GROUP

7
Design and analysis of
structural systems
using STAAD Pro

Practical Problem
CEN 300
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1.1 Flow of Work

 Introduction
 Scope of work
 Aim of project
 Introduction of analysis and design
 Problem statements
o Structural adequacy analysis of air washer building
using STAAD PRO
 Introduction
 Specifications and loading
 Analysis and design of critical beam members
 Analysis and design of critical column
members
 Foundation design for critical columns
o Design of circular water tank and compare its
results from theoretical calculation using IS code
method (IS:3370 Part IV)
 Abstract
 Specifications
 IS Code Method
 STAAD Pro analysis of circular tank
 Comparison of results obtained by both
methods
 Conclusion

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1.2 Introduction
In every aspect of human civilization, the need of a civil engineer
cannot be understated. Now, more than ever and especially in a
growing country like India. In this day and age, multi storied buildings
come up in every nook and cranny of the metropolitan cities. What has
made this building of such complex structures so quickly possible is
the use of computers to aid in the design process.

There are many classical methods to solve design problem, and

with time new software’s also coming into play. Here in this project
work based on software named STAAD Pro has been used.

Two practical problems have been solved to show how STAAD

Pro can be used in different scenarios. These problems have also been
solved theoretically using the basic concept of loading, analysis,
condition as per IS code and results are then compared.

1.3 Scope of work

Following points will be covered in project work
 Introduction of STAAD Pro
 Analysis of the structure in STAAD Pro and interpreting
the results
 Using the results to calculate steel reinforcement as
may be the case.

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1.4 Aim of project

This project aims for relearning the concept of structural
design with the help of computer aids. Briefly we have gone
through the following points through out of the project work.
 Understanding of design and detailing concept.
 Main objective i.e. learning of STAAD Pro software
package.
 Learning of analysis and design methodology which can
be very useful in the field.
 Approach for professional practice in the field of
structural engineering.

1.5 Introduction of
Analysis and design
Analysis : Analysis of the structure means to determination of the
internal forces like axial compression bending moment, shear force
etc. in the component member for which the member are to be
designed under the action of given external load.

Design: The design is process of section percussion from the

analysis results by using suitable analysis method. The aim of
design is to achievement of an acceptable probability that
structures being designed will perform satisfactorily during their
intended life.

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2. Problem statement 1
 Structural design and analysis of air
washer building after the
construction of a new water tank on
its roof using STAAD PRO

2.1 Introduction:
This report presents the analysis of air washer building in
Gurgaon, Haryana. It was designed to meet both strength
and serviceability requirements when subjected both to
gravity loads and lateral loads.

An additional tank of 20,000 liters was added on the roof of

the building. In order to overcome additional requirement of a
water tank on roof of the building, STAAD Pro can be used to
determine the structural adequacy of the columns and beams
of the structure.

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2.2 Air Washer Building

3D Rendering of the Air Washer building in STAAD Pro:

2.3 Specifications for Superstructure

and Sub structural elements
1. Grade of Concrete: Columns: M25; Beams: M20
2. Steel: Fe415
3. Slab thickness: 150mm
4. Density of Concrete: 25 kN/m³
5. Density of Brick: 20 kN/m³
6. Earthquake Zone: V
7. Importance factor, I=1, SRF=3
8. Floor to floor height = 3.5m
9. Live load on floors: 2kN/m²
10. Dead Loads: Floor load, Slab dead load (3.75kN/m²) +
Floor finish load (0.625kN/m²) = 4.375kN/m²

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11. Water Tank load: 3.17 kN/m²

2.4 Location of water tank over first

floor column-beam system
Capacity of Tank =20000 liters

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2.5 Load combinations

Combination of Loads considered in analysis: The structural
design has been carried out in accordance with the provisions
of the codes IS 456 – 2000 and IS 1893 – 2002 for Normal
design conditions.
Table of Load combinations and load factors as per (Ref. IS:
456 – 2000, CI.18.2.3.1, 36.4.1, and B4.3)

Note: DL = Dead Load, LL = Live Load/ Superimposed Load,

WL = Wind Load, EL = Earthquake load

Earthquake loads have been considered in accordance to IS

1893 - 2002. Load case 1 and 2 consists of seismic loads.
Water tank load has been included in dead load.

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Load case combinations are as shown below:

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2.6 Formulas Used

1. For Beams

a.

b.

2. For Columns

a.

b.

c.

d.

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2.7 Analysis of critical beams

Analysis of the structure was carried out in STAAD Pro. After
the analysis, using the moment and shear values, we have
designed the critical beam members using limit state method
in accordance IS 456 - 2002.

Beam
no. b D d M R pt Ast
101 350 500 525 160 1.658568189 0.5146161014 945.6070863
101 350 500 525 58.8 0.6095238095 0.1753054582 322.1237794
121 350 500 525 127 1.3164885 0.3976750454 730.727896
121 350 500 525 78.8 0.8168448332 0.2381558042 437.6112903
127 350 500 525 133 1.378684807 0.4184262561 768.8582456
127 350 500 525 55.9 0.5794622611 0.1663383041 305.6466338
128 350 500 525 6.4 0.06634272757 0.01845756782 33.91578087
128 350 500 525 63.3 0.6561710398 0.1892916927 347.8234853
144 350 500 525 206 2.135406544 0.6908463104 1269.430095
144 350 500 525 83.8 0.8686750891 0.2541546694 467.009205
145 350 500 525 211 2.187236799 0.7111029203 1306.651616
145 350 500 525 80.6 0.8355037253 0.2439017827 448.1695257
149 350 500 525 1.01 0.01046971169 0.002903429539 5.335051777
149 350 500 525 86.4 0.8956268222 0.2625211837 482.382675
200 350 500 525 181 1.876255264 0.5929474377 1089.540917
200 350 500 525 132 1.368318756 0.414952732 762.475645
201 350 500 525 55.3 0.5732426304 0.1644875017 302.2457844
201 350 500 525 1.68 0.01741496599 0.004831400651 8.877698697

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2.8 Analysis of Critical Columns

The columns directly under the water tank have been taken
up below:

loa
d
bea cas P/(fck*b Mu/(fck* pt(pro M(new
m e P My Mz Mu *D) b*D^2) c1 pt vided) c2 ) Puz P/Puz α check
318. 164.0 194.11 0.05092 0.062117 0.03 0.879 234.37 0.091678 0.81946 0.980817
275 13 3 1 39.92 81145 8 79666 2 0.8 2 0.075 5 3471.9 9078 48463 2393
184. 216.2 248.75 0.02950 0.079602 253.12 0.049122 0.74853 0.948821
259 19 43 3 5.91 73637 88 35637 0.05 1.25 1.256 0.081 5 3754.5 38647 73108 2908
379. 246.0 283.00 0.06073 0.090563 0.04 0.101105 0.83517 0.907797
258 17 6 9 1.6 94815 6 03408 8 1.2 1.256 0.09 281.25 3754.5 3403 55671 055
269.1 381.07 0.121944 0.08 2.12 4578.7 0.049140 0.74856 0.984764
274 13 225 5 193.3 64294 0.036 4574 5 5 2.355 0.19 593.75 5 04914 67486 6628
221. 278.9 320.88 0.03547 0.102683 0.06 1.632 0.054925 0.75820 0.904090
260 17 74 5 6.71 52948 84 2943 2 1.55 8 0.11 343.75 4037.1 56538 92756 7003
592. 346.78 0.09474 0.110970 1.632 0.146679 0.91113 0.902530
276 13 16 300.5 25.15 32055 56 6258 0.06 1.5 8 0.12 375 4037.1 5472 25787 7474
468. 220.7 254.20 0.07494 0.081346 0.04 1.130 0.082 257.18 0.127967 0.87994 0.942717
261 19 4 1 12.25 71465 4 28688 2 1.05 4 3 75 3660.3 6529 60882 0911
184. 216.2 248.75 0.02950 0.079602 0.04 0.081 253.43 0.049122 0.74853 0.947945
259 19 43 3 5.91 73637 88 35637 8 1.2 1.256 1 75 3754.5 38647 73108 4113
209. 105.4 128.61 0.03352 0.041156 171.87 0.063816 0.77302 0.991764
271 14 54 37.17 8 31913 64 22121 0.02 0.5 0.628 0.055 5 3283.5 04995 67499 1412
457. 337.2 389.79 0.07317 0.124735 0.08 2.02 2.158 409.37 4431.5 0.103205 0.83867 0.975074
272 15 36 1 34.36 94403 76 8209 1 5 75 0.131 5 625 1336 52227 5835
294. 186.1 214.26 0.04713 0.068563 0.03 0.87 0.879 0.068 214.68 0.084849 0.80808 0.959992
255 17 59 5 7.83 17938 44 77401 5 5 2 7 75 3471.9 79406 29901 4744
105. 198.6 228.60 0.01683 0.073154 0.04 1.12 1.130 0.028738 0.71456 0.985091
254 17 19 4 7.71 80071 04 56228 5 5 4 0.074 231.25 3660.3 08158 34693 3207

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2.9 Foundation Design for columns

Size of footing
2
 Given: Pu = 1175kN, Mux = 230kNm, qa = 150kN/m at a
depth of 1.25 m.
 As the moment is reversible, the footing should be
symmetric with respect to the column. Assuming the
weight of the footing plus backfill to constitute about 15
percent of Pu, resultant eccentricity of loading at footing
base, e = 230x103
/1175x1.15 = 171 mm
 Assuming e < L/6 (i.e., L > 6 x 171 = 1026 mm)

1.15x1175/BL + 230x6/BL2 ≤ (150 × 1.5 ) kN/m2

⇒ 225 BL2 – 1351.25L – 1380 ≤ 0

Various combinations of width B and length L can satisfy the
above equation.
Assuming
B = 1.0 m ⇒ L ≥ 6.89 m
B = 2.0 m ⇒ L ≥ 3.808 m
B = 2.5 m ⇒ L ≥ 3.175 m
B = 3 m ⇒ L ≥ 2.75 m
• An economical proportion of the base slab is generally one
in which the projection beyond the face of column (or

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pedestal) is approximately equal in both directions (for

effective two-way behaviour, i.e., (L – a)/2 ≈ (B – b)/2 .
• Provide B = 2500 mm and L = 3200 mm; this gives
projection of 1000 mm (in the short direction) and 1350 mm
(in the long direction).

Thickness of footing based on shear

• Factored (net) soil pressure qu,max = 1175 /2.5x3.2 +
230x6/ 2.5x 3.22
= 146.8 + 53.9
= 200.78 kN/m2
• qu,min = 146.8 – 53.9 = 92.975 kN/m2

(a) One-way shear

• The critical section is located d away from the column face.
The average pressure contributing to the factored one-way
shear is
qu = 200.78 – 53.9 × {(1350 – d)/2}/1600
= (178.04 + 0.016d) kN/m2
≈ 190 kN/m2 (assuming d = 600 mm conservatively)
= 0.19 N/mm2
⇒ Vu1 = 0.19× 2500 × (1350 – d)
= (641250– 475d) N
• Assuming τc = 0.36 MPa (for M 20 concrete with nominal pt
= 0.25),
Vuc = 0.36 × 2500 × d = (900d) N
Vu1 ≤ Vuc ⇒ 641250– 475d ≤ 900d
⇒ d ≥ 467 mm

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(b) Two-way shear

• The critical section is located d/2 from the periphery of the
column all around. The average pressure contributing to the
factored two-way shear is qu = 146.8 kN/m2 = 0.1468 N/mm2
⇒ Vu2 = 0.1468 [2500x3200 – (500 +d)(500+d)]
Assuming d = 467 mm (the minimum required for one
way shear),
Vu2 = 1040 × 103 N
• For two-way shear resistance, limiting shear stress of
concrete
τcz = ks (0.25 fck ), where ks = 0.5 + 500/500, but limited
to 1.0.
⇒ τcz = 1.0 × 0.25 20 = 1.118 MPa
⇒ Vuc= 1.118 × [(500 +d) + (500 + d)] × 2 × d
= (2236d + 2.236d2 ) N
With d = 467 mm ⇒ Vuc = 2020 kN > Vu2 = 1040 kN
• Hence, one-way shear governs the footing slab thickness
and d ≥ 467 mm. Assuming a clear cover of 75 mm and a
bar diameter of 16 mm,
D ≥ 467 + 75 + 16/2 = 550 mm
Provide D = 550 mm
⇒ Effective depth (long span) dx = 550 – 75 – 8 = 467
mm
Effective depth (short span) dy = 467 – 16 = 451 mm
Check maximum soil pressure
• Assuming unit weights of concrete and soil as 24 kN/m3
and 18 kN/m3 respectively, at the factored loads,
qmax-gross = 1175/(2.5x3.2) +{(24x0.55)+ 18x (1.25-0.55)}
x 1.5 + 230x6/(2.5x3.22 )
=239.48kN/m2 ~ 150x1.5 kN/m2 -Hence, OK.

Design of flexural reinforcement

• The critical sections for moment are located at the
faces of the column in both directions (XX and YY) .
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(a) Long span

• cantilever projection = 1350mm, width = 2500 mm,
dx = 467 mm, qu = 0.1553 N/mm2 at face of
column, 0.2007 N/mm2 at footing edge.
• Mux = (0.1553 × 2500 × 13502 /2) + (0.2007 –
0.1553) × 1/ 2 × 2500 × 13502 × 2/3
= (353.8 + 68.26) × 106 = 422.06 × 106 Nmm
⇒ R ≡ Mu /bdx2 = 422.06 x106 /2500x 4672=
0.774MPa
⇒ ( pt) /100 = 20/ (2x415) [1- 1-4.598*0.774/20 ]=
0.225 × 10–2

pt assumed for one-way shear = 0.25 > 0.225

⇒ (Ast)reqd = 0.25 × 2500 × 467/100 = 2918 mm2
• Using 16 φ bars, number required = 2918/201 = 15
[Corresponding spacing = (2500 – 75 × 2 – 16)/10 =
233 mm]
Provide 15 nos 16 φ bars at uniform spacing in the
long direction.
• Development length required = 47.0 φ (for M 20
with Fe 415)
= 47.0 × 16 = 752 mm
< 900 mm available —
OK.
(b) Short span
• cantilever projection = 1000 mm, width = 3200 mm,
dy = 451 mm, qu varies along the section YY, with an
average value of 0.1468 N/mm2 at the middle.
Considering a slightly greater value (mean of values
at centre and footing edge),
qu ≈ (0.1468 + 0.2007)/2 = 0.17375 N/mm2
• Muy = 0.17375 × 3200 × 10002 /2) = 278 × 106 Nmm
⇒ R ≡ Mu/bdy2 =278x106/(3200x4512) = 0.427MPa
⇒ (pt)/ 100 = 20/ (2 x415) [1 -1-4.598*0.427/20] =
0.121 × 10–2
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⇒ (Ast)reqd = 0.121 × 10–2 × 3200 × 451 = 1752 mm2

(Ast)min = 0.0012 × 3200 × 550 = 2112 mm2 > 1752
mm2
• Number of 12 φ bars required = 2112/113 = 19
As the difference in dimensions between the two sides
(B = 2500 mm, L = 3200 mm) is
not significant, it suffices to provide these bars at a
uniform spacing.
• Provide 19 nos 12 φ bars in the short direction at
uniform spacing.
• Development length required = 47.0 × 12 = 564 mm
< 775 mm available —
Hence, OK

Transfer of forces at column base

• As some of the bars are in tension, no transfer of the
tensile force is possible through bearing at the column-
footing interface, and these bars may be extended into the
footing.
• Required development length of 25 φ bars in tension = 47.0
× 25 = 1175 mm
• Length available (including standard 90o bend on top of
upper layer of footing reinforcement) = (550 – 75 – 16 – 12 –
25/2) + 8 × 25 = 634 mm. The balance, 1175 – 634 = 541
mm, can be made up by extending these bars into the
footing beyond the bend. A total extension of 4 × 25 + 541 =
641 ≈ 650 mm needs to be provided beyond the bend point.
As the moment on the column is reversible, this embedment
should be provided for all the column bars.
• Alternatively, a pedestal (with cross-sectional dimensions
of, say, 450 mm × 750 mm) may be provided to the column
below ground level (or 150 mm below GL), and the
longitudinal bars in the pedestal designed to resist the
factored axial load-moment combination; small diameter

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bars (say 16 mm φ) may be selected, with the aim of

reducing the development length requirements.

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3. Problem statement 2
 Design of circular water tank and
comparison of the results with that
obtained from theoretical
calculations using IS code method (IS:
3370 Part IV)

3.1 Abstract:
Storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water,
liquid petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. The
force analysis of the reservoirs or tanks is about the same
irrespective of the chemical nature of the product. All tanks
are designed as crack free structures to eliminate any
leakage.

3.2 Problem Specifications

1. Capacity of tank = 40,000 litres
2. Depth of water = 4 m
3. Thickness of membrane = 160 mm
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4. Diameter of tank = 11.7 m

5. M20 concrete

We will find the tension, moment and shear in the wall

of the circular tank using STAAD Pro and consequently
compare the values with those obtained from the
coefficients given in the IS code.

3.3 IS CODE METHOD

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3.4 Solution using STAAD Pro

3D Rendering of the Circular Tank in STAAD Pro:

Cross Sectional view of Circular tank:

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Hydrostatic load applied to the water tank:

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3.5 Comparison of Hoop Tension,

Moment and Shear in the water tank:
Distance
from Column
bottom 1 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4
Coeff
from 0.5839 0.5459 0.3969 0.158
code -0.003 0.10238 0.2153 0.34636 0.44284 0.53616 1 3 3 56
Hoop
Staad 27075.6 49213. 74729.2 99787.6 136758 98446. 3680
tension
values 4937.6 8 28 8 8 120203 .6 120340 56 7.52

Theoret - 23477.7 49372. 79427.2 101552. 122952. 133902 125192 91023. 3636
ical 687.96 8 6 8 1 2 .2 .7 99 0.98
Coeff -
from 0.0000 0.00017 0.00069 0.00135 0.0025 0.0035 0.0028 0.002 -
code 0 0 73 3 2 7 57 57 73 47 0.01525
-
Moment Staad - 1583.3 2054.5 2348.1 1944.
values 122.979 -2.289 -25.66 338.413 831.814 49 4 1 21 -6356.9
-
Theoret 45.785 108.505 434.022 851.110 1603.7 2230.9 1801.9 1549. -
ical 0 6 6 4 4 5 5 46 18 9563.55

Coeff from code 0.16968

Shear Staad
values 21881.9

Theoret 26605.8
ical 2

3.6 Conclusion
We can see that the values found from STAAD are generally
in agreement to the values in the IS Code. In most cases,
the values given by the code are more conservative values.

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