}
}
}
void cStack::Delete( )
{
int x;
cout << "Element to be Deleted :";
cin >> x;
for( int i = 0; i <= top; i++ ) // < >
{
if( data[ i ] == x )
{
top--;
for( int j = i; j <= top; j++ ) // < >
data[ j ] = data[ j + 1 ];
i--;
}
}
top--;
}
void cStack :: Push()
int x;
if( !Full( ) )
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Data :";
cin >> x;
if( x == 0 )
break;
else
data[ ++top ] = x;
else
cout << "Stack Overflow";
}
void cStack::Push( int x )
{
if( !Full( ) )
data[ ++top ] = x;
else

}
int cStack::Pop( )
{
if( !Empty( ) )
return ( data[ top-- ] );
else
cout << "Stack UnderFlow";
}
void cStack::DispStack( )
{
for( int i = top; i > 0; i-- ) // < >
cout << data[ i ] << endl;

}
void main( )
{
cStack Sl;
clrscr( );
/*S1. Push (25);
Sl.Push(2);
Sl.Push(10);
S1. Push (55);
Sl.Push(20);*/
Sl.Push( );
clrscr( );
cout << "stack is" << endl;
S1.DispStack( );
/* int x=S1.Third();
cout«"III element = "«x«endl;
x=S1.Peek();
cout«"I elemn = "«x«endl;
x=S1.Bottom();
cout«"Last ele = "«x«endl; */
S1.Delete( 1 );
cout << "Now Satck" << endl;
S1.DispStack( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
/*Data:
2
Data:
3
Data:
4
Data:
5
Data:
0
// OUTPUT :
stack is
5
4
3
2
Now Stack
5
4
3
2

Q.2 Sometimes a program requires two stack containing the same type of items.
If the two stacks are stored in separate arrays. Then one stack might
overflow while there was considerable unused space in the other. A neat way
to avoid the problem is to put all the space in one array and let one stack
grow from one end of the array and the other stack start at the other end and
grow in opposite direction, i.e.,toward the first stack, in this way, if one
stack turns out to be large and the other small, then they will still both
fit, and there will be no overflow until all the space is actually used.
Declare a new structure type Double stack that includes the array and the two
indices topA and topB, and write functions PushA, Push B, PopA and PopB to
handle the two stacks within one DoubleStack.
// Example Code :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define size 5
struct doublestack
{
int stack[ size ];
int TopA,
TopB;
} ;
void pushA( struct doublestack & s, int d )
{
s.stack[ ++( s.TopA ) ] = d;
}
void pushB( struct doublestack & s, int d )
{
s.stack[ --( s.TopB ) ] = d;
}
int popA( struct doublestack & s )
{
int popped_element = s.stack[ ( s.TopA ) ];
( s.TopA )--;
return ( popped_element );
}
int popB( struct doublestack & s )
{
int popped_element;
popped_element = s.stack[ ( s.TopB ) ];
( s.TopB )++;
return ( popped_element );
}
int empty( struct doublestack & s )
{
if( ( s.TopA == -1 ) && ( s.TopB == size - 1 ) )
return 1;
return 0;
}
int full( struct doublestack & s )
{
if( ( s.TopA + 1 == s.TopB ) || ( s.TopA >= size ) // (stack-
ptr==s+size-1)
|| ( s.TopB <= 0 ) )
return 1;
return 0;
}
void display( struct doublestack & s )
{
if( empty( s ) )

{
cout << "Stack is empty";
}
else
{
cout << "\nStack B is";
for( int i = s.TopB; i <= size - 1; ++i ) // < >
cout << " " << s.stack[ i ];

cout << "\nStack A is";
for( i = s.TopA; i >= 0; --i )
cout<<" "s.stack [i] ;
}
}
void main( )
{
struct doublestack twostack;
int item;
char choice;
int q = 0;
twostack.TopA = -1;
twostack.TopB = size;
clrscr( );
do
{
cout << " \nPush to stack A->1";
cout << " \nPush to stack B->2";
cout << " \nPop to stack A->3";
cout << " \nPop to stack B->4";
cout << " \nTo Quit ->5";
cout << "\nInput the choice . ";
do
{
cin >> choice;
}
while (strchr (11 12345 ",choice) ==NULL);
switch( choice )
{
case '1':
cout << "\n Input the element to pushed:";
cin >> item;
if( !full( twostack ) )
{
pushA( twostack, item );
cout<< "\n After inserting into stack A
}
else
cout << "\n Stack is now full";
break;
case '2':
cout << "\n Input the element to pushed:";
cin >> item;
if( !full( twostack ) )
{
pushB( twostack, item );
cout << "\n After inserting into stack B";
}
else
cout << "\n Stack is now full";
break;
case '3':
if( !empty( twostack ) )
{
item = popA( twostack );

cout << "\n Data -is popped: " << item;
cout << "\n Rest data in stack is as
follows:\n";
}
else
cout << "\n Stack underflow";
break;
case '4':
if( !empty( twostack ) )
{
item = popB( twostack );
cout<< "\n Data is popped: "item;
cout << "\n Rest data in stack is as
follows:\n";
}
else
cout << "\n Stack underflow";
break;
case '5':
q = 1;
}
display( twostack );
} while( !q );
// INPUT & OUTPUT :
Push to stack A->1

Push to stack B->2
Pop to stack A->3
Pop to stack B->4
To Quit ->5
Input the choice . 1
Input the element to pushed:2
After inserting into stack A

Stack B is
Stack A is 2
Push to stack A->1
Push to stack B->2
Pop to stack A->3
Pop to stack B->4
To Quit ->5
Input the element to pushed:8
After inserting into stack BStack is empty

Push to stack A->1
Push to stack B->2
Pop to stack A->3
Pop to stack B->4
To Quit ->5
Stack underflowStack is empty

Push to stack A->1
Push to stack B->2
Pop to stack A->3
Pop to stack B->4
To Quit ->5
Input the choice .

Q.3 Use the functions developed to write other functions that will
d. Empty one stack onto the top of another stack
e. Move all the items from a queue onto a stack.
f. Start with a queue and an empty stack, and use the stack to reverse the
order of all the items in the queue.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAX 10
class cQueue;
class cStack
{
int data[ MAX ];
int top;
int Full( );
int Empty( );
public:
cStack( )
{
top = 0;
}
void Push( int );
int Pop( );
void DispStack( );
void Transfer( cStack & );
friend void Que_to_Stk( cStack &, cQueue & );
friend void Que_Rev( cStack &, cQueue & );
} ;
class cQueue
{
int items[ MAX ];
int front,
rear,
count;
int Full( );
int Empty( );
public:
cQueue( )
{
rear = front = count = 0;
}
void Add( int );
void DispQueue( );
int Del( );
friend void Que_to_Stk( cStack &, cQueue & );
friend void Que_Rev( cStack &, cQueue & );
} ;
{
if( top < 0 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
int cStack::Full( )
{
if( top > MAX )
return 1;
return 0;
}

{
if( !Full( ) )
data[ ++top ] = x;
else
}
int cStack::Pop( )
{
if( !Empty( ) )
else
}
{
for( int i = top; i > 0; i-- ) // < >
cout << data[ i ] << "\t";

cout << endl;
}
int cQueue::Full( )
{
if( count >= MAX )
return 1;
return 0;
}
int cQueue::Empty( )
{
if( count == 0 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
void cQueue::Add( int x )
{
if( !Full( ) )
{
count++;
items[ rear++ ] = x;
}
else
cout << "Queue Full..... Add Aborted!<<endl";
}
void cQueue::DispQueue( )
{
for( int i = front; i < count; i++ ) // < >
cout << items[ i ] << "\t";

cout << endl;
}
int cQueue::Del( )
{
int x = -999;
if( !Empty( ) )
{
x = items[ front ];
for( int j = front; j < rear; j++ ) // < >
items[ j ] = items[ j + 1 ];
count--;
}
else
cout << "Queue is Empty ..... Delete Aborted!" << endl;
return x;
}

void Que_to_Stk( cStack & S, cQueue & Q )
{
if( !( Q.Empty( ) ) )
{
while( Q.count > 0 )
S.Push( Q.Del( ) );
}
else
cout << "Queue Empty ........ Aborting!" << endl;
}
void Que_Rev( cStack & S, cQueue & Q )
{
if( !( Q.Empty( ) ) )
{
while( Q.count > 0 )
S.Push( Q.Del( ) );
Q.rear = 0;
while( S.top > 0 )
Q.Add( S.Pop( ) );
}
else
cout << "Queue Empty ........ Aborting!" << endl;
}
void cStack::Transfer( cStack & S2 )
{
if( !( Empty( ) ) )
{
while( top >= 0 )
S2.Push( Pop( ) );
}
else
cout << "First Stack empty ......Aborting!" << endl;
}
void main( )
{
cStack S,
S1;
cQueue Q;
Q.Add( 23 );
Q.Add( 10 );
Q.Add( 5 );
Q.Add( 56 );
clrscr( );
Q.DispQueue( );
/* Sl.Push(14);
Sl.Push(9) ;
Sl.Push(3);
Sl.Push(2);
clrscr(); */
// Que_to_Stk(S,Q);
/* cout«"Copied Stack" « endl;
// S1.Dispstack();
// cout<< "Second Stack" << endl;
// Sl.Transfer(S); */
Que_Rev( S, Q );
cout << endl;
Q.DispQueue( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT & OUTPUT :
23 10 5 56
IN STACK REVERSE THE ORDER OF ALL THE ITEMS IN THE QUEUE
56 5 10 23

Q.4 Write C++ functions to implement queues by the simple method of keeping
the head of the queue always in the first position of a linear array.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAX 10
class cQueue
{
int items[ MAX ];
int front,
rear,
count;
int Full( );
int Empty( );
public:
cQueue( )
{
}
void Add( );
void Add( int );
void Disp( );
int Del( );
int Peek( );
} ;
int cQueue::Full( )
{
if( count >= MAX )
return 1;
return 0;
}
{
if( count == 0 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
void cQueue::Add( )
{
int x;
if( !Full( ) )
{
count++;
cout << "Data:";
cin >> x;
}
else
cout << "Queue Full..... Add Aborted! " << endl;
}
{
if( !Full( ) )
{
count++;
}
else
cout << "Queue Full..._ Add Aborted!" << endl;
}

int cQueue::Del( )
{
int x = -999;
if( !Empty( ) )
{
x = items[ front ];
count--;
}
else
return x;
}
int cQueue::Peek( )
{
if( !Empty( ) )
return items[ front ];
else
cout << "queue is Empty ..... Delete Aborted!" << endl;
return -999;
}
void cQueue::Disp( )
{
cout << items[ i ] << endl;

}
void main( )
{
cQueue Q;
clrscr( );
// Q.Add();
Q.Add( 45 );
Q.Add( 67 );
Q.Add( 56 );
Q.Add( 10 );
Q.Add( 45 );
Q.Add( 78 );
clrscr( );
Q.Disp( );
int x = Q.Del( );
// cout<<endl<<x;
x = Q.Del( );
// cout<<endl<<x;
cout << endl << "Queue after deletion" << endl;
Q.Disp( );
x = Q.Peek( );
// cout<<endl<<x;
getch( );
}
// INPUT & OUTPUT :
45
67
56
10
45
78
Queue after deletion
56
10
45
78

Q.5 Write C++ functions to implement queues in a circular array with one
unused entry in the array. That is, we consider that the array is full when
the rear is two position before the front; when the rear is one position
before, it will always indicate an empty queue.
// Example Code:
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAX 5
class cCirQueue
{
int items[ MAX ];
int front,
rear;
int Empty( );
int Full( );
public:
cCirQueue( )
{
front = 0;
rear = -1;
}
void Add( );
void Add( int );
void Disp( );
} ;
int cCirQueue::Empty( )
{
if( MAX - rear == 1 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
int cCirQueue::Full( )
{
if( MAX - rear == 2 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
void cCirQueue::Add( )
{
while( 1 )
{
int x;
cout << "Item (0-Exit) :";
cin >> x;
if( x == 0 )
break;
else
{
if( !Full( ) )
{
rear = ( rear + 1 ) % MAX;
items[ rear ] = x;
}
else
{
cout << "Queue Full my Dear ....... Aborting" <<
endl;
break;
}

}
}
}
void cCirQueue::Disp( )
{
for( int i = front; i <= rear; i++ ) // < >

}
void main( )
{
cCirQueue Q;
clrscr( );
Q.Add( );
Q.Disp( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT & OUTPUT :
Item (0-Exit) :1
Item (0-Exit) :2
Item (0-Exit) :3
Item (0-Exit) :4
Item (0-Exit) :5
Queue Full my Dear ....... Aborting
1
2
3
4

Q.6 Write a function that will read one line of input from the terminal. The
input is supposed to consist of two parts separated by a colon’:’. As its
result your function should produce a single character as follows:
N No Colon on the Line.

L The Left part (before the colon) is longer then the right
R The Right part (after the colon) is longer then the left.
D The left and right parts have same length but are different.
S The Left and Right parts are exactly the same
Use a queue to keep track of the left part of the line while reading the
right part
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAX 50
#include <stdio.h>
class cQueue
{
char items[ MAX ];
int front,
rear,
count;
int Full( );
int Empty( );
public:
cQueue( )
{
}
void Add( char );
void Disp( );
char Del( );
friend char Read( cQueue & );
} ;
int cQueue::Full( )
{
if( count >= MAX )
return 1;
return 0;
}
{
if( count == 0 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
void cQueue::Add( char x )
{
if( !Full( ) )
{
count++;
}
else
cout << "Queue Full..... Add Aborted!" << endl;
}
char cQueue::Del( )
{
char x = '!';

if( !Empty( ) )
{
x = items[ front ];
count--;
}
else
cout << "Queue is: Empty ..... Delete Aborted ! " << endl;
return x;
}
{

}
char Read( cQueue & Q )
{
char * str;
int len;
cout << "Length of String is :";
cin >> len;
str = new char [len + 1];
cout << "Enter any string . ";
gets( str );
fflush( stdin );
int idx;
int flag = 1;
char ch;
for( int i = 0; // < >
str[ i ] != ' ' && str[ i ] != ':'

&& str[ i ] != '\t'; i++ )
Q.Add( str[ i ] );
idx = i;
if( str[ idx ] == ' ' || str[ idx ] == '\t' )
ch = 'N';
else
{
for( ++i; str[ i ]; i++ )
{
if( str[ i ] != Q.Del( ) )
flag = 0;
break;
}
//Copying left part to Queue again
Q.count = Q.rear = 0;
for( int i = 0; // < >
str[ i ] != ' ' && str[ i ] != ':'

&& str[ i ] != '\t'; i++ )
Q.Add( str[ i ] );
if( flag ) //
if left is exactly same as
// right
ch = 'S';
else
{
for( ++i; str[ i ]; i++ )
if( ( i - idx - 1 ) == Q.count )
ch = 'D';

}
}
if( i - idx - 1 > Q.count )
ch = 'R';
else
ch = 'L';
return ch;
}
void main( )
{
cQueue Q;
clrscr( );
char ch = Read( Q );
clrscr( );
Q.Disp( );
cout << endl << "Result : " << ch;
getch( );
}

Q.7 If we implement a queue as a circularly linked list then we need only one
pointer rear (or tail) to locate both the front and rear. Write C++ functions
to process a queue stored in this way.
b. Initialize
c. AddNode
d. DeleteNode
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cQueue;
class cNode
{
char name[ 15 ];
int age;
float basic;
cNode * next;
public:
cNode( )
{
strcpy( name, '\0' );
age = 0;
basic = 0.0;
next = '\0';
}
cNode( char *, int, float );
void DispNode( );
friend class cQueue;
} ;
class cQueue
{
cNode * rear;
public:
cQueue( )
{
rear = '\0';
rear->next = '\0';
}
void Add( );
void Delete( );
void DispQueue( );
}
cNode::cNode( char * n, int a, float b )
{
strcpy( name, n );
age = a;
basic = b;
next = '\0';
}
void cNode::DispNode( )
{
cout.setf( ios::left, ios::adjustfield );
cout << setw( 15 ) << name;
cout.setf( ios::right, ios::adjustfield );
cout << setw( 3 ) << age << setw( 6 ) << basic << endl;
}
void cQueue::Add( )
{
char nm[ 15 ];

int a;
float b;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Name (Quit): ";
cin >> nm;
if( strcmp( nm, "Quit" ) == 0 )
break;
else
{
cout << "Age :";
cin >> a;
cout << "Basic :";
cin >> b;
cNode * NewNode = new cNode( nm, a, b );
if( !( rear->next ) )
{
rear = NewNode;
rear->next = NewNode;
}
else
{
NewNode->next = rear->next;
rear = NewNode;
}
}
}
}
void cQueue::Delete( )
{
cNode * ptr = rear->next;
rear->next = rear->next->next;
delete ptr;
}
void cQueue::DispQueue( )
{
int flag = 0;
for( cNode * ptr = rear->next; // < >
!( flag && ptr == rear->next );

ptr = ptr->next, flag = 1 )
ptr->DispNode( );
}
void main( )
{
cQueue L;
clrscr( );
L.Add( );
clrscr( );
L.DispQueue( );
cout << endl;
L.Delete( );
L.DispQueue( );
cout<<queue after deletion;
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Name (Quit): enter

Age:

21
Basic:
34
Name (Quit): xyz
Age:
23
Basic:
56
Name (Quit): Quit
// OUTPUT :
enter 21 34
xyz 23 56
QUEUE AFTER DELETE OPERATION
xyz 23 56

Q.8 Do the following operations on a given list.
e. Write a function that deletes the last entry of a list.

f. Write a function that deletes the first entry of a list
g. Write a function that reverse the order of the entries in a list.
h. Write a function that splits a list into other lists, so that the
entries that were in odd-numbered positions are now in one list (in
the same relative order as before) and those from even-numbered
positions are in the other new list.
The world deque (Pronounced either “deck” or “DQ”) is a shortened from a

double- ended queue and denotes a list in which items can be added or deleted
from either the first or the last position of the list, but no changes can be
made elsewhere in the list. Thus a deque is a generalization of both a stack
and queue.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAX 10
class cDeque
{
int items[ MAX ];
int front,
rear;
int Empty( );
int Full( );
public:
cDeque( )
{
rear = front = 0;
}
void AddRear( int );
void AddFront( int );
int DelFront( );
int DelRear( );
void Reverse( );
void Disp( );
void Split( cDeque &, cDeque & );
} ;
int cDeque::Full( )
{
if( rear > MAX )
return 1;
return 0;
}
int cDeque::Empty( )
{
if( front == rear )
return 1;
return 0;
}
void cDeque::AddRear( int x )
{
if( !Full( ) )
else
cout << "Queue Full ....... .Aborting!" << endl;
}
void cDeque::AddFront( int x )
{
if( !Full( ) )
{
for( int i = rear; i >= front; i-- ) // < >
items[ i ] = items[ i - 1 ];
items[ front ] = x;
rear++;
}
else
cout << "Queue Full ......... Aborting!" << endl;
}
int cDeque::DelFront( )
{
int x;
if( !Empty( ) )
{
x = items[ front ];
for( int i = front; i < rear; i++ ) // < >
items[ i ] = items[ i + 1 ];
rear--;
}
else
{
cout << "Queue Empty .......Aborting!" << endl;
x = -9999;
}
return x;
}
int cDeque::DelRear( )
{
int x;
if( !Empty( ) )
{
x = items[ rear - 1 ];
rear--;
}
else
{
cout << "Queue Empty ....... Aborting!" << endl;
x = -9999;
}
return x;
void cDeque::Split( cDeque & Q1, cDeque & Q2 )

{
{
if( ( i + 1 ) % 2 )
Q1.AddRear( items[ i ] );
else
Q2.AddRear( items[ i ] );
}
}
void cDeque::Disp( )
{

}
void main( )
{
cDeque D,D1,D2;
clrscr( );
D.AddRear( 1 );
D.AddRear( 2 );
D.AddRear( 3 );
D.AddRear( 4 );
D.AddRear( 5 );
D.AddRear( 6 );
D.Disp( );
cout << endl;
D.Split( D1, D2 );
cout << "List 1" << endl;
D1.Disp( );
cout << "List 2" << endl;
D2.Disp( );
/*cout<<D.DelFront();
cout<<endl<<endl;
D.Disp();
D.DelRear();
D.Disp();*/
getch( );
}
// Input & Output :
1
2
3
4
5
6
List 1
1
3
5
List 2
2
4
6

Q.9 Write a function that will reverse a linked list while traversing it only
once. At the conclusion, each node should point to the node that was
previously its predecessor; the head should point to the node that was
formerly at the end, and the node that was formerly first should have a NULL
link.
//Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cNode
{
int x;
cNode * next;
public:
void MakeNode( int );
void PutNext( cNode * );
cNode * GetNext( );
void DispNode( );
} ;
class cList
{
cNode * start,
* last;
int TotNodes;
public:
cList( );
void Add( );
void Add( int );
void DispList( );
void Reverse( );
} ;
void cNode::MakeNode( int a )
{
x = a;
next = '\0';
}
void cNode::PutNext( cNode * p )
{
next = p;
}
cNode * cNode::GetNext( )
{
return next;
}
{
cout << x << endl;
}
cList::cList( )
{
start = last = '\0';
TotNodes = 0;
}
void cList::Add( )
{
int a;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Data (0 to exit) :";
cin >> a;

if( a == 0 )
break;
else
{
cNode * newnode = new cNode;
newnode->MakeNode( a );
if( !start )
start = last = newnode;
else
{
last->PutNext( newnode );
last = newnode;
}
}
}
}
void cList::Add( int a )
{
if( !start )
else
{
last = newnode;
}
}
void cList::Reverse( )
{
cNode * ptr,
* tmp;
tmp = start->GetNext( );
start->PutNext( '\0' );
for( ptr = tmp; ptr; ptr = tmp )
{
tmp = ptr->GetNext( );
ptr->PutNext( start );
start = ptr;
}
}
void cList::DispList( )
{
for( cNode * ptr = start; ptr; // < >
ptr = ptr->GetNext( ) )
ptr->DispNode( );
}
void main( )
{
cList L;
clrscr( );
L.Add( );
L.DispList( );
L.Reverse( );
L.DispList( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
/*Data ! 0 to exit):1
Data ! 0 to exit):2
Data ! 0 to exit):3

Data ! 0 to exit):4
Data ! 0 to exit):5
Data ! 0 to exit):6
Data ! 0 to exit):7
Data ! 0 to exit):8
Data ! 0 to exit):9
Data ! 0 to exit):10
Data ! 0 to exit):0
// OUTPUT :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
reverse list
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1*/

Q.10 Write an algorithm that will split a linked list into two linked lists,
so that successive nodes go to different lists.(the first, third, and all odd
numbered nodes to the first list, and the second, fourth, and all even-
numbered nodes go to the second.)
//Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cNode
{
int x;
cNode * next;
public:
void MakeNode( int );
cNode * GetNext( );
int GetData( )
{
return x;
}
void DispNode( );
} ;
class cList
{
cNode * start,
* last;
int TotNodes;
public:
cList( );
void Add( );
void Add( int );
void DispList( );
void Split( cList &, cList & );
} ;
void cNode::MakeNode( int a )
{
x = a;
next = '\0';
}
void cNode::PutNext( cNode * p )
{
next = p;
}
{
return next;
}
{
cout << x << endl;
}
cList::cList( )
{
TotNodes = 0;
}
void cList::Add( )
{
int a;
while( 1 )

{
cout << "Data ! 0 to exit):";
cin >> a;
if( a == 0 )
break;
else
{
if( !start )
else
{
last = newnode;
}
}
}
}
void cList::Add( int a )
{
if( !start )
else
{
last = newnode;
}
}
{
ptr->DispNode( );
}
void cList::Split( cList & L1, cList & L2 )
{
int cnt = 1;
cNode * ptr;
for( ptr = start; ptr;
ptr = ptr->GetNext( ), cnt++ )
{
if( cnt % 2 )
L1.Add( ptr->GetData( ) );
else
L2.Add( ptr->GetData( ) );
}
}
void main( )
{
cList L,
L1,
L2;
clrscr( );
L.Add( );
L.DispList( );
L.Split( L1, L2 );
cout << "First List is : " << endl;
L1.DispList( );
cout << "Second List is : " << endl;
L2.DispList( );

getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Data ! 0 to exit):1
Data ! 0 to exit):2
Data ! 0 to exit):3
Data ! 0 to exit):4
Data ! 0 to exit):5
Data ! 0 to exit):6
Data ! 0 to exit):7
Data ! 0 to exit):8
Data ! 0 to exit):9
Data ! 0 to exit):10
Data ! 0 to exit):0
// OUTPUT :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
First List is :
1
3
5
7
9
Second List is :
2
4
6
8
10

Q.11 Write a function that will concatenate two circularly linked lists,
producing one circularly linked list.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cCList;
class cNode
{
char name[ 15 ];
int age;
float basic;
cNode * next;
public:
cNode( )
{
age = 0;
basic = 0.0;
next = '\0';
}
void DispNode( );
friend class cCList;
} ;
class cCList
{
cNode * start,
* last;
public:
cCList( )
{
}
void Add( );
void Add( char *, int, float );
void DispList( );
cCList Concate( cCList & );
} ;
{
strcpy( name, n );
age = a;
basic = b;
next = '\0';
}
{
}
cCList cCList::Concate( cCList & CL2 )
{
cCList tmp;
int flag = 0;
for( cNode * ptr = last->next; // < >
!( flag && ptr == last->next );

tmp.Add( ptr->name, ptr->age, ptr->basic );
flag = 0;
for( ptr = CL2.last->next;
!( flag && ptr == CL2.last->next );
tmp.Add( ptr->name, ptr->age, ptr->basic );
return tmp;
}
void cCList::Add( )
{
char nm[ 15 ];
int a;
float b;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Name (Quit) . ";
cin >> nm;
break;
else
{
cout << "Age ";
cin >> a;
cout << "Basic ";
cin >> b;
if( !start )
{
start = last = NewNode;
last->next = NewNode;
}
else
{
NewNode->next = start;
last = NewNode;
}
}
}
}
void cCList::Add( char * nm, int a, float b )
{
if( !start )
{
}
else
{
last = NewNode;
}
}
void cCList::DispList( )
{
int flag = 0;

ptr->DispNode( );

}
void main( )
{
cCList L,
L1,
L2;
char name[ 15 ];
clrscr( );
L1.Add( );
L2.Add( );
clrscr( );
L1.DispList( );
cout << endl;
L2.DispList( );
L = L1.Concate( L2 );
cout << endl;
L.DispList( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Name (Quit) . ENTER
Age 21
Basic 34
Name (Quit) . DATA
Age 76
Basic 65
Name (Quit) . SYSTEM
Age 34
Basic 89
Name (Quit) . Quit
Name (Quit) . xyz
Age 23
Basic 45
Name (Quit) . abc
Age 56
Basic 78
Name (Quit) . Quit
// OUTPUT :
FIRST LIST
ENTER 21 34
DATA 76 65
SYSTEM 34 89
SECOND LIST
xyz 23 45
abc 56 78
AFTER CONCATENATION OF THESE TWO LISTS
ENTER 21 34
DATA 76 65
SYSTEM 34 89
xyz 23 45
abc 56 78

Q.12 Write a function that will split a circularly linked list, into two
circularly linked lists.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cCList;
class cNode
{
char name[ 15 ];
int age;
float basic;
cNode * next;
public:
cNode( )
{
age = 0;
basic = 0.0;
next = '\0';
}
void DispNode( );
} ;
class cCList
{
cNode * start,
* last;
public:
cCList( )
{
}
void Add( );
void DispList( );
void Split( cCList &, cCList & );
} ;
{
strcpy( name, n );
age = a;
basic = b;
next = '\0';
}
{
}
void cCList::Split( cCList & CL1, cCList & CL2 )
{
int cnt = 1;
int flag = 0;

ptr = ptr->next, flag = 1, cnt )

{
if( cnt % 2 )
CL1.Add( ptr->name, ptr->age, ptr->basic );
else
CL2.Add( ptr->name, ptr->age, ptr->basic );
}
}
void cCList::Add( )
{
char nm[ 15 ];
int a;
float b;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Name (Quit) . ";
cin >> nm;
break;
else
{
cout << "Age ";
cin >> a;
cout << "Basic ";
cin >> b;
if( !start )
{
}
else
{
last = NewNode;
}
}
}
}
void cCList::Add( char * nm, int a, float b )
{
if( !start )
{
}
else
{
last = NewNode;
}
}
{
int flag = 0;

ptr->DispNode( );
}

void main( )
{
cCList L,
Ll,
L2;
char name[ 15 ];
clrscr( );
L.Add( );
clrscr( );
L.DispList( );
cout << endl;
L.Split( Ll, L2 );
Ll.DispList( );
cout << endl;
L2.DispList( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Name (Quit) . GHJ
Age 4
Basic 5
Name (Quit) . ABC
Age 3
Basic 4
Name (Quit) . XYZ
Age 3
Basic 6
Name (Quit) . SYSTEM
Age 5
Basic 4
Name (Quit) . ENTER
Age 5
Basic 8
Name (Quit) . Quit
//OUTPUT :
GHJ 4 5
ABC 3 4
XYZ 3 6
SYSTEM 5 4
ENTER 5 8
GHJ 4 5
ABC 3 4
XYZ 3 6
SYSTEM 5 4
ENTER 5 8

Q.13 Write a function for manipulating a doubly linked list as follows:
e. add a node after p.
f. Add a node before p.
g. Delete node p.
h. traverse the list.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cDList;
class cNode
{
char name[ 15 ];
int age;
float basic;
cNode * next,
* prev;
public:
cNode( )
{
age = 0;
basic = 0.0;
next = prev = '\0';
}
void DispNode( );
friend class cDList;
} ;
class cDList
{
cNode * start,
* last;
public:
cDList( )
{
}
void AddAfter( char *, int, float, char * );
void AddBefore( char *, int, float, char * );
void DispList( );
void Delete( char * );
void Search( char * );
void Add( );
} ;
{
strcpy( name, n );
age = a;
basic = b;
next = prev = '\0';
}
{
cout << setw( 3 ) << age << setw( 6 ) << setw( 7 ) << basic << endl;
}
void cDList::AddAfter( char * n, int a, float b,
char * s )

{
cNode * NewNode = new cNode( n, a, b );
for( cNode * ptr = start; // < >
ptr && strcmp( ptr->name, s );

ptr = ptr->next )
;
if( ptr )
{
if( strcmp( ptr->name, s ) == 0 )
{
ptr->next->prev = NewNode;
NewNode->next = ptr->next;
ptr->next = NewNode;
NewNode->prev = ptr;
}
else
cout << "Name not Found!";
}
else
{
cout << "List not Existing .....Append Node ? (y/n) :";
char ch = getchar( );
fflush( stdin );
if( ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y' )
}
}
void cDList::AddBefore( char * n, int a, float b,
char * s )
{
cNode * NewNode = new cNode( n, a, b );
ptr && strcmp( ptr->name, s );

ptr = ptr->next )
;
if( ptr )
{
if( strcmp( ptr->name, s ) == 0 )
{
if( ptr == start )
{
start->prev = NewNode->next;
start = NewNode;
}
else
{
NewNode->next = ptr;
NewNode->prev = ptr->prev;
ptr->prev->next = NewNode;
ptr->prev = NewNode;
}
}
else
cout << "Name not Found !";
}
else
{
cout << "List not Existing .....Append Node ? (y/n) :";
char ch = getchar( );
fflush( stdin );
if( ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y' )

}
}
void cDList::Delete( char * n )
{
ptr && strcmp( ptr->name, n );

ptr = ptr->next )
;
if( ptr )
{
if( strcmp( ptr->name, n ) == 0 )
{
if( ptr == start )
{
start = start->next;
start->prev = '\0';
}
else
{
ptr->prev->next = ptr->next;
ptr->next->prev = ptr->prev;
}
delete ptr;
}
else
cout << "Node Not Found... ! " << endl;
}
else
cout << "List does not Exists ...!" << endl;
}
void cDList::Search( char * n )
{
int count = 1,
yes = 0;
if( start )
{
ptr = ptr->next, count++ )

{
if( strcmp( ptr->name, n ) == 0 )
{
cout << "Found at Rec # " << count << endl;
ptr->DispNode( );
yes++;
}
}
if( !yes )
cout << "Name not Found ..... !" << endl;
}
else
cout << "List does not exists ...!" << endl;
}
void cDList::Add( )
{
char name[ 15 ];
int age;
float basic;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Name (Quit) :";
cin >> name;

if( strcmp( name, "Quit" ) == 0 )
break;
else
{
cout << "Age ";
cin >> age;
cout << "Basic ";
cin >> basic;
cNode * NewNode = new cNode
( name, age,
basic );
if( !start )
else
{
NewNode->prev = last;
last = NewNode;
}
}
}
}
void cDList::DispList( )
{
for( cNode * ptr = start; ptr; ptr = ptr->next ) // < >
ptr->DispNode( );
}
void main( )
{
cDList D;
clrscr( );
D.Add( );
clrscr( );
D.DispList( );
// D.AddAfter("Ramesh",23,5000,"Mickey");
D.AddBefore("Diwakar",25,9000,"Ramesh");
/*
char n[15];
cout<<"Name to be Searched:";
cin>>n;
// D.Search(n);
D.Delete (n);
cout<<endl<<endl; */
D.DispList( );
getch( );
}
//INPUT :
Name (Quit) :GHJ
Age 5
Basic 6
Name (Quit) :YOO
Age 6
Basic 7
Name (Quit) :GHGJ
Age 89
Basic 6
Name (Quit) :TJ
Age 8
Basic 9
Name (Quit) :SF
Age 7
Basic 5
Name (Quit) :Quit

//OUTPUT :
GHJ 5 6
YOO 6 7
GHGJ 89 6
TJ 8 9
SF 7 5
GHJ 5 6
YOO 6 7
GHGJ 89 6
TJ 8 9
SF 7 5

Q.14 Write and test a recursive function that return the maximum among the
first n elements of an array.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
int IsMax( int, int, int * );
int n,
* arr;
clrscr( );
cout << "Enter Number of Elements:";
cin >> n;
arr = new int [n];
cout << "Enter Elements : " << endl;
for( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ) // < >
cin >> arr[ i ];

cout << IsMax( arr[ n - 1 ], n - 1, arr );
getch( );
}
int IsMax( int Max, int n, int * arr )
{
if( n < 0 )
return Max;
else
{
int tmp = Max;
if( tmp < arr[ n ] )
Max = arr[ n ];
n--;
tmp = IsMax( Max, n, arr );
}
}
// INPUT :
Enter Number of Elements:5
Enter Elements :
1
2
3
4
5
// OUTPUT :
MAXIMUM NO. IN THE LIST

Q.15 Write the following function template:
Template <class T> void reverse(stack<T>&);
// reverse the contents of the given stack;
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAX 10
template<class xType>class cStack
{
xType data[ MAX ];
int top;
int Empty( );
int Full( );
public:
cStack( )
{
top = 0;
}
void Push( xType & );
xType & Pop( );
void Disp( );
void Rev( cStack< xType > & );
} ;
template<class xType> void cStack< xType >::Rev(
cStack< xType > & S1 )
{
while( !Empty( ) )
S1.Push( Pop( ) );
}
template<class xType> int cStack< xType >::Empty( )
{
if( top < 0 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
template<class xType> int cStack< xType >::Full( )
{
if( top > MAX )
return 1;
return 0;
}
template<class xType> void cStack< xType >::Disp( )
{
for( int i = top; i > 0; i-- ) // < >
cout << data[ i ] << "\t";

}
template<class xType> void cStack< xType >::Push(
xType & x )
{
if( !Full( ) )
data[ ++top ] = x;
else
}
template<class xType> xType& cStack< xType >::Pop( )
{
if( !Empty( ) )

else
}
void main( )
{
cStack< char > S,
s;
clrscr( );
S.Push( 'a' );
S.Push( 'n' );
S.Push( 'a' );
S.Push( 'n' );
S.Push( 'g' );
S.Disp( );
cout << endl;
S.Rev( s );
s.Disp( );
getch( );
// INPUT :
GIVEN STACK
g n a n a
// OUTPUT :
REVERSE THE CONTENTS OF THE STACK
a n a n g

Q.16 Write the following function template:
T& bottom (); // returns the bottom element
// example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define INT_MAX 999
#define MAX 10
class cStack
{
int data[ MAX ];
int top;
int Empty( );
int Full( );
public:
cStack( )
{
top = 0;
}
void Push( );
void Push( int );
void DispStack( );
int Bottom( );
} ;
{
if( top < 0 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
int cStack::Full( )
{
if( top > MAX )
return 1;
return 0;
}
int cStack::Bottom( )
{
if( !Empty( ) )
return data[ 1 ];
return INT_MAX;
}
void cStack::Push( )
{
int x;
if( !Full( ) )
{
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Data : ";
cin >> x;
if( x == 0 )
break;
else
data[ ++top ] = x;
}
}
else
cout << "stack overflow";
}

{
if( !Full( ) )
data[ ++top ] = x;
else
}
{
for( int i = top; i > 0; i-- ) // < >

}
void main( )
{
cStack S1;
clrscr( );
S1.Push( );
clrscr( );
cout << "stack is" << endl;
S1.DispStack( );
/* int x=S1.Third();
cout<<"III element = "<<x<<endl;
x=S1.Peek();
cout<<"I elemn = "<<x<<endl; */
int x = S1.Bottom( );
cout << "Last ele = " << x << endl;
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Data:
1
Data:
2
Data:
3
Data:
4
Data:
5
Data:
0
// OUTPUT :
stack is
5
4
3
2
1
Last ele = 1

Q.17 Use the stack to implement the following function:
Bool is palindrome (string s);
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define ERR
#define MAX 10
class cStack
{
char data[ MAX ];
int top;
int Empty( );
int Full( );
public:
cStack( )
{
top = 0;
}
void Push( char );
int Pop( );
void DispStack( );
int IsPal( char * );
} ;
int cStack::IsPal( char * S )
{
int Flag = 1;
for( int i = 0; i < ( strlen( S ) ) / 2; i++ ) // < >
Push( S[ i ] );
for( ++i; S[ i ]; i++ )
{
if( S[ i ] != Pop( ) )
{
Flag = 0;
break;
}
}
return Flag;
}
{
if( top < 0 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
int cStack::Full( )
{
if( top > MAX )
return 1;
return 0;
}
void cStack::Push( char x )
{
if( !Full( ) )
data[ ++top ] = x;
else
}
int cStack::Pop( )

{
if( !Empty( ) )
else
}
{
for( int i = top; i > 0; i-- ) // < >

}
void main( )
{
cStack S1;
clrscr( );
char str[ 10 ];
cout << "String :";
cin >> str;
if( S1.IsPal( str ) )
cout << "Pallindrome";
else
cout << "Not Pallindrome";
getch( );
}
// INPUT & OUTPUT :
String:
POP
Pallindrome
String:
PUSH
Not
Pallindrome

Q.18 Write the following overloaded equality operator for queues:
Bool queue::operator +=(const queue&)
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAX 10
class cQueue
{
int items[ MAX ];
int front,
rear,
count;
int Full( );
int Empty( );
public:
cQueue( )
{
}
void Add( );
void Add( int );
void Disp( );
int Del( );
int Peek( );
int operator ==( const cQueue & );
} ;
int cQueue::operator ==( const cQueue & Q )
{
int flag = 1;
if( count != Q.count )
flag = 0;
else
{
while( count > 0 )
{
if( Del( ) != Q.Del( ) )
{
flag = 0;
break;
}
}
}
return flag;
}
int cQueue::Full( )
{
if( count >= MAX )
return 1;
return 0;
}
{
if( count == 0 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
void cQueue::Add( )
{
int x;
if( !Full( ) )

{
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Data (0-Exit) :";
cin >> x;
if( x == 0 )
break;
else
{
count++;
}
}
}
else
cout << "Queue Full..... Add Aborted! " << endl;
}
{
if( !Full( ) )
{
count++;
}
else
cout << "Queue Full..... Add Aborted!" << endl;
}
int cQueue::Del( )
{
int x = -999;
if( !Empty( ) )
{
x = items[ front ];
count--;
}
else
return x;
}
int cQueue::Peek( )
{
if( !Empty( ) )
return items[ front ];
else
return -999;
}
{

}
void main( )
{
cQueue Q1,Q2;
clrscr( );
cout << "Enter elements of I Queue" << endl;
Q1.Add( );
cout << "Enter elements of II Queue" << endl;
Q2.Add( );

clrscr( );
Q1.Disp( );
cout << endl << endl;
Q2.Disp( );
if( Q1 == Q2 )
cout << "Equal" << endl;
else
cout << "Different" << endl;
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Enter elements of I Queue
Data (0-Exit) :1
Data (0-Exit) :2
Data (0-Exit) :3
Data (0-Exit) :4
Data (0-Exit) :5
Data (0-Exit) :0
Enter elements of II Queue
Data (0-Exit) :1
Data (0-Exit) :2
Data (0-Exit) :3
Data (0-Exit) :4
Data (0-Exit) :5
Data (0-Exit) :0
// OUTPUT :
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Equal
// INPUT :
Enter
elements of I Queue
Data (0-Exit) :1
Data (0-Exit) :3
Data (0-Exit) :4
Data (0-Exit) :3
Data (0-Exit) :0
Enter elements of II Queue
Data (0-Exit) :9
Data (0-Exit) :5
Data (0-Exit) :4
Data (0-Exit) :4
Data (0-Exit) :0
// OUTPUT :
1
3
4
3
9
5
4
4
Different

Q.19 Implement the following friend function for the Integer class:
friend istream& operator>> (istream& istr, Integer& x);
// Input x from the istr input stream
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
class cInteger
{
int num;
public:
cInteger( )
{
num = 0;
}
cInteger( int a )
{
num = a;
}
friend ostream & operator <<( ostream &, cInteger & );
friend istream & operator >>( istream &, cInteger & );
friend cInteger operator *( const cInteger &, int );
} ;
ostream & operator <<( ostream & out, cInteger & x )
{
out << setw( 5 ) << x.num << endl;
return out;
}
istream & operator >>( istream & in, cInteger & x )
{
in >> x.num;
return in;
}
cInteger operator *( const cInteger & I, int x )
{
cInteger tmp;
tmp.num = I.num * x;
return tmp;
}
void main( )
{
cInteger I1,I2,I3,I4;
clrscr( );
cin >> I1 >> I2 >> I3;
cout << I1 << I2 << I3;
I4 = I1 * 3;
cout << I4;
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
2
3
4
// OUTPUT :
2
3
4
I1*3=
6

Q.20 Write the following function that uses a binary search tree to sort an
array a of n elements :
void sort (type* a, int n);
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
enum
{
LEFT,
RIGHT
} ;
class cTree;
class cNode
{
int data;
cNode * lptr,
* rptr;
public:
cNode( )
{
data = 0;
lptr = rptr = '\0';
}
cNode( int x )
{
data = x;
lptr = rptr = '\0';
}
friend class cTree;
} ;
class cTree
{
cNode * Root;
public:
cTree( )
{
Root = '\0';
}
void sortArray( int *, int );
void Insert( int );
int inOrder( cNode *, int *, int );
void Insert( );
void InOrder( cNode * );
void PostOrder( cNode * );
void PreOrder( cNode * );
int IsEmpty( )const;
cNode * GetRoot( )
{
return Root;
}
} ;
void cTree::Insert( int x )
{
int dir;
cNode * ptr,
* prev;
cNode * NewNode = new cNode( x );
if( !Root )

Root = NewNode;
else
{
for( ptr = Root; ptr; )
{
prev = ptr;
if( ( ptr->data ) < ( NewNode->data ) )
{
dir = RIGHT;
ptr = ptr->rptr;
}
else
{
dir = LEFT;
ptr = ptr->lptr;
}
}
if( dir == LEFT )
prev->lptr = NewNode;
else
prev->rptr = NewNode;
}
}
int cTree::inOrder( cNode * xRoot, int * arr, int i )
{
if( !xRoot )
return i;
i = inOrder( xRoot->lptr, arr, i );
arr[ i++ ] = xRoot->data;
i = inOrder( xRoot->rptr, arr, i );
return i;
}
void cTree::sortArray( int * arr, int n )
{
for( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ) // < >
Insert( arr[ i ] );
inOrder( Root, arr, 0 );
}
int cTree::IsEmpty( )const
{
if( !Root )
return 1;
return 0;
}
void cTree::Insert( )
{
int x,
dir;
cNode * ptr,
* prev;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Data : ";
cin >> x;
if( x == 0 )
break;
else
{
if( !Root )
Root = NewNode;
else
{

{
prev = ptr;
if( ( ptr->data )
< ( NewNode->data ) )
{
dir = RIGHT;
ptr = ptr->rptr;
}
else
{
dir = LEFT;
ptr = ptr->lptr;
}
}
if( dir == LEFT )
else
}
}
}
}
void cTree::InOrder( cNode * Curr )
{
if( Curr )
{
InOrder( Curr->lptr );
cout << Curr->data << endl;
InOrder( Curr->rptr );
}
}
void cTree::PostOrder( cNode * Curr )
{
if( Curr )
{
PostOrder( Curr->lptr );
PostOrder( Curr->rptr );
}
}
void cTree::PreOrder( cNode * Curr )
{
if( Curr )
{
PreOrder( Curr->lptr );
PreOrder( Curr->rptr );
}
}
void main( )
{
cTree T;
int arr[ 10 ];
clrscr( );
for( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) // < >
{
cout << "Enter Value for " << setw( 2 ) <> arr[ i ];
}
T.sortArray( arr, 10 );
for( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
cout << endl << arr[ i ];

getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Enter Value
for 1:1
Enter Value
for 2:2
Enter Value
for 3: 5
Enter Value
for 4:3
Enter Value
for 5:6
Enter Value
for 6:4
Enter Value
for 7:8
Enter Value
for 8:6
Enter Value
for 9:54
Enter Value
for 10:9
// OUTPUT :
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
8
9
54

Q.21 Implement the following Tree class member function:
Bool empty() const;
// returns true iff this tree has no elements
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
enum
{
LEFT,
RIGHT
} ;
class cTree;
class cNode
{
int data;
cNode * lptr,
* rptr;
public:
cNode( )
{
data = 0;
lptr = rptr = '\0';
}
cNode( int x )
{
data = x;
lptr = rptr = '\0';
}
friend class cTree;
} ;
class cTree
{
cNode * Root;
public:
cTree( )
{
Root = '\0';
}
void Insert( );
cNode * GetRoot( )
{
return Root;
}
} ;
{
if( !Root )
return 1;
return 0;
}
{
int x,
dir;
cNode * ptr,

* prev;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Data : ";
cin >> x;
if( x == 0 )
break;
else
{
if( !Root )
Root = NewNode;
else
{
{
prev = ptr;
if( ( ptr->data )
{
dir = RIGHT;
ptr = ptr->rptr;
}
else
{
dir = LEFT;
ptr = ptr->lptr;
}
}
if( dir == LEFT )
else
}
}
}
}
{
if( Curr )
{

}
}
{
if( Curr )
{
}
}
{
if( Curr )
{

}
}
void main( )
{
cTree T;
clrscr( );
T.Insert( );
T.PostOrder( T.GetRoot( ) );
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Data :
1
Data:
2
Data:
3
Data:
4
Data:
5
Data:
0
// OUTPUT :
5
4
3
2
1

Q.22 Implement the following Tree class member function:
int size() const;
// returns the number of elements in this tree
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
enum
{
LEFT,
RIGHT
} ;
class cTree;
class cNode
{
int data;
cNode * lptr,
* rptr;
public:
cNode( )
{
data = 0;
lptr = rptr = '\0';
}
cNode( int x )
{
data = x;
lptr = rptr = '\0';
}
friend class cTree;
} ;
class cTree
{
cNode * Root;
int getSize( cNode *, int );
public:
cTree( )
{
Root = '\0';
}
void Insert( );
int Min( )const;
int Max( )const;
int size( )const;
cNode * GetRoot( )
{
return Root;
}
} ;
int cTree::Min( )const
{
cNode * ptr,
* prev;
for( ptr = Root; ptr;
prev = ptr, ptr = ptr->lptr )
;
return prev->data;
}

int cTree::Max( )const
{
cNode * ptr,
* prev;
for( ptr = Root; ptr;
prev = ptr, ptr = ptr->rptr )
;
return prev->data;
}
int cTree::getSize( cNode * R, int ctr )
{
if( !R )
return ctr;
ctr = getSize( R->lptr, ctr );
ctr++;
getSize( R->rptr, ctr );
return ctr;
}
int cTree::size( )const
{
int cnt = 0;
cnt = getSize( Root, 0 );
return cnt;
}
{
if( !Root )
return 1;
return 0;
}
{
int x,
dir;
cNode * ptr,
* prev;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Data : ";
cin >> x;
if( x == 0 )
break;
else
{
if( !Root )
Root = NewNode;
else
{
{
prev = ptr;
if( ( ptr->data )
{
dir = RIGHT;
ptr = ptr->rptr;
}
else
{
dir = LEFT;
ptr = ptr->lptr;
}

}
if( dir == LEFT )
else
}
}
}
}
{
if( Curr )
{
}
}
{
if( Curr )
{
}
}
{
if( Curr )
{
}
}
void main( )
{
cTree T;
clrscr( );
T.Insert( );
cout << "Max =" << T.size( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Data :
1
Data:
2
Data:
3
Data:
4
Data:
5
Data:
6
Data:
0
// OUTPUT :
Max =
1

Q.23 Implement the following member functions for the Tree class :
int width (int n);
// returns the total number of nodes at level n in this tree
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
enum
{
LEFT,RIGHT
} ;
class cTree;
class cNode
{
int data;
cNode * lptr,
* rptr;
public:
cNode( )
{
data = 0;
lptr = rptr = '\0';
}
cNode( int x )
{
data = x;
lptr = rptr = '\0';
}
friend class cTree;
} ;
class cTree
{
cNode * Root;
public:
cTree( )
{
Root = '\0';
}
int Expand( int );
int getNodesAtLeveln( cNode * R, int cnt,
int curLevei, int level );
void Insert( );
cNode * GetRoot( )
{
return Root;
}
int Level( int );
} ;
int cTree::Expand( int level )
{
int n = getNodesAtLeveln( Root, 0, 1, level );
return n;
}
int cTree::getNodesAtLeveln( cNode * R, int cnt,
int curLevel, int level )
{
if( !R )
return cnt;
if( curLevel == level )
cnt++;

cnt = getNodesAtLeveln( R->lptr, cnt, curLevel, level );
cnt = getNodesAtLeveln( R->rptr, cnt, curLevel, level );
return cnt;
}
{
if( !Root )
return 1;
return 0;
}
{
int x,
dir;
cNode * ptr,
* prev;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Data :";
cin >> x;
if( x == 0 )
break;
else
{
if( !Root )
Root = NewNode;
else
{
{
prev = ptr;
if( ( ptr->data )
{
dir = RIGHT;
ptr = ptr->rptr;
}
else
{
dir = LEFT;
ptr = ptr->lptr;
}
}
if( dir == LEFT )
else
}
}
}
}
{
if( Curr )
{
}
}
int cTree::Level( int x )
{
int cnt = 0;
cNode * ptr = Root;

while( ptr && ptr->data != x )
{
if( ptr->data > x )
ptr = ptr->lptr;
else
ptr = ptr->rptr;
cnt++;
}
return cnt;
}
void main( )
{
cTree T;
int n;
clrscr( );
T.Insert( );
cout << "Enter the Level to Expand :";
cin >> n;
int cnt = T.Expand( n );
cout << "No . of Nodes at Level " << n << " is " << cnt;
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Data :
1
Data:
2
Data:
3
Data:
4
Data:
5
Data:
6
Data:
0
Enter the Level to Expand :1
// OUTPUT :
No of Nodes at Level 1 is 6

Q.24 Implement the following member function for the Tree class:
void defoliate();
// removes all the leaves from this tree.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
enum
{
LEFT,
RIGHT
} ;
class cTree;
class cNode
{
int data;
cNode * lptr,
* rptr;
public:
cNode( )
{
data = 0;
lptr = rptr = '\0';
}
cNode( int x )
{
data = x;
lptr = rptr = '\0';
}
friend class cTree;
} ;
class cTree
{
cNode * Root;
cNode * Defoliate( cNode * );
public:
cTree( )
{
Root = '\0';
}
void Insert( );
void Defoliate( )const;
cNode * GetRoot( )
{
return Root;
}
} ;
{
int x,
dir;
cNode * ptr,
* prev;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Data : ";
cin >> x;
if( x == 0 )
break;
else
{

if( !Root )
Root = NewNode;
else
{
{
prev = ptr;
if( ( ptr->data )
{
dir = RIGHT;
ptr = ptr->rptr;
}
else
{
dir = LEFT;
ptr = ptr->lptr;
}
}
if( dir == LEFT )
else
}
}
}
}
{
if( Curr )
{
}
}
cNode * cTree::Defoliate( cNode * R )
{
if( !R )
return R;
if( !( R->lptr || R->rptr ) )
{
delete R;
return NULL;
}
R->lptr = Defoliate( R->lptr );
R->rptr = Defoliate( R->rptr );
return R;
}
void cTree::Defoliate( )const
{
Defoliate( Root );
}
void main( )
{
cTree T;
clrscr( );
T.Insert( );
T.InOrder( T.GetRoot( ) );
T.Defoliate( );
cout << endl << endl;
T.InOrder( T.GetRoot( ) );
getch( );

}
// INPUT :
Data :
1
Data:
3
Data:
5
Data:
7
Data:
9
Data:
0
// OUTPUT :
1
3
5
7
9
1
3
5
7

Q.25 There are 10 records present in a file with the following structures
struct
{
char itemcode[6] ;
char itemname[20];
int qty;
};
Write a program to read these records and arrange them in ascending order and
write them in a target file.
// Example Code :
#include <fstream.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX 3
class cItem
{
char itcode[ 6 ];
char itname[ 20 ];
int qty;
public:
void ReadData( );
void WriteData( );
friend void Sort( cItem *, int );
} ;
void cItem::ReadData( )
{
cout << "ITEM CODE ";
cin >> itcode;
cout << "ITEM NAME ";
cin >> itname;
cout << "QUANTITY ";
cin >> qty;
}
void cItem::WriteData( )
{
cout << setw( 8 ) << itcode << setw( 20 ) << itname;
cout << setw( 5 ) << qty << endl;
}
void Sort( cItem * T, int n )
{
for( int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < n - 1 - i; j++ ) // < >
{
if( strcmp( T[ j ].itcode,
T[ j + 1 ].itcode )
> 0 )
{
cItem tmp = T[ j ];
T[ j ] = T[ j + 1 ];
T[ j + 1 ] = tmp;
}
}
}

}
void main( )
{
cItem iitm[ MAX ],
itm[ MAX ];
fstream file;
clrscr( );
for( int i = 0; i < MAX; i++ ) // < >
iitm[ i ].ReadData( );
Sort( iitm, MAX );
file.open( "item.dat", ios::trunc | ios::in | ios::out | ios::binary );
file.seekg( 0, ios::beg );
file.clear( );
for( i = 0; i < MAX; i++ )
file.write( ( char * )&iitm[ i ], sizeof( iitm ) );
file.seekg( 0, ios::beg );
for( i = 0; i < MAX; i++ )
{
file.read( ( char * )&iitm[ i ], sizeof( iitm ) );
iitm[ i ].WriteData( );
}
getch( );
}
/*struct cItem
{
char itcode [6];
char itname [20];
int qty;
};
struct cItem* ReadData(int n)
{
struct cItem itm[MAX];
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<" ITEM CODE ";
cin>>itm[i].itcode;
cout<<"ITEM NAME ";
cin>>itm[i].itname;
cout<<"QUANTITY ";
cin>>itm[i].qty;
}
return itm;
}
void WriteData(struct cItem*itm,int n)
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout.setf(ios::left,ios::adjustfield);
cout<<setw(8)<<itm[i].itcode<<setw(20)<<itm[i].itname;
cout.setf(ios::right,ios::adjustfield);
cout<<setw(5)<<itm[i].qty<<endl;
}
}
void Sort(cItem *T,int n)
{
for(int i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<n-1-i;j++)
{
if (strcmp (T[j].itcode, T[j+1].itcode)>0)
{
cItem tmp=T [j];
T[j]=T[j+1];

T[j+1]=tmp;
}
}
}
}
void main()
{
struct cItem * ReadData(int);
void WriteData(struct cItem *,int);
void Sort(struct cItem *,int);
struct cItem *iitm;
iitm=(struct cItem*)malloc(sizeof(struct cItem)*MAX);
fstream file;
clrscr();
iitm= ReadData(MAX);
Sort (iitm,MAX);
file. open("item.dat",ios::trunc|ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary);
file.seekg(0,ios::beg);
file.clear();
for(int i=0;i<MAX;i++)
file.write ((char*)&iitm[i],sizeof (iitm));
file.seekg(0,ios::beg);
/*for(i=0;i<MAX;i++)
{
file.read((char*)&iitm[i],sizeof(iitm));
iitm[i].WriteData();
} */
//getch ();
//}
// Input :
ITEM CODE 3
ITEM NAME c
QUANTITY 9
ITEM CODE 2
ITEM NAME b
QUANTITY 8
ITEM CODE 1
ITEM NAME a
QUANTITY 7
// output :
1 a 7
2 b 8
3 c 9

Q.26 Write a class that implements a circular queue as a linked list.
// Example Code :
#include <stdio.h>
template<class xType>class cCQueue;
template<class xType>class cNode
{
friend cCQueue< xType >;
xType item;
cNode *next;
public:
cNode( )
{
next = '\0';
}
cNode( xType x )
{
item = x;
next = '\0';
}
void DispNode( );
} ;
template<class xType>class cCQueue
{
cNode< xType > * front,
* rear;
public:
cCQueue( )
{
rear = front = '\0';
}
void Add( );
void Disp( );
void Delete( );
} ;
template<class xType> void cCQueue< xType >::Add( )
{
xType x;
char ch = 'y';
while( ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y' )
{
cout << "Item . ";
cin >> x;
cNode < xType > * NewNode = new cNode < xType >( x );
if( !front )
{
front = rear = NewNode;
NewNode->next = front;
}
else
{
NewNode->next = rear->next;
rear = NewNode;
}
cout << "Want to Add More '[y/n] : ";
ch = getchar( );
fflush( stdin );
}

}
template<class xType> void cCQueue< xType >::Disp( )
{
int flag = 0;
for( cNode < xType > * ptr = rear->next;
!( flag && ptr == rear->next );
ptr = ptr->next, flag )
ptr->DispNode( );
}
template<class xType> void cNode< xType >::DispNode( )
{
cout << item << endl;
}
template<class xType> void cCQueue< xType >::Delete( )
{
if( front )
{
cNode< xType > * ptr = rear->next;
rear->next = front->next;
front = front->next;
delete ptr;
}
else
cout << "Queue is empty !...............Aborting";
}
void main( )
{
cCQueue< int > Q;
Q.Add( );
clrscr( );
cout << "Queue is . " << endl;
Q.Disp( );
Q.Delete( );
Q.Delete( );
Q.Delete( );
Q.Delete( );
cout << "Queue is :" << endl;
Q.Disp( );
}
// INPUT :
Item . 1
Want to Add More '[y/n] : Y
Item . 2
Item . 3
Item . 4
Want to Add More '[y/n] : N
// OUTPUT :
1
2
3
4
1

Q.27 Write a class that implements a Bubble Sorting algorithm on a set of 25
numbers.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
class cArray
{
int num[ 5 ];
public:
cArray( );
friend ostream & operator <<( ostream &, cArray & );
friend istream & operator >>( istream &,cArray & );
void sort( );
} ;
cArray::cArray( )
{
for( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) // < >
num[ i ] = 0;
}
ostream & operator <<( ostream & out, cArray & arr )
{
out << "Elements of the Array are : " << endl;
for( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) // < >
{
out << arr.num[ i ] << endl;
}
}
istream & operator >>( istream & in, cArray & arr )
{
cout << "Enter Elements of the Array : " << endl;
for( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) // < >
{
in >> arr.num[ i ];
}
}
void cArray::sort( )
{
for( int i = 1; i < 5; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < 5 - i; j++ ) // < >
{
if( num[ j ] > num[ j + 1 ] )
{
int tmp = num[ j ];
num[ j ] = num[ j + 1 ];
num[ j + 1 ] = tmp;
}
}
}
}
void main( )
{
cArray arr;

clrscr( );
cin >> arr;
arr.sort( );
cout << arr;
getch( );
}
INPUT
Enter
Elements of the Array :
2
3
4
5
0
OUTPUT
Elements
of the Array are :
0
2
3
4
5

Q.28 A class has two member functions as Encript() and Decript(). Implement
this class to encrypt a string and decrypt it using your own method for
encryption and description.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
class cString
{
char * str;
int len;
public:
cString( )
{
str = '\0';
len = 0;
}
cString( char * );
void Encript( );
void Decript( );
void GetStr( );
void DispStr( );
} ;
cString::cString( char * S )
{
for( int i = 0; S[ i ]; i++ ) // < >
;
len = i;
int j = 0;
for( i = 0; S[ i ]; i++ )
str[ j++ ] = S[ i ];
str[ j ] = '\0';
}
void cString::GetStr( )
{
cout << "Length of String :";
cin >> len;
gets( str );
fflush( stdin );
}
void cString::DispStr( )
{
cout << setw( len ) << str << endl;
}
void cString::Encript( )
{
for( int i = 0; i < len; i++ ) // < >
str[ i ] += ( i + 100 - ( i * 2 ) );
}
void cString::Decript( )
{
for( int i = 0; i < len; i++ ) // < >
{
str[ i ] -= ( i + 100 - ( i * 2 ) );

}
}
void main( )
{
cString S1 ( "Mickey Donald 1234 *%&~@" );
clrscr( );
S1.GetStr( );
cout << "Input String :";
S1.DispStr( );
S1.Encript( );
cout << "Encrypted String : ";
S1.DispStr( );
S1.Decript( );
cout << "decrypted String : ";
S1.DispStr( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Length
of String :4
DSDA
// OUTPUT :
Input String :DSDA

Encrypted String :
Decrypted
string:
DSDA

Q.29 Write a program for linked list, which will have the facility to add,
modify and delete the records from linked list. The fields to be accepted
from the user include
Employee No Numeric
Name String
Department String
Option should be made to view the list generated. Modularize the code to
perform the above actions.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cNode
{
int eno;
char name[ 15 ];
char dept[ 10 ];
cNode * next;
public:
cNode( );
cNode( int, char *, char * );
void MakeNode( int, char *, char * );
int GetEno( )
{
return eno;
}
char * GetName( )
{
return name;
}
char * GetDept( )
{
return dept;
}
cNode * GetNext( );
void DispNode( );
} ;
class cList
{
cNode * start,
* last;
int TotNodes;
public:
cList( )
{
TotNodes = 0;
}
void Add( );
void Add( int, char *, char * );
void Modify( );
void Modify( int );
void Delete( );
void Delete( int );
void DispList( );
} ;
cNode::cNode( )

{
eno = 0;
strcpy( dept, '\0' );
next = '\0';
}
cNode::cNode( int a, char * nm, char * dp )

{
eno = a;
strcpy( name, nm );
strcpy( dept, dp );
next = '\0';
}
void cNode::MakeNode( int a, char * nm, char * dp )
{
eno = a;
strcpy( name, nm );
strcpy( dept, dp );
next = '\0';
}
void cNode::PutNext( cNode * ptr )
{
next = ptr;
}
{
return next;
}
{
cout << setw( 4 ) << eno;
cout << setw( 15 ) << name << setw( 10 ) << dept << endl;
}
void cList::Add( )
{
int xeno;
char xname[ 15 ];
char xdept[ 10 ];
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Emp. No. (0-Exit) ";
cin >> xeno;
if( xeno == 0 )
break;
cout << "Name of Employee . ";
gets( xname );
fflush( stdin );
cout << "Department . ";
gets( xdept );
fflush( stdin );
cNode * NewNode = new cNode;
NewNode->MakeNode( xeno, xname, xdept );
if( !start )
else
{
last->PutNext( NewNode );
last = NewNode;
}
}

void cList::Add( int a, char * nm, char * dp )
{
cNode * NewNode = new cNode;
NewNode->MakeNode( a, nm, dp );
if( !start )
else
{
last->PutNext( NewNode );
last = NewNode;
}
TotNodes++;
}
void cList::Modify( )
{
int xeno;
char xname[ 15 ];
char xdept[ 10 ];
cout << "Employee Number to be Modified : ";
cin >> xeno;
ptr && ptr->GetEno( ) != xeno;

;
if( ptr )
{
cout << "Enter name „";
gets( xname );
fflush( stdin );
cout << "Enter Department ";
gets( xdept );
fflush( stdin );
strcpy( ptr->GetName( ), xname );
strcpy( ptr->GetDept( ), xdept );
}
else
{
textattr( 136 );
gotoxy( 30, 10 );
cprintf( "List not existing or Record not found\n" );
}
}
void cList::Modify( int x )
{
char xname[ 15 ];
char xdept[ 10 ];
ptr && ptr->GetEno( ) != x;

;
if( ptr )
{
cout << "Enter name:";
gets( xname );
fflush( stdin );
cout << "Enter Department:";
gets( xdept );
fflush( stdin );
strcpy( ptr->GetName( ), xname );
strcpy( ptr->GetDept( ), xdept );
}
else

{
textattr( 153 );
gotoxy( 30, 10 );
cprintf( "List not existing or Record not found\n" );
}
}
void cList::Delete( )
{
int xeno;
cNode * prev;
char ch = 'n';
cout << "Employee Number to be Deleted :";
cin >> xeno;
ptr && ptr->GetEno( ) != xeno;

prev = ptr, ptr = ptr->GetNext( ) )
;
if( ptr && ptr->GetEno( ) == xeno )
{
ptr->DispNode( );
cout << "Confirm Deletion (y/n) ?";
ch = getchar( );
fflush( stdin );
if( ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y' )
{
if( ptr == start )
start = start->GetNext( );
else
prev->PutNext( ptr->GetNext( ) );
delete ( ptr );
}
}
else
{
textattr( 150 );
gotoxy( 35, 10 );
cprintf( "List not existing or record not found" );
}
}
void cList::Delete( int x )
{
cNode * prev;
char ch = 'n';
ptr && ptr->GetEno( ) != x;

prev = ptr, ptr = ptr->GetNext( ) )
;
if( ptr && ptr->GetEno( ) == x )
{
ptr->DispNode( );
cout << "Confirm Deletion (y/n)?";
ch = getchar( );
fflush( stdin );
if( ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y' )
{
if( ptr == start )
start = start->GetNext( );
else
prev->PutNext( ptr->GetNext( ) );
delete ( ptr );
}
}

else
{
textattr( 150 );
gotoxy( 35, 10 );
cprintf( "List not existing or Record not found" );
}
}
{
cNode * ptr;
for( ptr = start; ptr; ptr = ptr->GetNext( ) )
ptr->DispNode( );
}
void main( )
{
cList L;
clrscr( );
L.Add( 1, "Mickey", "Computer" );
L.Add( 2, "Ajay", "Computer" );
L.Add( 3, "Sushil", "Computer" );
L.Add( 4, "Donald", "Computer" );
L.DispList( );
L.Modify( 3 );
L.DispList( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT & OUTPUT :
1 Mickey Computer
2 Ajay Computer
3 Sushil Computer
4 Donald Computer
Employee Number to be Modified : 1
Enter name ä shilpa
Enter Department CSE
1 shilpa CSE
2 Ajay Computer
3 Sushil Computer
4 Donald Computer
Employee Number to be Deleted :3
3 Sushil Computer
Confirm Deletion (y/n) ?y
1 shilpa CSE
2 Ajay Computer
4 Donald Computer

Q.30 Write a class that has the functionality to write and read the data from
a file line by line.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cWrtln
{
char str[ 80 ];
public:
cWrtln( )
{
strcpy( str, '\0' );
}
void Read( );
void Write( );
} ;
void cWrtln::Read( )
{
cout << "Line" << endl;
gets( str );
fflush( stdin );
}
void cWrtln::Write( )
{
cout << str << endl;
}
void main( )
{
clrscr( );
cWrtln S;
int cnt = 0;
char ans = 'y';
fstream F;
F.open( "data.dat", ios::in | ios::out | ios::app | ios::binary );
while( ans == 'y' || ans == 'Y' )
{
S.Read( );
F.write( ( char * )&S, sizeof( S ) );
F.seekg( ( cnt * 80 ) + 1, ios::beg );
cnt++;
cout << "Want to Continue (y/n):";
ans = getchar( );
fflush( stdin );
}
F.seekg( 0 );
for( int i = 0; i < cnt; i++ ) // < >
{
F.read( ( char * )&S, sizeof( S ) );
S.Write( );
}
F.close( );
getch( );
}

// INPUT :
Line
FDS
Want
to Continue (y/n):Y
Line
VFBFB
Want to Continue (y/n):N
// OUTPUT :
FDS
VFBFB

Q.31 Write a program that performs the matrix manipulations such as addition
and deletion. The matrix class will have the member functions Create, Add,
Delete, Display.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cMatrix
{
int ** mat;
int r,
c;
void CreateMat( );
void InitMat( );
public:
cMatrix( )
{
mat = '\0';
r = c = 0;
}
friend istream & operator >>( istream &,
cMatrix & );
friend ostream & operator <<( ostream &,
cMatrix & );
cMatrix Add( cMatrix & );
cMatrix operator +( cMatrix & );
cMatrix operator +( int );
cMatrix Sub( cMatrix & );
cMatrix operator -( cMatrix & );
cMatrix operator -( int );
void DispMat( );
} ;
void cMatrix::CreateMat( )
{
mat = new int*[r];
for( int i = 0; i < r; i++ ) // < >
mat[ i ] = new int [c];

}
void cMatrix::InitMat( )
{
for( int i = 0; i < r; i++ ) // < >
{
cout << "Row #" << setw( 2 ) <
{
cout << "Col #" << setw( 2 ) << j + 1 << ":";
cin >> mat[ i ][ j ];
}
}
}
void cMatrix::DispMat( )
{
for( int i = 0; i < r; i++ ) // < >

for( int j = 0; j < c; j++ ) // < >
cout << setw( 5 ) << mat[ i ][ j ];

cout << endl;
}
}
cMatrix cMatrix::Add( cMatrix & M2 )
{
cMatrix tmp;
tmp.r = r;
tmp.c = c;
if( r == M2.r && c == M2.c )
{
tmp.CreateMat( );
for( int i = 0; i < r; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < c; j++ ) // <
>
tmp.mat[ i ][ j ] = mat[ i ][ j ] + M2.mat[ i ][ j ];
}
}
return tmp;
}
cMatrix cMatrix::operator +( cMatrix & M2 )
{
cMatrix tmp;
tmp.r = r;
tmp.c = c;
if( r == M2.r && c == M2.c )
{
tmp.CreateMat( );
for( int i = 0; i < r; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < c; j++ ) // <
>
tmp.mat[ i ][ j ] = mat[ i ][ j ] + M2.mat[ i ][ j ];
}
}
return tmp;
}
cMatrix cMatrix::Sub( cMatrix & M2 )
{
cMatrix tmp;
tmp.r = r;
tmp.c = c;
if( r == M2.r && c == M2.c )
{
tmp.CreateMat( );
for( int i = 0; i < r; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < c; j++ ) // <
>
tmp.mat[ i ][ j ] = mat[ i ][ j ] - M2.mat[ i ][ j ];
}
}
return tmp;
}
cMatrix cMatrix::operator -( cMatrix & M2 )
{
cMatrix tmp;
tmp.r = r;

tmp.c = c;
if( r == M2.r && c == M2.c )
{
tmp.CreateMat( );
for( int i = 0; i < r; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < c; j++ ) // <
>
tmp.mat[ i ][ j ] = mat[ i ][ j ] - M2.mat[ i ][ j ];
}
}
return tmp;
}
cMatrix cMatrix::operator +( int x )
{
cMatrix tmp;
tmp.r = r;
tmp.c = c;
tmp.CreateMat( );
for( int i = 0; i < r; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < c; j++ ) // < >
tmp.mat[ i ][ j ] = mat[ i ][ j ] + x;
}
return tmp;
}
cMatrix cMatrix::operator -( int x )
{
cMatrix tmp;
tmp.r = r;
tmp.c = c;
tmp.CreateMat( );
for( int i = 0; i < r; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < c; j++ ) // < >
tmp.mat[ i ][ j ] = mat[ i ][ j ] - x;
}
return tmp;
}
istream & operator >>( istream & In, cMatrix & M )
{
cout << "Number of Rows .";
cin >> M.r;
cout << "Number of Cols .";
cin >> M.c;
M.CreateMat( );
M.InitMat( );
return In;
}
ostream & operator <<( ostream & Out, cMatrix & M1 )
{
for( int i = 0; i < M1.r; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < M1.c; j++ ) // < >
{
cout << M1.mat[ i ][ j ] << "\t";
}

cout << endl;
}
return Out;
}
void main( )
{
cMatrix M1,
M2,
M3;
clrscr( );
cin >> M1 >> M2;
clrscr( );
cout << M1 << M2;
M3 = M1 + M2;
cout << M3;
getch( );
}
// INPUT & OUTPUT :
Number of Rows .3
Number of Cols .3
Row # 1
Col # 1:1
Col # 2:1
Col # 3:1
Row # 2
Col # 1:1
Col # 2:1
Col # 3:1
Row # 3
Col # 1:1
Col # 2:1
Col # 3:1
Number of Rows .3
Number of Cols .3
Row # 1
Col # 1:1
Col # 2:1
Col # 3:1
Row # 2
Col # 1:1
Col # 2:1
Col # 3:1
Row # 3
Col # 1:1
Col # 2:1
Col # 3:1
MATRIX 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
MATRIX 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
Matrix after addition

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2

Q.32 Write a program that will print the largest and smallest number from and
5 row by 5 column matrix. The matrix class will have the member functions as
Create, Display, Largest, Smallest.
// Example Code :
#include<conio.h> #include<string.h>
class cMatrix
{
int mat[ 3 ][ 3 ];
void InitMat( );
public:
cMatrix( )
{
} ;
cMatrix & );
cMatrix & );
int Largest( );
int Smallest( );
void DispMat( );
} ;
int cMatrix::Largest( )
{
int max = mat[ 0 ][ 0 ];
for( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) // < >
{
if( mat[ i ][ j ] >= max )
max = mat[ i ][ j ];
}
}
return max;
}
int cMatrix::Smallest( )
{
int min = mat[ 0 ][ 0 ];
for( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) // < >
{
if( mat[ i ][ j ] <= min )
min = mat[ i ][ j ];
}
}
return min;
}
void cMatrix::InitMat( )
{
for( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ ) // < >
{
cout << "Row #" << setw( 2 ) <
{
cout << "Col #" << setw( 2 ) << j + 1 << ":";
cin >> mat[ i ][ j ];
}
}
}
void cMatrix::DispMat( )
{
for( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) // < >
cout << setw( 5 ) << mat[ i ][ j ];

cout << endl;
}
}
istream & operator >>( istream & In, cMatrix & M )
{
M.InitMat( );
return In;
}
ostream & operator <<( ostream & Out, cMatrix & M1 )
{
for( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) // < >
{
cout << M1.mat[ i ][ j ] << "\t";
}
cout << endl;
}
return Out;
}
void main( )
{
cMatrix M1;
//clrscr ();
cin >> M1;
clrscr( );
cout << M1;
int m = M1.Largest( );
cout << endl << "Maximum is . " << m;
int m1 = M1.Smallest( );
cout << endl << "Smallest is . " << m1;
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Row # 1
Col # 1:1
Col # 2:2
Col # 3:3
Row # 2
Col # 1:4
Col # 2:5
Col # 3:6

Row # 3
Col # 1:3
Col # 2:8
Col # 3:3
// OUTPUT :
1 2 3
4 5 6
3 8 3
Maximum is . 8
Smallest is . 1

Q.33 Write a template class for sorting method. Using this class, write a
test program for sorting using different data types.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
template<class cType> void Sort( cType * arr, int n )
{
cType tmp;
for( int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++ ) // < >
{
for( int j = 0; j < n - 1 - i; j++ ) // < >
{
if( arr[ j ] > arr[ j + 1 ] )
{
tmp = arr[ j ];
arr[ j ] = arr[ j + 1 ];
arr[ j + 1 ] = tmp;
}
}
}
}
void main( )
{
char * arr;
int n;
clrscr( );
cout << "enter no. of elements : ";
cin >> n;
arr = new char [n];
cout << "Enter Elements now \n";
for( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ) // < >
cin >> arr[ i ];

Sort( arr, n );
cout << "sorted list is" << endl;
for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
cout << arr[ i ] << endl;
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
enter
no. of elements : 6
Enter Elements now
2
7
1
4
9
3
// OUTPUT :
sorted
list is
1
2
3
4
7
9

Q.34 Write a program that will convert the given decimal input in to other
number systems Hexadecimal, Octal, and Binary. The class Conversion will have
the methods as GetNumber, PrintNumber, ConvertToHexadecimal, ConvertToOctal,
ConvertToBinary.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cNumber
{
long num;
char con[ 30 ];
public:
cNumber( )
{
num = 0;
}
void GetNum( );
void DispNum( );
void Hex( );
void HeX( );
void Oct( );
void Bin( );
} ;
void cNumber::GetNum( )
{
cout << "Enter any decimal :";
cin >> num;
}
void cNumber::DispNum( )
{
cout << num << " in converted form is " << con << endl;
}
void cNumber::HeX( )
{
int i = 0;
long num1;
num1 = num;
while( num1 )
{
if( num1 % 16 <= 9 )
con[ i++ ] = num1 % 16 + 48;
else
switch( num1 % 16 )
{
case 10:
con[ i++ ] = 'A';
break;
case 11:
con[ i++ ] = 'B';
break;
case 12:
con[ i++ ] = 'C';
break;
case 13:
con[ i++ ] - 'D';
break;
case 14:

con[ i++ ] = 'E';
break;
case 15:
con[ i++ ] = 'F';
break;
}
num1 = num1 / 16;
}
con[ i ] = '\0';
int j = 0;
for( i = 0; con[ i ]; i++ )
;
for( i--; j <= i; i--, j++ )
{
int tmp = con[ j ];
con[ j ] = con[ i ];
con[ i ] = tmp;
}
}
void cNumber::Hex( )
{
int i = 0;
long num1;
num1 = num;
while( num1 )
{
if( num1 % 16 <= 9 )
con[ i++ ] = num1 % 16 + 48;
else
switch( num1 % 16 )
{
case 10:
con[ i++ ] = 'a';
break;
case 11:
con[ i++ ] = 'b';
break;
case 12:
con[ i++ ] = 'c';
break;
case 13:
con[ i++ ] = 'd';
break;
case 14:
con[ i++ ] = 'e';
break;
case 15:
con[ i++ ] = 'f';
break;
}
num1 = num1 / 16;
}
con[ i ] = '\0';
int j = 0;
for( i = 0; con[ i ]; i++ )
;
for( i--; j <= i; i--, j++ )
{
int tmp = con[ j ];
con[ i ] = tmp;
}
}
void cNumber::Oct( )

{
int i = 0;
long num1;
num1 = num;
while( num1 )
{
con[ i++ ] = ( num1 % 8 ) + 48;
num1 = num1 / 8;
}
con[ i ] = '\0';
int j = 0;
for( i = 0; con[ i ]; i++ )
;
for( i--; j <= i; i--, j++ )
{
int tmp = con[ j ];
con[ i ] = tmp;
}
}
void cNumber::Bin( )
{
int i = 0;
long num1;
num1 = num;
while( num1 )
{
con[ i++ ] = ( num1 % 2 ) + 48;
num1 = num1 / 2;
}
con[ i ] = '\0';
int j = 0;
for( i = 0; con[ i ]; i++ )
;
for( i--; j <= i; i--, j++ )
{
int tmp = con[ j ];
con[ i ] = tmp;
}
}
void main( )
{
cNumber C;
clrscr( );
C.GetNum( );
C.Hex( );
C.DispNum( );
C.HeX( );
C.DispNum( );
C.Oct( );
C.DispNum( );
C.Bin( );
C.DispNum( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Enter
any decimal :24
// OUTPUT :

24 in converted HEXADECIMAL form is 18
24 in converted OCTAL form is 30
24 in converted BINARY form is 11000

Q.35 Write a class Time that will have the member functions to calculate the
difference and addition for given two time values. It will store the time in
hours(0-31), minutes (0-59), and seconds (0-59).
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cTime
{
int hh,
mm,
ss;
public:
cTime( )
{
hh = ss = mm = 0;
}
cTime( int a, int b, int c )
{
hh = a;
mm = b;
ss = c;
}
int IsValid( );
cTime & );
cTime & );
cTime operator +( cTime & );
cTime operator -( cTime & );
} ;
istream & operator >>( istream & In, cTime & T )
{
cout << "Hours :";
In >> T.hh;
cout << "Minutes :";
In >> T.mm;
cout << "Seconds :";
In >> T.ss;
return In;
}
ostream & operator <<( ostream & Out, cTime & T )
{
cout.fill( '0' );
Out << setw( 2 ) << T.hh << ": " << setw( 2 ) << T.mm << ":" << setw( 2
)
<< T.ss << endl;
return Out;
}
cTime cTime::operator +( cTime & T2 )
{
cTime tmp;
tmp.hh = hh + T2.hh;
tmp.mm = mm + T2.mm;
if( tmp.mm > 59 )
{
tmp.hh++;
tmp.mm -= 60;
}

tmp.ss = ss + T2.ss;
if( tmp.ss > 59 )
{
tmp.mm++;
tmp.ss -= 60;
}
return tmp;
}
cTime cTime::operator -( cTime & T2 )
{
cTime tmp;
if( hh >= T2.hh )
{
tmp.hh = hh - T2.hh;
tmp.mm = mm - T2.mm;
if( tmp.mm < 0 )
{
tmp.hh--;
tmp.mm += 60;
}
tmp.ss = ss - T2.ss;
if( tmp.ss < 0 )
{
tmp.mm--;
tmp.ss += 60;
}
}
return tmp;
}
int cTime::IsValid( )
{
if( hh <= 23 && hh >= 0 && mm <= 59 && mm >= 0
&& ss <= 59 && ss >= 0 )
return 1;
return 0;
}
void main( )
{
cTime T1,
T2,
T3,
T4;
clrscr( );
cin >> T1 >> T2;
if( T1.IsValid( ) && T2.IsValid( ) )
{
T3 = T1 + T2;
T4 = T1 - T2;
cout << "time 1 - " << T1 << "time 2 - " << T2 << "Addition - "
<< T3
<< "Subtraction - " << T4;
}
else
cout << "inavlid Time entered :";
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Hours :
2

Minutes:
34
Seconds:
11
Hours:
3
Minutes:
20
Seconds:
33
// OUTPUT :
time
1 - 02: 34:11
time 2 - 03: 20:33
Addition - 05: 54:44
Subtraction - 00: 00:00

Q.36 Write a class to handle fractions such as “1/3”. Define Addition,
Substraction, Multiplication, and Division operators for these fractions.
(Hint: use operator overloading)
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cFraction
{
int num,
den;
int LCM( int, int );
public:
cFraction( )
{
num = den = 1;
}
cFraction( int a, int b = 1 )
{
num = a;
den = b;
}
cFraction & );
cFraction & );
cFraction operator +( cFraction & );
cFraction operator -( cFraction & );
cFraction operator *( cFraction & );
cFraction operator /( cFraction & );
cFraction Simplify( );
int IsValid( );
} ;
cFraction cFraction::operator *( cFraction & F )
{
cFraction tmp;
tmp.num = num * F.num;
tmp.den = den * F.den;
return tmp.Simplify( );
}
cFraction cFraction::operator /( cFraction & F )
{
cFraction tmp;
tmp.num = num * F.den;
tmp.den = den * F.num;
}
cFraction cFraction::Simplify( )
{
cFraction tmp;
int j = 0,
tt,
k = 0,
t2;
if( num > den )
{
tt = num;
t2 = den;
}

else
{
tt = den;
t2 = num;
}
for( int i = 2; i < tt + 1; i++ ) // < >
{
if( tt % i == 0 )
{
if( t2 % i == 0 )
{
tt /= i;
t2 /= i;
}
}
}
if( num > den )
{
tmp.num = tt;
tmp.den = t2;
}
else
{
tmp.den = tt;
tmp.num = t2;
}
return tmp;
}
cFraction cFraction::operator +( cFraction & F )

{
cFraction tmp;
int lc = LCM( den, F.den );
tmp.num = num * ( lc / den ) + F.num * ( lc / F.den );
tmp.den = lc;
}
cFraction cFraction::operator -( cFraction & F )

{
cFraction tmp;
int lc = LCM( den, F.den );
tmp.num = num * ( lc / den ) - F.num * ( lc / F.den );
tmp.den = lc;
}
int cFraction::IsValid( )
{
if( this->den == 0 )
return 0;
return 1;
}
int cFraction::LCM( int num1, int num2 )
{
int did,
div,
lcm;
if( num1 > 0 && num2 > 0 )
{
if( num1 > num2 )
{
did = num1;
div = num2;

}
else
{
did = num2;
div = num1;
}
int rem = did % div;
while( rem )
{
did = div;
div = rem; //
hAre div is H.C.F.
rem = did % div;
}
lcm = ( num1 * num2 ) / div;
}
else
lcm = 0;
return lcm;
}
istream & operator >>( istream & In, cFraction & F )
{
cout << "Numerator : ";
In >> F.num;
cout << "Denomenator : ";
In >> F.den;
return In;
}
ostream & operator <<( ostream & Out, cFraction & F )
{
if( F.num == 0 )
Out << F.num << endl;
else if( F.den == 1 )
cout << F.num << endl;
else if( F.num == 1 && F.den == 1 )
cout << 1 << endl;
else if( F.den == 0 )
cout << "Error: Divide by Zero" << endl;
else
Out << F.num << "/" << F.den << endl;
return Out;
}
void main( )
{
cFraction f1 ( 1, 4 ),
f2 ( 1, 5 ),
f3,
f4;
clrscr( );
cout << "fraction 1 : 1/4" << endl;
cout << "fraction 2 : 1/5";
f3 = f1 + f2;
f4 = f3 - f2;
cout << f1 << f2 << "Add :" << f3 << f4;
f3 = f2 * f1;
f4 = f1 / f2;
cout << "multiply" << f3 << f4;
getch( );
}
// output :
fraction

1 : 1/4
fraction 2 : 1/5
Add:
9/20
1/4
multiply:
1/20
5/4

Q.37 Write a Date class that allows you to add, subtract, read and print
simple dates of the form dd/mm/yy. Considering leap year calculations will be
an added advantage.
// Example Code :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
class cDate
{
int dd,
mm,
yy;
public:
cDate( )
{
dd = mm = yy = 0;
}
cDate( int a, int b, int c )
{
dd = a;
mm = b;
yy = c;
}
friend istream & operator >>( istream &, cDate & );
friend ostream & operator <<( ostream &, cDate & );
int operator -( cDate & );
void operator +( int );
} ;
istream & operator >>( istream & In, cDate & D )
{
In >> D.dd >> D.mm >> D.yy;
return In;
}
ostream & operator <<( ostream & Out, cDate & D )
{
Out << D.dd << "/" << D.mm << "/" << D.yy << endl;
return Out;
}
int cDate::operator -( cDate & D2 )
{
int doyTable[]={0,0,31,59,90,120,151,182,212,243,273,304,334,365};
int days1 = 0,
days2 = 0;
days1 += doyTable[ mm ] + dd;
days1 = days1 + ( yy - 1 ) / 4;
days1 = days1 - ( yy - 1 ) / 100;
days1 = days1 + ( yy - 1 ) / 400;
days1 += ( yy - 1 ) * 365;
days2 += doyTable[ D2.mm ] + D2.dd;

days2 = days2 + ( D2.yy - 1 ) / 4;
days2 = days2 - ( D2.yy - 1 ) / 100;
days2 = days2 + ( D2.yy - 1 ) / 400;
days2 += ( D2.yy - 1 ) * 365;
return ( days2 - days1 >= 0 )

?( days2 - days1 ):( days1 - days2 );
}
void cDate::operator +( int x )
{
int NoDays = 0;

dd += x;
switch( mm )
{
case1:
case3:
case5:
case7:
case8:
case10:
case12:
NoDays += 3l;
break;
case 2:
{
if( ( ( ( yy ) % 4 == 0 )
&& ( ( yy ) % 100 != 0 ) )
|| ( ( yy ) % 400 == 0 ) )
NoDays += 1;
NoDays += 28;
}
break;
case 4:
case 6:
case 9:
case 11:
NoDays += 30;
break;
}
if( ( dd ) > NoDays )
{
dd -= NoDays;
mm++;
if( mm > 12 )
{
mm = mm % 12;
yy += mm / 12;
yy++;
}
}
}
void main( )
{
cDate D1,
D2;
int x;
clrscr( );
cout << "Enter I Date (dd-mm-yy) .";
cin >> D1;
cout << "Enter II Date (dd-mm-yy) .";
cin >> D2;
cout << D1 << D2;
cout << "Diff = " << D1 - D2;
cout << "No. of Days to be added :";
cin >> x;
D1 + x;
cout << "date after addition : " << D1;
}
// INPUT :
Enter
I Date (dd-mm-yy) .24
07
86
Enter II Date (dd-mm-yy) .12

12
85
// OUTPUT :
24/7/86
12/12/85
Diff = 225No. of Days to be added :45

Q.38 Define a “string_match” base class .
class string_matcher
{
public :
// Returns TRUE if the string matches, false if not.
int match(const char string);
………….
}
Define the derived classes that match words, numbers and strings.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
class String_Matcher
{
char * str;
int len;
public:
String_Matcher( )
{
str = '\0';
len = 0;
}
String_Matcher( char * S )
{
int j = 0;
for( int i = 0; S[ i ]; i++ ) // < >
;
len = i;
for( i = 0; S[ i ]; i++ )
;
str[ j++ ] = S[ i ];
str[ j ] = '\0';
}
int match( const char * );
} ;
int String_Matcher::match( const char * string )
{
for( int i = 0; // < >
string[ i ] == str[ i ] && str[ i ]

&& string[ i ]; i++ )
;
if( string[ i ] != str[ i ] )
return 0;
else
return 1;
}
void main( )
{
String_Matcher S1 ( "Mickey" ),S2;
S2 = "donald";
clrscr( );
if( S1.match( "mickey" ) )
cout << "same";
else
cout << "diff";
getch( );
}
// OUTPUT : diff

Q.39 Write a base Class Number that holds a single integer value and contains
one member function (print it). Define three derived classes to print the
value in hex, octal, and binary.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
class cNumber
{
protected:
int num;
public:
cNumber( )
{
num = 0;
}
cNumber( int x )
{
num = x;
}
virtual void Print_it( )
{
cout << setw( 5 ) << num << endl;
}
} ;
class cHex:public cNumber
{
public:
cHex( ):cNumber( )
{
} ;
cHex( int a ):cNumber( a )
{
} ;
void Print_it( )
{
cout.setf( ios::hex, ios::basefield );
}
} ;
class cOct:public cNumber
{
public:
cOct( ):cNumber( )
{
} ;
cOct( int a ):cNumber( a )
{
} ;
void Print_it( )
{
cout.setf( ios::oct, ios::basefield );
}
} ;
class cBinary:public cNumber
{
public:
cBinary( ):cNumber( )
{

} ;
cBinary( int a ):cNumber( a )
{
} ;
void Print_it( );
} ;
void cBinary::Print_it( )
{
int i = 0,
tmp,
j = 0;
char bin[ 30 ];
while( num )
{
bin[ i++ ] = num % 2 + 48;
num = num / 2;
}
bin[ i ] = '\0';
for( i = 0; bin[ i ]; i++ )
;
for( i--, j = 0; i >= j; i--, j++ )
{
tmp = bin[ i ];
bin[ i ] = bin[ j ];
bin[ j ] = tmp;
}
cout << setw( 20 ) << bin << endl;
}
void main( )
{
cNumber * ptr;
int n;
cout << "Input Number :";
cin >> n;
cNumber N ( n );
cHex H ( n );
cOct O ( n );
cBinary B ( n );
clrscr( );
ptr = &H;
ptr->Print_it( );
ptr = &O;
ptr->Print_it( );
ptr = &B;
ptr->Print_it( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Input
Number:
6
// OUTPUT :
6
6
110

Q.40 Write a template min that returns the minimum of two values. Make sure
you handle the strings correctly.
// Example COde :
#include <conio.h>
template<class xType> xType Min( xType & a, xType & b )
{
if( a > b )
return b;
return a;
}
char * Min( char * S1, char * S2 )
{
for( int l1 = 0; S1[ l1 ]; l1++ ) // < >
;
for( int l2 = 0; S2[ l2 ]; l2++ ) // < >
;
if( l1 < l2 )
return S1;
return S2;
}
void main( )
{
int x = 40,
y = 60;
float a = 4.87,
b = .897;
char p = 'a',
q = 'A';
char str1[ 10 ] = "Mickey";
char str2[ 10 ] = "Don";
clrscr( );
cout << "Minimum of" << x << " " << y << " is :" << Min( x, y ) <<
endl;
cout << "Minimum of" << a << " " << b << " is :" << Min( a, b ) <<
endl;
cout << "Minimum of" << p << " " << q << " is :" << Min( p, q ) <<
endl;
cout << "Minimum of" << str1 << " " << str2 << "is :" << Min( str1,
str2 )
<< endl;
getch( );
}
// OUTPUT :
Minimum
of 40 60 is :40
Minimum of 4.87 0.897 is :0.897
Minimum of a A is :A
Minimum of Mickey Donis :Don

Q.41 Write a program to reverse a given string using stack technique.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main( )
{
clrscr( );
void reverse( );
cout << "Enter a String : ";
reverse( );
getch( );
}
void reverse( )
{
char x;
x = getchar( );
if( x == '\n' )
{
cout << endl << "Reverse is:";
return;
}
reverse( );
cout << x;
}
// INPUT :
Enter
a String : system
// OUTPUT :
Reverse
is:
metsys

Q.42 Write a class called Clock that simulates the keeping of time. Use three
private class members:
hours, minutes, and seconds. Your class should be able to :
Set() that starting time.
Increment() the time by one second.
Display() the time.
The function should take an argument with a default value of zero to imply
military time. If this value is something other than zero, display the time
in standard Am and PM notation. For example, 4 minutes and 31 seconds past 7
PM should be displayed either 19:04:31 or 7:04:31 PM and 5 minutes past
midnight should be displayed as either 00:05:
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cClock
{
int hh,
mm,
ss;
public:
cClass( )
{
hh = mm = ss = 0;
}
void Set( int a = 0, int b = 0, int c = 0 );
void Increment( );
void Display( );
int IsValid( );
} ;
int cClock::IsValid( )
{
int flag = 0;
if( ( hh <= 23 && hh >= 0 )
&& ( mm <= 59 && mm >= 0 )
&& ( ss <= 59 && ss >= 0 ) )
flag = 1;
return flag;
}
void cClock::Set( int a, int b, int c )
{
hh = a;
mm = b;
ss = c;
}
void cClock::Increment( )
{
ss++;
if( ss >= 60 )
{
ss = 0;
mm = 0;
hh++;
}
if( hh > 23 )
hh = 0;
}
void cClock::Display( )

{
cout.fill( '0' );
if( hh > 12 )
cout << setw( 2 ) << hh - 12 << " : " << setw( 2 ) << mm << ":"
<< setw( 2 ) << ss << "PM" << endl;
else
cout << setw( 2 ) << hh << ":" << setw( 2 ) << mm << ":" << setw(
2 )
<< ss << "AM" << endl;
}
void main( )
{
cClock Clk;
clrscr( );
Clk.Set( 23, 59, 59 );
if( Clk.IsValid( ) )
{
Clk.Display( );
Clk.Increment( );
Clk.Display( );
Clk.Increment( );
Clk.Display( );
Clk.Increment( );
Clk.Display( );
Clk.Increment( );
Clk.Display( );
Clk.Increment( );
}
else
cout << "inavlid time";
getch( );
}
/*
#include<iostream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
class cClock
{
int hh,mm, ss;
public:
cClass ()
{hh=mm=ss=0;}
void Set(int a=0,int b=0,int c=0);
void Increment();
void Display();
int.IsValid();
};
int cClock :: IsValid()
{
int.flag=0;
if ((hh<=23 && hh>=0)&&(mm<=59 && mm>=0)&&(ss<=59 &&ss>=0))
flag=1;
return flag;
}
void cClock::Set(int a,int b,int c)
{
hh=a;
mm=b;
ss=c;
}
void cClock::Increment()
{

ss++;
if (ss>=60)
{
ss=0;
mm++;
}
if (mm>=60)
mm= 0;
hh++;
}
if (hh>23)
hh=0;
}
void cClock :: Display()
{
cout.fill('0');
if (hh>12)
cout<<setw(2)<<hh-12<<":"<<setw(2)<<mm<<":"<<setw(2)<<ss<<"PM"<<endl;
else
cout<<setw(2)<<hh-12<<":"<<setw(2)<<mm<<":"<<setw(2)<<ss<<"AM"<<endl;
}
void main ()
{
cClock Clk;
clrscr();
Clk.Set(23,59,59);
if(Clk.IsValid())
{
Clk.Display();
Clk.Increment();
Clk.Display();
Clk.Increment();
Clk.Display();
Clk.Increment();
Clk.Display();
Clk.Increment{);
Clk.Display();
Clk.Increment();
}
else
cout<<"inavlid time";
getch() ;
} */
// OUTPUT :
INITIAL
DATE - 11 : 59:59PM
Incremented date -
00:00:00AM
00:00:01AM
00:00:02AM
00:00:03AM

Q.43 Write a class called Date that keeps track of current date. Your class
should be able to :
Set() the starting date.

Increment() the day by 1. If no. of days overflows then corresponding
changes in month and year should be considered.
Display() tha date in MM/DD/YY format.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <process.h>
class cDate
{
unsigned int yy,
dd,
mm;
public:
cDate( )
{
dd = mm = yy = 0;
}
cDate( int a, int b, int c )
{
dd = a;
mm = b;
yy = c;
}
void Set( );
void Increment( );
cDate & );
} ;
ostream & operator <<( ostream & Out, cDate & D )
{
cout << setiosflags( ios::left );
Out << D.dd << "/" << D.mm << ";" << D.yy << endl;
return Out;
}
void cDate::Set( )
{
char buff[ 9 ];
_strdate( buff );
cout << "\nBuffer : " << buff << endl;
dd = ( buff[ 3 ] - 48 ) * 10 + buff[ 4 ] - 48;
mm = ( buff[ 0 ] - 48 ) * 10 + buff[ 1 ] - 48;
yy = ( buff[ 6 ] - 48 ) * 10 + buff[ 7 ] - 48;
buff[ 8 ] = '\0';
}
void cDate::Increment( )
{
int NoDays = 0;
dd++;
switch( mm )
{
case 1:
case 3:
case 5:
case 7:

case 8:
case 10:
case 12:
NoDays = 31;
break;
case 2:
if( ( yy % 4 == 0 && yy % 100 != 0 )
|| yy % 400 == 0 )
NoDays = 29;
else
NoDays = 28;
break;
case 4:
case 6:
case 9:
case 11:
NoDays = 30;
}
if( ( dd ) > NoDays )
{
dd -= NoDays;
mm++;
if( mm > 12 )
{
mm = mm % 12;
yy += mm / 12;
yy++;
}
}
if( yy == 0 )
yy += 2000;
struct dosdate_t reset;
reset.year = yy;
reset.day = dd;
reset.month = mm;
_dos_setdate( &reset );
system( "date" );
}
void main( )
{
cDate D;
clrscr( );
D.Set( );
cout << "The Date is : " << D;
D.Increment( );
D.Increment( );
cout << D;
D.Increment( );
D.Increment( );
cout << D;
D.Set( );
cout << D;
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Buffer :
04/17/08
The Date is : 17/4;
8
Current date is Thu 04/17/2008
Enter new date (mm-dd-yy): 7-24-86

// OUTPUT :
Current
date is Thu 07/24/1986
Enter new date (mm-dd-yy): 07-24-07
19 / 4;
8
Current date is Wed 07/24/1907

Q.44 Write a program that reads in string input from the user, reverse the
case of the letters, and then echos the string back to the user. The class
ReverseCase contains a character buffer up to 80 bytes in length as the
member variable and Read(), Convert() and Print() as member functions. Define
Read and print functions as inline functions.
// Example Code :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
class cRevCase
{
char * str;
int len;
public:
cRevCase( )
{
str = '\0';
len = 0;
}
cRevCase( char * S )
{
for( int i = 0; S[ i ]; i++ ) // < >
;
len = i;
int j = 0;
for( i = 0; S[ i ]; i++ )
str[ j++ ] = S[ i ];
str[ j ] = '\0';
}
inline void Read( )
{
cout << "Length of String : ";
cin >> len;
cout << "Enter String :";
cin >> str;
}
inline void Print( )
{
cout << setw( len ) << str << endl;
}
cRevCase Convert( );
} ;
cRevCase cRevCase::Convert( )
{
cRevCase tmp;
tmp.len = len;
int j = 0;
tmp.str = new char [tmp.len + 1];
for( int i = 0; str[ i ]; i++ ) // < >
{
{
if( str[ i ] >= 'a' && str[ i ] <= 'z' )
tmp.str[ j++ ] = str[ i ] - 32;
else if( str[ i ] >= 'A'
&& str[ i ] <= 'Z' )

tmp.str[ j++ ] = str[ i ] + 32;
else
tmp.str[ j++ ] = str[ i ];
}
}
tmp.str[ j ] = '\0';
return tmp;
}
void main( )
{
cRevCase S1 ( "MiCkEyl23" ),
S2 ( "Ramesh" ),
S3,
S4;
clrscr( );
S3.Read( );
cout << "string 1 :";
S1.Print( );
S4 = S3.Convert( );
S2 = S1.Convert( );
S2.Print( );
S3.Print( );
S4.Print( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT :
Length
of String : 5
Enter String :SAGAR
// OUTPUT :
string
1 :MiCkEyl23
string 2 :mIcKeYL23
string 3 :SAGAR
string 4 :sagar

Q.45 Create base class media. This class has two fields one for title and the
other for price. Derive two specific classes called tape and book, tape has a
field called length and book has got one field called pages. Add two member
functions to base class, one get_data() to initialize base class data members
and second display_data() which is virtual to display values. Override
display_data() function in both derived classes to display data specific to
them.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
class cMedia
{
protected:
char title[ 10 ];
float price;
public:
cMedia( )
{
strcpy( title, '\0' );
price = 0.0;
}
cMedia( char * t, float p )
{
strcpy( title, t );
price = p;
}
void GetData( );
virtual void DispData( );
} ;
class cBook:public cMedia
{
int pages;
public:
cBook( ):cMedia( )
{
pages = 0;
}
cBook( char * t, float pr, int p )
:cMedia( t, pr )
{
pages = p;
}
void GetData( );
void DispData( );
} ;
class cTape:public cMedia
{
int len;
public:
cTape( ):cMedia( )
{
len = 0;
}
cTape( char * t, float pr, int p )
:cMedia( t, pr )
{
len = 1;
}
void GetData( );

void DispData( );
} ;
void cMedia::GetData( )
{
cout << "Title:";
gets( title );
fflush( stdin );
cout << "Price:";
cin >> price;
}
void cMedia::DispData( )
{
cout.precision( 3 );
cout << setw( 20 ) << title << "Rs. ";
cout.setf( ios::showpoint );
cout << setw( 10 ) << price;
}
void cBook::GetData( )
{
cMedia::GetData( );
cout << "Pages : ";
cin >> pages;

}
void cBook::DispData( )
{
cMedia::DispData( );
cout << setw( 4 ) << pages << endl;
}
void cTape::GetData( )
{
cMedia::GetData( );
cout << "Length . ";
cin >> len;
}
void cTape::DispData( )
{
cMedia::DispData( );
cout << setw( 4 ) << len << endl;
}
void main( )
{
cMedia * ptr;
cBook B;
cTape T;
ptr = &B;
clrscr( );
B.GetData( );
ptr->DispData( );
ptr = &T;
T.GetData( );
ptr->DispData( );
getch( );
}
// INPUT & OUTPUT :
Title:
khnh
Price:

230
Pages:
234
khnh Rs. 230.000 234
Title:
Networking
Price:
442
Length . 120
Networking Rs. 442.000 120

Q.46 An election is contested by five candidates. The candidates are numbered
from 1 to 5 and voting is done by accepting the candidate number from voter.
Write a program which will accept the votes and count votes for each
candidate. If the number typed by voter is outside the range the vote is
discarded and the program will keep track of the number of such discarded
votes.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
class cElection
{
int votes[ 5 ];
int dis;
public:
cElection( );
void Cast( );
void Disp( );
} ;
cElection::cElection( )
{
for( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) // < >
votes[ i ] = 0;
dis = 0;
}
void cElection::Cast( )
{
int x;
cout << "Candidate Number : (1-5) :";
cin >> x;
if( x <= 5 && x > 0 )
votes[ x - 1 ]++;
else
dis++;
}
void cElection::Disp( )
{
for( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) // < >
cout << i + 1 << setw( 3 ) << votes[ i ] << endl;

cout << "Discarded votes =" << dis << endl;
}
void main( )
{
char ch = 'y';
cElection E;
clrscr( );
while( ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y' )
{
E.Cast( );
cout << "Want to cast more :";
ch = getche( );
cout << endl;
}
//clrscr();
E.Disp( );
getch( );
}

// INPUT :
Candidate
Number:
(1-5) :2
Want to cast more :Y
Candidate Number : (1-5) :2
Want to cast more :Y
Candidate Number : (1-5) :
4
Want to cast more :N
// OUTPUT :
1 0
2 2
3 0
4 1
5 0
Discarded votes =0

Q.47 Implement circular link list. Include the following functions ;
a. Adding nodes to the list.
b. Traversing the whole list
c. Deleting a node form the list.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
class cCList;
class cNode
{
char name[ 15 ];
int age;
float basic;
cNode * next;
public:
cNode( )
{
age = 0;
basic = 0.0;
next = '\0';
}
void DispNode( );
} ;
class cCList
{
cNode * start,
* last;
public:
cCList( )
{
}
void Add( );
void Search( char * );
void Delete( char * );
void DispList( );
} ;
{
strcpy( name, n );
age = a;
basic = b;
next = '\0';
}
{
}
void cCList::Add( )
{
char nm[ 15 ];
int a;

float b;
while( 1 )
{
cout << "Name (Quit):";
cin >> nm;
break;
else
{
cout << "Age:";
cin >> a;
cout << "Basic:";
cin >> b;
if( !start )
{
}
else
{
last = NewNode;
}
}
}
}
void cCList::Search( char * nm )
{
int count = 1,
yes = 0,
flag = 0;
if( last->next )
{

ptr = ptr->next, flag = 1, count++ )
{
if( strcmp( ptr->name, nm ) == 0 )
{
cout << "Found at Rec # " << count << endl;
ptr->DispNode( );
yes++;
}
}
if( !yes )
cout << "Name not Found ..... '." << endl;
}
else
cout << "List does not exists ...!" << endl;
}
void cCList::Delete( char * nm )
{
int flag = 0;
cNode * prev;
!( flag && ptr == start );

prev = ptr, ptr = ptr->next, flag = 1 )
{
break;

}
{
if( ptr == last->next )
{
if( ptr == last )
{
ptr->next = '\0';
ptr = '\0';
}
else
last->next = ptr->next;
}
else
{
if( ptr == last )
{
prev->next = ptr->next;
last = prev;
}
else
prev->next = ptr->next;
}
delete ptr;
}
else
cout << endl << "Name Not Found ......Aborting" << endl;
}
{
int flag = 0;

ptr->DispNode( );
}
void main( )
{
cCList L;
char name[ 15 ];
clrscr( );
L.Add( );
clrscr( );
L.DispList( );
cout << "Name to be Deleted :";
cin >> name;
cout << endl;
L.Search( name );
getch( );
}
// OUTPUT :
ABC
12 1200
XYZ 24 2400
QUIT 32 13000
quit 22 3444
Name to be Deleted :QUIT
Found at Rec # 3
QUIT 32 13000

Q.48-49 Write a menu-driven program which will accept an array of 10 integer
values and sort them with any two sorting algorithms of your choice.
// Example Code :
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main( )
{
int * arr;
int n;
void Bubble( int *, int );
void Quick( int *, int, int );
void Insert( int *, int );
void Selection( int *, int );
clrscr( );
cout << "Enter No. of Elements :";
cin >> n;
arr = new int [n];
cout << "Enter the elemnents now " << endl;
for( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ) // < >
{
cout << "arr[" <> arr[ i ];
}
//clrscr();
cout << "Select Ur Choice " << endl;
cout << " 1 Bubble Sort " << endl;
cout << " 2 Insertion Sort " << endl;
cout << " 3 Selection Sort " << endl;
cout << " 4 Quick Sort " << endl;
cout << "Enter ur Choice (1-4) :";
int ch;
cin >> ch;
switch( ch )
{
case 1:
Bubble( arr, n );
break;
case 2:
Insert( arr, n );
break;
case 3:
Selection( arr, n );
break;
case 4:
Quick( arr, 0, n );
break;
default:
cout << "I N V A L I D C H 0 I C E E N T E R E D";
break;
}
cout << "Sorted List is " << endl;
cout.width( 4 );
for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
cout << "arr[" <
{
for( int j = 0; j < n - 1 - i; j++ ) // < >
{
if( arr[ j ] > arr[ j + 1 ] )
{
int tmp = arr[ j ];
arr[ j ] = arr[ j + 1 ];
arr[ j + 1 ] = tmp;
}
}
}
}
void Insert( int * arr, int n )
{
int tmp;
for( int i = 1; i < n; i++ ) // < >
{
if( arr[ i - 1 ] > arr[ i ] )
tmp = arr[ i ];
for( int j = i - 1; // < >
j >= 0 && arr[ j ] > tmp; j-- )

arr[ j + 1 ] = arr[ j ];
arr[ j + 1 ] = tmp;
}
}
void Selection( int * arr, int n )
{
int GetMin( int *, int, int );
int tmp;
for( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ) // < >
{
int min = GetMin( arr, i, n );
tmp = arr[ min ];
arr[ min ] = arr[ i ];
arr[ i ] = tmp;
}
}
int GetMin( int * arr, int pos, int size )
{
int tmp,
min = pos++;
while( pos < size )
{
if( arr[ pos ] < arr[ min ] )
min = pos;
pos++;
}
return min;
}
void Quick( int * arr, int lo, int hi )
{
int Divide( int *, int, int );
int pivotloc;
if( lo < hi )
{
pivotloc = Divide( arr, lo, hi );

Quick( arr, lo, pivotloc - 1 );
Quick( arr, pivotloc + 1, hi );
}
}
int Divide( int * arr, int lo, int hi )
{
int pivotloc = ( lo + hi ) / 2;
int pivotval = arr[ pivotloc ];
arr[ pivotloc ] = arr[ 10 ];
arr[ lo ] = pivotloc;
pivotloc = lo;
for( int i = lo + 1; i < hi; i++ ) // < >
{
if( arr[ i ] <= pivotval )
{
int tmp = arr[ ++pivotloc ];
arr[ pivotloc ] = arr[ i ];
arr[ i ] = tmp;
}
}
arr[ lo ] = arr[ pivotloc ];
arr[ pivotloc ] = pivotval;
return pivotloc;
}
.// INPUT :
Enter
No. of Elements :6
Enter the elemnents now
arr[1] :23
arr[2] :87
arr[3] :65
arr[4] :12
arr[5] :99
arr[6] :43
Select Ur Choice
1 Bubble Sort
2 Insertion Sort
3 Selection Sort
4 Quick Sort
Enter ur Choice (1-4) :1
// OUTPUT :
Sorted
List is
arr[1] :12
arr[2] :23
arr[3] :43
arr[4] :65
arr[5] :87
arr[6] :99

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PRACTICAL MANUAL

Mr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. Dharm Singh

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &

Mr. Naveen Choudhary Dr. Dharm Singh

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &

Therefore, for proper development of “Data Structure” skills among the

There is always scope for improvement in the manual. We would appreciate

Udaipur Mr. Naveen Choudhary

Dr. Dharm Singh

Manual for Data Structure Page 3 of 138

S. No. Laboratory Exercises Page No.

4. Write C++ functions to implement queues by the simple method of 21

Manual for Data Structure Page 4 of 138

5. Write C++ functions to implement queues in a circular array with one 22

8. Do the following operations on a given list. 30

The world deque (Pronounced either “deck” or “DQ”) is a shortened

Manual for Data Structure Page 5 of 138

21. Implement the following Tree class member function: 65

Manual for Data Structure Page 9 of 138

Manual for Data Structure Page 10 of 138

Manual for Data Structure Page 11 of 138

Manual for Data Structure Page 12 of 138

cout << data[ i ] << endl;

Manual for Data Structure Page 13 of 138

Manual for Data Structure Page 14 of 138

cout << " " << s.stack[ i ];

Manual for Data Structure Page 15 of 138

// INPUT & OUTPUT :

Push to stack A->1

Input the element to pushed:2

After inserting into stack A

Input the choice . 2

Input the element to pushed:8

After inserting into stack BStack is empty

Stack underflowStack is empty

Manual for Data Structure Page 16 of 138

Manual for Data Structure Page 17 of 138

cout << data[ i ] << "\t";

cout << items[ i ] << "\t";

Manual for Data Structure Page 18 of 138

Manual for Data Structure Page 19 of 138

Manual for Data Structure Page 20 of 138

cout << items[ i ] << endl;

Manual for Data Structure Page 21 of 138

Manual for Data Structure Page 22 of 138

cout << items[ i ] << endl;

// INPUT & OUTPUT :

Manual for Data Structure Page 23 of 138

N No Colon on the Line.

Manual for Data Structure Page 24 of 138

cout << items[ i ] << endl;

str[ i ] != ' ' && str[ i ] != ':'

str[ i ] != ' ' && str[ i ] != ':'

Manual for Data Structure Page 25 of 138

Manual for Data Structure Page 26 of 138

Manual for Data Structure Page 27 of 138

!( flag && ptr == rear->next );

Name (Quit): enter