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    DC Machines: 6.1 What Does One Look Like?

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    phoenix226
    This document describes DC machines. It discusses their components like the stator, field poles, armature, brushes and commutator. It explains how a DC machine works by producing alternating magnetic flux from the field winding that cuts the armature coils. This induces an EMF in the coils and produces torque. It provides the equations for EMF production and torque calculation. It also discusses determining machine parameters, different field connections, operational envelopes and gives an example calculation.

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    DC Machines: 6.1 What Does One Look Like?

    Uploaded by

    phoenix226
    32 views7 pages
    This document describes DC machines. It discusses their components like the stator, field poles, armature, brushes and commutator. It explains how a DC machine works by producing alternating magnetic flux from the field winding that cuts the armature coils. This induces an EMF in the coils and produces torque. It provides the equations for EMF production and torque calculation. It also discusses determining machine parameters, different field connections, operational envelopes and gives an example calculation.

    Original Description:

    DC Machine notes

    Original Title

    DC Machines

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    This document describes DC machines. It discusses their components like the stator, field poles, armature, brushes and commutator. It explains how a DC machine works by producing alternating magnetic flux from the field winding that cuts the armature coils. This induces an EMF in the coils and produces torque. It provides the equations for EMF production and torque calculation. It also discusses determining machine parameters, different field connections, operational envelopes and gives an example calculation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views7 pages

    DC Machines: 6.1 What Does One Look Like?

    Uploaded by

    phoenix226
    This document describes DC machines. It discusses their components like the stator, field poles, armature, brushes and commutator. It explains how a DC machine works by producing alternating magnetic flux from the field winding that cuts the armature coils. This induces an EMF in the coils and produces torque. It provides the equations for EMF production and torque calculation. It also discusses determining machine parameters, different field connections, operational envelopes and gives an example calculation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    A3 Electrical Power

    6. DC Machines
    6.1 What does one
    look like?
    6.2 How does it work?
    6.3 What is the model?
    6.4 How does one find
    the parameters?
    6.5 How are DC
    machines used?
    6.6 What's missing?

    6.1 What does one look like?


    Stator
    

    Field - 4 poles
    Rotor
    

    Armature
    

    Brush
    

    Commutator

    6.2 How does it work?

    Field winding
    produces alternating
    magnetic flux
    Armature coils move
    past flux dΦ\dt
     

    dLaf\dt
    

    Generate EMF in
    armature winding.
    

    Produce torque.
    A3 Electrical Power

    EMF machine
    

    'Flat' dc machine
    

    Look at 1 coil.
    

    Armature winding moves to left

    EMF Production
    E=N dΦ/dt = N ∆Φ/∆Τ
    

    ∆Φ = 2Φp

    ∆Τ= θ / ω = (2π/p)/ω
    

    E= K Φpω 
    
    K'If ω

    Torque
    

    Compare force on the conductors.


    (F=l IXB)
    

    Need to reverse current direction.


    A3 Electrical Power

    Brush and commutator


    

    Use a brush and commutator


    Ensures armature current in same
    

    direction, even though coils move


    But maintenance!
    

    Calculation of torque
    Electrical Energy = Mechanical Energy (Why?)
    

    T   E Ia
    E Ia
    T 

    K'I f  Ia
    T 

    T  K'I f I a

    6.3 What is the model?


    

    Emf, E

    K'If ω
    

    Armature resistance
    

    Ia
    VT = E IaRa

    T= k'IfIa.
    A3 Electrical Power

    6.4 How does one find the


    parameters?

    Open circuit
    characteristic (V=E)

    Ra : apply VT,
    measure Ia

    6.5 How are DC machines


    used?

    Motoring,
    Generating

    Field connections:

    Envelope of
    operation

    Motoring, Generating

    Ia and torque change direction.


    Watch voltage equation!


    Generation usually need a DC source for the field.


    Motoring, DC for field not usually required.


    A3 Electrical Power

    Field connections:
    

    Supply of field current:


    

    Separate
    

    Shunt
    

    Series
    

    Combined shunt and separate.*

    Separate
    Separate supply for the
    

    field.
    

    Simplest to solve for,


    

    May need to know Rf


    

    Use in motoring and


    generation.
    

    Is Vt controlled (starting
    motor?)
    

    Permanent magnet field.

    Shunt
    

    No need for additional


    DC source.
    

    If dependent on Rsh and


    Vt
    

    Can use for generator,


    require non-linear
    characteristic! (Fold
    back)
    

    Watch out for starting!


    (Additional R?)
    A3 Electrical Power

    Series
    

    Motoring only
    

    T = K'IaIf = K"Ia2.
    

    ω ∝1/Ia
    

    MUST be loaded.
    

    Used in traction,
    Universal motor

    Operational Envelope
    

    Operation limited by:


    

    Max Ia , V, Power,
    speed.
    

    Constant Torque and


    Constant Power
    region.

    Example
    A separately excited DC machine
    

    has the OCC shown left,


    Ra=0.5Ω, Rf=50 Ω.

    i) Determine the maximum


    

    torque, VT,VF at starting, given


    IaMax=50.0A, IfMax=2.0A.

    ii) Determine the FW speed for


    

    VTMax=200V, and motoring at


    maximum torque.
    A3 Electrical Power

    i) Starting
    Solution
    

    VT= IARA= 50 0.5 = 25V


    

    VF= IFRF= 2 50 = 100V


    

    ω = 2 π 1000 /60 = 104.7 rad s-1


    

    K'= E/(ω IF) = 180/(104.7 2.0) = 0.86


    

    T= K' IFIA = 0.86 2 50 = 86 Nm


     

    FW point
    

    E= VT-IARA = 200 - 25 = 175V


    

    n= 175/180 * 1000 = 972 rpm

    6.6 What's missing


    Armature reaction.
    

    Windings:
    

    Lap, wave
    

    Interpole, Compensating etc


    

    Commutation details
    

    Torque pulsations.
    

    Brush movement, 'Black band'

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