Algebraic Substitution

Integral Calculus 1
Algebraic Substitution
This module tackles topics on Substitution, trigonometric and algebraic.
Course Module Objectives:
At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:

1. Identify the rational integrand that will be substituted, whether it is algebraic
or trigonometric
2. Substitute the z variables properly
3. Identify the appropriate trigonometric substitutions
4. Evaluate the integrals completely
Integration by Substitution
Many types of integrals may, after certain transformations have been made, be
evaluated by the standard integration formulas. This is especially true if the
integral is irrational. So an integral may be transformed using substitution. This
consists of replacing the variable of integration by function of a new variable.
There are two common types of substitution: Algebraic and trigonometric.
A new variable, say z, may be introduced in place of the original variable x, where
the two variables have specific relation. Care must be taken that not only x but
also dx be replaced by the proper equivalent in the new variable. There are no
general rules by which substitutions may be made. After the integral in the new
variable has been integrated, the solution should be transformed back into the
original variable.
Illustrative Examples:
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 1+ 𝑥
√
Identify the rational variable x and replace it by z variable.
Let z = √𝑥, 𝑥 = 𝑧2, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑧𝑑𝑧
Replacing the x variables with the z variables simplified the integrand.
2𝑧𝑑𝑧
Solution: = ∫ 1+𝑧
1
= 2 ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑧
= 2[𝑧 − ln(1 + 𝑧)] + 𝐶
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = √𝑥
Answer:
Integral Calculus 2
= 2√𝑥 − 2 ln(1 + √𝑥) + 𝐶
2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 3 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑧 2 , 𝑥 2 = 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 , 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧
= ∫ 𝑥 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 )𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧

1 5 1 2 3
= 𝑧 − 𝑎 𝑧 +𝐶
5 3
1 2 5 𝑎2 3
= (𝑎 + 𝑥 2 )2 − (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝐶
5 3
3. Evaluate ∫ √𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑧 2 , 𝑒 2 = 𝑧 2 + 2 , 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑧𝑑𝑧
2𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧 2+2
2𝑧𝑑𝑧
= 2∫𝑧 2
𝑧 +2
2
= 2 ∫(1 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 +2
2 𝑧
= 2 (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) + 𝐶
√2 √2
√𝑒 𝑥 − 2
= 2√𝑒 𝑥 − 2 − 2√2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
√2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
4. Evaluate ∫
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Let 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑧 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑧 2 − 1 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑧𝑑𝑧
2𝑧(𝑧 2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑧
= 2∫
𝑧
= 2 ∫(𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 2 + 1)𝑑𝑧
𝑧 5 2𝑧 3
= 2( − + 𝑧) + 𝐶
5 3
1 5 2 3 1
= 2[ (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 − (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + 𝐶
5 3
2 5 4 3 1
= (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 − (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + 2(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + 𝐶
5 3
1
5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 (5 − 2𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥
1
5−𝑧 4
Let (5 − 2𝑥)4 = 𝑧, 5 − 2𝑥 = 𝑧 4 , 𝑥 = , 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧
2
Integral Calculus 3
5−𝑧 4
= ∫( 2 )2 (𝑧)(−2𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧)
1
= ∫(−25 𝑧 4 + 10𝑧 8 − 𝑧12 )𝑑𝑧
2
1 10 𝑧13
= (−5𝑧 5 + 𝑧 9 − +𝐶
2 9 13
5 5 5 9 1 13
= − (5 − 2𝑥)4 + (5 − 2𝑥)4 − (5 − 2𝑥) 4 + 𝐶
2 9 26
6. ∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = √𝑥 − 2
𝑧 2 = 𝑥 − 2 ; 2𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑧 2 + 2)𝑧 (2𝑧𝑑𝑧)
= 2∫ 𝑧 4 𝑑𝑧 + 4 ∫ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧 5 𝑧3
= +4 +𝐶
5 3
7. ∫ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = √𝑥 + 1 ;
𝑧 2 = 𝑥 + 1; 𝑥 2 = 𝑧 2 − 1; 2𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑧 2 − 1)2 𝑧 2𝑧𝑑𝑧

= ∫(𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 2 + 1) 2z2dz
= 2∫ 𝑧 6 𝑑𝑧 − 4 ∫ 𝑧 4 𝑑𝑧 + 2 ∫ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
2 4 2
= 7 𝑧7 - 5 𝑧5 + 3 𝑧3 + 𝑐
7 5 3
2 4 2
= (𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑐 +
7 5 3
Trigonometric Substitution:
If the integrand contains 𝑎2 − 𝑢2 ; 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃;

𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎2 − 𝑢2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
If the integrand contains 𝑎2 + 𝑢2 ; 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃;
Integral Calculus 4
𝑎2 + 𝑢2 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
If the integrand contains 𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ; 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = a sec 𝜃.
𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑎2
Steps:
1. Identify the integrand that is a radical
2. Compare with the different conditions listed above and identify the
appropriate substitutions
3. Make the representations
4. Substitute
5. Integrate
6. Express the answer in the original variable.
7. It will be helpful to draw the right triangle involving the derived
relationships.
Illustrative Examples:
𝑥2
1. ∫ √4−𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 𝑥 2 is the radical which is same in form with 𝑎2 − 𝑢2

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃; 𝑥 2 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Substituting the new variables will yield
4 sin2 𝜃
= ∫ 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 cos 𝜃
1 − cos 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃
= 4 ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 4 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 2 (𝜃 − )+𝐶
2 2
𝑥 𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2
= 2(𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) + 𝐶 = 2 (sin−1 − ∗ )+𝐶
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2
= 2 sin−1 − +𝐶
2 2
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ √16+9𝑥2
𝑙𝑒𝑡 3𝑥 = 4𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 3𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃;

4
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
3
Substituting these values
16 + 9𝑥 2 =16 + 16𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 16(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) = 16𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
Substituting these values
𝑑𝑥 4⁄3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 1

∫ =∫ = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 √9𝑥 2 + 16
√16 + 9𝑥 2 4𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 3
3x
Integral Calculus 5
1
= ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) + 𝐶
3
𝑑𝑥 1 √16 + 9𝑥 2 3𝑥
∫ = ln ( + )+𝐶
√16 + 9𝑥 2 3 4 4
1
= ln(√16 + 9𝑥 2 + 3x) + C
3
√𝑥 2 −9𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 3 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃

2
√9𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 9 x
=∫ ∙ (3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 √𝑥 2 − 9
= ∫ 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
θ
= 3 ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃 3
= 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 3𝜃 + 𝐶
√𝑥 2 − 9
= √𝑥 2 − 9 − 3𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
3
√𝑥 2 −1
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = sec 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃

tan 𝜃
= ∫ sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫(sec 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃 = tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝐶
sec 𝜃
= √𝑥 2 − 1 − sec −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥2
5. ∫ √4−𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

4 sin2 𝜃
= ∫ 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 cos 𝜃
1 − cos 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃
= 4 ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 4 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 2 (𝜃 − )+𝐶
2 2
−1
𝑥 𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2
= 2(𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) + 𝐶 = 2 (sin − ∗ )+𝐶
2 2 2
Integral Calculus 6
𝑥 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2
= 2 sin−1 − +𝐶
2 2
√1 + 𝑥 2
6. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

sec 𝜃 sec 𝜃
= ∫ sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (1 + tan2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ln|csc 𝜃 − cot 𝜃| + sec 𝜃 + 𝐶
tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃
√1 + 𝑥 2 − 1
= ln | | + √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑥
𝑥
7. ∫ √2 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= − ∫(2 − 𝑥 2 )−1⁄2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∗ 2(2 − 𝑥 2 )1⁄2 + 𝐶
2 2
= − √2 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝑑𝑥
8. ∫ 𝑥2√𝑥2−9
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = 3 sec 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 1
=∫ 2
= ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sin 𝜃 + 𝐶
9 sec 𝜃 ∗ 3 tan 𝜃 9 9
2
1 √𝑥 − 9
= +𝐶
9 𝑥

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Integral Calculus 1

This module tackles topics on Substitution, trigonometric and algebraic.

Course Module Objectives:

At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:

= 2√𝑥 − 2 ln(1 + √𝑥) + 𝐶

Let 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑧 2 , 𝑥 2 = 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 , 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧

= ∫ 𝑥 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 )𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧

= ∫(𝑧 2 + 2)𝑧 (2𝑧𝑑𝑧)

= ∫(𝑧 2 − 1)2 𝑧 2𝑧𝑑𝑧

If the integrand contains 𝑎2 − 𝑢2 ; 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃;

√4 − 𝑥 2 is the radical which is same in form with 𝑎2 − 𝑢2

𝑙𝑒𝑡 3𝑥 = 4𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 3𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃;

𝑑𝑥 4⁄3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 1

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 3 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = sec 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃

= 𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = 3 sec 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

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