International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health

Sachdeva S et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2018 Sep;5(9):3913-3918

http://www.ijcmph.com pISSN 2394-6032 | eISSN 2394-6040

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183571
Original Research Article

Knowledge, attitude and practices studies conducted

amongst medical students of India
Sandeep Sachdeva*, Neha Taneja, Nidhi Dwivedi

Department of Community Medicine, North Delhi Municipal Corporation Medical College and Hindu Rao Hospital,
New Delhi, India

Received: 11 May 2018

Revised: 30 June 2018
Accepted: 16 July 2018

*Correspondence:
Dr. Sandeep Sachdeva,
E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT

Background: Assessment of published original “KAP” based research studies conducted amongst Indian medical
undergraduate students.
Methods: A systematic evaluation was undertaken using keywords “KAP” or “knowledge” or “awareness” or
“attitude” or “practices” and “MBBS students” or “medical students” or “health students” or “undergraduate student”
or “university students” and “India” through search engines, PUBMED and Google scholar under certain criteria.
Results: Highest, “KAP” based articles amongst MBBS students published during one-year period were related to
Pharmacovigilance (15.6%) followed by organ/blood donation (11.7%) and self-medication (9.8%), tobacco (5.8%),
and basic life support (5.8%) etc; 48 (94.1%) article was one-time cross-sectional descriptive studies while 03 (5.8%)
had intervention based research design. Average no. of authors per article was 3.5 (±1.3); Medical student was co-
author in 04 (7.8%) research papers. Corresponding author was largely dominated by faculties from pre and para-
clinical departments with highest from pharmacology (29.4%) and community medicine (27.4%). The studies covered
an average sample size of 225.8 MBBS students (45-648, range) per research article. Avg. no. of references
used/article was 18.6 (±7.4); Out of all the references used in research articles, only 60.2% were of recent-10 year
time frame (2007-2016) origin while the rest were from older time-frame and only 36.1% of all the references were of
Indian origin.
Conclusions: Probably, first of its kind systemic synthesis undertaken in the country concludes that diverse topics of
“KAP” research have been conducted by the teaching faculties on MBBS students in India and this study provides the
over-view of the same.

Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, Audit, Communication, Publication, Medical education, MBBS,
Undergraduate student, Research design, Cross-sectional study, Teaching faculty

INTRODUCTION researchers per million populations were reported in India

in 2010, much less than the global average of 1023. 1
Research is a critical component in progress and Similarly, India scored 12th position among the
prosperity of institution or nations and inter-alia prevents productive countries of the world in medicine during
them from rusting, decay and decline. The research 1999–2008 with a mere 1.6% share in the world research
environment in developing countries including India is output.2 Another recent study revealed that out of 579
witnessing a slow but positive rise. In this context, recognized medical institutions, 57% did not produce a
irrespective of research subjects, a total of 157 single research paper in indexed journal during the period

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2005 to 2014.3 However, multiple sustained interjections covered, number of authors, department details of
by government of India especially with the establishment corresponding author, medical student as co-author,
of department of research in the year 2007 have resulted number of pages per article (pdf), number of tables and
in pan-country catalyzing effect on research. graphs depicted in the result section, total number of
references, recent (2007-16) references, Indian
Medical research is mandatory at post-graduate level and (authors/studies or website or government) references,
Medical Council of India in its amendments has and journal references used. However, on detail scrutiny,
suggested increasing exposure of theoretical and 09 articles were excluded since they were either carried
experiential project based research at undergraduate level. out on paramedical subject like nurse, pharmacy or dental
It is widely acknowledged that promoting research or non-medical college students or post-graduate resident
aptitude among undergraduate students will help them or clinician; and lastly when only abstract was available
become more inquisitive and analytical in their approach without complete research article in public domain.
and in turn lead to adoption of deeper learning capacity. 4,5
Data management was undertaken using SPSS ver. 20
Education is a powerful tool that can bring a (IBM, New York, USA) by calculating descriptive
developmental change in the life of individual, group of statistics. Related research domains were clubbed yet
people and society at large. For this to happen, learning unique titles have been listed separately.
must encompass the cognitive, affective and psychomotor
domains. Knowledge refers to understanding of a given RESULTS
topic by a group of people. Attitude refers to their
feelings towards the subject as well as any pre-conceived Out of 51 suitable original research articles, 12 (23.5%)
ideas that they may have towards it while practice refers were published in PUBMED indexed journals. With
to the ways in which they demonstrate their knowledge regard to thematic research domain, highest, “KAP”
and attitude through their actions. articles were related to Pharmacovigilance, 08 (15.6%)
followed by those related to organ/blood donation- 06
Understanding these background factors enable in (11.7%), self-medication (9.8%), tobacco (5.8%), and
tailoring the health and communication program to basic life support (5.8%) etc. The “KAP” research
address the needs of community, students, or other domain of published original articles upon Indian medical
stakeholders more appropriately.6-18 With this insight an undergraduate student is shown in Table 1.
evaluation of published original “Knowledge, Attitude
and Practices” (KAP) research studies conducted upon It was observed that 48 (94.1%) article were one-time
Indian medical undergraduate student was undertaken. cross-sectional descriptive studies while 03 (5.8%) had
intervention (pre-post) based research design. Average
METHODS number of authors per article was 3.5 (±1.3) and it was
also found out that in 26 (50.9%) research articles there
A systematic evaluation was undertaken using keywords were atleast four co-authors; in majority of articles only
“KAP” or “knowledge” or “awareness” or “attitude” or one-department (58.8%) and single institution (68.6%)
“practices” and “medical students” or “health students” was involved in publication. Medical student was co-
or “university students” or “MBBS students” and “India” author in 04 (7.8%) research papers. Corresponding
through search engines, PUBMED, and Google scholar. author in these research publications was largely
The search engines with selected keywords were dominated by faculties from pre and para-clinical
reviewed avoiding any duplication of articles between departments. Highest was pharmacology (29.4%), and
two data source and excluding unrelated items. Inclusion community medicine (27.4%). Details are shown in Table
criterion included original “KAP” research studies carried 2.
amongst medical (MBBS) undergraduate students of
India including medical intern. Considering feasibility, Some of the research document characteristic is shown in
time frame of published original research article was Table 3. The studies covered an average sample size of
restricted to one-year only i.e. 2017. This analysis did not 225.8 MBBS students (45-648, range) per research
include manuscripts such as personal view point, article. With regard to usage and mention of statistical
editorial, commentaries or case reports etc. The authors software in the articles, maximum had used- SPSS (23,
were able to identify 60 original research articles using 45.1%) followed by Excel (11, 21.6%) and Epi-info (05,
above mentioned search strategy during April 2018. 9.8%) and Graph-pad (05, 9.8%) etc. Avg. no. of
references used/article was 18.6 (±7.4). Out of all the
All the listed original research articles were downloaded references used in research articles, only 60.2% were of
and reviewed in detail and following characteristics of recent (2007-2016) origin while the rest were from older
manuscript was captured using checklist: thematic time-frame and only 36.1% of all the references were of
research domain, research design, methods of data Indian origin. Average number of standard pages (pdf)
collection, sample size of MBBS students actually per article document was 5.4 (±1.4).

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 Sachdeva S et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2018 Sep;5(9):3913-3918

Table 1: Thematic research domain of knowledge, attitude and practice survey conducted amongst medical
students enrolled in medical colleges of India, 2017.

SN Research topic N=51 (%)

1. Pharmacovigilance/ADR/Drug schedule 08 (15.6)
2. Organ/blood donation 06 (11.7)
3. Self medication/rational use of medicine/ antibiotic usage and resistance 05 (09.8)
4. Tobacco/hookah smoking 03 (05.8)
5. Basic life support/ First Aid 03 (05.8)
6. Medical education/teaching 02 (03.9)
7. Bio medical waste management 02 (03.9)
8. Research/clinical trial 02 (03.9)
9. Emergency contraception 02 (03.9)
10. Nutrition and healthy life style/Vitamin D 02 (03.9)
11. Diabetes (metacognition/ ocular complication) 02 (03.9)
Miscellaneous (Health communication, Hepatitis-B, HPV vaccine, Hand Hygiene, HIV, Infection
Control, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Oral Health, Palliative care, Post mortem Examination, Road 14 (27.4)
Safety, Thalassemia, Torture, Tuberculosis)
ADR=adverse drug reaction.

Table 2: Author wise details of KAP research (N=51) conducted amongst MBBS students, India, 2017.

SN Author details N (%)

Number of authors/KAP research article (mean=3.5; SD±1.3)
One 02 (3.9)
A Two 11 (21.6)
Three 12 (23.5)
Four or more 26 (50.9)
Number of departments involved/KAP research article
One 30 (58.8)
B Two 08 (15.6)
Three 10 (19.6)
Four or more 03 (5.8)
Number of institutions involved/KAP research article
One 35 (68.6)
C Two 10 (19.6)
Three 04 (7.8)
Four or more 02 (3.9)
Department-wise details of corresponding author/KAP research article
Pharmacology 15 (29.4)
Community medicine/public health 14 (27.4)
Pathology 03 (05.8)
D
Microbiology 03 (05.8)
Physiology 02 (03.9)
Biochemistry 02 (03.9)
Miscellaneous 12 (23.5)

Table 3: Selected document characteristics of original “KAP” research articles (n=51).

Characteristics Mean (SD)

Avg. sample size of MBBS students covered/article 225.8 (±158.9)
Avg. no. of result tables depicted/article 3.2 (±1.5)
Avg. no. of figures (graphs) utilized/article 1.3 (±1.7)
Avg. no. of standard pages (pdf) per research article 5.4 (±1.4)
Avg. no. of references used/article 18.6 (±7.4)
Proportion of recent references used [within 10 years i.e. 2007-2016] to total references/article 60.2%
Proportion of journal references to total references/article 80.3%
Proportion of Indian references used to total references/article 36.1%

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DISCUSSION The research environment and culture in country has

definitively evolved for better and the wheels of change
A systematic evaluation of published original research have started rolling since the interjection of monetary
regarding “Knowledge, Attitude and Practices” budget being earmarked by government of India for
conducted upon MBBS undergraduate students enrolled research, related activities and learning. There are various
in Indian medical colleges was undertaken, probably first academic professional bodies and training institutions in
of its kind analysis in country. To the best of our efforts the country who are involved in imparting research
we could not trace any similar studies, at national or methodology training to young scholars in collaboration
international level, conducted at undergraduate level. In with international partners. Inter-alia, in recent years,
this analysis the highest “KAP” research domain upon there has been boom in quantum of research articles and
which original articles were published was related to publishing houses (journals) in India following release of
pharmacovigilance (15.6%) followed by those related to guidelines from Medical Council of India (MCI) towards
organ/blood donation (11.7%) and self-medication minimum number of research publication for
(9.8%) etc. The contour of research topics reflect the appointment and promotion as faculty in medical
attention on the issue being received/debated in the colleges. This is corroborated by a recent study of
country, newer topics of interest, motivation of faculty PUBMED and IndMed database that indicated atleast
and/or subject specific specialty topics. public health research output has increased by 42% in last
decade (n=474 in 2000 to n=817 in 2010) from India.23
The present study provides objective analysis of Indian Over these years, at one end study rigor has improved
specific “KAP” research undertaken upon MBBS and at other end peer-review quality with critical
students in the background of socio-cultural scenario at comments on study methodology has been galvanized for
one-end; temporal-distribution; motivation, ease better.
(feasibility), limiting context and scale of technical
capacity of faculty at other end. However, it is submitted With maturing of Indian research environment “KAP”
that „knowledge‟ and „practices‟ were studied in detail based research domain has come to a stage of „super
but assessment of „attitude‟ is difficult to measure and saturation and fatigue‟ with some of the established
hence less studied in these articles. From the students Indian journals having policy not to entertain KAP based
perspective, range of publication definitely indicates that articles. On a pitfall, this has also led to proliferation of
sampled students in various medical colleges would have multiple poor quality privately owned journals with
been enriched following the research activities inclusion of all varieties of articles on payment basis for
undertaken either in terms of improvement in their publications within-days of submission. This is evident as
“Knowledge, Attitude or Practices”, inter-related majority (76.4%) of articles was published in local
communication, sensitization or being exposed to some journals with very low impact factor. Inspite of various
component of research. challenges there are lot of scope for quality improvement
with more efforts and intervention specific studies in
Medical education, teaching, learning dynamics and future by esteem medical faculties.
evaluation process forms the core-activity of student
teacher interaction in any institution and motivated There appears to be limited published literature on the
faculties are constantly engaged in building, transforming current topic of interest however related literature
and implementing innovating methods from a large indicate average author per article were 2.79 in Slovenian
bouquet of training methods.19-21 The development and J of Public Health, 4.04 in European J of Public Health;
growth potential of an individual is directly correlated 3.08 in Health and Population: Perspective and Issues‟
with the depth of knowledge, positive attitude, and journal; 3.8 in Indian J Community Medicine (IJCM) and
diverse skills she/he possesses and demonstrates whether 3.7 in Indian J Public Health (IJPH).6,24,25 In a related
at undergraduate or higher level of functioning. 22 It is no systematic review study carried out amongst Indian
surprise that significant proportion of popular physician medical undergraduate students, avg. number of authors
across the world have roots in India and another was 3.67 (±1.6).26 The present analysis also seems to
substantial global patients are reporting to India to seek corroborate the above finding with an average 3.5 (±1.3)
care as medical, transplant or reproductive tourist.23,24 The authors per articles from highest co-authorship coming
medical education imparted to Indian medical from within the respective department (58.8%) or
undergraduate student is of highest order, evidence based institution (68.6%). Biomedicine is increasingly
on global best practices This study provides a snap-shot becoming inter-disciplinary in nature with health team
of the concept (KAP research amongst Indian medical concept for increased productivity and collective sharing.
students) under consideration while needless to say there However, during last decade issues related to ethics,
are still larger number of other Indian research published funding and gifted authorship have been area of intense
beyond the indexing site, journal and time-limits but were debate, discussion and concern in medical fraternity.
outside the scope of present analysis and hence this study
may not be exhaustive in nature. In our analysis, medical student was co-author in 04
(7.8%) research papers. A study quoted 8-17.1% medical
students had published a research article.27 An

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international study on summer research program amongst various medical colleges and this study provides the over-
undergraduate reported 30% research articles being co- view of the same. This analysis may aid scholars to
authored by medical students.28 In another study, authors explore newer avenues of „KAP” research in future or
reviewed 25152 publications in the Medline-indexed similar study with longer time-frame along with trend
journals affiliated to world‟s top 10 universities and analysis. Each research domain/topic could be further
found out that 2537 (10.1%) articles contained atleast one evaluated by undertaking systemic review and
undergraduate medical student as co-author.29 A study synthesized to infer, capture and describe the snap-shot
(n=346) in a Sri Lanka medical university found that status of research domain amongst MBBS students. A
57.6% students had shared their research finding in some suggestion for young scholars while building article
scientific conference whereas only 1.73% had published write-up is to undertake review of literature utilizing
in indexed journal as author.30 While another study recent, updated and authentic references.
(n=515) from British medical college found out that
13.9% student had submitted research article as co-author Funding: No funding sources
and 17.0% had submitted their finding for scientific Conflict of interest: None declared
meeting.31 Our study did not cover the entire gamut of Ethical approval: The study was approved by the
publications reflecting the status of medical student as Institutional Ethics Committee
author but evidently increasing trend of medical students
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