Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit Manual MTPTC Training, April & May 2011

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit Manual
MTPTC Training, April & May 2011
Build Change
&
Degenkolb Engineers
9 September, 2013
Section A: Introduction Page 2
Disclaimer
These materials have been prepared for use by qualified engineers. Use of these materials is inappropriate without due regard for
the assumptions, limitations and disclaimers set forth in the materials and the use of selected information in these materials is
inappropriate absent due consideration of the context in which such select information occurs. Reliance on these materials
without consideration of the generic nature of these materials and without adequate regard for surrounding and changing
circumstances shall be at the sole risk of the persons and entities so relying. The materials presented here are not intended to be
used as instructions to a contractor for construction.
These materials are presently in Draft form and are neither complete nor final and are furnished with the understanding that they
may still require revision based on review and feedback from interested parties including MTPTC. Users are cautioned to consider
carefully the provisional nature of these materials before use. Conclusions drawn from, or actions undertaken on the basis of, these
materials are the sole responsibility of the user. These materials are not intended to create any rights enforceable by any party and
should not be relied upon to create any rights enforceable by any party.
Nothing contained in these materials shall create a contractual relationship with or a cause of action in favor of a third party
against Degenkolb and Build Change. Third party use and/or reliance of these materials or the information contained therein is at
the third party’s sole risk. Degenkolb and Build Change shall have no liability or responsibility for changes or alterations to these
materials by others.
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Guide to Seismic Retrofit – Table of Contents

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit Manual ...........................................................1
A. Introduction ...................................................................................................5
1. Background ........................................................................................5
2. Objective ............................................................................................5
3. Applicability ........................................................................................6
4. Manual Basis and Performance Criteria .............................................7
5. How To Use the Manual ...................................................................10
B. Site Visit .................................................................................................13
1. What to Bring ....................................................................................13
2. Draw Plans .......................................................................................13
3. Define Construction Type .................................................................17
C. Deficiency Identification Checklist..............................................................20
1. Geologic Site Hazards ......................................................................21
1.1: Liquefaction: ...........................................................................21
1.2: Slope Failure ...........................................................................23
1.3: Site Retaining Walls ................................................................25
2. Foundations ......................................................................................26
2.1: Wall Foundations ....................................................................26
2.2: Foundation Performance ........................................................27
2.3: Overturning .............................................................................27
2.4: Ties between Foundation Elements ........................................28
2.5: Deterioration ...........................................................................28
3. Building System ................................................................................29
3.1: Materials .................................................................................29
3.2: Load Path ...............................................................................29
3.3: Number of Stories ...................................................................30
3.4: Story Heights ..........................................................................30
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3.5: Mass .......................................................................................31

3.6: Floor and Roof System ...........................................................31
3.7: Walls .......................................................................................31
3.8: Cantilever Upper Levels..........................................................32
3.9: Damage ..................................................................................32
4. Masonry Walls .................................................................................33
4.1: Masonry Confinement .............................................................33
4.2: Openings ................................................................................33
4.3: Top Ring Beam .......................................................................33
4.4: Wall Area Percentage .............................................................34
5. Building Configuration .....................................................................37
5.1: Torsion ....................................................................................37
5.2: Adjacent Buildings ..................................................................38
5.3: Vertical Discontinuities ............................................................39
6. Building Components ......................................................................41
6.1: Freestanding/Discontinuous Concrete Columns .....................41
6.2: Slab Openings at Shear Walls ................................................42
6.3: Parapets .................................................................................42
6.4: Stairs and Landings ................................................................43
D. Retrofit Information ......................................................................................45
E. References .................................................................................................48
Appendix A: Wall Area Percentage Provided .................................................49
Existing Building Evaluation .....................................................................49
Retrofit Evaluation ....................................................................................50
Appendix B: Wall Area Percentage Reference Material .................................53
Appendix C: Drawings ......................................................................................59
Appendix D: Deficiency Identification Checklists ..........................................82
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A. INTRODUCTION
1. Background
The earthquake of January 12th 2010 killed tens of thousands of people and left over one million people homeless with many more
finding refuge in unaffected surrounding areas. The location, mechanism, magnitude, and ground motion characteristics of every
earthquake are different, as is the response of individual buildings to varying ground motions. Consequently buildings that
survived the January 2010 earthquake may still be at risk of collapse in future earthquakes.
The MTPTC has conducted surveys of hundreds of thousands of buildings and has classified the damage state relative to its pre-
earthquake condition. Green-tagged buildings have mostly been reoccupied. Repairs of yellow and some red-tagged buildings are
ongoing, however, there is uncertainty regarding whether the repaired buildings will meet a recognized engineering standard for
life-safety performance in future earthquakes.
2. Objective
This manual provides criteria for undamaged or repaired buildings to evaluate their capacity to resist future earthquakes. Existing
earthquake damage is identified as a deficiency in the evaluation procedure and must be repaired as part of the retrofit scheme.
This may be accomplished using the MTPTC publication for earthquake damage repair, The Practical Guide to Repair of Small
Buildings in Haiti (Guide Pratique de Réparation de Petits Bâtiments en Haïti). Other seismic deficiencies are identified through
the procedure, and specific retrofit techniques are provided in order to strengthen the building structure to a life-safety level
performance level.
By performing damage repair and retrofit simultaneously the goal is to facilitate the rapid repair and rebuilding of existing damaged
or unsafe houses so that displaced people can return to their homes. Information is also provided on strengthening and construction
methods to improve the resistance of these houses to resist hurricane wind loading, although not to a specific performance level.
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3. Applicability
This guideline is appropriate for application to existing, low-rise, typical Haitian masonry construction. Typical Haitian masonry
construction is generally described as:
• Foundations - rock/concrete or masonry footings and reinforced or unreinforced concrete slabs-on-grade
• Walls - unreinforced concrete masonry bearing walls for vertical support with or without reinforced concrete
columns and other confining reinforcement
• Elevated slabs and roofs - reinforced concrete slabs and joists with masonry void-forms, or roof systems may also be
constructed of lightweight metal and wood systems.
A variety of restrictions on building dimensions, aspect ratios, etc., are incorporated into the checklist-based evaluation process.
Certain conditions that are not permissible for new construction are permitted by the existing building evaluation checklist as long
as these items conform to the described detailed criteria. For example, the checklist accommodates the evaluations of buildings
with the following conditions that would not be permitted for new construction:
• Infill Masonry (IM) and Confined Masonry (CM) buildings up to three (3) stories tall, with additional restrictions on
Unreinforced Masonry (URM) buildings in areas of high seismicity.
• Buildings located on sites that do not meet the MTPTC requirements for new confined masonry construction (refer MTPTC
Guideline for Confined Masonry Construction- Guide de Bonnes Practiques pour La Construction de Petits Batiments en
Maconnerie Chaninee en Haiti). This includes sloping sites (>10%) or those located close to bodies of water, or on
potentially liquefiable or unstable ground.
• Buildings that are supported on tall retaining walls constructed of unreinforced rock/concrete.
Buildings that do not meet the applicability requirements describe above are referred for a more detailed engineering review that is
beyond the scope of this manual. Procedures for more detailed engineering review are included in the reference standards used in
the development of this Guideline.
The guideline provides information on solutions and retrofit techniques which can be implemented with locally available labor,
materials and equipment. It does not provide any guidance on suitable construction techniques to implement these solutions. It is
assumed that construction will be performed by a suitably qualified local contractor or homeowner.
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4. Manual Basis and Performance Criteria
This manual is based on rational engineering principles and the two US standards, ASCE-31 Seismic Evaluation of Existing
Buildings and ASCE-41 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. They are permitted for use in Haiti via reference from the
2009 International Building Code, which is one of several acceptable interim standards adopted by the MTPTC for construction in
Haiti until an official Haitian Building Code document is released.
International Building Code (IBC), Section 3401.5, permits the use of the International Existing Building Code (IEBC, 2009) when
designing alterations, repairs, or additions to an existing building, including voluntary seismic upgrade. Section 101.5.4.2 of the
IEBC permits the use of ASCE 31-06 Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings (ASCE-31, 2006) for seismic evaluation of existing
buildings, and ASCE 41-06 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (ASCE-41, 2007) for seismic rehabilitation.
Seismic evaluation is defined as an approved process or methodology of evaluating deficiencies in a building, which prevent the
building from achieving a selected performance goal. Seismic rehabilitation is defined as improving the seismic performance of
structural and/or nonstructural components of a building by correcting deficiencies identified in a seismic evaluation.
The seismic performance goals used in ASCE-31 and ASCE-41 are shown in the figure below. The performance goal adopted in
this Guideline is structural life-safety at the Design Earthquake (DE) hazard level, which is taken as 2/3 of the Maximum
Considered Earthquake (MCE). This hazard level is consistent with that used in the 2009 IBC and in the MTPTC document,
“Rules for Calculating Interim Buildings in Haiti”, 15 February, 2011 (MTPTC Interim Guidelines, 2011). The life-safety
performance level is defined as follows:
LIFE SAFETY PERFORMANCE LEVEL: Building performance that includes damage to the structural components during the
design earthquake, such that: (a) at least some margin against either partial or total structural collapse remains, and (b) injuries
may occur, but the overall risk of life-threatening injury as a result of structural damage is expected to be low.
ASCE-41 includes an additional check on collapse prevention performance at the MCE. This is not required to be performed
explicitly in the Manual. By satisfying life-safety at the DE hazard level, and consequently providing a building with sufficient
strength and system configuration, the additional post-yield displacement due to the MCE earthquake is low and considered
insufficient to cause collapse.
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Seismic evaluation of existing buildings performed using ASCE-31 is specifically intended to accept somewhat greater levels of
damage within each performance level than permitted in both new construction, and buildings retrofitted in accordance with ASCE-
41. We have incorporated this aspect of ASCE 31 in this Guideline with the use of a 0.75 factor on demands when performing an
existing building evaluation, as opposed to a 1.0 factor when validating a proposed strengthening scheme.
This is consistent with the historic practice of evaluating existing buildings for slightly lower criteria than those used for design of
new buildings. This essentially lowers the reliability of achieving the selected performance level from about 90% to about 60%.
This practice minimizes the need to rehabilitate structures with relatively modest deficiencies relative to the desired performance
level.
Note that the Manual conservatively uses the 100% of the seismic forces defined in the MTPTC Interim Guidelines for seismic
retrofit design. This is in excess of the IBC requirements, which would permit strengthening to only 75% of current code force
levels for repair and retrofit, even when mandated by IBC Section 3405.
ASCE-31 and ASCE-41 also require consideration of nonstructural hazards, i.e. building portions, contents, or systems that affect
the selected seismic performance objective. ASCE-41 has a variety of different nonstructural performance goals that varying
similarly to the structural performance goals. The goal selected in the manual is the Hazards Reduced nonstructural performance
level from ASCE-41 Section 1.5.2.4, extracted from ASCE-41 below:
HAZARDS REDUCED NONSTRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE LEVEL (N-D)

Nonstructural Performance Level N-D, Hazards Reduced, shall be defined as the post-earthquake damage state in which
nonstructural components are damaged and could potentially create falling hazards, but high hazard nonstructural components
are secured to prevent falling into areas of public assembly. Preservation of egress, protection of fire suppression systems, and
similar life-safety issues are not addressed in this Nonstructural Performance Level.
The components required to be anchored in ASCE-41 are not typically present in typical Haitian masonry construction, and so a
limited number of other high risk components have been identified and are addressed in the Manual; such as parapets, and partial
height masonry walls. The remaining items are assumed to be the responsibility of the owner.
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ASCE-31 and ASCE-41 do not specifically address typical Haitian confined masonry construction and so additional references
have been used to extend the information available in these standards to develop this manual. A complete set of references is
provided at the back of this manual. The guideline is also informed by the observed experiences of the January 12, 2010
earthquake, and intended to address the common causes of building damage and collapse.
Some of the requirements of ASCE-31 and ASCE-41, particularly those related to required site investigation, material testing and
design documentation have not been included in this Guideline because they are not consistent with typical Haitian practice. A
more complete discussion on these omissions and adjustments is provided in the Haitian Masonry Building Evaluation and Retrofit
Manual by Build Change and Degenkolb Engineers, which can be found at
http://degenkolb.com/index.php/blog/mtptc_training_materials
It is expected that most buildings rehabilitated in accordance with this standard would perform within the desired levels when
subjected to the design earthquakes. However, compliance with this standard does not guarantee such performance; rather it
represents the current standard of practice in designing to attain this performance. The practice of earthquake engineering is rapidly
evolving, and both our understanding of the behavior of buildings subjected to strong earthquakes and our ability to predict this
behavior are advancing. In the future, new knowledge and technology will improve the reliability of accomplishing these goals.
Seismic Performance Levels

Higher Performance / Less Loss
Backup utility services maintain
Operational
functions. Very little damage.
Damage
The building remains safe to occupy; Immediate
Control
any repairs are minor. Occupancy
Range
New Design
Structure remains stable and has Life Safety Retrofit
significant reserve capacity; hazardous Limited
nonstructural damage is controlled. Safety Evaluation
Collapse Range
The building remains standing, but only
barely; any other damage or loss is Prevention
acceptable. Lower Performance / More Loss
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5. How to use the Manual
The evaluation and retrofit process is summarized in the following flowchart. The seismic evaluation procedure is centered on a
checklist used to identify critical seismic deficiencies. When deficiencies are identified, retrofit measures can be proposed, and the
evaluation repeated until all deficiencies have been addressed.
The checklist procedure is used to identify critical site and building configuration issues that have been observed to contribute to
collapse in past earthquakes, including the January 2010 event. A common issue for this type of building is insufficient wall area
or wall density. This results in excessive in-plane cracking damage to the masonry bearing walls, which then collapse, usually out-
of-plane, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the building at that level.
One of the checklist items addresses this issue by requiring that the engineer evaluate the Wall Area Percentage at each level and
direction in order to determine sufficient wall for the type of construction present (URM or CM/IM). If the actual shear wall density
is LESS than the required shear wall density, the building needs to be retrofitted.
The engineer can choose from a list of alternatives that either increase the actual wall area percentage, or reduce the required shear
wall percentage. Techniques that increase the wall area percentage include measures such as adding new masonry walls, filling in
windows, or adding a reinforced concrete overlay to an existing wall. Techniques that decrease the required wall area include
measures such as introducing confining reinforced concrete elements to make the structure more ductile, improving the masonry
quality/workmanship, removing an upper level or converting to a lightweight roof system.
Once the engineer selects the retrofit option or options, they perform the evaluation again to confirm that the checklist deficiencies
have all been addressed, including the Wall Area Percentage requirement.
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Identify Building
• Locate on Map
• Determine Hazard Parameters
Visit Site
Retrofit
• Draw Plan
Specific
• Identify Building Type (CM, IM, or URM) deficiencies
• Identify Lateral Walls
•
Yes
Complete Deficiency
Identification Checklist Do Deficiencies Yes Retrofit Possible
• Includes Wall Area Exist? Using Manual?
Percentage Check
No No
Building is Life-Safe. Perform additional

Repair if necessary evaluation or suggest
building replacement
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Once the retrofit scheme has been designed, the engineer is responsible for developing the necessary plans, details, and
specifications necessary for the contractor or owner to execute the construction. The engineer is responsible for adapting these to
their particular condition and care should be taken in this regard to ensure that the strengthening approach can be effectively
integrated into the overall lateral system for the building.
Retrofit considerations should be discussed with the homeowner. Options such as adding filling in a door or window, or demolish
the upper story may not be very appealing, but tend to be lower in cost. Adding new masonry walls or reinforced concrete
confining elements may be more attractive but higher cost. This manual attempts to provide the necessary tools for engineers to
develop strengthening schemes to accommodate the individual situations and needs of the homeowner.
This guideline does not address requirements for conducting this work. New construction should comply with the relevant MTPTC
documents, the Guideline for Confined Masonry Construction (Guide de Bonnes Practiques pour La Construction de Petits
Batiments en Maconnerie Chaninee en Haiti) and The Practical Guide to Repair of Small Buildings in Haiti (Guide Pratique de
Réparation de Petits Bâtiments en Haïti).
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Section B: Site Visit Page 13
B. SITE VISIT
An essential part of the seismic evaluation and retrofit process is the site visit. To be most efficient with the time required on site it
is recommended that site visits be performed with teams of two. Some information can also be gathered in advance of the site visit,
such as mapped local seismicity, soil type, and slope stability information.
1. What to Bring
• This Manual
• Deficiency Identification Checklist
• Clipboard, notepaper and pens or pencils
• Camera
• Tape measure or tape
• Hardhat
• Sturdy footwear or boots
• GPS receiver (if available)
2. Draw Plans
For Existing Floor Plans:
1. Start with a grid and an approximate scale (i.e. 2cm = 1m). The plan doesn’t have to be drawn exactly to scale, but use it
as a guide.
2. Fill in the title block with the following:
a. Title (describing floor plan and level)
b. Name and phone number of homeowner
c. Sheet number (E for existing, R for retrofit)
d. Project number (eg CVM000X)
e. Date
f. GPS coordinates
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g. Name of engineer
3. Draw the existing floor plan – remember that walls have width, they aren’t just lines.
4. Use the correct symbols from the legend to represent the elements of the structure.
5. Add gridlines along the walls
6. Label the front of the house
7. Draw the dimensions of the following on the plan:
a. lengths of walls (note which side of wall dimensions are to)
b. length and locations of window and door openings
c. positions and sizes of columns
d. thickness of walls
e. lengths of overhangs and/or balconies
f. Distance to adjacent buildings
g. Wall height
h. Parapet height
8. Note any other important information, such as the slope, about building or site next to plan
For Retrofit Floor Plans:
1. Start following steps 1-6 on drawing an existing floor plan

2. Draw retrofit elements.
3. Add dimensions to the new elements.
4. Call out the corresponding details on the plan with the correct page number.
5. Note any other important information about retrofits (i.e. rafter spacing) next to plan
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3. Define Construction Type

This manual applies to typical Haitian masonry construction, one to three stories in height, with floor systems of typical concrete
and masonry construction. Roof systems may be either the same as the floors, or made of light-weight timber and metal systems.
Within this construction type, for seismic evaluation purposes, there are three structural systems: Unreinforced Masonry (URM),
Infill Masonry (IM), and Confined Masonry (CM). CM and IM systems have vertical confining reinforced concrete elements at the
corners of the building, wall intersections, and around door and window openings, whereas URM has only unreinforced masonry
walls supporting the floors and roof.
In IM construction the concrete frame is built first and the masonry “infills” the frame. In CM construction the masonry walls are
typically built first, working around the vertical reinforcement and the concrete elements are poured second. The differences are
illustrated in the photos and figure below.
Provided CM and IM buildings are well-constructed and the masonry is in close contact with the beams and columns, the seismic
behavior of CM and IM systems is similar, within the precision of the evaluation method used in this manual. Consequently they
are typically referred to together as CM/IM.
The seismic performance of CM/IM buildings is preferred over that of URM because the reinforced concrete elements help to
control the damage to the masonry so that it does not collapse during earthquake shaking. For two otherwise identical buildings
this makes a URM building more likely to collapse than a CM or IM building. In many seismically active countries URM
construction is not permitted for new construction for this reason. For evaluation, this guideline applies only to one-story URM
buildings in areas of high seismicity (Sds > 1.1g) and two-story buildings elsewhere. CM/IM buildings may be evaluated up to
three stories in height. Conversion of URM buildings CM/IM is encouraged, especially when more than one-story and in areas of
high seismicity.
The building structural system (CM/IM or URM) shall be classified at each level and horizontal direction (transverse and
longitudinal) and noted on the plan. Section E, Item 4.1 provides guidance on how to identify the required reinforced concrete
confining elements necessary for a given wall to be classified as CM/IM. All of the walls in a given direction must be CM//IM to
meet the classification, otherwise URM shall be assumed. It is possible, and common, for a building to have a mixture of different
systems in each direction and at each level.
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Unreinforced Masonry (URM) construction (left) and Confined Masonry construction (right)
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Unreinforced Masonry
• Use as default if other Building
Types cannot be confirmed
Infill Masonry Confined Masonry

• Concrete frame built first • Concrete walls built first
• Masonry infill built within frame • Tie-columns and tie-beams built
around wall
• Masonry should fit tightly against
frame at all horizontal and vertical • Lateral walls must be located
faces between tie columns
Credit: Confined Masonry Design Manual: April 2010 Draft
9 September, 2013
Section C: Deficiency Identification Checklist Page 20
C. DEFICIENCY IDENTIFICATION CHECKLIST

The Deficiency Identification Checklist is the most important part of the evaluation process. A copy of the checklist is provided in
Appendix F. It provides a list of potential seismic deficiencies that have been known to cause building collapse. Read each
statement carefully and provide comments in the notes column for each item:
C Compliant – Make this selection when your observations agree with the statement in the checklist
NC Non-Compliant – Make this selection when your observations disagree with the statement in the checklist. Non-
compliant items must be corrected through retrofit.
N/A Not Applicable – Make this selection when the statement in the checklist does not apply to the building being
evaluated. Not Applicable items are not considered in evaluating the seismic safety of the building.
Once the evaluation is completed and the deficiencies are known, the engineer determines an appropriate retrofit scheme to convert
all of the Non-Compliant items to Compliant. For the building to meet the target structural Life-Safety performance goal all of the
items must be Compliant in the final condition.
The engineer always has the option to perform a more detailed evaluation to attempt to convert a Non-Compliant item to
Compliant. This is mitigation through additional evaluation. The engineer would perform this evaluation using reference standards
accepted by the MTPTC.
Suitable retrofit techniques are provided for some but not all checklist items. Some Non-Compliant items will automatically
require either a more detailed engineering review or additional input from MTPTC, for example houses located on steeply sloping
sites.
Unless the retrofits are being mandated by the local jurisdiction to meet all the requirements for the Life-Safety performance level,
then they are technically Voluntary Seismic Upgrades. Consequently it may be possible to simply inform the owner of the
deficiency, the possible consequences of the deficiency, and that retrofit of the building is not practical or cost effective in this case.
The owner can then make an informed decision to relocate, rebuild, or accept the increased risk.
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1 Geologic Site Hazards

1.1: Liquefaction:
Liquefaction-susceptible, saturated, loose granular soils that could jeopardize the building's seismic performance shall not exist in
the foundation soils at depths within 50 feet under the building. To determine if the building is compliant, identify ONE of the
following items below.
Credit: Guide de bonnes pratiques pour la construction de petits bâtiments

en maçonnerie chaînée en Haïti, MTPTC, Septembre 2010
9 September, 2013
COMPLIANT NON-COMPLIANT
Site is located outside of known Liquefaction Site is located in an area that experienced
hazard zones. Consult maps in Appendix B. settlement during or before the earthquake. If
evidence of building settlement exists, check
OR
neighboring buildings and interview residents to
Check the water table location by looking in a determine the cause of the settlement and
well or asking homeowners or residents how associated cracking.
deep is the groundwater. If it is deeper than 50
feet, circle compliant
OR
Assess the soil condition by excavating the soil
to the depth of the bottom of the foundation.
Push a 12mm diameter bar in to the ground. If
it cannot be pushed more than 6 inches, circle
compliant.
A NON-COMPLIANT result for this checklist item cannot be mitigated using this manual and a more
detailed evaluation is required.
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1.2: Slope Failure

House siting meets the requirements described here according to the MTPTC Construction Guidelines for Confined Masonry
Construction, pp 8, 9, 12 and 13.
COMPLIANT NON-COMPLIANT
Slope is less than 10% Slope is between 10% and 35% and a more
OR detailed evaluation has not been performed.
Slope is between 10% and 35% and a Slope is greater than 35%.
more detailed evaluation is performed
If the slope is greater than 10% and less than 35%, then a more detailed evaluation is required in
order to determine what retrofit measures may be required at the site. If the site slope is greater
than 35%, then the item is Non-Compliant.
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Houses should be set back 10m from a slope

greater than 35% above or below.
Circle COMPLIANT if any of the following are

true
• No slope is present
• Setback from slope is greater than 10m
Circle NON-COMPLIANT if any of the following

are true
• Setback from adjacent slope is less than
10m
A NON-COMPLIANT result for this

checklist item cannot be mitigated using
this manual and a more detailed
evaluation is required.
Credit: Guide de bonnes pratiques pour la

construction de petits bâtiments en maçonnerie
chaînée en Haïti, MTPTC, Septembre 2010
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1.3: Site Retaining Walls

Unreinforced rock retaining walls which directly support the structure shall be no greater than 2.0m tall without supplemental
reinforcement. Weep holes shall be present in solid wall systems for drainage.
Circle COMPLIANT if any of the following are true

• No retaining walls are needed or present.
• Unreinforced or rock retaining walls supporting the structure are less than 2.0m tall
• Reinforced retaining walls have weepholes for drainage
Circle NON-COMPLIANT if any of the following are true

• Unreinforced or rock retaining walls supporting the structure are greater than 2.0m tall
• Retaining walls do not have weepholes
A NON-COMPLIANT result for this checklist item cannot be mitigated using this manual and a more
detailed evaluation is required.
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2 Foundations
2.1: Wall Foundations
COMPLIANT: All of the following are true:

The foundation is made of rock or concrete
The foundation is continuous under all walls and around the whole perimeter
There is a plinth beam at the base of all walls*
All columns are doweled into the foundation AND
The footings are embedded at least 50cm below grade
*Plinth beams are only required where the building is considered to be Confined Masonry OR where the site slopes more than 10%
Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency will

require attention. Consider the following solutions:
• Thicken existing foundation by adding concrete
• Fill in foundation where necessary to complete the perimeter
• Remove column cover and provide spliced rebar into foundation
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2.2: Foundation Performance

1. Does the foundation appear to have settled or lifted significantly?
A NON-COMPLIANT result for this checklist item cannot be mitigated

using this manual and a more detailed evaluation is required.
2.3: Overturning
COMPLIANT:
The total building height is less than three times the narrowest lateral system dimension.
Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency may be

modified by adding walls or removing stories to make the item
COMPLIANT.
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2.4: Ties between Foundation Elements

For all sloped sites (>10% grade) or for soft sites, the foundation elements shall be interconnected by a reinforced concrete slab,
and footings and reinforced concrete plinth beams shall be continuous underneath all walls.
COMPLIANT:
For flat sites or stiff soils: All independent foundation elements are embedded at least 50cm below grade on all sides (per Item 2.1)
For soft soils or steep sites (>10%): All foundation elements are is interconnected by a reinforced concrete slabs, and the wall footings shall
have plinth beams and be continuous underneath all walls.
Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency shall be evaluated by a retrofitted

by adding new slab or plinth beams.
2.5: Deterioration
There shall not be evidence that foundation elements have deteriorated excessively due to corrosion, sulfate attack, material
breakdown, or other reasons in a manner that would affect the integrity or strength of the structure.
COMPLIANT:
There is no evidence that foundation elements have deteriorated excessively due to corrosion, sulfate attack, or material breakdown
Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency shall be repaired or reconstructed

to address the deterioration.
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3 Building System
3.1: Materials
Materials used for the gravity and lateral load resisting systems shall
consist of reinforced concrete and concrete masonry. A lightweight
wood and metal roof system may be present but is not required to
resist seismic forces
Credit: Guide de bonnes pratiques pour la construction de petits bâtiments en maçonnerie chaînée en
Haïti, MTPTC, Septembre 2010
This manual does not apply to structures not constructed of reinforced concrete and concrete
masonry. NON-COMPLIANT structures require a more detailed evaluation be performed using
MTPTC approved reference standards.
Where repairs are made, always use good quality materials in accordance with MTPTC
requirements for new construction.
3.2: Load Path

A minimum of two separate lines of wall is required in each direction; an additional line of walls is required for each additional 4.5
m of building dimension over 4.5 m. Walls considered for lateral resistance shall be at least 1.0m long. Parallel walls are located
no greater than 4.5 m apart. Walls shall be connected to the diaphragm at the top and bottom by a continuous reinforced concrete
floor or plinth beam that is centered on the wall and contiguous with the floor slab.
If Load Path is NON-COMPLIANT, then structure may be retrofit with new walls to provide
adequate load path.
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3.3: Number of Stories

The maximum number of stories is three, except for URM buildings which are limited to two for Sds < 1.1g, and one for
Sds >= 1.1g.
Stories may be removed in order to comply with evaluation procedure, otherwise a more detailed
evaluation is required.
3.4: Story Heights

Structures shall be considered compliant where the maximum story height of the first story is 3.0 m from the ground floor slab and
the floor to floor height of the upper levels is no more than 2.75m.
A more detailed evaluation is required for structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this
deficiency.
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3.5: Mass
The average weight (1.0xD) of each level, including the tributary weight of walls and contents shall not exceed 7.2kPa (150 psf).
deficiency. It is recommended that the evaluating engineer ratio up the seismic demands
proportionally to the increased weight.
3.6: Floor and Roof System

Elevated floor and roof systems shall be of typical Haitian construction (approximately 15cm thick, with 5cm of reinforced
concrete over reinforced concrete joists and masonry void-forms. Roofs may be constructed of lightweight materials, such as wood
and metal sheeting.
deficiency.
3.7: Walls
Walls shall consist of at least 15cm thick concrete masonry units with sand cement mortar, with no less than 50% net solid area.
See Appendix B for a method of accounting for different wall thicknesses and net areas. Structures
with walls less than 15cm and 40% net solid area require a more detailed evaluation.
9 September, 2013
3.8: Cantilever Upper Levels

Perimeter walls at the upper levels shall not be supported on cantilevers or eaves that extend beyond the lower level building
envelope greater than 20 cm. This statement does not apply to single story buildings.
3.9: Damage
Structures shall have no earthquake or weather related damage to the masonry walls or roof system. Damaged buildings are NON-
COMPLIANT but may be repaired per the MTPTC guidelines to become COMPLIANT.
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4 Masonry Walls
4.1: Masonry Confinement

Walls shall be tightly installed to the bottom of the ring beam or slab and to the columns where present. Formwork shall not be
present between the top of the masonry and underside of the beam/slab.
Masonry walls identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency may be repaired using techniques in the MTPTC Repair Manual.
4.2: Openings
Doors, windows and other openings wider than 0.6m shall extend to the beam
above, or shall be provided with a reinforced concrete lintel beam. Lintel
beams shall extend a minimum of 15cm into the adjacent masonry or shall be
connected to an adjacent concrete boundary column or trim reinforcement.
Maximum opening width shall be 1.5m.
Openings identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency may be

infilled to remove the opening, modified to comply, or retrofitted to add
lintels as required.
4.3: Top Ring Beam
Buildings constructed with light-weight wood/metal roofs shall have a continuous

reinforced concrete ring beam at the top of the walls to transfer out-of-plane forces
to cross walls. Ring beams shall span over door openings where present. Roof
systems shall be positively anchored to ring beams.
Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency shall URM building cutaway section with
have ring beams added, or a more detailed evaluation shall be performed. continuous ring beam at the top of the wall.
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4.4: Wall Area Percentage

The provided Wall Area Percentage shall be greater than the required Wall Area Percentage (see table below) at each level and in
each direction. The following is a general description of the approach. Appendices A and B provide more detailed information if
required. The companion manual to this document includes a detailed and tabulated procedure if required.
Identify Construction Type, Wall Locations and Lengths
Each level and horizontal direction in the building shall be assigned a construction type of Unreinforced Masonry (URM) or
Confined Masonry / Infill Masonry (CM/IM). For a given level and direction all of the walls must meet the requirements for
CM/IM in order for that level/direction to be defined CM/IM.
The masonry walls in the building shall be defined in plan as extending from Wall Edge to the next adjacent Wall Edge. A Wall
Edge occurs at the corners of the building, the sides of a door or other full height opening, or the intersection of two walls. The
sides of windows and other openings larger than 0.6m long or 0.6m high shall be designated a Wall Edge.
If all of the walls in a given level and direction meet the following CM/IM requirements then that level/direction may be considered
CM/IM, otherwise it shall be considered URM:
• The minimum wall length for lateral resistance is 1.0m. Shorter lengths are permitted but cannot be included in the Wall Area
Percent calculation.
• Each Wall Edge location shall be reinforced. A four bar column is required at building corners and wall intersections, and at
least a single bar is required at door and window openings.
• Isolated segments of wall with only one boundary column are permitted provided the maximum length does not exceed 0.6m.
These wall segments shall not be considered in the Wall Area Percentage check.
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ACTUAL Wall Area Percentage
Once the type of construction and the wall lengths have been identified in each direction the ACTUAL or available shear wall
density (percentage) shall be determined. This information is gained during the site visit by recording the area of the supported slab
or roof, and the area of wall in each primary direction of the building. Dividing the area of the wall by the area of the supported
slab provides the ACTUAL wall area percentage (WAP). Masonry walls that do not meet the minimum requirements above shall
not be included in the WAP Check. See Appendix A.
Existing cement plaster shall not be considered as contributing to the lateral capacity without confirmation of the average thickness
and bond to the underlying masonry. The contribution of existing plaster shall be considered by increasing the existing masonry
wall thickness, and/or net area, not in the same way as new retrofit plaster.
REQUIRED Wall Area Percentage
Next determine the REQUIRED wall area density (percentage) for each storey in the building, and in each horizontal direction
(transverse and longitudinal). This is based on the tabulated value below, adjusted according to the following assumptions:
# Stories in Building
Level 1-Story 2-Story 3-Story Notes
3 - - 4.7 For buildings with heavy floors and roofs
2 - 4.6 8.1 having concrete slabs, concrete joists,
1 4.0 6.9 9.6 and masonry void forms.
3 - - 3.0
For buildings with light roofs made of
2 - 3.0 5.2
sheet metal and wood framing.
1 4.0
3.0 5.4
4.0 7.9
6.9
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Assumptions and Adjustments:
• Table applies for Sds = 1.05g, for other design ground motion values ratio accordingly.
• Tabulated values are for URM construction. For compliant CM or IM construction use 50% of these value, 2.0% minimum.
• Tabulated values are for “Average” quality construction. For poor quality construction increase by 50%. See photo guide in
Appendix B.
• The assumed concrete block strength is 4.8MPa. See Appendix A for adjustment to other strengths if required.
• These values are for Building Evaluation, increase by one third for evaluation of a proposed Retrofit Design.
• Block is typical 15cm, between 50% to 60% solid, and not plastered. For other thicknesses and net solid area ratios adjust the
required WAP using the information in Appendices A and B.
Wall Area Percentage Check
The provided Wall Area Percentage shall be greater than the required Wall Area Percentage at each level and in each direction.
If the actual wall area percentage is GREATER than the required shear wall area percentage for each level and direction, then that
potential deficiency may be marked ‘C’ for Compliant. Report the Wall Area percent values in the checklist for reference.
If the actual shear wall density is LESS than the required shear wall density, the building needs to be retrofitted. The engineer can
choose from a list of alternatives in Section D that would either increase the actual wall area percentage, or reduce the required
shear wall percentage.
If the actual shear wall density is LESS than the required shear wall density, the building needs retrofit. Choose from the list of
alternatives in Section D to either increase the actual WAP, or reduce the required WAP.
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5 Building Configuration
5.1: Torsion
Walls are located on all exterior sides of the building, or within 25% of the plan dimension at the wall location, including L-shaped
and T-shaped plans.
Alternatively, the estimated distance between the center of mass and the center of rigidity shall be less than 20% of the maximum
building width in either plan dimension.
COMPLIANT:
There are walls close to all exterior sides of the OR The distance between the center of mass and center of rigidity is less
building (within 25% of the plan dimension) than 20% of the building width in either plan dimension.
If the building does not satisfy the first criteria then a more detailed evaluation may be performed to
demonstrate compliance with the second item.
Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency will require attention. Recommend
adding new walls to the building to mitigate the condition. See Section D.
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5.2: Adjacent Buildings

If floor and roof slabs of adjacent buildings are not vertically aligned, then the contact distance shall be greater than 3 cm for single
story structures, 6 cm for two-story structures, and 9cm for 3-story structures. If floors and roof slabs are aligned the item is
compliant.
COMPLIANT:
OR Structures identified as
NON-COMPLIANT for
this deficiency require
additional evaluation.
Recommend either
increasing the clearance
where possible. Alternately
the item may be made
compliant by demonstrating
the potential impact will
not result in partial or total
collapse of the building.
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5.3: Vertical Discontinuities

Second story walls are generally located on top of lower story walls. Second story walls that do not align with lower story walls are
supported on both ends by any of the following, and do not span more than 3.0m unsupported:
• Complying freestanding columns, see separate checklist item for requirements.
• Perpendicular walls that extend at least 60cm each side of the wall above.
• Parallel walls with at least ¼ length (30cm minimum) of the upper wall overlapping with the lower wall.
This statement does not apply to single story buildings.
Examples of compliant and noncompliant conditions are shown below.
NC - Second floor walls not aligned C – Provided free-standing column is compliant, see Item 6.1
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C - There are perpendicular walls that extend at least 60cm C - There are parallel walls with at least ¼ length
(30cm minimum) of the on each side of the wall above upper wall overlapping with the lower wall
Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency may be retrofitted by removing upper story
wall, adding supporting walls and foundations below, or installing Compliant free standing column, See
Section D for adding retrofit requirements.
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6 Building Components
6.1: Freestanding/Discontinuous Concrete Columns
Free-standing columns supporting concrete floor/roof slabs or discontinuous masonry walls shall meet the following minimum requirements:
• Columns shall be reinforced concrete in good condition, with a minimum clear height of 1.5m.
• Column bases shall be connected to the remainder of the building by a continuous foundation or reinforced concrete slab.
• Columns shall have a minimum dimension of 6” when supporting a concrete roof or patio, 8” when supporting a one-story
discontinuous wall, and 12” when supporting a two-story discontinuous wall above.
>
>
>
Columns identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency may be addressed in the following ways:
• The column may be strengthened in-situ using the technique indicated in the retrofit detail set.
• The Noncompliant column may be removed and replaced with a Compliant one.
• Supporting walls and foundations may be added adjacent to the column in each horizontal direction.
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6.2: Slab Openings at Shear Walls

Slab openings adjacent to shear walls shall meet the following requirements:
• Openings immediately adjacent to the shear walls shall be less than 25% of the wall length.
• Slab openings at exterior masonry walls shall be less than 2.5m in length, and a reinforced concrete beam shall extend the
length of the wall adjacent to the opening.
Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency will require

attention. Consider the following solutions:
• Fill in some or all of the opening with slab diaphragm of similar stiffness
to the rest of the floor
• Add a reinforcing beam along the side of the opening
<
6.3: Parapets
There shall be no laterally unsupported unreinforced masonry parapets or cornices with height-to-thickness ratios greater than 1.5.
Masonry parapets must be in good condition with masonry units bonded to the supporting roof slab.
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NON-COMPLIANT:
Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency will require attention. Consider
the following solutions:
• Remove or reduce the height of the building parapet or cornice
• Add bracing or reinforced concrete elements to provide lateral support for the parapet or
cornice
6.4: Stairs and Landings

Stairs shall meet all of the following requirements:
• Stairs shall be connected at each elevated level to the building slab or roof by a continuous reinforced concrete landing.
Stairs shall not depend on the building walls for vertical support.
• Vertical support for stairs or landings shall be provided by compliant freestanding columns, or by masonry walls at least
0.6m long.
• Stair foundation components shall be constructed of rock base or concrete footing that is embedded a minimum of 30cm
below grade. On sloped sites (>7%) or soft sites the stair foundation shall be continuous with the remainder of the
building.
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COMPLIANT:
AND AND
Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency will require attention. Consider the
following solutions:
• Connecting stairs to floor slabs
• Vertically supporting stairs using columns or walls
• Extending and interconnecting foundations if required.
9 September, 2013
Section D: Retrofit Information Page 45
D. RETROFIT INFORMATION
Once the deficiencies have been identified and the structure is understood a suitable retrofit scheme or schemes may be developed.
The required retrofit scheme emerges from the checklist evaluation process. Deficiencies such as parapets and stairs can be simply
corrected by removal and replacement or by supplemental support or reinforcement.
The Wall Area Percentage evaluation also indicates potential retrofit solutions. If the actual shear wall density is LESS than the
required shear wall density, the building needs to be retrofitted. The engineer can choose from a list of alternatives that would
either increase the actual wall area percentage, or reduce the required shear wall percentage.
To increase the actual shear wall percentage, the engineer can recommend to
• Add additional shear walls, or increase the length of walls that are less than 1m long. See Detail Series D1.
• Double the thickness of existing shear walls, See Detail Series D2.
• Increase the effective area of the existing walls by coating them in plaster, see Detail Series D3.
• Increase the effective area of the existing walls by coating them in reinforced concrete, see Detail Series D4.
• Infill doors and/or windows, See Detail Series D6.
• Improve the quality of existing walls by repairing them, or if the block is low strength, replacing them with new walls. See
Detail Series D1.
• Add support below a discontinuous wall so that it can be included in the WAP. See Detail Series D1 and D8.
To reduce the required shear wall density, the engineer can recommend to
• Make the system more ductile (introduce reinforced concrete confining elements). See Detail Series D5.
• Decrease the seismic loading on the building (remove mass – i.e. demolish an upper storey, replace a concrete roof with a
lightweight one).
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• Justify better masonry compressive strength through testing.
• Repair masonry that has been installed with poor workmanship, see MTPTC repair manual.
Sample details for these retrofit techniques are shown in Appendix D. The engineer is responsible for confirming that these are
suitable for the actual application. A separate set of plans and elevations should be prepared indicating where each retrofit detail is
to be applied.
Once the engineer selects the option or options, he/she must do the Checklist and the Wall Area Percentage calculation again to
confirm that the proposed scheme meets the requirements of this Guideline.
Retrofit consideration should be discussed with the homeowner. They may not want to add a new wall, fill in a door, or demolish
the second story. The flexible approach accommodates different situations and different needs of the homeowners. If the retrofit is
voluntary then the owner may elect only to do certain portions of the work, and accept certain risks, for example siting or
liquifaction. The engineer should inform the owner of these risks, and if necessary prioritize the retrofit items so that the owner can
make an informed decision on the work to be performed.
Responses to Frequently Asked Questions and General Retrofit Advice
• If your retrofit converts to confined masonry, the m-factor increases x2, and the required PSM is lowered significantly. This
can be a good way to retrofit.
• Diagonal Walls. If the angle is very slight (say less 15 degrees) we usually assume that it acts entirely along one of the
axes. If the angle is greater, we take the x and y components of the length into the calculation.
• Countable wall length. Walls less than 1.0m long do not count.
• In the case that a window is infilled, Km=1.0 because the lower portion of the wall still contains old masonry.
• Plaster should not be counted along openings
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• Before writing anything else, write the house number on the paper you are filling out. Keep in mind overall organization
and documentation. There are a lot of papers flying around, if they are not labeled or put in the right place, they’ll probably
be lost forever.
• Frequently there are inconsistencies from the checklist to the drawings, to the calculation sheet, and to the bill of quantities,
etc. The engineer should produce a package that is consistent within itself.
• Make sure that your drawings and evaluation procedure documents are clear and concise. Somebody who is not familiar
with the building should be able to follow your work and understand what you have observed and what you are proposing as
a retrofit.
• Keep in mind the actual site conditions when planning your retrofit. For example: don’t specify plaster over a wall that
already has it, or on a wall that is inaccessible.
• Keep cost in mind. If your retrofit has much more wall area than required then you may be wasting money. Thriftiness on
the part of the engineer is important. The more wisely your design uses money and materials, the more houses can be
retrofit.
• Remember to consider torsion and any other issues of the checklist that are not specifically addressed by the WAP
calculation.
• Keep in mind constructability and the order of construction when designing your retrofit. Before selecting any of the typical
details, make sure that is in fact correct for your particular condition.
• Mixing of CM and URM systems. Even when retrofitting a building that is considered to be unreinforced masonry, there is
a tendency for engineers to add new columns to existing walls and an aversion to adding walls without columns. Engineers
should understand the difference between URM and CM/IM and how this ensures sufficient shear wall density, such that
confining elements are not needed.
• Ensure that you understand the construction process for each of the details before applying them in your retrofit design.
9 September, 2013
Section E: References Page 48
E. References
UNOPS, Reconstruire Haïti, 2011, 20 pages. http://www.unops.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/rebuilding_haiti_unops_FR_web.pdf
ASCE-31 Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings, ASCE-41 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings
Haïti Demain, http://www.ciat.gouv.ht/download/cat.php?val=7_haiti+demain

Haïti Demain présentation, CIAT, Mars 2010
Haïti Demain résumé, CIAT, Mars 2010
Haïti Demain, CIAT, Mars 2010.
Guide de Bonnes pratiques pour la Construction de Petits Bâtiments en Maçonnerie chaînée, MTPTC, MICT, Septembre 2010.
Guide pratique de Réparation de Petits Bâtiments à Haïti, MTPTC, Octobre 2010
Guide de Conception Parasismique des Maisons Individuelles aux Antilles, Guide CPMI
http://www.planseisme.fr/IMG/pdf/Guide_CPMI_Antilles.pdf
Construire Parasismique et Paracyclonique, Ministère de l’Equipement, 2000
The Confined Masonry Network, Seismic Design Guide for Low-Rise Confined Masonry Buildings. www.confinedmasonry.org : World
Housing Encyclopedia, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), Risk Management Solutions (RMS), Indian Institute of Technology,
Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, International Association for Earthquake Engineering (EERI), World Seismic Safety Initiative
(WSSI), Build Change.
Compliance Catalogue Guidelines for the Construction of Compliant Rural Houses, ERRA, Mars 2008
http://www.unhabitat.org.pk/newweb/Project%20Documents/Rural%20Housing/Publications/Booklets/Compliance%20Catalogue%20-
%20Eng-%2024-Jul-2008.pdf
MI1007226 Build Change Seismic Retrofit Narrative 01, USAID ECAP, Miyamoto, Build Change, Mai 2011.
Experience in Repair and Retrofitting in the Housing Sector after the Kashmir Earthquake, Pakistan 2005, UN-HABITAT, 6 pages.
Diagnostic et Renforcement du Bâti existant vis-à-vis du séisme. AFPS-CSTB. MEEDDM. Février 2011.
9 September, 2013
Appendix A: Wall Area Percentage Provided Page 49
APPENDIX A: WALL AREA PERCENTAGE PROVIDED

Structural Evaluation Section 4.2 requires the calculation of the actual Wall Area Percentage (WAP) of the existing building and
the effective Wall Area Percentage if retrofit is required.
Existing Building Evaluation
The actual Wall Area Percentage is calculated as the area of wall in each direction divided by the total roof or floor area at the level
above the walls. The WAP must be calculated separately for the longitudinal and transverse directions of the building.
t w1 × l w1 + t w 2 × l w 2 + ... + t wn × l wn
WAPActual =
Ar
Where:
tw1 = thickness of wall #1 (repeat for all walls in the same direction)
tw
lw1 = length of wall #1 (repeat for all walls in the same direction). Refer to
lw Section 2.0 for recommendations for usable wall lengths
Ar = Area of roof or floor above the walls being considered

Example Plan
Typical wall areas are in the range of 2% to 8% of the area of the roof or floor
above the walls. The value calculated in each direction shall be compared
Transverse Walls
against the required wall areas from Appendix B.
Longitudinal Walls
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Retrofit Evaluation
If the actual Wall Area Percent is less than the required Wall Area Percent, then the building requires retrofit. Options are provided
in Section D. Some of these increase the Wall Area Percent provided, and so this must be recalculated to account for the retrofit
components. Applicable techniques include:
1. Conversion from URM to CM by providing required CM details.

2. Adding Effective Wall Area by
• Adding new masonry walls
• Doubling the thickness of existing masonry walls
• Infilling doors or windows with new masonry walls
• Providing 2.5 cm of concrete plaster overlay (1.25 cm on each side of wall)
• Providing new 7.5 cm reinforced concrete overlay
Addition of new masonry, plaster, or concrete provides an increase to the wall area that was calculated in the Existing Building
Evaluation. The strength provided by the new materials is normalized to the strength of a typical 15 cm block. ‘K’ factors are
provided in order to relate the strength of the new material to the strength of the typical material therefore the effective wall. Below
is a summary of the K factors, followed by a more detailed explanation.
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New Masonry Wall Area Adjustment Factor, Km

New masonry block will likely be stronger than the existing block; therefore a credit is given to using new block in a retrofit.
Adding a new masonry wall with a Km factor of 1.5 can be considered the same as adding 1.5 times the length of the existing
masonry wall.
Existing Masonry
New Masonry f'm MPa (psi) If Km = 1.5:
f'm 2.8 (400) 4.8 (700)
4.8 (700) 1.3 1.0 =
6.9 (1000) 1.5 1.2
10 (1450) 1.5 1.4 L 1.5 x L
12 (1740) 1.5 1.5 New Masonry Wall Additional Existing
Masonry Wall
New Plaster Area Adjustment Factor, Kp
Kp = 0.5 when adding 2.5 cm of plaster to a 15 cm wall (1.25 cm each side).
Kp = 0.25 when adding 2.5 cm of plaster to a 30 cm wall (1.25 cm each side).
Adding plaster to a masonry wall with a Kp factor of 0.5 can be considered the same as adding 0.5 times the length of the existing
masonry wall. For calculation purposes, the designer can consider addition of 2.5 cm of plaster as increasing the existing length of
a wall by 50%
=
L 1.5L = L + 0.5 x L
Existing Masonry Wall Existing Masonry Wall
With 2.5 cm New Plaster
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New Reinforced Concrete Overlay Area Adjustment Factor, Ke

Ke = 1.5 when adding 7.5 cm of reinforced concrete overlay to a 15 cm wall (one side only).
Adding reinforced concrete overlay to a masonry wall with a Kc factor of 1.5 can be considered the same as adding 1.5 times the
length of the existing masonry wall. For calculation purposes, the designer can consider addition of 7.5cm of reinforced concrete
overlay as increasing the existing length of a wall by 150%
=
L 2.5L = L + 1.5 x L
Existing Masonry Wall Existing Masonry Wall
With 7.5 cm New Reinforced
Concrete Overlay
Calculate Effective Wall Area Percentage After Retrofit
Aexistingwall 0.15 × ( K m Lm + 0.5L p + 1.5Lc )

WAPeffective = +
Ar Ar
WAPactual WAPretrofit
Calculate WAPeffective in each primary direction and compare against required area for retrofit from Appendix B.
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Appendix B: Wall Area Percentage Reference Material Page 53
APPENDIX B: WALL AREA PERCENTAGE REFERENCE MATERIAL

This Appendix contains reference material for performing the Wall Area Percentage calculation.
For more information see the companion manual, which provides three methods for calculating the required wall area. Method 1 is
the detailed procedure. Methods 2 is the tabulated method summarized in Section C and in the checklist. Method 3 use tables
generated for the most common cases, but can by extrapolated to other cases by a number of factors.
Reference Information Short Period (0.2 s) Acceleration Design Values for Different Cities
in Haiti from the Rules for Calculating Interim Buildings in Haiti
Seismicity City Sms Fa Sds
Cap-Haitien 1.51 1.00 1.01
SDS = Short Period Spectral Acceleration Response Parameter Gonaives 0.81 1.18 0.64
from table. Hinche 0.88 1.15 0.67
Jacmel 0.81 1.18 0.64
Jeremiah 0.62 1.30 0.54
Leogane 1.42 1.00 0.95
The Cayes 0.99 1.10 0.73
Mirebalais 2.05 1.00 1.37
Petionville 1.79 1.00 1.19
Port-au-Prince 1.57 1.00 1.05
Port de Paix 1.54 1.00 1.03
St. Mark 1.44 1.00 0.96
St. Raphael 0.8 1.18 0.63
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Block Strength
CB = Block Strength Factor. Block strength may quantified through testing or appropriate field tests calibrated to tests. A value
of 4.8 MPa (700 psi) may be assumed if no information is available. CB = 1.0 for f’m = 4.8 MPa (700 psi)
CB = √ (555 / (51.2 + 0.724 fm)) for other block strengths, fm in psi
The factor may be used to adjust the required Wall Area Percentage for different strengths, and is also used to for retrofit design to
adjust the length of new walls when the block has a different strength than the existing block.
Masonry fm Factor may be modified by conducting testing of

MPa (psi) CB Factor existing block
1.7 (250) 1.55
2.8 (400) 1.28
4.8 (700) 1.00
6.9 (1000) 0.85
10 (1450) 0.71
11.7 (1700) 0.66
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CQ = Construction Quality Factor, intended to capture poor construction details in URM, IM, or CM construction. Not intended
to capture weak masonry (See CB factor)
CQ = 1.0 for average quality
CQ = 1.5 for poor quality
Intermediate values may be used based on extent and severity of construction quality problems. Selective demolition may be
required to confirm reinforcement detailing in some cases. Rebar “trees” or other visible exposed conditions can be used as
guidance as to the probable detailing and reinforcement present elsewhere in the building.
Photo examples of poor quality are shown :
Factor may be reduced by applying similar techniques to those included in the MPTPC Repair Manual.
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Examples of Poor Quality:
Incomplete mortar infill or no mortar in head joists, Top row of masonry not in full contact with
loose window infill. slab or ring beam
Visible rebar tree is very short Ongoing construction reveals poor detailing
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CR = Evaluation/Retrofit Factor
CR = 0.75 when evaluating an existing structure
CR = 1.0 when evaluating a proposed retrofit scheme.
CN = Net Area Factor. CN =1.0 for 15 cm block with 50% to 60% net solid area, including both webs and flanges.
CN= 0.55 x Gross Area / Solid Area
Example: If block were solid, then CN = 0.55, therefore less wall is required.
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CL = Level Factor required to account for different seismic demands at different levels. A separate evaluation is required for each
level of the building. Cantilevered upper stories that extend beyond the walls of lower stories must be retrofit per checklist
requirements.
For buildings with heavy floors and roofs having concrete slabs, concrete joists, and masonry void forms.
Level 1-Story 2-Story 3-Story
3 - - 0.39
2 - 0.57 0.67
1 1.00 0.86 0.79
For buildings with light roofs made of sheet metal or wood framing.
Level 1-Story 2-Story 3-Story
3 - - 0.14
2 - 0.20 0.43
1 0.33 0.67 0.65
Note: Factors are derived from a combination of ASCE-31 story shear forces (3.5.2.2) and Modification Factor C (Table 3-4)
for multistory URMA shear wall buildings. Factors are normalized to 1.0 for 1-Story heavy roof buildings by including 1.4
factor in the derivation of the baseline wall area, WD.
CI = Importance Factor
CI =1.0 for the Life-Safety Performance Level. Typical for most buildings.
CI =1.5 for the Immediate Occupancy Performance Level. May be desirable for schools, hospitals, and critical facilities.
Immediate Occupancy performance may require evaluation of the bracing of the building contents. URM is usually not permitted
in seismically active areas. Recommend using CM or IM when evaluating for Immediate Occupancy Performance
9 September, 2013
Appendix C: Drawings Page 59
APPENDIX C: DRAWINGS
9 September, 2013
Appendix D: Deficiency Identification Checklists Page 82
APPENDIX D: DEFICIENCY IDENTIFICATION CHECKLISTS

Two retrofit checklists are provided, one applies only to single story buildings with lightweight roofs. The second applied to
buildings up to three stories in height (with restrictions), and with concrete or lightweight roofs. The first checklist is a subset and
simplification of the second.
The same numbering scheme is used in both checklists so that the manual references are consistent. This means that the numbering
in the first checklist is not sequential.
9 September, 2013
Seismic Evaluation Checklist: Single-Story Light-weight Roof Haitian Masonry
Construction Unreinforced, Confined, or Infill Masonry
1.0 GEOLOGIC SITE HAZARDS NOTES
1.1 C NC N/A LIQUEFACTION: Liquefaction-susceptible, saturated, loose granular soils that could jeopardize the building's
seismic performance shall not exist in the foundation soils at depths within 50 feet under the building.
1.2 C NC N/A SLOPE FAILURE: House siting meets the requirements of the MTPTC Construction Guidelines for Confined
Masonry Construction p 8, 9, 12 and 13.
Alternatively, in the judgment of the evaluating engineer, the building site shall be sufficiently remote from
potential earthquake-induced slope failures or rockfalls to be unaffected by such failures or shall be capable of
accommodating any predicted movements without failure.
1.3 C NC N/A SITE RETAINING WALLS: Unreinforced rock retaining walls which directly support the structure shall be no
greater than 2.0m tall without supplemental reinforcement. Weep holes shall be present in solid wall systems for
drainage.
1.4 C NC N/A SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE: Surface fault rupture and surface displacement at the building site is not
anticipated.
2.0 FOUNDATIONS NOTES

2.1 C NC N/A WALL FOUNDATIONS: Foundations are constructed of rock base or concrete and are continuous under walls
and around the perimeter of the building. There is a continuous plinth beam at the base of all walls and the
columns are dowelled into the foundation where present. Footings are embedded a minimum of 50cm below
grade.
2.2 C NC N/A FOUNDATION PERFORMANCE: There shall be no evidence of excessive foundation movement such as
settlement or lift that would affect the integrity or strength of the structure.
2.3 C NC N/A OVERTURNING: The total height above the base of the foundation level is no more than three times the
narrowest dimension of the lateral system.
2.4 C NC N/A TIES BETWEEN FOUNDATION ELEMENTS: For all sloped sites (>10% grade) or for soft sites, the foundation
elements shall be interconnected by reinforced concrete slab, and footings and reinforced concrete plinth beams
shall be continuous underneath all walls.
2.5 C NC N/A DETERIORATION: There shall not be evidence that foundation elements have deteriorated excessively due to
corrosion, sulfate attack, material breakdown, or other reasons in a manner that would affect the integrity or
strength of the structure.
3.0 BUILDING SYSTEM NOTES

3.1 C NC N/A MATERIALS: Materials used for the gravity and lateral load resisting systems shall consist of reinforced
concrete and concrete masonry. A lightweight wood and metal roof system may be present but is not
required to resist seismic forces.
3.2 C NC N/A LOAD PATH: A minimum of two separate lines of wall is required in each direction; an additional line of
walls is required for each additional 4.5 m of building dimension over 4.5 m. Walls considered for lateral
resistance shall be at least 1.0m long. Parallel walls are located no greater than 4.5 m apart. Walls shall be
connected to the diaphragm at the top and bottom by a continuous reinforced concrete floor or plinth beam
that is centered on the wall and contiguous with the floor slab.
Page 1 of 3 September 9, 2013

3.4 C NC N/A STORY HEIGHTS: The maximum story height of the first story is 3.0 m from the ground floor slab and the
floor to floor height of the upper levels is no more than 2.75m.
3.7 C NC N/A WALLS: Walls shall consist of at least 15cm thick concrete masonry units with sand cement mortar with no
less than 40% net solid area.
3.9 C NC N/A DAMAGE: Structures have no earthquake or excessive weather related damage to the masonry walls or
roof system. Damaged buildings are NON-COMPLIANT but may be repaired per the MTPTC guidelines to
become COMPLIANT.
4.0 MASONRY WALLS NOTES

4.1 C NC N/A MASONRY CONFINEMENT: Walls shall be tightly installed to the soffits of the ring beam or slab and to the
columns where present. Formwork shall not be present between the top of the masonry and underside of the
beam/slab.
4.2 C NC N/A OPENINGS: Doors, windows and other openings wider than 0.6m shall extend to the beam above, or shall be
provided with a reinforced concrete lintel beam. Lintel beams shall extend a minimum of 15cm into the adjacent
masonry or shall be connected to an adjacent concrete boundary column or trim reinforcement.
4.3 C NC N/A TOP RING BEAM: Buildings constructed with light-weight wood/metal roofs shall have a continuous reinforced
concrete ring beam at the top of the walls to transfer out-of-plane forces to cross walls. Ring beams shall span
over door openings where present. Roof systems shall be positively anchored to ring beams
4.4 Transverse WALL AREA PERCENTAGE: The provided Wall Area Percentage shall be greater than the required Wall Transverse
Area Percentage at each level and in each direction. Note the Wall Area Percentage provided and required
on the right, and C, NC, or N/A in the column to the left. Attach the calculation worksheet to this checklist. Story Required / Provided
3: C NC N/A 3 /
2: C NC N/A 2 /
1: C NC N/A 1 /
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Story Required / Provided
3: C NC N/A
3 /
2: C NC N/A
2 /
1: C NC N/A
1 /

5.0 BUILDING CONFIGURATION NOTES

5.2 C NC N/A ADJACENT BUILDINGS: If floor and roof slabs of adjacent buildings are not vertically aligned, then the contact
distance shall be greater than 3 cm for single story structures, 6 cm for two-story structures, and 9cm for 3-story
structures. If floors and roof slabs are aligned the item is compliant.
6.0 BUILDING COMPONENTS NOTES

6.1 C NC N/A FREESTANDING/DISCONTINUOUS CONCRETE COLUMNS: Free-standing columns shall be reinforced
concrete in good condition, with a minimum clear height of 1.5m, and a minimum dimension of 6”. Column
bases shall be connected to the remainder of the building by a continuous foundation or reinforced
concrete slab.
6.3 C NC N/A PARAPETS: There shall be no laterally unsupported unreinforced masonry parapets or cornices with height-to-
thickness ratios greater than 1.5. Masonry parapets must be in good condition with masonry units bonded to
each other and to the supporting roof slab.
Refer Evaluation and Retrofit Manual for a more detailed explanation of each item. Numbering is not intended to be continuous.

Seismic Evaluation Checklist: Low-Rise Haitian Masonry Construction
Unreinforced, Confined, or Infill Masonry
1.0 GEOLOGIC SITE HAZARDS NOTES
1.1 C NC N/A LIQUEFACTION: Liquefaction-susceptible, saturated, loose granular soils that could jeopardize the building's
seismic performance shall not exist in the foundation soils at depths within 50 feet under the building.
1.2 C NC N/A SLOPE FAILURE: House siting meets the requirements of the MTPTC Construction Guidelines for Confined
Masonry Construction p 8, 9, 12 and 13.
Alternatively, in the judgment of the evaluating engineer, the building site shall be sufficiently remote from
potential earthquake-induced slope failures or rockfalls to be unaffected by such failures or shall be capable of
accommodating any predicted movements without failure.
1.3 C NC N/A SITE RETAINING WALLS: Unreinforced rock retaining walls which directly support the structure shall be no
greater than 2.0m tall without supplemental reinforcement. Weep holes shall be present in solid wall systems for
drainage.
1.4 C NC N/A SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE: Surface fault rupture and surface displacement at the building site is not
anticipated.
2.0 FOUNDATIONS NOTES

2.1 C NC N/A WALL FOUNDATIONS: Foundations are constructed of rock base or concrete and are continuous under walls
and around the perimeter of the building. There is a continuous plinth beam at the base of all walls and the
columns are dowelled into the foundation where present. Footings are embedded a minimum of 50cm below
grade.
2.2 C NC N/A FOUNDATION PERFORMANCE: There shall be no evidence of excessive foundation movement such as
settlement or lift that would affect the integrity or strength of the structure.
2.3 C NC N/A OVERTURNING: The total height above the base of the foundation level is no more than three times the
narrowest dimension of the lateral system.
2.4 C NC N/A TIES BETWEEN FOUNDATION ELEMENTS: For all sloped sites (>10% grade) or for soft sites, the foundation
elements shall be interconnected by reinforced concrete slab, and footings and reinforced concrete plinth beams
shall be continuous underneath all walls.
2.5 C NC N/A DETERIORATION: There shall not be evidence that foundation elements have deteriorated excessively due to
corrosion, sulfate attack, material breakdown, or other reasons in a manner that would affect the integrity or
strength of the structure.

3.1 C NC N/A MATERIALS: Materials used for the gravity and lateral load resisting systems shall consist of reinforced
concrete and concrete masonry. A lightweight wood and metal roof system may be present but is not
required to resist seismic forces.
3.2 C NC N/A LOAD PATH: A minimum of two separate lines of wall is required in each direction; an additional line of
walls is required for each additional 4.5 m of building dimension over 4.5 m. Walls considered for lateral
resistance shall be at least 1.0m long. Parallel walls are located no greater than 4.5 m apart. Walls shall be
connected to the diaphragm at the top and bottom by a continuous reinforced concrete floor or plinth beam
that is centered on the wall and contiguous with the floor slab.

3.3 C NC N/A NUMBER OF STORIES: The maximum number of stories is three, except for URM buildings which are
limited to two for Sds < 1.1g, and one for Sds >= 1.1g
3.4 C NC N/A STORY HEIGHTS: The maximum story height of the first story is 3.0 m from the ground floor slab and the
floor to floor height of the upper levels is no more than 2.75m.
3.5 C NC N/A MASS: The average weight (1.0xD) of each level, including the tributary weight of walls and contents shall
not exceed 7.2kPa (150 psf).
3.6 C NC N/A FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEM: Elevated floor and roof systems shall be of typical Haitian construction
(approximately 15cm thick, with 5cm of reinforced concrete over reinforced concrete joists and masonry void-
forms. Roof systems may also be of wood and metal light framed construction.
3.7 C NC N/A WALLS: Walls shall consist of at least 15cm thick concrete masonry units with sand cement mortar with no
less than 40% net solid area.
3.8 C NC N/A CANTILEVER UPPER LEVELS: Perimeter walls at the upper levels shall not be supported on cantilevers
or eaves that extend beyond the lower level building envelope greater than 50% of wall thickness. This
statement does not apply to single story buildings.
3.9 C NC N/A DAMAGE: Structures have no earthquake or excessive weather related damage to the masonry walls or
roof system. Damaged buildings are NON-COMPLIANT but may be repaired per the MTPTC guidelines to
become COMPLIANT.

4.1 C NC N/A MASONRY CONFINEMENT: Walls shall be tightly installed to the soffits of the ring beam or slab and to the
columns where present. Formwork shall not be present between the top of the masonry and underside of the
beam/slab.
4.2 C NC N/A OPENINGS: Doors, windows and other openings wider than 0.6m shall extend to the beam above, or shall be
provided with a reinforced concrete lintel beam. Lintel beams shall extend a minimum of 15cm into the adjacent
masonry or shall be connected to an adjacent concrete boundary column or trim reinforcement.
4.3 C NC N/A TOP RING BEAM: Buildings constructed with light-weight wood/metal roofs shall have a continuous reinforced
concrete ring beam at the top of the walls to transfer out-of-plane forces to cross walls. Ring beams shall span
over door openings where present. Roof systems shall be positively anchored to ring beams

4.4 Transverse WALL AREA PERCENTAGE: The provided Wall Area Percentage shall be greater than the required Wall Transverse
Area Percentage at each level and in each direction. Note the Wall Area Percentage provided and
required on the right, and C, NC, or N/A in the column to the left. Attach the calculation worksheet to this Story Required / Provided
checklist.
3: C NC N/A 3 /
2: C NC N/A 2 /
1: C NC N/A 1 /
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Story Required / Provided
3: C NC N/A
3 /
2: C NC N/A
2 /
1: C NC N/A
1 /

5.1 C NC N/A TORSION: Walls are located on all exterior sides of the building, or within 25% of the plan dimension at the wall
location, including L-shaped and T-shaped plans.
Alternatively the estimated distance between the center of mass and the center of rigidity shall be less than 20%
of the maximum building width in either plan dimension.
5.2 C NC N/A ADJACENT BUILDINGS: If floor and roof slabs of adjacent buildings are not vertically aligned, then the contact
distance shall be greater than 3 cm for single story structures, 6 cm for two-story structures, and 9cm for 3-story
structures. If floors and roof slabs are aligned the item is compliant.

5.3 C NC N/A VERTICAL DISCONTINUITIES: Second story walls are generally located on top of lower story walls. Second
story walls that do not align with lower story walls are supported on both ends by any of the following, and do not
span more than 3.0m unsupported:
• Complying freestanding columns, see separate checklist item for requirements.
• Perpendicular walls that extend at least 60cm each side of the wall above.
• Parallel walls with at least ¼ length (30cm minimum) of the upper wall overlapping with the lower wall.
This statement does not apply to single story buildings.
6.0 BUILDING COMPONENTS NOTES

6.1 FREESTANDING/DISCONTINUOUS CONCRETE COLUMNS: Free-standing columns supporting concrete
floor/roof slabs or discontinuous masonry walls shall meet the following minimum requirements:
C NC N/A • Columns shall be reinforced concrete in good condition, with a minimum clear height of 1.5m.
C NC N/A • Column bases shall be connected to the remainder of the building by a continuous foundation or
reinforced concrete slab.
C NC N/A • Columns shall have a minimum dimension of 6” when supporting a concrete roof or patio, 8” when
supporting a one-story discontinuous wall, and 12” when supporting a two-story discontinuous wall
above.
6.2 SLAB OPENINGS AT SHEAR WALLS: Slab openings adjacent to shear walls shall meet the following
requirements:
C NC N/A • Openings immediately adjacent to the shear walls shall be less than 25% of the wall length.
C NC N/A • Slab openings at exterior masonry walls shall be less than 2.5m in length, and a reinforced concrete
beam shall extend the length of the wall adjacent to the opening.
6.3 C NC N/A PARAPETS: There shall be no laterally unsupported unreinforced masonry parapets or cornices with height-to-
thickness ratios greater than 1.5. Masonry parapets must be in good condition with masonry units bonded to
each other and to the supporting roof slab.
6.4 STAIRS: Stairs shall meet the following requirements:
C NC N/A • Stairs shall be connected at each elevated level to the building slab or roof by a continuous reinforced
concrete landing. Stairs shall not depend on the building walls for vertical support.
• Vertical support for stairs or landings shall be provided by compliant freestanding columns, or by
C NC N/A masonry walls at least 0.6m long.
C NC N/A • Stair foundation components shall be constructed of rock base or concrete footing that is embedded a
minimum of 30cm below grade. On sloped sites (>10%) or soft sites the stair foundation shall be
continuous with the remainder of the building.

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit Manual

MTPTC Training, April & May 2011

Guide to Seismic Retrofit – Table of Contents

3.5: Mass .......................................................................................31

4. Manual Basis and Performance Criteria

HAZARDS REDUCED NONSTRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE LEVEL (N-D)

Seismic Performance Levels

5. How to use the Manual

Building is Life-Safe. Perform additional

For Existing Floor Plans:

For Retrofit Floor Plans:

1. Start following steps 1-6 on drawing an existing floor plan

3. Define Construction Type

Infill Masonry Confined Masonry

Credit: Confined Masonry Design Manual: April 2010 Draft

C. DEFICIENCY IDENTIFICATION CHECKLIST

1 Geologic Site Hazards

Credit: Guide de bonnes pratiques pour la construction de petits bâtiments

1.2: Slope Failure

Houses should be set back 10m from a slope

Circle COMPLIANT if any of the following are

Circle NON-COMPLIANT if any of the following

A NON-COMPLIANT result for this

Credit: Guide de bonnes pratiques pour la

1.3: Site Retaining Walls

Circle COMPLIANT if any of the following are true

Circle NON-COMPLIANT if any of the following are true

COMPLIANT: All of the following are true:

Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency will

2.2: Foundation Performance

A NON-COMPLIANT result for this checklist item cannot be mitigated

Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency may be

2.4: Ties between Foundation Elements

Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency shall be evaluated by a retrofitted

Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency shall be repaired or reconstructed

3.2: Load Path

3.3: Number of Stories

3.4: Story Heights

3.6: Floor and Roof System

3.8: Cantilever Upper Levels

4.1: Masonry Confinement

Openings identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency may be

4.3: Top Ring Beam

Buildings constructed with light-weight wood/metal roofs shall have a continuous

4.4: Wall Area Percentage

Identify Construction Type, Wall Locations and Lengths

ACTUAL Wall Area Percentage

REQUIRED Wall Area Percentage

Assumptions and Adjustments:

Wall Area Percentage Check

5.2: Adjacent Buildings

5.3: Vertical Discontinuities

Examples of compliant and noncompliant conditions are shown below.

6.1: Freestanding/Discontinuous Concrete Columns

6.2: Slab Openings at Shear Walls

Structures identified as NON-COMPLIANT for this deficiency will require

6.4: Stairs and Landings

• Infill doors and/or windows, See Detail Series D6.