.

Patricia Ticineto Clough and Craig Wiltse, eds.

BEYOND
BIOPOLITICS

Essays on the Governance of Life and Death

Duke University Press Durham and London 2011

UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER
 of the photographer Zoriah Miller who photographed the dead bodies of American
Fred Moten and
soldiers in Iraq in June 26, 2008, and was censored by the U.S. military, brought to
the fore the silence of images from Iraq since 2003.
Stefano Harney
22. Foucault, Society Must Be Defended, 248, 254-56.
23. Ibid., 248.
24. Greenwald, "Supreme Court restores habeas corpus, strikes down key part of Mili-
tary Commissions Act."
BLACKNESS AND GOVERNANCE

1
1here is an anoriginary drive whose fateful internal difference (as
opposed to fatal flaw) is that it brings regulation into existence, into
a history irregularly punctuated by transformations that drive im-
poses upon regulation. 1hose transtormative impositions show up
now as compensation and surplus-as the payment of a massive
and incalculable debt by the ones who never promised, who have no
credit and who are, in any case, the ones who are owed and bear the
trace of being owned -and as the massive and incalculable range
of labored living, "the thing realized in things ... the universality
of individual needs, capacities, pleasures, productive tixces, etc.,
1
created through universal exchange," that Marx called wealth. "!hat
anoriginary drive and the insistences it calls into being and moves
through; that criminality that brings governance into existence; that
fugitivity that anarchically grounds the interinanimation of unpaid
debt unfairly imposed and untold wealth unfairly expropriated; that
fugal, internal world theater that shows up for a minute serially-
poor but extravagant, as opposed to frugal- is blackness, which
must be understood in its ontological difference from black people
who are, nevertheless, (under)privileged insoEu· as they are given
(to) an understanding of it.

350 May joseph

 2

Consider the following statement: "'Ibere's nothing wrong with blackness."

1 determined by imposition- are understood to constitute the "proof" that
blackness is not, or is irretrievably lost, or is interminable loss. In this regard,
references to abstraction and performativity that are meant to bear and used
What if this were the primitive axiom of a new black studies underived from to exert the same silly gravity that is supposed to attend standardized rejec-
the psycho-politico-pathology of populations and its corollary theorization tions of whatever claims regarding the (hyper-differentiated) authenticity or
of the state or of state racism; an axiom given, as all such axioms are, in "run- (super-entropic) unity of blackness become the refutation of blackness as
away tongues" that turn out to be of the native or the slave only insofar as the such. Such invocations of technique are, themselves, techniques of gover-
fugitive is misrecognized and in lives that turn out to be bare only insofar as nance. Meanwhile blackness means to render unanswerable the question of
no attention is paid to their artful persistence under the sign and weight of how to govern the thing that loses and finds itself to be what it is not.
a closed question? 2
5
3
Not in the interest either of some simple or complex opposition ofTechnik and
"!he black aesthetic turns on a dialectic ofluxuriant withholding-abundance Eigentlichkeit but rather in the improvisation through their opposition moves
and lack push technique over the edge of refusal so that the trouble with the black aesthetic. What is the content of (your) (black) technique? What is
beauty, which is the very animation and emanation of art, is always and every- the essence of(your) (black) performance? An imperative is implied here: pay
where troubled again and again. New technique, new beauty. At the same attention to (black) performances, since it is left to those who do also to re-
time, the black aesthetic is not about technique, is not merely a technique theorize essence, representation, abstraction, performance, being.
or set of techniques, though a fundamental element of that terror-driven,
anesthetic disavowal of "our terribleness" that certain folks in the art world 6
dub the "post-black" is the eclectic sampling of techniques of black perfor- Notions of the "post-black" are expressions of a degenerative tendency in-
mativity in the interest of the unproblematically dispossessive assertion of herent in the black radical tradition, a kind of inevitability that emerges from
an internal difference, complexity, or syntax that was always and everywhere the pathologically autocritical force of a more genuine (anticipatory variant
so apparent that the assertion was a kind of self-indulgent, self-exculpatory of) enlightenment and the more basic-which is not but nothing other than
superfluity.' Such assertion amounts to an attempt to refute claims of black- to say base-desires that animate the ideology of uplift. '!11e post-black is
ness's atomic simplicity that were never actually serious enough to refute political instrumentality's fugitive, though such fugitivity has a doubled,
(as they were made unfalsifiably, without evidence, by way of unreasonable self-consumptive edge-the pathological drive of the pathologist, the fan-
though wholly and instrumentally rationalized motivations, in bad faith and tasmatic end of an antiracism whose antiessentialism will have amounted
dogmatic slumber). to the disavowal of its necessarily interminable renewal and rerouting. Such
instrumentality can very quickly turn sour or get turned out in the interest of
4
empire (artists against art in the interest of gold, prefabricated knockoffs-
"!he dismissal of any possible claim regarding the essence or even the being with readymade provenances-of a certain New York intellectuality, an em-
of blackness (in its irreducible performativity) becomes, itself, the dismissal of pire state of mind, a state mind, a mind of the United States of Exception,
blackness. Differential or differentiating techniques are made to account and a mind of the ones who say everything is mine, the unoriginal gangsters of
stand in for an absence. Appeals to internal difference are made in order the American Century who stole modern art from the ones who stole away
to disallow instantiation. Abstraction of or from the referent is seen as an as modern art, the moving, motley, sculptural, animated, theatrical things).
expression of its nonexistence. "!he techniques of black performance- in
their manifest difference from one another, in the full range of their trans-
ferability, and in their placement within a history that is structured but not

352 /·'red Moten and Stefano Harney lllarkncss and (;ouernanre 353
 one calls into existence constitute their very relationality. But what's the rela-
7
tion between willingness and propensity? And what's the difference between
But blackness still has work to do: to discover the rerouting encoded in the flight and fatality? What are the politics of being ready to die and what have
work of art, in the anachoreographic reset of a shoulder, in the quiet extremi- they to do with the scandal of enjoyment? What is premature death? What
ties that animate a range of social chromaticisms, and in the mutations that commerce ensues between what Jacques Lacan identifies as man's specific
drive mute, labored, musicked speech as it moves between an incapacity for prematurity of birth and what Ruth Wilson Gilmore (echoing Hussein Abdi-
reasoned or meaningful self-generated utterance that is, on the one hand, lahi Bulhan) identifies as the specific (and irreducible threat of) prematurity
supposed and, on the other hand, imposed and, on the other hand, never of death in blackness? 6
posed as the question concerning the black and social arts of resistant in-
capacitation and something that Saidiya Hartman might still call, or per- 9
haps would never have called in this particular way, a critical predisposition Addressing these questions demands some attempt to discover how black-
to steal (away) (either way, this predisposition is her gift). 4 In those outside ness operates as the modality oflife's constant escape and takes the form, the
chances and changes that are always also transgenderings (as in AI Green's held and errant pattern, of flight. 7 So we've been trying to find out how the
errant falsetto or Big Maybelle's bass-which is not but nothing other than undercommons cuts the common sense-the necessarily failed administra-
basic-growl), and in between that impropriety of speech that approaches tive accounting of the incalculable-that is the objectfive of enlightenment,
animality and a tendency toward expropriation that approaches criminality, self-control; and trying to get with the utopian sensuality that animates this
lies blackness, lies the black thing that cuts the regulative, governant force occupied dystopia that we occupy and with which we are preoccupied. It must
of (the) understanding (and even of those understandings of blackness to be that in exploring the black market underside of this constant economy of
which black people are given since fugitivity escapes even the fugitive) which, misrecognition, this misery cognition, the funked-up here and now of this
according to Kant, must clip the wings of the imagination in its "lawless ethnocentric particularity, it will be possible to discover the content econ-
freedom." 5 omy: because we're in love with how the beat of this slum-like, deictic circle
flies off the handle; how event music, full of color, blows up the event hori-
8
zon· how the sound waves from this black hole carry flavorful pictures to
The work of blackness is inseparable from the violence of blackness. Vio- tou~h; how the only way to get with them is to sense them. This information
lence is where technique and beauty come back, though they had never left. can never be lost without also being found; it is, rather, irrevocably given in
Consider technique as a kind of strain and consider the technique that is transit. We could never provide a whole bunch of smooth transitions for this
embedded in and cuts techniques-the (Fanonian as opposed to Artaudian) disorderly market of ditches and hidden spans. '!here's just this open seriality
cruelty.1he internal difference of blackness is a violent and cruel rerouting, by of scarred terminals in off transcription. Some people want to run things,
way and outside of critique, that is predicated on the notion, which was given other things want to run. If they ask you, tell 'em we were flying. Knowledge
to me by Martin Luther Kilson Jr., that there's nothing wrong with us (precisely of freedom is (in) the invention of escape, stealing away in the confines, in
insofar as there is something wrong, something off, something ungovern- the form, of a break. This is held close in the open song of the ones who are
ably, fugitively living in us that is constantly taken for the pathogen it instan- supposed to be silent.
tiates). This notion is manifest primarily in the long, slow motion -the series
of tragically pleasurable detours- of the immediate (of improvisation, which 10
is something not but almost nothing other than the spontaneous), a rerout- Whom do we mean when we say "there's nothing wrong with us"? 'lhe fat
ing that turns away from a turning on or to itself. That apposition is an itin- ones. The ones who are out of all compass however precisely they are located.
erancy that bridges life and blackness. Movement toward and against death The ones who are not conscious when they listen to Les McCann. The Scream-
and its specific and general prematurities and a willingness to break the law ers who don't say much, insolently. The churchgoers who value impropriety.

354 Fred Moten and Stefano Harney lllacknrss and Governance 355
 l 1
'
'lhe ones who manage to evade self-management in the enclosure. The ones theirs. But then nobody writes about the state anymore, because governance
without interest who bring the muted noise and mutant grammar of the new is too clever for that, governance invites us to laugh at the state, to look back
general interest by refusing. The ones who bear the new general intellect by at it, its political immaturity in the face of govern mentality by all, its danger-
extending the long, extragenetic line of extramoral obligation to disturb and ous behavior, its laziness, its blackness. Which means really the exhaustion
evade intelligence. Our cousins. All our friends. of blackness, thought by the state and the new a way to steal from the stolen,
who refuse to give up the secret of thieving with their theft, the secret of their
11
thieving of their theft.
'!he new general intellect is rich. And the new regulation wants to give you In the newest language of the social sciences we might say that gover-
back what you got, publicly, which is to say partly, what can only be owed. nance is generated by a refusal among biopolitical populations. Or perhaps
'lhis regulation is called governance. It is not governmentality, nor is it a gov- by the self-activity of immaterial labor. But maybe we would like to say it is
ernance of the soul. It must be described in its inscription in the criminality provoked by the communicability of unmanageable racial and sexual differ-
that doubles as debt, that doubles the debt, that twists in inscription, that ence, insisting on a now unfathomable debt of wealth.
torques.
Nikolas Rose had it wrong, governance is not about government, and Fou- 12
cault wanted to get it right. 8 But he never found the priority of what he felt in Governance is a strategy for the privatization of social reproductive labor, a
North Africa. Governance is the wit of the colonial official , the CIA woman , strategy provoked by communicability, infected by it, hosting and hostile.
the NGO man. Will we be in on the joke that we all know govern mentality so As Antonio Negri says, "The new face of productive labor (intellectual, rela-
well? We can all read it like a book. Nothing goes on behind the backs of the tional, linguistic, and affective, rather than physical, individual, muscular,
new cynicism (except we need gently to remind our comrade Paolo Virna of instrumental) does not understate but accentuates the corporality and ma-
what always went on beyond cynicism, was always without home and shelter, teriality oflabour." l l But accumulating collective cognitive and affective labor
was always outnumbered and outgunned). 9 Will we be in on the joke of reli- from these highly communicable differences is not the same as accumulat-
gion, of white trash, or the joke of development, of Marxism? When Gayatri ing biopolitical bodies that labor. Differences here matter not f()r order, but
Spivak refuses to laugh, she is told she wants to deny the workers their cap- order matters for differences. The order that collects differences, the order
puccinos.10 She holds out for reduction against the insider trading of domi- that collects what Marx called labor still objectifying itself, is the order of
nation, she holds out for a reduction to the coercion that exploits what it governance.
cannot reduce to an invitation to governance.
Still the invitations arrive through the smirk of governmentality by all, or 13

on the severe and serious brow of democratization. Critique and policy. No But governance collects like a drill boring for samples. Governance is a f(mn
wonder Rose thought governance was about government. Worse still, some of prospecting for this immaterial labor. Immaterial labor is opaque to state-
say governance is merely a management neologism, a piece of old-fashioned thought until it becomes labor-power, exchangeable potentiality. Immaterial
ideology. Others think governance simply a retreat to liberalism from the labor could easily be mistaken for life, which is why the biopolitical must take
market fundamentalism of neoliberalism in the present crisis. a new form. A form that provokes life to give up this new potential. Corporate
But we want to reduce it up to a kind of"state-thought," a form of thought social responsibility is sincere. '!he invitation to governmentality is made by
which for Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari supported the rendering and way of transfer of responsibility, and immaterial labor is distinguished from
hoarding of social wealth. A thought that thinks away the private before the the vitality of life, from its vessel, by the taking up of responsibility, and life
public and the private, but not exactly before, but rather a step ahead. State- is now distinguished by its overt irresponsibility.
thought says, "'lhey burnt down their own neighborhood." Not theirs, before Since neither the state nor capital know where to find immaterial labor or

356 fred Moten and Stefano Harney Blmknm ond r;ovrrnamc 357
how to distinguish it from life, governance is a kind of exploratory drilling
with a responsibility bit. But this drilling is not really for labor-power. It is for 16

politics, or rather as Tiziana Terranova suggests, it is for soft control, the cul- The Soviets used to say that the United States had free speech but no one
tivation of politics below the political. 12 The slogan of governance might be could hear you over the noise of the machines. Today no one can hear you
that where there is gas, there is oil, but where there is politics there is labor, over the noise of talk. Maurizio Lazzara to says immaterial labor is loquacious
a kind of labor that might be provoked, in the words of critique, or grown, while industrial labor was mute. 15 Governance populations are gregarious.
in the words of policy, into labor-power. But this labor as subjectivity is not Gregariousness is the exchange form of immaterial labor-power. a labor-
politics to itself. It must be politicized if it is to yield up its labor-power, or power summoned by interests from a communicability without interest, a
rather we might say, politics is the refining process for immaterial labor. viral communicability, a beat.
Politicization is the work of state-thought, the work today, of capital. This is The compulsion to tell us how you feel is the compulsion oflabor, not citi-
the interest it bears. And interests are its lifeblood, its labor. zenship, exploitation not domination, and it is whiteness. Whiteness is why
Lazzarato does not hear industrial labor. Whiteness is not merely a relation-
14 ship to blackness, as we have tried to describe it here, but in particular a re-
Governance operates through the apparent autogeneration of these interests. lationship to blackness in its relationship to capital, which is to say the move-
Unlike that in previous regimes of sovereignty, there is no predetermined ment from muteness to dumb insolence that may be by way of bringing the
interest (no nation, no constitution, no language) to be realized collectively. noise. But the noise of talk, white noise, the information-rich environment of
Rather, interests are solicited, offered up, and accumulated. But this is a mo- the gregarious, comes from subjectivities formed of objectified labor. 'Ihese
ment so close to life, to vitality, to the body, so close to no interests that are the subjectivities of interests, subjectivities oflabor-power whose poten-
the imposition of self-management becomes imperative. That imposition is tialities are already bounded by how they will be spent, and mute to their
governance and its mark is the alienation of these interests in disinterested- blackness. This is the real muteness of industrial labor. And it is the real gre-
ness, the fully mature state of governance, where the abstract interest pro- gariousness of immaterial labor. Governance is the extension of whiteness
duces a radical contingency aimed at the fugitive planning of those without on a global scale.
interests. 13
17
15 NGOs are the laboratories of governance. '!he premise of the NGO is that all
Governance then becomes the management of self-management. '!be genera- populations must become gregarious. And the ethics of the NGO, the dream
tion of interests appears as wealth, plentitude, potential. It hides the waste of governance in general, goes beyond representation as a form of sover-
of the raw immaterial and its reproduction in the flurry of its conferences, eignty to autogenerate representation, in the double sense. ·n1ose who can
consultations, and outreach. Indeed, within the firm, self-management is represent themselves will also be those who re-present themselves as inter-
distinguished from obedience by the generation of new interests in quality, ested in one and the same move, collapsing the distinction. ·n1e NGO is the
design, discipline, and communication. But with the implosion of the time research and development arm of governance, finding new ways to bring
and space in the firm, with the dispersion and virtualization of productivity, to blackness what it is said to lack, the thing that cannot be brought, inter-
governance arrives to manage self-management, not from above, but from ests. People must speak for themselves, is the mantra of governance. '!hey
below. What comes up then may not be value from below as Negri calls it, must enter a public composed of the privacy and privation of autogenerated
but politics from below, such that we have to be wary of the grassroots and interests.
suspicious of the community. 14 When what emerges from below is interests,
when value from below becomes politics from below, self-management has
been realized, and governance has done its work.

358 Fred Moten and Stefano Harney Blackness and Governance 359
 18 5· See Kant, "On the combination of taste with genius in products of beautiful an." in
Critique of the Power oJ]udgment, 197.
Governance is the putting to work of democracy. When representation be-
6. See La can, "'!he Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I,". in Ernts, 4;
comes the obligation of all, when politics becomes the work of all, democracy
Gilmore, Golden Gulag, 247; and Bulhan, Frantz Fa non and the l'stjrholoml of Opprcsswn,
is labored. No longer can democracy promise the return of something lost in
155-77·
the workplace, but rather becomes itself an extension of the workplace. And 7· See Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 14:;.
even democracy cannot contain governance, but is only a tool in its box. Gov- 8. Rose, Governing the Soul.
ernance is always generated, always organic to any situation. Democracy sits 9· See Virna, A Grammar of the Multitude, in which something like a history of chattel
badly in many situations, and must be worked at, made to appear as natural slavery haunts the new conditions of the multitude unnamed and unsung.
10. Spivak, "Scattered Speculations on the Question of Value."
as governance, made to serve governance.
11. Negri, "Response to Pierre Macherey."

19 12. Terranova, Network Culture.

13. Moten and Harney, "Planning and Policy."
Governance is the annunciation of universal exchange. It is the exchange 14. Negri, "Value and Affect."
through communication of all institutional forms; the only thing forms of 15. Lazzarato, "Immaterial Labour," 133-47.
exchange value in each other is the enunciation of governance. '!be hospital
talks to the prison, which talks to the university, which talks to the NGO,
which talks to the corporation through governance, and they talk not just to
each other but about each other. Everybody knows everything about our bio-
politics. This is the disinterested stance of interests. 'Ibis is the perfection of
democracy under the general equivalent. It is also the annunciation of gover-
nance as the realization of universal exchange on the grounds of capitalism.

20

Governance and criminality-the condition of being without interests-

come to make each other possible. What would it mean to struggle against
governance, against that which produces struggle by germinating inter-
ests? When governance is understood as the criminalization of being with-
out interests, as a regulation brought into being by criminality, where crimi-
nality is that excess left from, because it is before, criminalization, a certain
fragility emerges, a certain limit, an uncertain imposition by a greater drive,
the mere utterance of whose name has again become too black, too strong
altogether.

NOTES

1. Marx, Grundrisse, 488.

2. Sec Mullen, "Runaway Tongue."
:;. See, f(Jr instance, Golden, Freestyle, as well as its anticipatory rebuttal, Baraka, In Our
Terribleness.
4· Sec Hartman, Scenes of Subjection.

360 fred Moten and Stefcmo Harney lllarknc\S and r;ovcrnanrc 361