UNIT 1

MANAGEMENT OF FAMILY RESOURCES

Content Standard
Demonstrates understanding and skills in managing family resources

Performance Standard
Manages family resources applying the principles of home management

LESSON 1 FAMILY RESOURCES AND NEEDS

Learning Competencies Code : TLE6HE-0a-1 (Week 1)

1.1 Identifies family resources and needs (human, material, and non-material)
1.1.1 lists of family resources
1.1.2 lists of basic and social needs

Lesson Objectives
Define family resources
Identify lists of family resources
Explain the types of family resources
Explain the importance of time management
Prepare one week schedule of work
Identify basic and social needs

LET’S BE INFORMED

FAMILY RESOURCES
This lesson will help you learn to identify the resources available in the family and how to
properly manage these resources in order to provide sufficiently for the family’s different needs.
Apart from money, family resources also include things non-working members of the family may
possess. These are energy, time, and skills. Like money, these resources are finite. This should be
instilled in the minds of the members of the family.

Types of family resources

 Human Resources
Every able-bodied member of the family is considered an important human resource. People
who can contribute their time, effort, skills, strength, and expertise is considered part of the
family’s human resource.

Capabilities, Intelligence, and Skills

Every person has his or her unique ability and intelligence in a way that improves not only
himself or herself but also others. It is important to identify the talents and skills that each
person has and utilize them for the common good.

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 Strength/Energy
The strength of a person does not only mean having good health and strong body. It also means
having emotional stability, mental alertness, and having reasonable commitment and positive
outlook in life, especially in work that improves self and society. Strength is also needed to
accomplish tasks on time in order to play, entertain, and relax with the family afterwards.

 Material Resources
Tangible assets such as house and lot, furniture and appliances, jewelry, automobiles, and cash
are referred to as the family’s material resources.
Every family must invest wisely in material resources, making sure that they consider quality,
durability, and appreciation value when choosing what to purchase.
Real properties and jewelry increase in value over time while the value of furniture, appliances,
and automobiles depreciate or go down as they get old and worn out.
Non – monetary material resources are valuable too because they can be sold for a certain
amount of cash.

 Non-material Resources
Time, health, and experience are intangible resources but are also important. Without non-
material resources, family members will be unable to perform their duties and responsibilities at
home, in school, and at work.

Time
Time is very important. This is the resource that cultivates cooperation, fulfilment of the
prescribed duties, and smart maintenance of homes.
This is used to start and finish the work without giving burden to the body or resentment to the
person.

Health
The health of family members is important. When family members are in good health, they can
do their duties without delay.

Experience
The more experience a family member has, the more likely he or she will get hired and be paid a
good amount for his or her services. So, job or work experience is an important non-material
resource to have.

Time /Energy management

There are some tasks that require only little time and energy to accomplish. Take these things
into consideration when scheduling activities.
Household activities should be managed properly to lessen unnecessary labor and help
speed up work and reduce stress.

Below are some helpful reminders or tips to simplify work at home.

 Identify and analyse each activity. Not everything has to be done every day. Plot the activities
that can be done daily, weekly, or monthly.
The following is an example of how to plan activities so as not to overwork the household and
allow for other activities to be included during the day.

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 Daily Weekly Monthly/Need Arises
Cooking Marketing Changing curtains
Sweeping the floor Buying groceries Doing home repairs
Mopping the floor Washing clothes Re-arranging appliances
Washing dishes/utensils Ironing clothes
Watering the plants Cleaning the yard
Cleaning the toilet Applying floor wax
Running errands Dusting furniture
Cleaning cabinets
Arranging clothes
Defrosting refrigerator

 Skills and interests of family members. Allow members of the family to express their preferred
task according to their interests and skills. Rotation of tasks can be implemented on a weekly or
bi-monthly basis.
 Consider the health, age, and abilities of each member.
 Assign tasks based on the availability of the members.
 Coordination among all the family members for the improvement of family resources to ensure
attainment of all goals.
Example of a work schedule
Legends Used:
Father - F Second Eldest Sister – SES
Mother - M Older Brother – OB
Eldest Sister - ES Youngest Brother - YB

ONE WEEK SCHEDULE OF WORK S M T W TH F S

1.Cooking M ES SES OB M ES SES
2. Sweeping the floor OB M ES SES F OB YB
3. Mopping the floor F SES M ES SES YB OB
4. Washing dishes/utensils ES OB F SES YB M OB
5. Dusting furniture and appliances YB ES M F SES OB YB
6.Arranging cabinets and closets ES SES
7. Applying floor wax SES YB
8. Watering the plants YB F ES SES YB OB M
9. Ironing clothes M ES F SES OB YB M
10.Washing clothes ES SES M ES OB YB F

Importance of Proper Time/Energy Management

 Promotes harmony and security.
 Allows more time for leisurely activities.
 Opens opportunities for constructive activities such as organizing worthwhile projects.
 Tasks are completed according to schedule.

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Basic needs – are requirements for sustaining life and promoting physical and mental growth for the
children within the family.

1. Food, water, shelter, and clothing. These needs are provided by parents to their children since
birth, to keep them alive.
2. Security and safety needs. The parents provide security and the safety needs of their children to
make them comfortable and to keep them free from fear. This includes healthcare and
education .

Food – fuels the human body. Without it, the body cannot grow or perform at its best, the organs will
stop working properly, and th body eventually dies. Food supplies nutrients, which are used by every cell
in the body as building materials and fuel.

Water –is vital to life, humans, plants and animals are made up of mostly water. All living things would
die if it weren’t for water. We use water for drinking, washing, cleaning, cooking and watering plants.

Shelter . Human beings need shelter for protection against natural threats, such as extreme weather
and dangerous creatures, and even as security against other human beings.

Clothing – is a fiber and textile material worn on the body to enhance personal appearance and
protect it from extreme temperatures and elements of various climate.

Education – boosts self esteem, gives the confidence to pursue dreams and alleviates poverty.

Social needs - are things such as acceptance, appreciation, belonging and companionship. Essentially,
social needs are met by forging relationships with other people. Social needs are also considered to be
deficiency needs or something that is essential for growth and development. According to Maslow's
theory, social needs are important because forging emotional relationships is essential for preventing
anxiety, depression and loneliness.
Social needs are met in a variety of ways. Families meet the social needs of children, but later in
life, romantic partners, friends and co-workers further meet social needs. Joining groups, such as a
church or athletic team, also meets social needs.

LET’S EXPLAIN
1. What are the different family resources?
2. How can you manage family resources wisely?
3. Why should you learn how to manage your time, money, and energy?
4. What are the basic needs of man?

LET’S REMEMBER
The proper management of the home depends on how family members utilize their materials
and non-material resources. Using family resources properly will help attain goals for a better
home life.

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LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. Place a check under a resource that you value for each row.
Legend:
T – Time S – Strength
M – Money C – Capability/Skill/Talent

Task T M S C
1.Working according to the given schedule.
2.Resting after the assigned task.
3.Arranging the dish garden in a creative way.
4.Saving a small portion of the allowance daily.
5.Multitasking (doing two or more tasks at the
same time)
6.Creating a recipe of a new food item.
7.Buying clothes for long term use.
8.Having recreation activities to forget problems.
9. Expenses that come regularly.
10.Money earned from business.

B. List 10 household chores done in the home everyday. Prepare a work schedule for one week. Write
your answers in your notebook.

REINFORCEMENT
How do you use your time?
Make a one week schedule of your activities and household chores. Write it in your notebook.

References:

http://www.farnellfamily.com/cfarnell/why/uses.html
https://www.reference.com/world-view/need-shelter
https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-
8#q=Clothing&*
https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-
8#q=reasons+why+is+education+important&*
https://www.reference.com/world-view/social-needs-8e3901f003c9203e

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LESSON 2 SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME

Learning Competency Code: TLE6HE-0a-2 (Week 1)

1.2 Enumerates sources of family income

Lesson Objectives
Enumerate sources of family income
Discuss the types of family income
Give examples of each type of family income
Explain the tips in wise spending of family income
Classify family income

LET’S BE INFORMED
Income - is money that an individual or business receives in exchange for providing goods or services.
Family income – is the total income earned by all the members of the household.

Sources of family income

 Salary earned for services rendered
 Bonuses, commissions, or honoraria given by an employer to employees
 Profits earned from business
 Rentals from owned properties
 Dividends from stock holdings

Types of family income

1. Money Income
2. Real Income
3. Psychic Income

Money income maybe in the following forms:

a. Salary
Monthly salary of all the members who are doing government or private services.
b. Wages
Daily, weekly or monthly wages
c. Rent
Rent of the house and real estate
d. Interest
Interest of the capital deposited in banks, post offices or from lending money.
e. Projects
Profits from investment either in business or any other sources.
f. Sick Benefits
Medical Allowances
g. Pensions
Money received by retired persons, old age widow and other pensioners
h. Gift, dividends, securities, royalties etc
Money income which provides additional comforts enjoyed by the family.

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The real income of the family consists of:
a. Inherited landed property, which yields crops for the family.
b. Food furnished by a kitchen garden.
c. Dairy farming and poultry farming.
d. Durable goods and commodities owned by the family.
e. Kneading, embroidery, tailoring, pickling, baking and activities carried out in home.
f. All types of knowledge and services (Household activities) provided by the members of the family.
g. Community facilities like parks, markets, hospitals, roads, schools, colleges, libraries, dispensaries, fire
and police protection, community entertainments, social centres etc. Proper utilization of all these can
increase the real income of the family.

Psychic Income:
This income is the flow of satisfaction derived by the family from the use of money income and
real income. This income is also called as enjoyment income, experienced over a given period of time by
the proper utilization of money income and real income. We must maximize psychic income, because
our ultimate goal is to derive maximum satisfaction and peace from life. It is in the form of rewards (as
in prestige, leisure, or pleasant surroundings) not measurable in terms of money or goods but serving as
an incentive to work in certain occupations or situations a creative artist can reap a psychic income that
money cannot match.

Total Income:
Total income consists of money income received over a certain period of time and the real
income received during the same period from other sources without spending one’s own money
income. The family utilizes this total income to obtain goods and services for the satisfaction of its needs
and saves some unused money income for future use, gifts to other persons or payment of taxes.

Tips in Wise Spending of Your Income

 Make a lists of all the things needed at home and their specification.
 Compare the prices of the products to be bought. Avoid buying things with higher prices than
usual.
 Buy in bulk the things that are needed everyday.
 Buy fruits and vegetables in season.
 Know the substitute ingredients for expensive items.
 Be familiar with the stores offering lowest prices.
 Go to a store where you can be assured of good quality and standard price.

LET’S EXPLAIN

What are the sources of family income?

How do you differentiate direct income from indirect income?
What are the types of family income and give examples.
How can you spend your income wisely?

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LET’S REMEMBER

Using family resources properly will help attain goals for a better home life . The home serves as
the workshop where skills are honed, attitudes and values are developed, habits are formed.
LET’S DO TOGETHER

Classify the following income according to the three types of family income:

Monthly salary Weekly wages Interest from deposits

Orchard (farm) Rice plantation Invitation to a dinner
Trip to HongKong reward Dividends Interests from deposits (RENT from apa
Vegetable garden

Money Income Real Income Psychic Income

REINFORCEMENT

Identify the source of income of the family. Interview members of the family. Write you answers in your
notebook.

References:
https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-
8#q=types+of+family+income&*

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LESSON 3 ALLOCATION OF BUDGET FOR BASIC AND SOCIAL NEEDS

Learning Competencies: Code : TLE6HE-0b-3 (Week 2)

Allocates budget for basic and social need such as:
1.3.1 food and clothing
1.3.2 shelter and education
1.3.3 social needs: social and moral obligations (birthdays, baptisms, etc.), family activities, school affairs
1.3.4 savings/emergency budget (health, house repair)

Learning Competencies Code: TLE 6HE-0b-4 (Week 2)

1.4 Prepares feasible and practical budget
1.4.1 manages family resources efficiently
1.4.2 prioritizes needs over wants

Lesson Objectives
Define budget
Enumerate the elements of a family budget
Allocate budget for basic and social needs
Prepare a family budget
Manage family resources efficiently
Discuss the factors affecting family budget
Prioritize needs over wants

LET’S BE INFORMED

Budget
A budget is the amount of money set aside for planned expenses. It is a plan specifying how much
money will be spent or allocated during a particular period.

Budgeting is related to the wise use of family resources. It is based on the system by which wages or
salaries are received and how these are to be spent by itemizing the needs of the family and how much
money is needed to meet such needs.

Components or elements of a family budget

 Food – groceries, raw and cooked food, staples, condiments, and spices
 Shelter – if not renting, includes taxes, repair, and maintenance
 Clothing – uniforms, clothes, and accessories
 Education – tuition fees, books, daily food, transportation allowance of children
 Household operations – things needed in the house, beddings, curtains, furniture, and other
paraphernalia to make members comfortable
 Utilities – electric, water, and telephone bills, gas, salaries of helpers
 Health – medicine, check-up
 Recreation – family outings, outside dining, watching movies.
 Savings – the amount set aside or deposited in the bank

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Allocation of Family Budget
A family budget may differ from one family size and composition, family values and standards of living.
Some families may spend more on food, others on clothing and still others on education.
The values of the family influence its priorities.

Sample of Monthly Budget

Monthly Income: Php 25, 000.00
Family Members : 4

Item % of Budget Allotted Amount

Food 40 10,000.00
Education 16 4,000.00
Shelter 15 3,750.00
Utilities 12 3,000.00
Household Operation 6 1,500.00
Clothing 3 750.00
Recreation 3 750.00
Savings 5 1,250.00
Total 100 25,000.00

How to manage family resources efficiently

 Inform all the members of the family about the budget.
 Make adjustments to your budget as necessary. Keep within the amount allocated for budget
items.
 Choose a simple lifestyle that you can sustain with your earnings.
 Buy only things that are needed.
 Schedule your expenses.
 Follow a shopping and marketing schedule.
 Avoid making unscheduled, unplanned purchases especially at a store you are not familiar with.
 Teach the children to spend their allowance wisely.
 Conserve energy and other utilities.
 Recycle or reuse materials.
 Repair appliances and furniture as needed.
 Take good care of your belongings.
 Buy products that are of good quality and reasonable price.
 Develop the habit of walking short distances.

Factors affecting the family budget

The following are some factors that can affect a personal or family budget.
1. Amount of Income – the higher the income of the family, the greater the amount that the
family members can spend for their needs and wants. But, the greater the income, the more
savings the family can have for the future. On the other hand, the smaller the income of a
family, the more it needs to spend for what is most important and immediate needs. Food,
shelter, clothing, education, and utilities are some of the immediate needs of most families
today.
2. Size and Composition of the family – the more family members are there, the bigger amount of
income is spent on food, schooling, clothing, and for their other basic needs. Also, when family

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 members are still young and growing up, the more expenses are needed for their food, health
and medical expenses, clothing and other basic needs.
3. Values of the family – different families and different individuals have different values so they
have different priorities on how to spend their money.
4. Needs and wants of the family – needs are materials which the family members need to survive
on a day to day basis. Food, shelter, and clothing are basic needs. Today, however, education,
transportation, lights, and water are also considered needs. Wants, on the other hand, are
materials that the family members desire to have. They can be postponed if the budget is not
enough but can be purchased if the budget allows it. Jewelry, new dresses, cell phones and
other electronic gadgets, appliances, and cars are some of the wants most families would like to
buy.

Needs and Wants

Our needs and wants motivate us to work hard. They encourage and inspire us to get involved in
productive endeavors that will help our families live better.
It is important for family members to distinguish clearly their needs from their wants. In family
budgeting, we must prioritize our needs and not wants.

LET’S EXPLAIN

Why is there a need to budget the income of the family?

What are the components of a family budget?
How can we manage family resources efficiently?
Differentiate needs from wants and give examples.

LET’S REMEMBER

Every member must also know how the family income is budgeted. Through budgeting,
family members learn to spend money wisely, thus, saving money which could be used for other
family needs. Resources such as time, energy, and utilities are also used well when income is
budgeted..

LET’S CHECK YOUR PRACTICES

How can you help in the effective implementation of your family budget? Put a check on the blank
before each number.
_____ 1. I save a part of my daily allowance for future use.
_____ 2. I buy only the things which is needed and within the allotted budget.
_____ 3. I stick to my market list when buying.
_____ 4. I recycle my used notebooks, pens, etc. so that I can use it again.
_____ 5. I mend tears on my clothes right away to avoid buying a new one.
_____ 6. I avoid buying unnecessary things, like toys, if they’re out of the budget.
_____ 7. I buy unlabelled canned goods with dents and scratches to save money.
_____ 8. I always wash my hands before and after eating to avoid sickness and buying expensive
medicine.
_____9. I switch off the lights, TV, and electric fan if it is not being used.
_____10. I find some income-generating activity like selling bottles of ketchup, soy sauce, old
newspaper, etc.,in junk shop.

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LET’S DO TOGETHER

A. Identify the components of a family budget.

______ 1. Rice, coffee, bread
______ 2. House repair, house rental, amortization
______ 3. Underwears, jackets, t-shirts
______ 4. Tuition fees, notebooks, school bag
______ 5. Electric fan, dining set, kitchen wares
______ 6. Salary of workers, water bills telephone bill
______ 7. Doctor’s fee, medicines, laboratory tests
______ 8. Field trip, swimming, outing
______ 9. Deposits, investments, insurance
______ 10.Fruits, vegetables, fish

B. Prepare a monthly family budget using the total income of the family for one month.

REINFORCEMENT
Interview a parent (A), and a relative (B) about their family budget. Fill up the chart with the data
collected. Tell them that their names will be held confidentially. Present your work in class.
Families Family A Family B

Monthly Income Php Php

EXPENDITURES
 Food
 Housing
 Education
 Services (water,
electricity, telephone,
cable, internet)
 Clothing
 Savings
 Recreation

References
The Basics of Better Family Living 6
https://hubpages.com/money/The-Importance-of-a-Family-Budget

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UNIT 2 SEWING OF HOUSEHOLD LINENS

Content Standard
Demonstrates an understanding and skills in sewing household linens

Performance Standard
Sews household linens using appropriate tools and materials and applying the basic principles in sewing

LESSON 4 TOOLS AND MATERIALS IN SEWING

Learning Competency Code : TLE6HE-0c-5 (Week 3)

2.1 Classifies tools and materials according to their use (measuring, cutting, sewing)

Lesson Objectives:
Identify the different tools in sewing hold linens
Give the uses of tools
Identify the classification of tools.
Classify tools and materials according to use.
Discuss the tips to keep sewing tools and equipment longer

LET’S BE INFORMED

It is easy to look for the sewing tools you need when the sewing tools are well placed in a clean well-
organized sewing box. With the right needle, the appropriate thread, and the needed fasteners or
buttons, one can save time and energy.
Having the complete basis on hand, tools greatly contribute in making garment construction easier,
faster, more efficient, and enjoyable.

Tools and Materials

Measuring Tools
 Tape Measure – is a measuring tool used for taking body measurements to produce well-fitting
clothes and pants. This is usually made of cloth or plastic.
 Ruler- is a measuring tool used to measure and draft lines on a fabric or pattern.
 Metal Gauge- is a movable marker that measures short distances and correct thickness such as
distance between buttons, pleats, and hems.
 Hem Gauge- is a measuring tool used to measure the correct hem for a piece of clothing or
linen.
 French Curve-is a measuring tool used in drafting curves in the pattern of the arm, neckline, and
crotch.
 Meter or Yard Stick – this is used to measure fabric.
 Tailor’s Square- is used for drawing straight lines and true right angles.
 Curve stick-is used to have curved lines on necklines and armholes.

Cutting Tools

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  Embroidery Scissors- are small scissors designed for needle work.
 Dressmaking Shears- is used for cutting heavy fabric. It has uneven shapes of handles.
 Pinking Shears – are scissors with serrated blades or zigzag edges (similar to saw) used for
cutting the fabric edge and prevent it from fraying or ravelling.
 Light Trimmer – is used for cutting small corners or portions of the fabric, this tool has one point
blunt to prevent the fabric from snagging.
 Brent-handled Shears- Shears with straight blades and a handle that is off-set at an angle to
allow the lower blade to stay flat in a cutting surface.
 Sewing Scissors- is a cutting tool used for trimming seams and facings.
 Thread Clippers-is a small cutting tool used for snipping thread.
 Seam Ripper-is a cutting tool used to open seams as well as other detailed work.
 Stitch Ripper- is a small tool made of metal used to remove stitches.

Marking Tools
 Tracing Wheel- is a marking tool with saw tooth blade used to transfer the marks from the
pattern paper to the cloth.
 Tailor’s Chalk- this is an orange colored hard square wax used for marking guidelines or sewing
lines in fabric.
 Tracing Paper- this is used with the tracing wheel to transfer marks from the pattern paper to
the cloth.
 Soft Pencil – this is used in drawing lines in pattern construction.

Sewing Tools
 Needle-is a sewing tool that has one sharp end and a hole at the other end to make the thread
pass through. They come in different sizes and are used in sewing to pass the thread through
the cloth either by hand or machine. The three types of needles are sharps (longest with round
eyes for general sewing), crewels ( next in length with slender eyes for darning and embroidery),
and betweens (the shortest needles with round eyes for fine sewing in tailoring or dressmaking),
Long darners
Long thick needle suitable for mending holes in heavy fabrics.

Cotton darners (fine points)

Used for darning, suitable for delicate yarns such as cotton and silk.

Beading needles
Very long and fine with a sharp point; used for decorative work, particularly for attaching beads
and sequins.

Curved needles
Needles used in sewing mattress and doing upholstery work.

Ball point needles (round point)

Used between knit yarn fibers.

Straws
Longer needles than betweens; used for tacking

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 Tapestry needles
Strong, thick needles that have a sturdy, blunt point; suitable for working tapestry and needle
point projects.

Embroidery crewel needles

Sharp, medium length needles with a long eye through which strands of embroidery thread are
needed.

Glovers/Leather hand needles

Sturdy three-sided needles with a round eye suitable for piercing both leather and strong plastic
fabrics.

Pins
Tiny sewing tools with a sharp pointed tip used for a variety of purposes such as holding pattern
pieces in place, fit fabric or garment on the body, hold fabric together, and secure lace, sequins
or beads.

Dressmaker’s pins
One and one-sixth inches long; used in all sorts of garment sewing.

Glass headed pins

Pins with colored ball shaped heads; used for marking or decorating crafts.

Safety pins
Available in different sizes, these pins come with a safe cover for the pointed part to prevent it
from jabbing the skin.

 Pin Cushion-it is used to keep needles and pins in place when not in use.
 Emery bag-is similar to a pin cushion but with rougher content such as finely ground broken
plate or very fine dried sand to sharpen the tips of pins and needles and to prevent them from
getting rust.
 Thread- is used for stitching cloth either by hand or machine and comes in different colors and
thickness. It can also be used for surface decoration. Thread can be made of cotton, nylon, or
silk. Sizes may range from 40 (heavy sewing, thicker thread) to 100 (finer thread for sheer
materials such as silk or organza). Number 50 is commonly used for hand sewing. Threads are
sold in skeins (embroidery), cones, spools, and balls.
 Needle Threader – aids in inserting the thread into the eye of the needle.
 Thimble-a small , durable, protective cap made of metal or plastic, used to protect the finger
from being pricked when pushing the needle through the cloth.

Tips to Keep Your Sewing Tools and Equipment Longer

 Keep in a storage box when not in use.
 Place the pins and needles in the pin cushion.
 Oil the scissors especially the screw to prevent rust. Have them sharpened regularly.
 Arrange threads neatly.
 Fold the tape measure.
 Make an inventory of your materials, tools, and equipment..

15
  Be sure your hands are clean and dry before starting to sew. Use handkerchief or face towel to
wipe your sweat.

LET’S EXPLAIN
How can a person’s knowledge and skills in using the sewing tools help in garment construction?

LET’S CHECK

Classify the sewing tools below. Write them in the box where they belong.
Ruler Tape Measure Soft Pencil
Pinking Shears Light Trimmer Needle Threader
Tracing Wheel Thread Clippers Trapestry Needle
Curved Needles Tailor’s Chalk French Curve
Emery bag Ball Point Metal Gauge
Tracing Paper Thimble Seam Ripper

Measuring Tools Cutting Tools Marking Tools Sewing Tools

LET’S REMEMBER

Tools greatly contribute in making garment construction easier, faster, more efficient, and enjoyable.

LET’S DO TOGETHER

Identify the correct answer. Write your answer in your notebook.

________ 1. It is a cutting tool used in cutting heavy fabrics.
________ 2. A sewing tool used to protect the finger to be pricked by the needle in doing hand sewing.
________ 3. It is used to keep needles and pins in place when not in use.
________ 4. It is a marking tool with saw tooth blade used to transfer the marks from the pattern paper
to the cloth.
________ 5. A sewing tool that has one sharp end and a hole at the other end to make the thread pass
through.
________ 6. A measuring tool used to measure fabric.
________ 7. is a marking tool with saw tooth blade used to transfer the marks from the pattern paper to
the cloth.
________ 8. This is a measuring tool used in drafting curves in the pattern of the arm, neckline, and
crotch.
________ 9. A measuring tool used to measure and draft lines on a fabric or pattern.
________ 10. this is an orange colored hard square wax used for marking guidelines or sewing lines in
fabric.

16
REINFORCEMENT

Identify five tools laid on the table and give their functions.

17
LESSON 5 PROJECT PLAN FOR HOUSEHOLD LINEN

Learning Competency Code TLE6HE-0c-6 (Week 3)

Prepares project plan for household linens

Lesson Objectives:
Define a project plan
Identify the parts of the project plan
Identify the guidelines in planning a project
Prepare project plan for the chosen household linen

LET’S BE INFORMED

Project Planning

A project plan is a formal document designed to guide the control and execution of a project.
Careful and systematic planning is the first step in starting sewing a project. Plan what to sew, the
materials you need, and how to go about the project.

The following are some guidelines to consider in planning a project.

 Once you have chosen the design, list the materials needed.
 Choose the fabric most suitable for the project.
 Plan the steps to be followed in making the project.
 Prepare the sewing tools, materials, and sewing machine.

Making your own household linens can save money. You can also exercise your creativity by producing
the design that you really like. Some of these can also be sold to augment the family income. What do
you want to make? Recall the format for project planning earlier in the lesson.

Plan your project for household linens

Household linens
Table cloth
Table napkin
Placemat
Pillow case
Center piece
Bed sheet
Hand towel
Table runner

Make your project plan. Follow the format below.

Example:
I.Name of Project: Place Mat with Cross Stitch Design

II. Objectives
1. To make a placemat with cross stitch design

18
 2. To develop skills in making placemat
3. To demonstrate steps in doing cross stitch

III. Sketch
Draw the raw materials and the finished product.
Raw materials Finished Product

IV. Materials and tools needed

Write the materials and tools needed

V. Procedure
Write the steps in doing the project

VI. Evaluation
Use this scorecard to evaluate your project

Scorecard Points Score

A. Safety Practices (30%)
1. Washed hands before working 5
2. Light is coming from the left shoulder 5
3. Used proper materials and tools 10
4. Work area was maintained clean and 10
orderly
B. Workmanship (50%)
1. Correct and tidy 20
2. Right tightness of the stitches (not 15
loose or tight
3. Able to execute the desired design 15
C. Overall design (20%)
1. Neat and appealing 10
2. Right color combination 10

TOTAL 100

19
LET’S EXPLAIN
Explain the parts of the project plan.
What is the criteria in evaluating the project? Explain.

LET’S REMEMBER

Sewing materials are important to make sewing successful and enjoyable.

Orderliness and cleanliness can be developed by taking care of your sewing materials. Maintain your
work area clean and orderly.

LET’S DO TOGETHER
Prepare a project plan for a household linen and present it in class.

REINFORCEMENT
Prepare materials and tools needed for your project.

20
LESSON 6 MATERIALS AND TOOLS FOR THE PROJECT

Learning Competency: Code TLE6HE-0c-7 (Week 3)

2.3 Identifies supplies/materials and tools needed for the project

Lesson Objectives:
Identify the supplies, materials needed for a project
Discuss the hints in preparing the project
Enumerate other tools and materials needed for the project

LET’S BE INFORMED
Be sure you are aware of the different types of fabric. The design of the fabric should also be
appropriate to the project. Texture of the material should also be considered.
Different kinds of Fabric
 Cotton – this cloth is smooth, durable, and absorbent. It is appropriate for tropical climate. It
can be used in making hand towels, pillow cases, handkerchiefs, bed covers, and other home
furnishings.
 Wool – This cloth is suitable for the cold season. It is thick and slightly rough. It is usually used in
making jackets, bedsheets, and sweaters.
 Silk – This is an expensive fabric. It is quite difficult to cut and saw because of its fine, smooth,
and lustrous texture.
 Linen- This fabric comes from the flax plant. It is the oldest kind of fabric. It is cool and
absorbent.
 Synthetic- made from man-made fibers woven into different fabrics like rayon, banlon, this cloth
can be easily washed and dried.

Hints in preparing the fabric

 Soak cotton and linen fabric overnight in water to shrink it and soften before cutting out the
pattern. Linen fabric can shrink up to six percent and may cause problems with fitting if not
soaked beforehand.
 All other project elements must also be preshrunk. These include the zipper, linings, and
interfacings.
 Soak colored fabrics alone since dyes may bleed significantly.
 Wash fabric a second time if dye does not stop bleeding. If color continuous to run, add two or
three table spoons of vinegar to the water to allow the color to set.
 Hang to dry. Do not wring.
 Iron wrinkles when dry.
 Check the fibers. Lengthwise fibers (warp) should be straight. This will ensure that seams and
hems hang straight.
 Raw edge or selvage should be trimmed to prevent the fabric from ravelling.
 Iron the fabric if needed.

Tools and other materials needed

Fabric Table spoon
Vinegar Flat iron
Zipper Scissors

21
Linings
Interfacings Basin

LET’S EXPLAIN
How is clothing material prepared for sewing?
Why is it important to soak cotton cloth before cutting and sewing?
What are the things to be considered before cutting and sewing?

LET’S REMEMBER

Cotton cloth must be soaked before cutting to prevent the project from shrinking after it is finished.
The cloth to be used in sewing must be sufficient for the intended project. Make sure to get the
appropriate measurement of the fabric you will be needing for the project with sufficient allowance.

LET’S DO TOGETHER

Re-demonstrate how to soak fabric following the steps in preparing the fabric.

REINFORCEMENT

Straighten the fabric and trim loose threads. Iron the fabric.

22
LESSON 7 PATTERN DRAFTING AND CUTTING FABRIC FOR HOUSEHOLD LINENS

Learning Competency: Code TLE6HE- d-8 (Week 4)

2.4 Drafts pattern for household linens
2.4.1 steps in drafting pattern
2.4.2 safety precautions

Lesson Objectives
Follow the steps in drafting pattern for household linens
Draft patterns for pillow case/table napkin/hand towel
Illustrate the types of fabric folds
Explain the tips in laying the pattern and cutting the fabric
Discuss the tips in cutting the fabric and transferring sewing lines
Demonstrate the steps in cutting the fabric

LET’S BE INFORMED
The test of your abilities and skills is best shown in how you can create or produce something based on
the knowledge you acquired. Now that you have prepared your fabric, you are now ready to draft your
pattern.

How to draft a pattern for a pillow case

1. Measure your pillow at home. Get the length and width.
2. On your pattern paper, draw vertical line which is the width measurement and horizontal line
which is the length measurement.
3. Extend lines to form a rectangle.
4. Add 5/8 in. seam allowances along the three sides of the pattern and 2 inches on the opening.
5. Cut the pattern.

How to draft a pattern for a table napkin

1. On your pattern paper, draw a square measuring 16 inches x 16 inches.
2. Add 5/8 inch allowance on all sides of the pattern.
3. Cut the pattern.

How to draft a pattern for a hand towel

1. On a pattern paper, draw a rectangle measuring 15 inches wide x 25 inches long.
2. Add 5/8 inch allowance on all sides of the pattern.
3. Cut the pattern.

Types of fabric fold

1. Lengthwise fold. The fabric is folded in the middle, in such a way that the two selvages meet at
the edge and are together, opposite the fold.

23
 2. Crosswise fold. The fabric is folded in the middle but the two selvages are not together , rather,
the selvages are on the opposite side of the fold. In this fold, the two raw edges meet at the
edge and are together opposite the fold.

Tips inlaying the pattern on the fabric

1. Determine which type of fabric fold you will use to maximize the use of the fabric.
2. Fold the fabric with the wrong side out and lay it on the table.
3. Make a trial placement of all the pattern pieces to economize the use of the fabric.
4. Pin all parts of the pattern on the cloth. Make sure the pins are placed at the right angles to the
edge of the pattern, one inch from the edge. About six inches apart for straight edges. For
curved edges, the pins should be nearer each other.
5. Avoid lifting the cold while putting the pins on their places. It might change the position of the
grain line.

Tips in cutting the fabric and transferring sewing lines

1. Cut the large pieces first.
2. Cut along the edges of the pattern.
3. Hold the fabric with your left hand. Do not hold the pattern and material up nor place your hand
under the fabric while cutting. This may stretch the fabric out of shape if cut in this manner.
4. For long spaces, such as straight side seam, use long strokes.
5. For short spaces, curved spaces use short strokes.
6. With the use of a tracing wheel and dressmaker’s carbon paper so that all markings are on the
wrong side of the fabric.
7. Fold each piece together with the pattern until you are ready to work on it.
8. Before removing the pattern and the pin from the fabric, study each piece carefully so you will
know what part of the project it is and what you will do.

Steps in cutting the fabric for household linens

1. Fold the cloth on its lengthwise grain with the wrong side out.
2. Lay and pin the pattern on the cloth.
3. Mark all stitching and folding lines.
4. Mark all allowances.
5. Cut the cloth.
6. Transfer all marks to the other side of the cloth.

LET’S EXPLAIN
1. How do we draft the patterns for a pillow case and table napkin?
2. How do we fold the fabric when cutting?
3. Why do we need to hold the fabric while cutting?
4. What kind of stroke is used in cutting long spaces?

24
LET’S REMEMBER
In order to ensure that the project will come out properly cut, the following procedures must be
mastered: folding the fabric, laying the pattern on the fabric, cutting the fabric, and transferring sewing
lines.

LET’S DO TOGETHER
Draft pattern for the chosen project.
Use some fabric scraps and illustrate the types of fabric folding.
Illustrate how to lay, pin the pattern, mark and cut the fabric.
Cut fabrics for the chosen household linen.

REINFORCEMENT
Aside from household linens, using scraps of cloth, do other projects that can be sold in the community,
like:
Potholders, doormats, rags, stuffed toys or bags

Reference

Moving up with Hele 6

25
LESSON 8 SEWING CREATIVE AND MARKETABLE HOUSEHOLD LINENS AS MEANS TO AUGMENT
FAMILY INCOME

Learning Competencies: Code TLE6HE-0d-9 (Week 4)

2.5 sews creative and marketable household linens as means to augment family income
2.5.1 assesses the finished products as to the quality (using rubrics)

Lesson Objectives:
Prepare sewing machine for sewing.
Discuss healthy and safety practices in sewing
Enumerate benefits derived from sewing
Demonstrate the steps in sewing household linens
Sew marketable household linen as means to augment family income.
Assess finished products as to the quality using rubrics.

LET’S BE INFORMED
In this lesson, you should be able to sew household linens using appropriate tools and materials and
applying basic principles in sewing. Sewing is a worthwhile hobby but it can also be a means of livelihood
or a way to augment the family income.

Preparing the machine for sewing

Every girl or boy who wants to use the sewing machine properly should be skilful in these basic
operations:
1. Setting the needle properly.
2. Winding the thread on the bobbin.
3. Threading the bobbin’s case.
4. Threading the upper part of the sewing machine.
5. Taking up the lower thread.
6. Regulating the length of the stitches.

Setting the needle

1. Raise the thread take up lever to the highest point.
2. Loosen the needle clamp screw.
3. Insert the needle upward into the needle clamp, with the flat side facing right.
4. Tighten the needle clamp screw.

Winding the thread on the bobbin

1. Release the balance wheel.
2. Place the spool of thread on the spool pin.
3. Wind the thread on the bobbin a number of times.
4. Fit the bobbin carefully into the bobbin winder.
5. Begin threading and continue until the bobbin is filled.
6. The bobbin winder will automatically release the bobbin when it is filled up.

Threading the upper part of the sewing machine

1. Place the spool of thread on the spool pin.
2. Raise the thread take-up lever to its highest point.
3. Bring the thread across the thread guide and down.

26
 4. Pull the thread between the two pieces of metal of the tension regulator.
5. Pull it over the bar through the tension spring.
6. Bring the thread up and pass it through the take-up lever.
7. Pull it down through the thread guides and finally through the needle.
8. Pull about three to four inches of thread and push it at the back.

Taking up the lower thread

1. Hold the end of the upper thread and take a stitch by turning the balance wheel once.
2. Pull the loop up to bring out the end of the lower thread.
3. There are now two threads under the presser foot. Draw them back.

Inserting the bobbin in the bobbin case

1. Place the bobbin in the case.
2. Pull an extra piece of thread from the bobbin.
3. Lead the thread into the slot and back under the tension spring. Leave the thread end about
three to four inches long.

Treadling
1. Place the feet on the treadle with one foot lower than the other.
2. Turn the band wheel towards you to start the machine.
3. Treadle continuously until the band wheel turns steadily in one direction.
4. Practice treadling until you can produce a smooth rhythmic motion.

Healthy and safety practices in sewing

Before starting to sew on the machine, it is important to remember these sewing practices and safety
habits.
1. Do not sew when the light is very bright or very dim. Light should come from the left shoulder.
2. Sit erect on the chair directly in front of the machine.
3. Check if the machine is threaded correctly before you start to stitch.
4. Use your feet when treadling.
5. Use scissors for cutting the thread. Do not cut off the thread using your teeth.
6. Use the pin cushion for pins and needles.
7. Keep the sewing room neat and clean before and after sewing.
8. Keep your fingers, an inch or two, away from the presser foot at all times.

Benefits derived from sewing

1. It is easy to find a job if you have the skill.
2. It opens many job opportunities here and abroad.
3. You can open up a cottage industry in the community.
4. Your cottage industry can provide employment to others.

STEPS IN SEWING HOUSEHOLD LINENS

Pillow case
1. Fold the 2 inches allowance for the opening facing the wrong side. Fold the raw edge by ¼ inch
and stitch close to the edge.

27
 2. Use French seam in stitching the sides.
3. Stitch the three sides of the cloth with the right side out by 1/8 inch away from the edge of the
cloth.
4. Invert the pillow case with the wrong side out .
5. Stitch the three edges again by ¼ inch away from the edge.

Table napkin and Hand towel

1. Fold the 5/8 allowance of the cloth.
2. Fold the raw edge by ¼ inch.
3. Stitch close to the edge.

Rubric to assess finished project

Indicators
1. Machine is properly threaded
2. Light is coming from the left
3. Attained exact measurements of the project
4. The project is neatly made
5. Folded exact width of allowances

Points
10 – All indicators were met
9 - 4 indicators were met
8 – 3 indicators were met
6 – 2 indicators were met
5 - 1 indicator was met

LET’S EXPLAIN
1. How can a person’s knowledge and skills in using the sewing machine help augment the family
income?
2. How do you prepare the sewing machine for sewing?
3. Explain the safety practices in sewing.
4. What are the steps in sewing household linens?

LET’S CHECK YOUR PRACTICES

Write D in the box if the practice is desirable and ND if undesirable.
1. Talk with your classmates while using the sewing machine.
2. Keep the sewing room clean before and after sewing.
3. Take care of sewing materials so that you can use them for a long time.
4. Cut the thread with your teeth when there is no pair of scissors.
5. Keep pins in a piece of cloth so you don’t have to buy a needle holder.
6. Hold the needle or pin between teeth while fixing something.
7. Make your own sewing box instead of buying one.

28
 8. Observe health and safety measures when sewing.
9. Be patient, use your creativity when sewing.
10. Borrow a pair of scissors every time you need it.

LET’S CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Underline the correct answer.
1. (Pins, Emery bags) are made of fine steel.
2. Keep the needles and pins in the (pincushion, thread) before and after using.
3. ( Cutters, Shears) are used in general for cutting.
4. ( Threads, Pincushions) are sold in balls or spools 50, 70, and 100 yards.
5. ( Scissors, teeth) are good for cutting thread.
6. The (plain seam, french seam ) is used in sewing the sides of a pillow case.
7. We use our (hands, feet ) in treadling the sewing machine.
8. Keep your fingers ( 2 inches, 3 inches) away from the edge of the presser foot.
9. Light should come from the (left, right) side of the shoulder.
10. When sewing, the flat side of the needle faces the (left, right) side of the machine.

LET’S REMEMBER

You can save money when sewing your own household linens. You can also exercise your creativity by
producing the design that you really like. These items can also be sold to augment family income.

LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. Prepare the machine for sewing. Students will perform the following:
1. Setting the needle
2. Winding the thread on the bobbin
3. Threading the upper part of the sewing machine
4. Taking up the lower thread
5. Inserting the bobbin in the bobbin case
6. Treadling

B. Sewing household linens

Pupils will sew their projects in school.

C.Check the work of the pupils using rubric.

REINFORCEMENT

Bring embroidery thread and needle. Embroider the design of your household linen.

29
LESSON 9 MARKETING FINISHED HOUSEHOLD LINENS

Learning Competencies: Code TLE6 HE-0e – 9 (Week 5)

2.6 Markets finished household linens in varied /creative ways
2.6.1 packages product for sale creatively/artistically: prepares creative package and uses
materials using local resources, packages products artistically, and labels packaged product
2.6.2 computes costs, sales, and gains with pride
2.6.3 uses technology in advertising products
2.6.4 monitors and keeps record of production and sales

Lesson Objectives :
Compute costs, sales, and gains
Monitor and keep record of production and sales
Pack products artistically for sale
Use technology in advertising products
Market finished household linens in varied creative ways

LET’S BE INFORMED

If the business is registered, and has a business name, the owners may use the business name
for product labels. The business name may also be printed on the packaging material to make it unique
and distinct from other products being sold in the market. Here are some ways to package household
linens

This lesson will discuss the importance of producing quality products while keeping costs down.
This will also discuss the importance of keeping a record of expenses. Proper packaging of one’s product
is also important as it is the first thing the customer will notice about the product. Lastly, it is important
to market it properly. This will discuss ways to market your project.
In the previous lesson, you were able to make table napkin with embroidery/pillow case. Let us now
compute the cost and see how much you can sell one piece of the item. Here is a sample costing.
A. Linen cloth
Embroidery thread ( assorted colors) Php 100.00
Needle
B. Php 100.00 Cost
X 20% Mark-up
__________________

20.00
C. Php 100.00
X 20.00
__________________
120.00 Selling price

The standard percentage of mark-up could be higher or lower depending on several factors.
Among these is the prevailing market price of the same or similar goods in the market. How much are
they selling them? What is the quality of similar products in the market? Are they made of the same
quality materials? More importantly, are the products fast moving or are they difficult to sell? These are
some of the considerations to take in deciding how much profit you will end up with.

30
If you produce a good enough product there is a good possibility that you will get regular costumers
Who would buy your finished products at a reasonable price. How would you monitor the production
and sales when the orders start increasing? How would you know if you are earning or not?

Record Keeping
To start a small business project, make sure to keep a single record of costs and expenses. This is
important particularly if you want to ensure the viability of your project. This means making sure that
your cost are kept to a minimum without compromising quality. Keep a ledger or record book of daily
expenses in connection with the project Indicate the type of expense items you are listing. The expenses
will all be added up when the project is completed. Below is a sample record of expenses.

Example:
RECORD OF EXPENSES/PRODUCTION
Date Item/s Quantity Amount Remarks
Aug 1, 2017 Oil for sewing 1 bottle 35.00 Maintenance
machine
Aug 2, 2017 Tricycle to crafts 15.00 one way x 2 30.00 Transportation
store
Aug 2, 2017 Fabric thread 1 yard 100.00 Materials
1 spool 20.00
Aug 6, 2017 Plastic 1 pack 50.00 Packaging
cardboard 1 pack 25.00
Aug 8, 2017 Printing of flyer 1 copy 10.00 Marketing
photocopy of flyer 10 copies x 2 20.00

Make sure to keep your record book updated. List down expense items as they are incurred so
you will not forget them. Be specific in listing down items. Keep receipts and file them in a folder or
envelope.

Packaging
Sometimes special packaging materials are used to keep the items being sold in good condition
all the time. It keeps out dirt and moisture while the items are kept in storage until they are sold.
Common packaging materials are made out of paper, plastic, cardboard, or even indigenous materials
such as local fibers like, sinamay. Here are some creative ways to package household linens.

31
Use Technology in Advertising Products

If you are confident about your product’s marketability and saleability, you can join school fairs
and bazaars to sell your product. This will be a suitable activity to help augment the family income.
Advertising is a form of marketing communication used to persuade an audience to take or continue
some action, usually with respect to commercial offering. One of the earliest forms of advertising was
done in ancient Egypt where they used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Criers were
also hired to announce the arrival of ships and their cargo In addition, outdoor signs were also one of
the first forms of advertising when merchants hang symbols of their goods outside their shops. Then
paper packaging was already used in China around the 13th century.
Today the use of technology is used in advertising products. This is possible with the use of
computer and availability of internet connection. You can create a website for your finished products to
create awareness to the wider public and gain prospective buyers. Use email or social media to get in
touch with your buyers. Moreover, do not forget the telephone, mobile phone, or fax machine if these
can also help you gain buyers.

LET’S EXPLAIN
How do you compute for the costs, sales and gains for household linen products?
How do you market a product to gain customers?
Why is it important to learn needlework?
Why do you need to know simple record keeping skills?
Why is it important to add mark-up?
Why is packaging important?
What is the effect of advertising the product?

LET’S REMEMBER

Your hobby in sewing can give you a profitable livelihood. Household linens with appealing
design may attract a number of customers. To maximize this potential, you have to offer it to other
people and use special packaging for added value.

32
LET’S DO TOGETHER

Given the following capitals and mark-ups, compute for the gain and selling price
1. 1,500.00 x 20%
2. 2,000.00 x 15%
3. 5,000.00 x 30%
4. 500.00 x 10%
5. 750.00 x 12%

REINFORCEMENT

Compute the total expenses of your projects and compute the selling price.

Reference
The Basics of Better Family Living

33
UNIT 3 FOOD PRESERVATION

Content Standard
Demonstrates an understanding of and skills in the basics of food preservation

Performance Standard
Preserve food/s using appropriate tools and materials and applying the basics of food

LESSON 10 DIFFERENT WAYS OF FOOD PRESERVATION

Learning Competencies: Code: TLE 6 HE-0f-10 (Week 6)

3.1 Explains different ways of food preservation (drying, salting, freezing, and processing)
3.1.1 conducts an inventory of foods that can be preserved/processed using any of the processes
on food preservation
3.1.2 discusses the processes in each of the food preservation/processing method
3.1.3 explains the benefits derived from food preservation/processing

Lesson Objectives:
Define food preservation
Identify the ways of food preservation
Give examples of food preserved in different ways
Conduct an inventory of foods that can be preserved using the processes on food preservation
Explain the benefits derived from food preservation

LET’S BE INFORMED

In different times of the year, some foods are abundant especially fruits and vegetables.
Consequently, when these foods are not consumed, they get spoiled and wasted. There are times when
these foods are hard to find in the market and, thus, they become expensive. Lack of food supply and
wastage of excess foods are problems that can be solved by food preservation.

Food Preservation and its goal

Food preservation is the process of preparing food for future consumption by preventing its
spoilage. Food preservation is the answer to the problem of inadequate food supply as well as the need
for nutritious and palatable meals for the family.
The goal of food preservation is the prevention of spoilage. Delay in the use of fresh foods alters
its freshness, taste, and nutritive value. Spoiled food becomes unfit for use. Correct food preservation
techniques can prevent spoilage and retain the nutritive value, natural color, and texture of the food. It
is also very important to maintain the sanitation of food.

Different ways of preserving food

 Drying- This is the easiest and the most common method. The moisture content of the food is
removed.
Drying under the sun – food is salted and placed under the sun.
Mechanical dryer – uses artificial heated air with the use of a machine.

34
 Example: tuyo, pork skin, monggo, shrimp

 Salting – Application of salt to the food to be preserved.

Example: bagoong, burong manga, mustard, salted egg, fish sauce

 Freezing – This is a quick and convenient way to preserve food such as meat, meat, poultry, and
fish, which are stored in the freezer until they are to be consumed.

35
 Refrigeration- Food is kept at low temperature to prolong their freshness.
Example: eggs, milk, fruits, vegetables

 Smoking – This is a method in which food items such as cured meat or fish is exposed to smoke
not only to preserve them but also to add flavour and color.
Example: tinapa, tapa, longganisa , ham

36
 Curing – This method is done by soaking or injecting meat with preservatives like sugar, salt, and
vinegar solution.
Example: longganisa, tocino

 Pickling – Adding pickling solution vinegar, salt, and sugar to vegetables like grated green
papaya, ginger, carrots, onion, and bell pepper.

 Canning – This is a method in which processed food is placed and sealed in airtight cans.
Example: sardines, tomato sauce, pineapple sauce

37
Different ways of preserving fruits
 Sugar Preservation
Jam- the fruit is mashed and cooked with sugar
Jelly – clear fruit juice cooked with sugar, which gelatinizes in cooking
 Sterilization – this process involves using heat to kill microorganisms and bacteria. After
sterilization, the food item must be stored properly to have shelf life of up to several years.

Benefits of food preservation

Food preservation is important for the following reasons:
1. It contributes to better nutrition for the family by preventing scarcity of food. Balanced meals
may be attained 8only if there is a year-round supply of fruits and vegetables
2. It is a means of increasing the family income. When harvest is abundant and the food supply is
more than enough for the family, the excess products can be preserved and sold in the market.
3. It helps in the economic development of the country since the excess foods can be preserved
and sold in the market.
4. Foods are made available throughout the year. They may be preserved in preparation for the
coming event like the town fiesta, Christmas, and other special occasions.
5. Food preservation makes food or harvest available in places where they are not prepared or
grown.
6. It is profitable as a hobby as well as means of livelihood.

LET’S ANSWER
1. What is food presentation?
2. What are the benefits derived from food preservation?
3. How do you preserve fruits, fish, eggs, vegetables, and meat?
4. Give examples of food found in your locality that can be preserved using the different ways of
preserving food.
5. What preserved food are much in demand in the market today?
6. How can food preservation business contribute to the livelihood of a family and community?

38
LET’S REMEMBER
Correct food preservation techniques can prevent spoilage and retain the nutritive value, natural color,
and texture of the food.

LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. Circle the eight words that are related to food preservation.

C L S M O K I N G P Q R U P Q P T S
A P P L A U P Q F K A F J I A L F A
S T E R I L I Z A T I O N C S M G L
S O O K S J L S R L S V K K D O H T
D U I J F R E E Z I N G L L F I T I
F R U H D N K Z T J Z C M I R U R N
G T Y G F M M X Y H E T N N T J E G
H R T I G B R E U G D Y O G Y M S P
N E R D N H D W I F C H P T U N W U
B W E S H G S D O D C U R I N G Y L
V R E F R I G E R A T I O N I B I H

1. 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4. 8.

B. Write the method used in preserving the following.

1. Tinapa________________________ 6. Bagoong ______________________
2. Longganisa ____________________ 7. Tocino ________________________
3. Canned milk ___________________ 8. Ham __________________________
4. Tuyo _________________________ 9. Pineapple juice __________________
5. Squid rings____________________ 10. Ice cream ______________________

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

_____________1. It is done by exposing the food under the heat of the sun.
_____________2. Drying is a process to preserve fruits and fish only.
_____________3. Examples of canned food are sardines and potted meat.
_____________4. Natural preservatives include salt and sugar.
_____________5. Vinegar is the main ingredient for pickling.

REINFORCEMENT
Make a survey in your locality. Write the preserved foods displayed and sold. Present them in class.

Reference
The Basics of a Better Family Living

39
LESSON 12 TOOLS, UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT AND THEIR SUBSTITUTES IN FOOD PRESERVATION

Learning Competencies: CODE TLE6HE-0g-11 (Week 7)

3.2 Uses the tools/utensils and equipment and their substitutes in food preservation/processing
3.2.1 identifies the tools/utensils and equipment
3.2.2 prepares plan on preserving/processing food

Lesson Objectives
Identify the tools, utensils and equipment in food preservation
Prepare plan on preserving/processing food
Use tools and equipment used in food processing
Discuss the guidelines in food processing

LET’S BE INFORMED
Tools and equipment contribute to the success of food preservation.

Tools and Equipment needed in preserving food

1. Knife- is a cutting tool used in paring, peeling, and cutting food.

2. Mixing bowl- is used for placing and mixing ingredients.

3. Tray- is a rectangular, shallow container where ingredients are placed during preparation.

40
4. Chopping board – is where food is placed when cut.

5. Colander- is where vegetables and fruits are drained.

6. Glass measuring cup- is used in measuring liquid ingredients.

7. Measuring spoons – are used for measuring ingredients in small quantity.

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8. Preserving bottles- it is where food to be preserved are placed.

9. Grater – used for grating fruits or vegetables.

10. Funnel- is used for placing liquid in containers with small opening.

11. Strainer- is used in straining food to remove lumps or drain food in small quantity.

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 12. Weighing scale- is used to weigh required ingredients.

13. Hand towel-is used for wiping bottles and hands while working.

14. Plastic measuring cup-is used for measuring dry ingredients.

Food preservation guidelines

1. Use food in season.
2. Use properly sanitized and appropriate equipment.
3. Be clean and wear clean kitchen outfit.
4. Have all the needed ingredients and equipment on hand before starting to work.
5. Select the best process and method for your product.
6. Be well-organized, systematic, and quick while working.
7. Follow the recommended time and temperature in the recipe.
8. Seal the jars tightly, put proper labels, and store in a cool, dry place.

LET’S ANSWER
Where do we use the following tools?
1. Fork

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 2. Spoon
3. Hand towel
4. Weighing scale
5. Grater
6. Measuring spoons
7. Glass measuring cup
8. Chopping board
9. Tray
10. Hand towel

LET’S REMEMBER
It is necessary to follow the guidelines in food preservations to prevent spoilage.

LET’S DO TOGETHER
Draw at least 10 tools used in food preservation and label them.
Join a group of six members. Decide and plan a food preservation project.

REINFORCEMENT
In the absence of the following tools, what tools can be used as substitute?
1. Measuring cup
2. Tablespoon
3. Mixing bowl
4. Tray
5. Colander

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LESSON 13 PRESERVE FOOD APPLYING PRINCIPLES AND SKILLS IN FOOD PRESERVATION

Learning Competencies: Code TLE6HE-0h-12 (Week 8)

3.3 Preserves food applying principles and skills in food preservation processing
3.3.1 selects food to be preserved/processed based on availability of raw materials, market demands,
and trends in the community
3.3.2 observes safety rules in food preservation/processing

Learning Competency: Code TLE6HE-0i – 13 (Week 9)

3.4 Conducts simple research to determine market trends and demands in preserved/processed food

Learning Competency: TLE6HE-0i – 14 (Week 9)

3.5 Assesses preserved/processed food as to the quality using rubrics

Lesson Objectives:
Select food to be preserved based on the availability of raw materials, market demands, and trends in
the community
Observe healthy and safety rules in food preservation
Discuss the ingredients and steps in preserving food
Preserve fruits, vegetables, fish, eggs, or meat

LET’S BE INFORMED
Preserved food like fruit jams, dried fish, ham, and other processed meat are much in demand in the
market. For this reason, it can be viable business for people looking for ways to augment the family
income.

Selection of Good Quality Food for Preservation

The success of good food preservation starts with the proper selection of ingredients. Ingredients should
be as much as possible of the best quality to ensure best quality products.
The following are guides in the proper selection of food good for food preservation.

A. Fruits
 Natural smell
 Smooth
 Free from decays and bruises
 Heavy and firm
 Good shape
 Right degree of maturity needed for a particular recipe
 Have pleasing aroma

B. Vegetables
 Bright in color
 Free from insect bites, bruises, and worms
 Heavy and firm
 Leaves and stems are crisp
 Has well attached stem

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 C. FishKipp
 Bright red gills
 Clear and bright eyes

D. Meat
 Firm and fine texture
 No foul odor
 Fats are well distributed
 Beef meat is red in color
 Pork meat is pinkish in color
 Beef fat is yellowish
 Pork fat is white
 Skin must have a stamp of Bureau of Animal Industry

E. Egg
 Shell is slightly rough
 Sinks in water
 Clear when placed before the light
 Yolk stands firm

Healthy and safety practices in food preservation

Food preservation can be done safely and sanitarily if the following steps are done correctly.
 Prepare the necessary tools, equipment, and ingredients before starting the task.
 Wash hands thoroughly before handling food and ingredients.
 Concentrate on the task to avoid accidents in the work area.
 As much as possible, sit down while doing the task to avoid getting tired easily.
 Be sure to know how to use the different tools and equipment in food preservation.
 Keep the work area clean.
 Try to work as fast as possible to avoid air exposing the food for so long.
 Be sure to add labels to all ingredients to be used to avoid the mistake of mixing the wrong
ingredients.
 Return everything to their respective storage once you are done with the task.

RECIPES

Preserved Langka

Ingredients:
½ kilo langka fruit
2 cups sugar
1 cup water

Procedure:
1. Remove seeds of langka fruit.

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 2. Boil 2 cups sugar and 1 cup water until thick.
3. Add langka.
4. Cook for few minutes until done or transparent .

Note: You can use saba banana, camote using the same measurements

Pineapple Jam
Ingredients:
2 cups chopped pineapple
2 cups refined sugar

Procedure:
1. Cook 2 cups chopped pineapple and 2 cups sugar until slightly thick.
2. Put in sterilized jar.

Note: You can use mango using the same measurements

Pickled Ampalaya
Ingredients:
I kilo ampalaya
2 cups vinegar
3 cups sugar
½ cup sliced ginger
2 1/2 tbsps salt

Procedure:
1. Wash and cut ampalaya into strips, 1/2 in thick and 1 ½ inches long.
2. Boil 2 cups vinegar, 3 cups sugar , salt and ginger for five minutes.
3. Add ampalaya and let boil for five minutes.
4. Separate ampalaya from the boiled mixture and let cool.
5. Mix and pack in sterilized bottles.

Note: You can use Eggplant, Papaya using the same measurements.

Pickled Papaya

Ingredients:
2 medium sized green papaya
1 pc carrot
2 pcs bell pepper
1 large pc ginger
2 cups vinegar

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3 cups sugar
1 cup salt

Procedure:
1. Peel, slice papaya and remove seeds.
2. Grate papaya using a small holed grater.
3. Mashed with 2 tbsps salt .
4. Squeeze with the use of a fishnet or unbleached musklin ( katsa). Do not wash.
5. Flake and spread on a tray.
6. Slice carrots, bell pepper, ginger into strips.
7. Boil 2 cups vinegar, 3 cups sugar, 2 tbsps salt and ginger for 5 minutes.
8. Add carrots, bell pepper, onion, garlic and boil for 3 minutes.
9. Remove from stove.
10. Separate vegetables from vinegar and let cool.
11. Mix together when cold and add papaya.
12. Taste, add sugar or salt if necessary. If you want to add more vinegar, boil it first.

Tocino

Ingredients:
1 kilo sliced pork or chicken.
1 cup sugar
2 tbsps salt

Procedure:
1. Wash pork.
2. Sprinkle sugar and salt
3. Mashed thoroughly until the sugar and salt dissolve.
4. Pack and refrigerate.

Longganisa
Ingredients:
1 kilo ground pork or chicken breast
1 cup sugar
3 tbsps soy sauce
2 cloves garlic
1 tbsps black pepper
2 tbsps salt

Procedure:
1. Mix all ingredients thoroughly.
2. Wrap in cut write or plastic.
3. Pack in plastic and refrigerate.

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 Salted Eggs

Ingredients:
12 pcs eggs (itik)
6 cups salt
6 cups water
Jar

Procedure:
1. Wash eggs.
2. Boil salt and water for 10 minutes and stir constantly.
3. Let it cool.
4. Place in a jar, bottle or plastic container.
5. Soak the eggs for two weeks.
6. Cover tightly.

Tinapang Tilapia

Ingredients:

I kilo tilapia
I tbsp. salt
5 cups water

Procedure:
1. Clean the tilapia.
2. Boil 5 cups water , 1 tbsp salt and tilapia in a frying pan until done.
3. Sundry for 15 minutes.
4. Prepare an improvised oven (big biscuit can) with sawdust, metal grill and cover.
5. Open one side of the can from top halfway. Light up sawdust. Place the tilapia on the grill.
6. Cover the opening of the can to contain smoke inside.
7. Remove from the improvised oven when scales of tilapia turns brownish.
8. Pack in plastic zip. Remove air using a straw.

LET’S EXPLAIN
1. Explain the characteristics of fresh fish, eggs, meat, fruits and vegetables for food preservation.
2. Discuss the health and safety practices in food preservation.

LET’S REMEMBER

49
The success of good food preservation starts with the proper selection of ingredients. Ingredients should
be as much as possible of the best quality to ensure best quality products.

LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. Classify the following characteristics using the table .
Fruits Eggs Vegetables Meat Fish

 Natural smell
 Smooth
 Shell is slightly rough
 Sinks in water
 Fats are well distributed
 Skin must have a stamp of Bureau of Animal Industry
 Bright red gills
 Clear and bright eyes
 Bright in color
 Free from insect bites, bruises, and worms

B.Activity . Group yourselves into five and each group must choose one recipe to prepare. No
duplication of project. Make your project plan and discuss it in class. Do the necessary computations on
the cost of the project.

REINFORCEMENT

A. Bring needed ingredients for the laboratory work

Group 1 Monday
Group 2 Tuesday
Group 3 Wednesday
Group 4 Thursday
Group 5 Friday

B. Determine the market demands and trends on preserved foods by making a survey in the
market. Identify the preserved foods sold under the following ways of preserving food. Use the
format below.
Drying Freezing Smoking Refrigerating Pickling Curing Sugar Salting
Preservation

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 C. Check finished projects using rubric.

Indicators
1. Finished the project on time
2. Used accurate measurement of ingredients
3. Taste is just right
4. Firm in appearance
5. Nice packaging

10- All indicators were met

8 – 4 indicators were met
6 – 3 indicators were met
4 - 2 indicators were met
2 – 1 indicator was met

Reference
Learning and living in the 21st century
Moving up with Hele 6
The Basics of Better family Living 6

51
LESSON 14 MARKETING PRESERVED/PROCESSED FOOD

Learning Competencies: Code TLE6HE-0j-15 (Week 10)

3.6 Markets preserved/processed food in varied/ creative ways with pride
3.6.1 packages product for sale creatively/artistically, prepares creative package and uses
materials sourced locally, and labels packaged product
3.6.2 computes costs, sales, and gains with pride
3.6.3 uses technology in advertising products
3.6.4 keeps record of production and sales

Lesson Objectives:
Market preserved or processed food in varied creative ways.
Discuss the tips to consider to succeed in business
Package product for sale creatively/artistically, prepare creative package and use materials/sources
locally
Identify the guidelines in designing packaging
Compute costs, sales, and gains with pride
Use technology in advertising products
Keep record of production and sales

LET’S BE INFORMED
Filipinos love to eat. Producing and selling preserved or processed food has a high success rate
and can provide additional income for the family. Like any product or service, however, a good
marketing strategy and program can help create awareness of the product or service and boost sales.
We market our products to be able to get prospective buyers. Here are some tips to serve as your guide
to succeed in this livelihood:
 Place-make sure that you are accessible to your market. If your place is not easily accessible or
difficult to find, offer free delivery for bulk orders or charge a minimal delivery fee for smaller
orders.. You might also want to join local trade fairs to bring your products closer to, prospective
buyers or visitors.
 Quality Product – no amount of marketing will succeed if a product is of poor quality. Before
launching your product, conduct a product tasting among friends, family members, and
neighbors. Take note of their comments and suggestions to improve quality. Try them out until
you come up with the best quality product.
 Efficient Worker/Helper- once the orders begin to come in, and you start to get swamp, you will
need to hire and train someone to help in production, marketing, and delivery. You may loose
customers if you are unable to deliver or your product quality suffers just to keep up with
volume orders.
 Capital – in order to operate even a small business, there should be sufficient capital or money
to buy the tools, equipment, and ingredients. Registration of business and getting the
necessary permits from city government, Bureau of Internal Revenue, and others would also
require payment of fees. Even the place of business or storage facility should be maintained and
kept clean and orderly. These would also require additional expense on your part.
 Management- A good manager is creative, decisive, and an excellent planner. You should also
know to relate with your buyers, suppliers, and helpers.

Packaging

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 Aside from clay pots and bottles, your finished products can be placed in traditional baskets,
sacks or trays. Dried grass, palm leaves, bamboo, and paper can also be used as packaging materials. As
much as possible, plastic materials should be avoided in packaging products.
Collapsible cardboxes, fiber, wood, paper, or sacks can also be used when the products need to
be transported.

Guidelines in designing packaging

1. Make several studies or designs to choose from.
2. Make sure that the cost of the packaging does not exceed 15 to 20 percent of the cost of the
product itself.
3. Make the packaging attractive to showcase your product but make sure that it does not become
too expensive.
4. Label the packaging with the name of the product. If it is a food item, put the ingredients used in
the label.

Cost-effectiveness of packaging
The use of packaging represents an added cost in marketing and the price of the marketed
product. On the other hand, presentation and the quality of the product may make it more desirable.
Moreover, the marketable life of the product maybe extended because of good packaging.
Computing for the cost and profit
How would you know if you earned or not from your project?
First, you have to compute the total cost of the product. Then, compute for the mark-up in order for you
to determine the selling price to compute for the profit earned . Deduct cost from total amount sold.
The excess amount less the cost is the profit.

Example:
Product
50.00 is the cost
X .20 (20%) is the mark-up
_______________
10.00 is the profit

50.00 Cost
+ 10.00 Profit
________
60.00 Selling price

LET’S EXPLAIN
Answer the following questions.
1. What do you need to consider in packaging finished products?
2. How are you going to market your product?
3. How do you compute the cost and selling price of the finished product?
4. How will you know if you are earning or not?

LET’S REMEMBER

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  No amount of marketing will be successful if the product or service is of poor quality.
 Find ways to keep costs and expenses down without sacrificing quality.
 Accessibility is important because you will not be able to sell anything if your customers cannot
reach you.
 Make your packaging attractive and functional but make sure it does not cost too much.
 Make use of recyclable or reusable packaging as much as possible.
 Make sure that important product information are found in the packaging.

LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. If the statement is correct. Write T. If it is not, write F. Write your answer on the blank.
________ 1. You need to be hardworking and persistent to be able to market your products.
________ 2. You do not need to add mark-up to get the selling price.
________3. Place or location is very important in conducting a business.
________ 4. You do not need capital if you want to sell some preserved foods for a livelihood.
________5. Packaging adds value to the product.

B. Compute the selling price of the following, given the mark-up.

1. 300.00 x 10%
2. 500.00 x 15%
3. 1,000.00 x 20%
4. 2,500.00 x 12%
5. 3,000.00 x 15%

C. Design the packaging of your product following the guidelines in designing packaging.

Reference
The Basics of Better Family Living 6

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