International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research

ISSN 2351-8014 Vol. 16 No. 1 Jun. 2015, pp. 79-85

© 2015 Innovative Space of Scientific Research Journals
http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/

A Numerical Solution of a Model for HIV Infection CD4+ T-Cell

M. Khalid, Mariam Sultana, Faheem Zaidi, and Fareeha Sami Khan

Department of Mathematical Sciences,

Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology,
Karachi-75300, Pakistan

Copyright © 2015 ISSR Journals. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, a new Iteration Algorithm is examined to provide an approximate solution of a model for HIV
+
infection of CD4 T-Cells. This method allows the solution of governing differential equation calculated in the form of an
infinite series, with components that can be easily calculated. The reliability and the efficiency of proposed approach is
demonstrated in different time intervals by numerical example. All computations have been carried out by computer code
written in Mathematica 9.0

KEYWORDS: HIV Infection, CD4+ T-Cell, Perturbation Iteration Algorithm, Infinite Series.

1 INTRODUCTION

HIV / AIDS is a major global health problem of the age. There have been some breakthroughs, some small conquests, but
nothing concrete. It is irrefutable fact that millions of dollars being spent every year in the treatment of the disease but no
cure is available yet. Approximately, 25 million HIV infected individuals live in sub-Saharan Africa [Center for Disease Control
( CDC ); http://www.cdc.gov/ HIV ]. The progression of the HIV / AIDS disease consists of three stages: the acute stage,
characterized by extensive initial virus growth, the chronic or asymptomatic phase, where virus loads are low and the patient
appears healthy, and the AIDS phase where there is a sharp increase of virus load and the destruction of the CD4  T helper
cells, leading to the failure of the human body. The fact that the HIV virus debilitates not only the immune system but the
HIV -specific responses [5], and its ability to rapidly evolve in vivo, escaping the immune responses of the patient [6], makes
the HIV virus one of the most complex viruses to fight and overcome.
Many mathematical models have been proposed for the dynamics of HIV infection. In 1989, a model for the infection of
HIV into the human immune system was developed by Perelson [1]. This model of the spread of the virus has three variables:
the population sizes of uninfected cells, infected cells, and free virus particles. Perelson et al. [2] extended the model
described in [1] and developed a new model by considering four variables:
1. Uninfected cells
2. Latently infected cells
3. Actively infected cells, and
4. Free virus particles.
Their model is described by a system of four ordinary differential equations. It was noted that the model can replicate
many of the symptoms of AIDS observed clinically. Culshaw and Ruan [3] reduced the model described in [2] to a system of
three ordinary differential equations by assuming that all the infected cells are capable of producing the virus.
The model, as discussed in [3], is

dT  T I 
 s  T  rT1    kVT

dt  Tmax 

Corresponding Author: M. Khalid 79

 +
A Numerical Solution of a Model for HIV Infection CD4 T-Cell

dI
 kVT   I (1)
dt
dV
 N I  V
dt

Table 1. List of variables and parameters (modified from [3]).

Parameters and variables Meaning

Dependent variables
Uninfected CD4  T-cell concentration
T
I Infected CD4  T-cell concentration
V Concentration of HIV RNA
Parameters And constants
Natural death rate of CD4  T-cell concentration

 Blanket death rate of infected CD4  T-cells
 Death rate of free virus
k Rate CD4  T-cells become infected with virus
r Growth rate of CD4  T-cell concentration
N Number of virion produced by infected CD4  T-cells
Tmax Maximal concentration of CD4  T-cells
s Source term for uninfected CD4  T-cells

Where Tt  , It  and Vt  represent the concentration of healthy CD4  T-cells at time t, infected CD4  T-cells, and free
HIV at time t, respectively. Table 1 summarizes the meanings of parameters and variables. Stability and existence aspects of
this model were discussed in [3, 4].

In a normal human body, the level of CD4  T cells in the peripheral blood is regulated at a level between 800 and
1200mm3 . CD4  T cells are also named as T-helper cells or leukocytes. These cells are the most abundantly found white
blood cells of the human immune system that fight actively against diseases. HIV wrecks the most heinous damage to these
cells, causing their decline and destruction and, thus, decreasing the resistance of the human immune system. The dynamic
model has proved valuable in understanding the dynamics of HIV infection.
[4] shows us clearly the practical and industrial exposures of such a model. For the proper numerical derivation of a
model for HIV infection of CD4  T-cells, Ongun [7] have applied the Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method; Merdan has
used the Homotopy Perturbation Method [8], moreover, Merdan et al. have practiced the Padé approximate and the
amended Variational Iteration Method [9]. Vineet K. Srivastava et al solved dynamical model of HIV infection of CD4  T-cells
numerically using the differential transform method ( DTM )[10]. Suayip Yuzbası [11] derived the approximate solutions of the
HIV infection model of CD4  T by coming up with and further developing the Bessel collocation method. In this paper, the
Perturbation Iteration Algorithm ( PIA ) is launched and extended for solving most approximately the model for HIV infection
of CD4  T-cells of Culshaw and Ruan as described above.
The residual part of the paper is systematized as follows; in Section 2, the basic idea of the Perturbation Iteration
Algorithm ( PIA ) is illustrated mathematically. The numerical implementation of the method for CD4  T-cells model and its
numerical results, an in-depth comparison between Perturbation Iteration Algorithm ( PIA ),Euler’s, Differential transform
and RK4 methods is given in Section 3, while Section 4 rounds up and concludes the discussion.

2 PERTURBATION ITERATION ALGORITHM (PIA)

A new and much improved iteration-perturbation method called the “Perturbation-Iteration Method” has been derived
recently by [12]. This new method employs masterfully a combination of perturbation expansions and Taylor series
expansions to give rise to an iteration scheme. Authors in [12,13] introduced expansion and correction terms of only first

ISSN : 2351-8014 Vol. 16 No. 1, Jun. 2015 80

 M. Khalid, Mariam Sultana, Faheem Zaidi, and Fareeha Sami Khan

derivatives in the Taylor Series expansion, i.e. n  1 , m  1 and one correction term in the perturbation. The algorithm is
named PIA 1,1 . Consider the following system of first-order differential equations.

Gk (u k , u j ,  , t )  0 ; k  1,2,3,.....,K ; j  1,2,3,....,K (2)

where K is a representative of the number of differential equations in the system and the number of dependent variables
K  1 for a single equation. In the open form, the system of equations is

G1  G1 u1 , u1 , u2 , u3 ,....., u K ,  , t   0
G2  G2 u 2 , u1 , u2 , u3 ,....., u K ,  , t   0
G3  G3 u3 , u1 , u2 , u3 ,....., u K ,  , t   0
.
.

G K  G K u K , u1 , u2 , u3 ,....., u K ,  , t   0 (3)

Assume an approximate solution of the system

uk ,n1  uk ,n  ukc ,n (4)

with one correction term in the perturbation expansion. The subscript n represents the nth iteration over this approximate
solution. The system can be approximated with a Taylor series expansion in the neighborhood of   0 as
m
M
1  d  
Gk     G k  
m
, k  1,2,3,...., K
m 0 m!  d    0
(5)
where

d u k ,n1 
K  u j,n1   
d

 u k ,n1
  
j1


u j,n1  
(6)

is defined for the n  1th iterative equation

Gk (u k ,n 1 , u j ,n 1 ,  , t )  0 (7)

Substituting (5) into (4), an iteration equation is obtained

m
 
M
1  c  K  c    
Gk   u k , n   u j,n    Gk    m  0
m!  uk , n 1 j 1  u j , n 1     ;
m 0
    0
k  1,2,3,...., K (8)

Which is a first-order differential equation and can be solved for the correction term ukc ,n . Then, using (4), the n  1th
iteration solution can be found. Iterations are terminated after a satisfactory approximation is obtained.
Note that for a more general algorithm, n correction terms instead of one can be taken in expansion (4) which would
then be PIA n,m algorithm. The algorithm can also be used generally and be applied to a differential equation system having
arbitrary order of derivatives. Within the scope of this paper, only a case n  m  1 is considered for the sake of simplicity,
because more Algebra is involved in constructing iteration solutions for PIA 1,2  and PIA 1,3 as compared to PIA 1,1 . We
have computed the numerical results by the well-known symbolic software “Mathematica 9.0”

ISSN : 2351-8014 Vol. 16 No. 1, Jun. 2015 81

 +
A Numerical Solution of a Model for HIV Infection CD4 T-Cell

3 NUMERICAL SIMULATION

In order to show the effectiveness of Perturbation Iteration Algorithm for solving the dynamical model of HIV infection of
CD4  T cells, we present the following system of differential equation of HIV model shown in equation (1), we take values of
these parameters as.
  0.02 ; k  0.0027 ;   0.3 ;   2.4 ; N  10 ; s  0.1 ; Tmax  1500 , r  3

So system of differential equation becomes

dT
 0.1  2.978T  0.002T 2  0.0027 IT
dt
dI
 0.0027VT  0.3I (9)
dt
dV
 3I  2.4V
dt
With initial conditions T0   0.1 ; I0   0 ; V0   0.1

The system is solved by using PIA 1,1 . The perturbation parameter  is artificially introduced as

G1  T  0.1  2.978T  0.0027 IT  0.002T 2  0

G2  I  0.0027VT  0.3I  0 (10)

G3  V  3I  2.4V  0
For the equation (10) the system (1) with correction terms becomes

Tn  0.1  2.978Tn  Tnc   2.978Tnc   0.0027Vn Tn  0.002Tn2   0

Vn  2.4Vn  Vnc   Vnc 2.4  3In  0 (11)

In  0.3In  Inc   Inc 0.3  0.0027VnTn  0

We take initial guess in this system as

T1,0  0.1 ; I1,0  0 ; V1,0  0.1

After substituting initial guess in (11) and with the help of equation (4), the first approximation has been obtained, which is


T1,1  0.1  0.13356380120886502 e 2.978t  1 
 
I1,1  0.00009 1  e 0.3t

V1,1  0.1  0.11  e 

2.4 t

Another Iteration gives more accurate results than the previous one

 0.140647e 5.378t  1.25417e 7.778t  1.25418e 8.356 t 

 
T1,2  0.1  0.13356380120886502 e 2.978t  1  0.0000119807e 7.778t 
1.14064e10.756 t  e13.734 t  1.49671te10.756 t


 

  
I1,2  0.00009 1  e 0.0 t  0.00009e 2.4 t  0.0479483  0.495683e 2.1t  e 2.4 t  0.456368e 2.978t 
V1,2  0.1  0.11  e  0.0001125e 0.142857  1.14286e
2.4 t 2.4 t 2.1t
 e 2.4 t 

ISSN : 2351-8014 Vol. 16 No. 1, Jun. 2015 82

 M. Khalid, Mariam Sultana, Faheem Zaidi, and Fareeha Sami Khan

Table 2. Comparison between PIA(1,1) and other methods for concentration of Uninfected T-cells.

t RK4 PIA DTM Euler

0.0 0.1000000000000000 0.1000000000000000 0.1000000000 0.1000000000
0.2 0.2087297222454430 0.2087295073948490 0.2116480000 0.2066396850
0.4 0.4059409955447710 0.4059404993468250 0.4226850000 0.3455020000
0.6 0.7635801781341750 0.7635790156330420 0.8179400000 0.6050020000
0.8 1.4119574363577000 1.4119543417994200 1.5462110000 1.0420600000
1.0 2.5867778755778800 2.5867690583329300 2.8540530000 1.7779900000

Table 3. Concentration of HIV RNA i.e. V(t) from DTM, Euler, RK4 and PIA(1,1)

t RK4 PIA DTM Euler

0.0 0.1000000000000000 0.1000000000000000 0.10000000000 0.10000000000
0.2 0.0618798121706440 0.0618796999022359 0.06188000000 0.05776100000
0.4 0.0382948730759080 0.0382939096056007 0.03830900000 0.03336600000
0.6 0.0237045402752520 0.0237016917514381 0.02392000000 0.01927900000
0.8 0.0146803506585660 0.0146744145285035 0.01621200000 0.01114500000
1.0 0.0091008270878710 0.0090905052391029 0.01605000000 0.00645000000

To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm the perturbation-iteration algorithm, differential transform
method, Euler’s method and RK4 are applied to the HIV model of CD4  T-cells. The solution obtained by PIA is compared
with above mentioned methods (as shown in table 2, 3 and 4). It can be deduced that second approximation of perturbation
iteration algorithm are in good agreement with the RK4 method while solutions obtained by other methods are less accurate.

Table 4. Concentration of Infected T-cell i.e. I(t) from RK4, PIA(1,1) and other methods.

t RK4 PIA DTM Euler

0.0 0.0000000000000000 0.0000000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000
0.2 0.0000060315204770 0.0000060315204441 0.000006914977 0.000059531387
0.4 0.0000131530315000 0.0000131530687549 0.000002218815 0.000001288463
0.6 0.0000212106240460 0.0000212101256473 0.000005722250 0.000002061344
0.8 0.0000301518386990 0.0000301480518052 0.000121495184 0.000002906056
1.0 0.0000399942614780 0.0000399785098805 0.000207581862 0.000003821604

ISSN : 2351-8014 Vol. 16 No. 1, Jun. 2015 83

 +
A Numerical Solution of a Model for HIV Infection CD4 T-Cell

Fig. 1. Graphical comparison of uninfected T-cell (T) concentration

Fig. 2. Infected T-cell (I) concentration.

Fig. 3. Graphical comparison of Concentration of V(t).

Figure 1 ,2 and 3 show that the approximate solutions obtained by perturbation iteration algorithm for the HIV infection
model of CD+4 T-cells are very close to the Runge-Kutta approximation solution.

ISSN : 2351-8014 Vol. 16 No. 1, Jun. 2015 84

 M. Khalid, Mariam Sultana, Faheem Zaidi, and Fareeha Sami Khan

4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

In this study, we developed the Perturbation Iteration Algorithm (PIA) and successfully applied it for solving a model for
HIV infection of CD4  T-cells. The solutions obtained by the Perturbation Iteration Algorithm (PIA) seem to match well when
compared with those obtained by Euler’s, Differential transform and RK4 methods. Additionally, this method, which is a
simple and powerful mathematical tool, can be easily employed to solve nonlinear problems which may arise in systems of
nonlinear differential equations and, also, in dynamical systems. We have shown that the proposed algorithm is very
accurate and efficient method compared with other methods for the HIV infection model of CD4  T-cells. A significant
advantage of the method is that the approximate solutions can be calculated effortlessly with computer programs in lesser
amount of time. The computations associated with the example have been performed on a computer with the aid of a
computer code written in Mathematica 9.0.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors thank the anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions and helpful comments and Ms Wishaal Khalid
for her help in proofreading.The authors are thankful to Federal Urdu University for research grant.

REFERENCES

[1] A.S. Perelson, Modeling the interaction of HIV with immune system, Mathematical and Statistical Approaches to AIDS
Epidemiology (Castillo-Chavez ed.), Lect. Notes in Biomath. 83, Springer, Berlin, pp. 350-370, 1989.
[2] Perelson, A.S., Kirschner, D.E. and De Boer,R. “Dynamics of HIV infection of CD4+ T-cells”, Mathematical Biosciences,
vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 81-125, 1993.
[3] Culshaw, R.V. and Ruan, R.S. “A delay-differential equation model of HIV infection of CD4+ T-cells,” Mathematical
Biosciences, vol. 165, pp. 27-39, 2000.
[4] Wang, X. and Song, X. “Global stability and periodic solution of a model for HIV infection of CD4+ T-cells,” Applied
Mathematics and Computation, vol. 189, pp. 1331-1340, 2007.
[5] Rosenberg, E.S., Altfeld, M., Poon, S.H., Phillips, M.N., Wilkes, B.M., Eldridge, R.L., Robbins, G.K., Aquila, R.T.D., Goulder,
P.J. and Walker, B.D. “Immunecontrol of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection”’ Nature vol. 407, pp. 523-526,
2000.
[6] Goulder, P.J. and Walker, B.D. “The great escape AIDS viruses and immune control”, Nat.Med. vol. 5, pp. 1233-1235,
1999.
+
[7] Ongun, M.Y. “The Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method for solving a model for HIV infection of CD4 T-
cells,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol. 53, no. 5-6 , pp. 597–603, 2011.
+
[8] M. Merdan, M. “Homotopy perturbation method for solving a model for hiv infection of CD4 T-cells,” Istanbul
Commerce University Journal of Science, vol. 12, pp. 39–52, 2007.
+
[9] Merdan, M., Gokdogan, A. and Yildirim, A. “On the numerical solution of the model for HIV infection of CD4 T-
cells,” Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 118–123, 2011.
[10] Vineet K.S., Mukesh, K.A. and Sunil, K. “Numerical approximation for HIV infection of CD4+ T cells mathematical model”,
Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 5, pp. 625-629, 2014.
[11] Suayip, Y., “A numerical approach to solve the model for HIV infection of CD4+T cells”, Applied Mathematical Modeling,
vol. 36, pp. 5876-5890, 2012.
[12] Aksoy, Y. and Pakdemirli, M. “New perturbation-iteration solutions for Bratu-type equations”, Computers and
Mathematics with Applications, vol. 59, no. 8, pp.2802-2808, 2010.
[13] Pakdemirli, M., Aksoy, Y. and Boyaci, H. “A new perturbation-iteration approach for first order differential equations”,
Mathematical and Computational Applications, vol. 16, no. 4, pp.890-899, 2011.

ISSN : 2351-8014 Vol. 16 No. 1, Jun. 2015 85