II. Supportive Psychotherapy: Iv. Self Enchancement

II.
Supportive Psychotherapy change, and work toward achievement of those goals

through open, honest communication.
Which is the most commonly used, relies on the emphatic and
supportive relationship between the person and the therapist.
III. CLINICAL MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING
 It encourages expression of feelings, and the therapists “Is the provision of professional counseling services including
provides help with problem solving. the application of principles of psychotherapy, human
development, learning theory, group dynamics, and the
 Problem-focused psychotherapy – a form of supportive etiology of mental illness and dysfunctional behavior to
therapy, may be conducted successfully by primary care individuals, couples, families, and groups for the purposes of
doctors. promoting optional mental health, dealing with normal
problems of living and threatening psychopathology.” –
The primary concern of support groups is to prevent future AMHCA, 1999
upsets by teaching participants effective ways of dealing with
emotional stress arising from situational or developmental A. A common factor in most counseling situation is that the
crises. client is demoralized, distressed or otherwise in a negative
state of mind about something.
A. Group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which one or
more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a B. Counseling can be for one person or a group (typically
group. couples and families) and may be delivered through a
number of methods, from face-to-face dialogue, group
 It is a form of psychosocial treatment in which a number of work, telephone, email and written materials.
clients meet together with a therapists for purposes of
sharing, gaining personal insight and improving Results of counseling can include:
interpersonal coping strategies.  Insight and understanding of oneself, with greater self-
awareness.
Therapeutic groups, focus more on group relationships,  Changing of one’s beliefs and mental models.
interactions among group members, and the consideration of  Increased acceptance and appreciation of oneself.
a selective issue. Many nurses who work in psychiatry lead  Increased emotional intelligence.
supportive/therapeutic groups.  Increased ability to control oneself and one’s urges.
 Development of skills and abilities that require self-
 Psychodrama is a specialized types of group therapy that management.
uses a dramatic approach in which clients become “actors”  Improved motivation toward actions that are good for one’s
in life-situation scenarios. self.
 Understanding of others and why they act as they do.
 The Psychodrama setting provides the client with a safer  Increased appreciation and care for others.
and less threatening atmosphere than the real situation in  Changing of relationships with family, friends and others.
which to express and work through unresolved conflicts.  Making amends for past negative actions.
Specialized training, in addition to a master’s degree, is
required for nurses to serve as psych dramatists. IV. SELF ENCHANCEMENT
Is a types of motivation that works to make us feel good about
B. Family Therapy ourselves and to maintain self-esteem. This motive becomes
especially prominent in situation of threat, failure or blows to
 A type of therapeutic modality in which the focus of one’s self-esteem.
treatment is on the family as a unit. It represents a form of Self-enhancement involves a preference for positive over
intervention in which members of a family are assisted to negative self-views “The self enhancement motive refer to
identify and change problematic, maladaptive, self- people’s desire to enhance the positivity or decrease the
defeating, repetitive relationship patterns (Goldenberg & negativity of the self-concept.”
Goldenberg, 2005)
Self enhancement is one of the four self-conscious self-
 Family Therapy brings together some or all family members evaluation motives:
of the family in a group situation. The major goal is to bring
about positive change in relationships. The therapist helps V. THE BASIC OF ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING
family members to identify problems, establish goals for
Assertiveness involves a style of communication that allows Example: Father gives candy to his daughter when she picks
individuals to express their feelings, opinions and needs in a up her toys
respectful and effective manner.
Punishment (Positive Punishment): The adding of an aversive
Characteristics: stimulus (an unpleasant outcome) to decrease a certain
A. Conveys respect for one’s rights as well as the rights of behavior or response. Example: Mother yells at a child when
others. running into the street.
B. It is an empowering form of speech that enables people to
stand up for themselves, directly asking for what they Negative Reinforcement: The taking of an aversive stimulus to
want, and declining requests or demands of others when increase certain behavior or response.
necessary. Example: Complaints of headache when it is time to do
C. Is solution focused and contributes to the resolution of homework (will have headache whenever there is homework)
conflicts between people.
Omission Training: The taking of an appetitive stimulus to
Examples of Assertive Communication: decrease certain behavior.
Comment is assertive when it expresses honesty, respect for Examples: Taking away a nigh light when a child does not go to
oneself and others, and accepting for one’s own feelings. bed.
“I felt worried when you didn’t come home at your usual time. VIII. COGNITIVE RESTRUCTING – Is a cognitive-behavioral
I wish you would let me know when you have to work late.” therapy technique used to identify and correct negative
“When you didn’t put your dishes away, I feel angry I wish you thinking patterns.
would put your dishes in the sink when you have finished
eating.” The technique involves altering negative automatic thoughts
that occur in anxiety-provoking situations (such as “They think
“If you are available Saturday afternoon, would you be willing I’m boring”) by replacing them with more rational beliefs (such
to help me move some furniture?” as “I can’t read other people’s minds; they are probably just
“No, I can’t help you. I already have plans.” tired”). As thoughts are challenged and disputed, their ability
to elicit anxiety is weakened.
VI. STRESS MANAGEMENT
Defines stress precisely as a person’s physiological response to IX. MILIEU THERAPHY– Milieu is a French word for “middle”
an external stimulus that triggers the “fight-or-flight” reaction. – in English translation, the word means “surroundings, or
environment”.
 These are methods of controlling factors that require a
response or change within a person by identifying the It is also called therapeutic community or therapeutic
stressors, eliminating negative stressor, and developing environment, this type of therapy consists of a scientific
effective coping mechanism to counteract the response structuring of the environment in order to effect behavioral
constructively. Examples include: Progressive muscular changes and to improve the individuals psychological health
relaxation, guided imagery, biofeedback, breathing functioning.
techniques and active problem solving.
The goal of Milieu Therapy:
VII. BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
Is the use of empirically demonstrated behavior change 1. Manipulate the environment so that all aspects of the
techniques to improve behavior, such as altering an client’s hospital experience are considered therapeutic.
individual’s behaviors and reactions to stimuli through positive 2. Within the therapeutic environment, patients are expected
and negative reinforcement of adaptive behavior and/or the to learn adaptive coping, interaction, and relationship skills
reduction of maladaptive behavior through its extinction, that can be generalized to other aspects of their life.
punishment and/or therapy. 3. The community environment itself is the primary tool of
therapy.
Example of positive and negative reinforcement of adaptive 4. Factors such as social interactions, the physical structure of
behavior: the setting, and scheduled activities may generate stress
and resistance for some patient – these “stressful
Positive Reinforcement the adding of an appetitive stimulus (a experiences” are used to help them learn to manage stress
pleasant outcome) to increase a certain behavior or response. adaptively in the real world.
Milieu Therapy emphasizes: THE ROLE OF THE NURSE IN GROUP INTERVENTIONS
 Groups and social interactions In psychiatry, nurses may lead various types of therapeutic
 Rules and expectations that are meditated by peer groups, such as client education, assertiveness training,
pressure for normalization of adaptation support, parenting, and the transition to discharge groups,
 Viewing patients as responsible human beings among others.
Example: Patient Teaching To function effectively in the leadership capacity for these
- Patient’s rights to goal groups, nurses need to be able to recognize various processes
- Patient’s rights to freedom of movement and informal that occur in groups. They also need to be able to select the
relationship with staff most appropriate leadership style for the type of group being
led.
Example: Games engaging staff and patients
- Interdisciplinary participation and goal-oriented, clear Leading therapeutic groups is within the realms of nursing
communication. practice. Because group work is such a common therapeutic
- Limits should be set on unacceptable behavior. approach in the discipline of psychiatry, nurses working in this
State clearly the unacceptable behaviors and what the field must continually strive to expand their knowledge and
consequences are, should the limits be violated. use of group process as a significant psychiatric nursing
Limits must be established, written and carried out by all staff intervention.
members. Consistency is essential if learning is to be
reinforced.
Examples: Limitations of different schedule groups
X. PLAY THERAPY
Is generally employed with children aged 3 to 11 and provides
a way for them to express their experiences and feelings
through a natural, self-guided, self-healing process. As
children’s experiences and knowledge are often
communicates through play, it becomes an important vehicle
for them to know and accept themselves and others.
 Play therapy is often used as a tool to diagnosis.

 A play therapist observes a client playing with toys (doll
houses, pets, dolls etc.) to determine the cause of the
disturbed behavior.
 The objects and patterns of play, as well as the willingness
to interact with the therapist, can be used to understand
the underlying rationale for behavior both inside and
outside the session.
XI. PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS

These are nursing activities that enhance the client’s social
and psychological functioning and improve social skills,
interpersonal relationships, and communication.
Nurses often use psychosocial interventions to help meet

the client’s needs and achieve outcomes in all practice
settings, not just mental health. For example, a medical-
surgical nurse might need to use interventions that
incorporate behavioral principles such as setting limits with
manipulative behavior or giving positive feedback.

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II.

Supportive Psychotherapy change, and work toward achievement of those goals

Examples: Limitations of different schedule groups

 Play therapy is often used as a tool to diagnosis.

XI. PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS

Nurses often use psychosocial interventions to help meet

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