© 2014 IJIRT | Volume 1 Issue 6 | ISSN: 2349-6002

INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA THEIR TYPES

AND THEIR APPLICATION
Sidharth Kumar Singh , Prashant Solanki , Raja Solanki
ECE,Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, India

Abstract: this paper gives you a brief introduction energy from one form into another. A receiving
about antenna types and their application. Types of antenna changes electromagnetic energy into electric
antenna, wire antenna aperture antenna, or magnetic energy. The first antenna parameter is
microstrup antenna, array antenna, reflector radiation resistance. This relates the power supplied
antenna, lens antenna. The characteristics of each to the antenna and the current flowing into the antenna.
type of antenna and antenna application. This The greater the radiation resistance, the more energy
paper is not a comprehensive study of antennas, is radiated or received by the antenna. To optimize an
but serves as an introduction to antenna types and antenna system, this resistance should match the
their applications resistance of the transmitter or receiver system.
The second parameter is the antenna pattern. This
Keyword: antenna, antenna types and their shows a distribution of radiated power as a function of
application direction in space. This example shows an antenna
that radiates a lot of power in one direction, but very
application little in other directions. The directivity and gain are
related parameters; the directivity measures the
1. INTRODUCTION antenna’s ability to concentrate its power in a given
There are many ways an antenna is defined .According direction and the gain is the ratio of power radiated to
to Webster’s dictionary, it is a metallic device (as a rod input power.
or wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves. It is a The bandwidth of an antenna refers to the frequencies
structure associated with the region of transition available outside the center frequency. For example,
between a guided wave and a free space wave or vice a 10MHz transmitter with 10% bandwidth could send
versa. It is a transducer that converts one form of information on frequencies from 9 MHz to 11Mhz.
energy into another form.an antenna is also used in the Finally, the signal-to-noise ratio is the relationship
impedance matching device. between the desired information signal and the noise.
Function of antenna; in the transmitting mode, it is It must exceed 1 for any information to be transferred.
used to radiate em waves. In the receiving mode it is
used as a sensor of em waves. Antenna has a function TYPES OF ANTENNA
like transducer which convert electrical energy into em a. WIRE ANTENNAS
energy at the transmitter side. And it covert em energy This is the oldest, simplest, cheapest and the most
into electrical energy at the receiving side for versatile types of antenna for many applications .
maximum power radiated in the space the condition 1-linear wire antenna
for maximum power transfer must be satisfied. The An antenna which are in form of straight wire are
role of the antenna is very important here, it serves as called as linear wire antennas .It is also called as dipole
an impedance matching device, which matches the 2-loop antenna
transmitter and free space and receiver impedance on When the wire is used to form a loop it is called loop
the receiver side antenna. The loop is not necessarily circular in form it
can take any shape. But square or circular loop is easy
Application Of Antenna for the analysis and construction
Before I get into the types and applications, there are 3-helical antenna
a few basic antenna principles which I should mention. When the wire is bend to form a helicalshape , it is
The broadest definition of an antenna is that it changes called as helical antenna or simply helix

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 © 2014 IJIRT | Volume 1 Issue 6 | ISSN: 2349-6002
multi-element in the antenna structure

b. APERTURE ANTENNA
Rectangular or circular horn is example of aperture
types of antenna. These antennas are constructed from e. REFLECTOR ANTENNA
the waveguide. A waveguide is basically a hollow These antennas consist of a radiating element along
metallic tube through which waves travel. Depending with a reflecting surface
upon the cross section it is either rectangular or The simplest form which uses a dipole as a radiating
circular waveguide. When one end of the tube is element and a flat conductor as a refletorto achieve
trapped to a large opening the structure behaves like high directivity we can use a number of dipole as an
an antenna. These antennas are referred as aperture radiating structor and a flat reflector . The most
antennas .Due to its horn like shape they are also called popular of this form is a parabolic reflector which
as horn antennas makes use of a parabolic reflector instead of the flat
reflector. They are used to covert spherical waves into
plane waves

c. MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
It is an antenna having patches of conducting materials f. LENS ANTENNAS
etched on one side of a dielectric substrate, the other In the optics we know that lenses are used to collimate
side of a board is a m metal ground plane. These incident divergent light energy to prevent it from
antennas are mostly as patch antennas.The radiating spreading in undesired directions.
patch may take different shapes like square, On the similar lines by using proper shapes and
rectangular, thin strip, circular, elliptical, triangular appropriate material of the lenses they can transfer
etc. various forms of divergent wave energy into plane
Especially these antennas are suitable for space craft waves. Lens antennas are used especially at higher
application frequencies. Like parabolic dish , a lens antenna
d. ARRAY ANTENNA requires a suitable feed mechanism
It’s an antenna formed by multi elements
Many times single element antennas may not give the
desired characteristics .This can be achieved by using

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 © 2014 IJIRT | Volume 1 Issue 6 | ISSN: 2349-6002

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Antenna have a lot of use in the wireless
communication. Use of mobile phones, wifi internet,
tv broadcasting,fm radio broadcasting all are in the
wireless communication and this communication is
achieved by the help set of antennas . One is
transmitted antenna another is receiving antenna
Many different types of antennas can be used, and they
all have their own advantages. Two common antennas
are the quarter wave helical and quarter wave whip
APPLICATION OF ANTEENA
antennas. The whip, which is the same as a monopole,
U.S navy’s elf system
is the most common antenna for cellular phones, and
There are many applications of antenna here we are
is typically used in the 400 to 500 MHz range. The
taking the most important and effective application.
quarter wave helical antenna is smaller than the whip
The u.s navy’s elf system. The meaning of elf is
and has similar performance. Lately it is used in the
Extremely Low Frequency.in this system navy use
800 to 1000 MHz bands. Another antenna you’ve
Two antenna one in in Republic, Michigan and another
probably seen is the retractable antenna. What I found
in Clam Lake, Wisconsin. This antenna work on 76
interesting in my research is that there are actually two
kHz ,which if you used a half-wave dipole, the antenna
totally separate antennas that are electrically
would be over 1000 miles long The ELF antennas are
decoupled. In the extended position, this particular
dipoles, but it is about 80 miles of wire in the antenna.
antenna functions as a whip and in the retracted
The reason for the low frequency is that the signal can
position it works as a helical antenna. The
penetrate seawater hundreds of feet to reach
performance is slightly better in the extended position.
underwater submarines. Because the frequency is so
low, the earth and the ionosphere behave like two
CONCLUSION
conducting spherical shells. The signal travels around
Antenna is a device that converts one form of energy
the world and reach submarines traveling at
into another form of energy. Antenna is very useful in
operational speeds. The one-way system is slow but
the communication system. There are different types
reliable. The Navy submarines have ELF receivers
of antenna and they have different shape and shies
which decode the message, but because of the large
wire antenna, aperture antenna,microstrip
power requirements, subs cannot transmit ELF
antenna,array antenna,reflector antenna and lens
messages, so generally they will surface and use
antenna Antennas are used in numerous applications.
something faster like satellite communications.
A few were mentioned in this paper, such as the
Navy’s ELF system, VHF and UHF antennas, TV and
VHF AND UHF
FM receiving antennas, and some wireless
Vhf stands for Very high frequency
applications.
Uhf stands for ultra-high frequency tall transmitting
towers. They need to be large enough to achieve the
REFERENCES
desired frequency and provide a large range of
[1] William H. Hayt, Jr. and John A. Buck,
coverage
Engineering Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition,
McGraw-Hill: 2001.
This uhf and vhf cover frequency range of 3 MHz to
[2] Leo Setian, Practical Communication
3000 MHz .It is used in television and FM radio
Antennas with Wireless Applications, Prentice
broadcasting
Hall: 1998.
The most common type of receiving antenna is called
[3] Robert E. Collin, Antennas and Radiowave
a Yagi array antenna. The array has different size
Propagation, McGraw-Hill: 1985.
conductors to receive different frequencies. Yagi
[4] RF Café, “Antenna Patterns,” 2000.
arrays are highly directional, so they should always be
http://www.rfcafe.com/
pointed towards the transmitter tower
references/electrical/antenna_patterns.htm
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[5] The United States Navy Fact File, “Extremely
Low Frequency Transmitter Site Clam Lake,
Wisconsin,”
http://enterprise.spawar.navy.mil/spawarpubli
csite/docs/ fs_clam_lake_elf.pdf

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