ONE-CYCLE CONTROL OF SWITCHING CONVERTERS

K e y u e Ma Smedley' a n d Slobodan Cuk

Power Electronics Group

California I n s t i t u t e of Technology
Pasadena, CA 91125

Abstract the duty-ratio of the new control technique is a completely nonlinear

function of the control reference and some state variables.
A new nonlinear control technique is conceived t o control the duty-
ratio d of the switch in real time such that in each cycle the average 2.1 The Basic Buck Converter
value of the chopped waveform a t the output diode of the switch rec-
tifier is eraclly equal t o the control reference. Experiments demon- T h e simplest configuration buck converter, shown in Fig. 1 , is used
strate t h a t switching converters with this new One-Cycle Control as an example t o study the features of control techniques mentioned
reject input-voltage perturbations in only one switching cycle and above. T h e D C line input voltage is vg and the switch S is operated
follow the control reference very quickly. This new control method is
very general and directly applicable t o switching converters in either r-T---i
pulse-width-modulated or quasi-resonant modes.

1 Introduction
Switching converters are pulsed nonlinear dynamic systems. There
has been n o standard way t o model and control nonlinear systems. At
present, most control schemes are approached by first linearizing the
governing equations and then applying a linear feedback technique.
DC line Chopped DC output

--
This approach greatly restricts the capability of switching nonlinear input voltage Waveform + ripple
systems. Vl ~

T h e objective of this work is t o achieve large-signal nonlinear

control of switching converters. T h e motivation is that pulsed non- * a I-
linear systems under pulsed nonlinear control should be more rm k T s -4
bust, have faster dynamic response, and better input-perturbation
rejection than the same system under linear control. A new pulsed Figure 1: The Buck Converter
nonlinear control technique, One-Cycle Control, is introduced in this
paper. This technique takes advantage of the pulsed and nonlinear with a constant frequency f. = &.
When the transistor is ON, the
nature of switching converters and achieves instantaneous control of diode is O F F , and the diode-voltage U, is equal to the input voltage
the average value of the chopped voltage or current. This technique us. When the transistor is O F F , the diode is ON, and the diode-
provides fast dynamic response and good input-perturbation rejec- voltage U, is zero. T h e D C line-input voltage is chopped by the
tion. I t is suitable for the control of pulse-width-modulated (PWM) switch resulting in a chopped waveform U,. T h e average, or DC, of
converters and quasi-resonant (QR) converters. this waveform is V,,
In Section 2, the One-Cycle Control theory is developed based on
the analysis of the basic buck converter with conventional feedback
control and currenbmode control. In Section 3, experiments were
conducted t o verify the feasibility of One-Cycle Control of the buck T h e LC low-pass filter transmits this value to the output while re-
converter. In Section 4, the dynamic behavior of One-Cycle Con- jecting most of the undesired switch frequency fs. Therefore, the
trolled switching converters is studied. T h e Cuk converter is used output voltage contains the desired DC value dug and a small resid-
as an example for the analysis and experiments. In Section 5, the ual switch ripple. T h e buck converter has a conversion rate equal
One-Cycle Control theory is generalized t o control all types of switch- t o its duty-ratio d . By controlling the duty-ratio d , the output DC
ing converters: constant frequency, constant turn-on time, constant voltage is controlled.
turn-off time, and variable switches. Conclusions and some further
discussions are given in Section 6 . 2.2 Conventional Feedback Control
In conventional control, the duty-ratio pulses are produced by com-
2 Development of New Control Technique paring the control reference signal with a saw-tooth signal. As a
result, the control reference signal is linearly modulated into the
A new control technique is developed based on the fundamental study duty-ratio signal:
of the basic buck converter with conventional feedback control and
d = au,ef, (2)
current-mode control. T h e duty-ratio of the conventional control
is a linear function of the control reference, the duty-ratio of the where a is a constant. With feedback, the above equation becomes
current-mode control contains some nonlinear state feedback, while
d = a(U,,f - u~). (3)

'Keyue Smedley is currently with the Superconducting Super Collider Lab in A buck converter with conventional feedback is shown in Fig. 2.
Texas. T h e duty-ratio is modulated in the direction t o reduce the error.

O-7803-oO90-4/91/07oO-0888$01.W1991IEEE

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Comparator
Comparator Amplifier
Figure 4: Current-Mode Control of the Buck Converter.
Figure I: T h e Conventional Feedback Buck Converter.

V, di dl

Figure 5: Current-Mode Control of Buck Converter with Artificial

Ramp.
nnnnnnnn ,.
2 > 0.5, the transient process does not converge; an artificial ramp
Figure 3: The Feedback Transient. cn: be employed to stabilize the system. If the artificial ramp is
chosen to be exactly equal to the falling slope sf of the switch current,
the system fully rejects the input voltage perturbations. The falling
Suppose the input voltage is perturbed, for example by a large
slope of the switch current of the buck converter is determined by
step up, the duty-ratio control does not see the change instanta-
the output voltage and the output filter inductance L :
neously since the error signal must change first. Therefore, the out-
put voltage jumps up and the typical output voltage transient over- Sf =-
U0
L (7)
shoot is observed as illustrated in Fig. 3. The feedback signal is
compared with the reference, and the error is amplified t o control When the output voltage changes, the artificial ramp must change ac-
the duty-ratio. The duration of the transient is dictated by the loop- cordingly; therefore, only the buck converter operating a t a constant
gain bandwidth and a large number of switching cycles is required output voltage satisfies this condition. For converters other than
before the steady-state limit is reached. The output is always influ- the buck converter the falling slope of the switch current may be a
enced by the input-voltage perturbation. Furthermore, the addition function of the input voltage, the voltage across the energy-transfer
of an input filter might cause oscillations due to interactions with capacitor, and/or the output voltage. Therefore, the artificial ramp
the originally stable closed-loop buck regulator. can no longer match the falling slope of the switch current. Due to
this mismatch, current-mode control is unable t o reject input-voltage
2.3 Current-Mode Control perturbations.
Current-mode control, shown in Fig. 4, utilizes some of the pulsed
and nonlinear nature of the switching converter. The switch current
2.4 One-Cycle Control
is sensed and compared with the control reference. A constant fre- Lets go back to the original buck converter shown in Fig. 1. Close
quency clock pulse turns the transistor on. When the switch current observation of the diode-voltage leads to an interesting discovery.
reaches the control reference the comparator changes its state and The output voltage of the buck converter is the average value of the
turns the transistor off. The duty-ratio signal is determined by the diode-voltage, which is equal to the area under each diode-voltage
following relation, which contains some nonlinear state feedback: pulse divided by the switching period,

(4)

where i L is the inductor current and ml is the rising slope of the

inductor current, for the buck converter nl = v. A new control scheme, shown in Fig. 6, is conceived for constant
switching frequency. The controller uses constant frequency pulses to
When the input voltage is perturbed, for example by a step up,
the current ramp immediately increases t o reduce the duty-ratio, as simutaneously turn on the transistor and activate the integrator. The
shown in Fig. 5. diode-voltage is integrated and compared with a control reference. As
soon as the integrated diode-voltage reaches the control reference, the
transistor is turned off and the integrator is reset t o zero.
If the control reference is constant, then the average of the diode-
voltage is constant; therefore, the output voltage is constant, as
shown in Fig. 7. The slope of the integration is directly propor-
tional to the input voltage. The integration value is continuously
When $ < 0.5, the transient process converges, however, it takes compared with the constant control reference. When the input volt-
several cycles for the system to reach the new steady state. When age is higher, the slope of the integration is steeper; therefore, the

889

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 of the One-Cycle Controlled switching converter is exactly equal
I L I t o the control reference; therefore, the average value of the diode-
voltage should completely reject the input voltage perturbations and
instantly follow the control reference. The circuit used for the experi-
ments is shown in Fig. 9. T h e operating condition for the experiments
is V, = 15V, fs = 30kHz, L2 = 0.48mH, Cz = 30pF, R = 25R. A,
B, C , D, and E are the test points used in the experiments.

*7hJ
Controller
V d Integrator
The diode-voltage is fed back to the real-time integrator. The
integration value is compared with the control reference in real time.
When the output voltage of the integrator reaches the control refer-
ence, the transistor is turned off and the integration is immediately
reset t o zero to prepare for the next cycle

Comparator

Figure 6: One-Cycle Control of Buck Converter.

integration value reaches the control reference faster. As a result, the

duty-ratio is smaller. When the input voltage is lower, the duty-ratio
is larger.

Comparator Integrator

Figure 9: One-Cycle Control Buck Converter.

Figure 7: Constant Control Reference.
In each cycle, the diode-voltage waveform may be different; how-
If the control reference is changing, then the average of the diode-
ever, as long as the area under the diode-voltage waveform in each
voltage is equal t o the changing control reference in each cycle. Fig. 8
cycle is the same as the control reference signal, instantaneous control
shows the case where the control reference changes its value in a single
of the diode-voltage V, is achieved.
step up. The integration value of the diode-voltage keeps up with
the control reference immediately.
3.1 Input-Voltage Perturbation Rejection
Suppose the control reference and the load are constant while the
input voltage ug is perturbed by an arbitrary pattern. The changing
H diode-voltage is integrated in real time and the slope of the inte-
grated diode-voltage changes exactly and immediately when changes
I
occur in the diodevoltage. Therefore, the input voltage directly and
I
instantly affects the duty-ratio d such that the integration of the
diode-voltage is constant in each cycle. In Fig. 10 the input voltage

Figure 8: Variable Control Reference. VI 4

With this control scheme, the duty-ratio d is determined by

T*
Ad" vgdt = vref. (9)
b I

which is a nonlinear function of the input voltage and the control

Figure 10: Rejection of Input-Voltage Perturbations.
reference. With this nonlinear control, the output voltage of the
buck converter is linear t o the control reference,
is stepped up while the transistor is ON. The slope of the integration
vo =
b ef changes immediately; therefore, the speed t o reach the control refer-
1+i s + LCS2' ence is adjusted instantaneously in order t o keep the integrated value
of the diode-voltage the same a6 the control reference. Theoretically,
If this control concept is practically realizable, the transient of the
this control technique completely rejects input-voltage perturbations.
average value of the diodevoltage would be corr.pleted within one
switching cycle. This control scheme is defined as One-Cycle Control. Experiment 1 The response of the diode-voltage to a step-up per-
turbation of the input voltage was measured. A step-up function
3 Feasibility of One-Cycle Control from 1OV to 20V was injected into the input voltage vs a t Point C,
while the load and the control reference were held constant. The re-
Experiments were conducted to verify the feasibility of One-Cycle sponse of the integrator vint was measured at Point E. Note that the
Control. According to the analysis of last section, the diode-voltage input voltage has been reduced by a factor of two in order to fit it
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Time (Sec) T i m (Sec)

Figure 11: Buck Converter Rejects a S t e p - u p in the Input Voltage. Figure 13: Buck Converter Response t o a S t e p - u p in the Input Volt-
age and a Sinusoid Change in the Control Reference.

into the plot of the experimental results shown in Fig. 11. The spikes control reference was measured. A step-up function from 1OV to
on the input voltage are caused by the non-zero output impedance 20V was injected into the input voltage at Point C, while the con-
of the power source. These spikes did not influence the average value trol reference was varied with a sinusoid wave ~ , ,=f 3.1 1.2sinwt,+
of the diode-voltage, because the spikes are included in the real-time f = l O k H r , at Point A. The output response of the integrator was
integration that is compared to the reference voltage. The input measured a t Point E. Note that the input voltage has been reduced
voltage stepped up while the transistor was ON and the slope of the by a factor of two in order to fit it into the plot of the experimen-
integration of that cycle changed immediately; therefore, the duty- tal results shown in Fig. 13. The slope of the integration changed
ratio was adjusted instantaneously. immediately when the input voltage stepped up. The envelope of
the integration waveform kept up with the control reference exactly.
3.2 Load-Disturbance Rejection Therefore, the average of the diode-voltage was not influenced by the
Suppose the control reference and the input voltage are constant, input disturbance and was fully controlled by the control reference.
whereas the load current is perturbed. If the input voltage source
has some output impedance, the amplitude of the diodevoltage will 4 Stability of One-Cycle Control
be perturbed because the disturbing current generates a voltage dis-
turbance across the input impedance. This disturbance is equivalent Experiments proved the feasibility of One-Cycle Control of the buck
to the case when the input voltage is perturbed. One-Cycle Control converter. If converter is more complicated, such as the Cuk con-
completely rejects load disturbances at the diodevoltage, and keeps verter, will One-Cycle Control still work? Is the system globally
the average of the diode-voltage constant. However, the output volt- stable?
age is disturbed because of the dynamics of the output filter. Fig. 14 shows the One-Cycle Controlled k u k converter. The clock
triggers the FtS flip-flop to turn on the transistor with a constant
3.3 Following the Control Reference frequency. The diode-voltage is integrated and compared with the
reference voltage v,,f. When the integrated value of the diode-
Suppose the input voltage and the control reference are changing
a t the same time. For example, the input voltage has a step up
perturbation while the control reference changes sinusoidaly. The

VI

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r"i /y
'*.........
,,,........') ,)(

.......
......... .~

Clock

Figure 12: Following the Control Signal and Rejecting the Input
Voltage Perturbation.
Figure 14: T h e Experimental C u t Converter with One-Cycle C o n -
slope of the integration becomes steeper when the amplitude of the trol.
input voltage steps up. No matter how the integration slope changes,
the integration value still keeps up with the sinusoid control reference voltage reaches the control reference, the comparator changes its
in each cycle. Therefore, the average value of the diode-voltage does state, which resets the RS flip-flop and consequently turns off the
not see the input perturbation and it follows the control reference in transistor. A,B,C,D, and E are the test points. The circuit operating
one cycle, as shown in Fig. 12. condition is V, = 20V, f s = 5 0 k H z , 151 = 2.39mH, Lz = 2.34mH,
C1 = 100pE, Cz = 1000pF, R L = ~ l R , RLZ= l R , R = 10R.
Experiment 2 The capability of the diodevoltage to reject a step-
up input-voltage perturbation while following a sinusoidally varying

89 1

1-
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4.1 Global Stability of the One-Cycle Controlled kuk

Converter
When v c 1 2 e,
the system operates at the minimum duty-
ratio D,,, and the system Equations (11) and (12) becomes linear
again with d = Dmjn.
With One-Cycle Control, the average value of the diodevoltage of the
If the maximum duty-ratio is artificially restricted such that D,,, <
Cuk converter is exactly equal to the control reference. Therefore,
the dynamics of the system is isolated by the diode-voltage. The
3, then the unstable saddle point Pz = (b, 1 2 ) is avoided and the
system is globally stable. The global dynamics are shown in Fig. 17.
output voltage is not influenced by the input filter dynamics or by the The definition of the axes is the same as that in Fig. 16.
input voltage perturbations. The Switching Flow-Graph[l] shown in
Fig. 15 reveals that the system is separated into two subloops. The
30
output loop, which is a second-order linear system, is always stable.
The input loop is a non-linear second-order system. The state-space 20
equations for input loop are obtained from Fig. 15,
IO
44
I
0

-10

-20

-30 3
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
1
50
J VOlloge (v)
Sffl

w k r r Y-Q: ua*,rrz3r d I+ Uodtiplirr. 1 3 x y Figure 17: T h e Global D y n a m i c Behavior with Duty-Ratio Limita-
tion.
Y

Figure 15: The Large-Signal Model of the One-Cycle Controlled C u k

converter. 4.2 Local Dynamic Behavior
In a linear feedback system, an infinite loop-gain is required in or-
der to have instantaneous control over state variables. However, all
L1% = ug -R ~ l i -~ (1
l - d)ucl, (11) physical systems have limited bandwidth. Consequently, when the
loop-gain is higher than a certain value, the loop becomes unstable.
dvci
CIF = (1 - d)iL1 - d i m , (12) Therefore, it is impossible to achieve instantaneous control in a linear
feedback control system.
d = 3, (13) However, instantaneous control is possible in One-Cycle Con-
v c1
trolled converters. For the One-Cycle Controlled Cuk converter, the
Two singular points, PI and Pz, and a singular line, uc1 = 0, are
average value of the diode-voltage actually has an instantaneous re-
easily found by setting the derivatives in Equations (11) and (12)
sponse to the control reference. To further understand One-Cycle
equal t o zero. Control, a study of the linearized local dynamic behavior and the
The global dynamic behavior, simulated by the TUTSIM prc- loop-gain is necessary.
gram, is shown in Fig. 16. The x-axis represents the voltage across The output loop does not contain any switching branches, there-
fore, it is a stable linear second-order system. The input loop is non-
30
linear. Suppose the One-Cycle Controlled switch operates around
the steady-state point, V,,,, Vcl, and D with small-signal perturba-
20
tions, i,,f,Gel, and d . The linearized small-signal transfer function
IO of the One-Cycle Controlled Cuk converter with parasitic resistance
is
0

-10

-20
A digital injector [3] was built t o measure the loop-gain. The pre-
-30 dicted and the measured loop-gains, are plotted in Fig. 18. The loop-
.io -io -io i io 20 io rb So gain of the One-Cycle Controlled Cuk converter is not infinite; it is
VOllngC ( V )
actually lower than Odb!
Figure 16: T h e Global D y n a m i c Behavior of the One-Cycle C o n - One-Cycle Control instantaneously controls the average value of
the diode-voltage. Nevertheless, the loop-gain is not infinite. All
trolled d u k Converter.
the other state variables inside the loop obey the physical laws. The
the input capacitor vc1 and the y-axis represents the input inductor variables actually move along the state-space trajectory shown in
current i ~ 1 The
. system is not globally stable. PI is a stable spiral Fig. 17. As a matter of fact, the voltage across the diode has a fi-
point and Pz is an unstable saddle point. The region around PI is the nite transient. O n e c y c l e Control takes advantage of the pulsed and
desired working region. The lower part of the y-axis is an unstable nonlinear nature of the switching converter, and adjusts the average
region, and the upper part of the y-axis is stable. value of the diode-voltage instantaneously. For example, when the
In practice, there is a physical restriction on the duty-ratio, Dmin5 control reference steps up, the voltage across the input capacitor un-
d 5 D,,,. When vc1 5 2,
the system operates at the maximum dergoes an attenuating oscillation. The input signal of the One-Cycle
duty-ratio D,,; therefore, the state space Equations (11) and (12) Controlled switch is the capacitor voltage v c 1 . The output signal of
become linear with d = D m a x . the One-Cycle Controlled switch is the diode-voltage ud, which has

892

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Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Figure 18: T h e Loop-Gain of the One-Cycle Controlled b u k Con- Figure 20: T h e Control-to-Diode-Voltage Frequency Response of the
verter. One-Cycle Controlled d u k Converter.

Experiment 5 T h e input-tc-output frequency response was mea-

Vd sured. A sweeping frequency signal was injected into the input volt-
age a t Point C, while the output-voltage response was measured a t
Point B. T h e experimental result is plotted in Fig. 22. Theoretically,
the system should completely reject the input-voltage perturbation.
V.4 T h e experimental d a t a show that the input perturbation is attenu-
ated by more than 20 db over the frequency range 5Hz t o 50 kHz.
There is a peak near the corner frequency, 300Hz, of the input filter.
T h a t is due t o the fact t h a t the real diode has a non zero conducting
resistance and the wire wrap circuit has some AC coupling.

Figure 19: Take Advantage of the Pulsed and Nonlinear Nature

an envelope equal t o the capacitor voltage u c 1 . The real-time in-

tegrated value is compared with the control reference in each cycle.
Therefore, the duty-ratio is precisely adjusted such that the average
of the diode-voltage v d is exactly equal to the control reference. T h e
real transient of the diode-voltage is not instantaneously controlled,
as shown in Fig. 19. Frequency (Hz)

4.3 Frequency Response Measurements

Experiment 3 T h e control-tediode-voltage frequency response was
measured. A sweeping frequency signal was injected into the control
reference a t Point A, while the diode-voltage response was measured
a t Point D. T h e experimental result is plotted in Fig. 20. Since the
average value of the diode-voltage was fully controlled by the con-
trol reference, it was predicted that the frequency response of the
diode-voltage t o the control reference should be flat. T h e detected
frequency response has a very flat amplitude response and phase lag
over the frequency range 5Hz t o 50 kHz. Frequency ( H z )

Experiment 4 T h e control-teoutput frequency response was mea- Figure 21: T h e Control-to-Output Frequency Response o f the One-
sured. A sweeping frequency signal was injected into the control ref- Cycle Controlled Cuk Converter.
erence at Point A, and the output-voltage response was measured a t
Point B. T h e experimental result is plotted in Fig. 21. T h e frequency
response of the One-Cycle Controlled Cuk converter is equivalent t o
a second-order system as expected.

893

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Frequency ( H z ) Figure 29: T h e Switch Function

The output signal y(t) of the switch is the product of the input signal
z ( t ) and the control signal vrej(t); therefore, the switch is nonlinear.
If the control signal u r e j ( t ) is constant, for example v,,f(t) = D ,
the output signal of the switch is D + ( t ) , which is the case when
the switch is used for digital signal processing. In power processing
applications, for example a power amplifier, the input z ( t ) usually
represents the power, while the control signal v,,j(t) represents the
signal to be amplified. In the ideal case the input power z ( t ) is
constant X ; therefore, the output signal y(t) = XvTej(t).However,
Frequency (Hz) in reality perturbations always exist in the input power z ( t ) ;hence,
the output signal y(t) contains the power disturbance as well.
Figure 22: T h e Input-to-Output Frequency Response of the One- If the duty-ratio of the switch is modulated such that the integra-
Cycle Controlled 6uk Converter. tion of the chopped waveform a t the switch output is exactly equal
to the integration of the control signal in each cycle, ie.
5 Extension of One-Cycle Control
The One-Cycle Control technique found for the constant frequency
1"" +(t)dt = iT' v,,j(t)dt,

switching converter is extended to a general theory. The implemen- then the average value of the chopped waveform at the switch output
tation circuits are found for any type of switch, constant frequency, is exactly equal to the average value of the control signal in each cycle,
constant ON-time, constant OFF-time, and variable. ie

5.1 General Theory

Therefore, the output signal is instantaneously controlled within one
A switch operates according to the switch function k ( t ) at afrequency cycle, ie.
fa = &,
1 0<t<To~
k(t) =
0 Tolv<t<T, .
The technique t o control switches according to this concept is defined
In each cycle, the switch is on for a time duration TONand is O F F as the One-Cycle Control technique. With One-Cycle Control, the
for a time duration TOFF, +
where TON TOFF= T,. The duty-ratio effective output signal of the switch is
d= is modulated by an analog control signal v r e f ( t ) .The switch
input signal + ( t ) is chopped by the switch. The frequency and the
pulse width of the switch output y ( t ) is the same as that of the switch The switch fully rejects the input signal and linearly all-passes the
function k ( t ) , while the envelope of y ( t ) is z ( t ) , as shown in Fig. 23.

1 1 1 1
control signal v,,f; therefore, the One-Cycle Control technique turns
a non-linear switch into a linear switch.
Y(t) = k(t).(t) (16)
Four types of switches are considered here: 5.2 One-Cycle Control of Constant Frequency Switches
switch type TON TOFF T, For a constant frequency switch, T, is constant. The object of One-
constant frequency variable variable constant Cycle Control is to adjust the switch ON-time TON in each cycle,
constant ON-time constant variable variable such that the integrated value of the chopped waveform is exactly
constant OFF-time variable constant variable equal to the control reference.
variable variable variable variable The implementation circuit for One-Cycle Control of a constant
frequency switch is shown in Fig. 24. The key component of the
Suppose the switch frequency fs is much higher than the fre- One-Cycle Control technique is the real-time integrator. The real-
quency bandwidth of either the input signal x ( t ) or the control signal time integration is started the moment the switch is turned on by
vrej(t); then the effective signal carried in the switch output is the fixed frequency clock pulse. The integration value,

U;,,*
1
=-
Ts
1 z(t)dt, (25)

is compared with the control signal v r e r ( t )in real time. At the instant
when the integration value vinl reaches the control signal vref(t), the
controller sends a command to the switch to change it from the ON
state to the O F F state. At the same time, the controller resets the

894

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One-Cycle Controlled Comtant Frequency

Clock

Ktj
1
y-4
:fi
Switch

Comparator

,
Integrator

,
n
*
Figure 24: The One-Cycle Controlled Constant Frequency Switch
One-Cycle Controlled
Cotutant ON-Time Switch

Figure 26: The One-Cycle Controlled Consiant ON-. T i m e Switch.

Comparator
output

comparator
output
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I ( I .
1

Figure 25: The Waveforms of the One-Cycle Controlled Constant Figure 27: The Waveforms of the One-Cycle Controlled Constant
Frequency Switch. O N - T i m e Switch.

T h e OFF-time TOFFof the present cycle is determined by the

real-time integrator t o zero t o prepare for the next cycle. T h e duty- following equation:
ratio d of the present cycle is determined by the following equation:

L J,'"" z ( t ) d t = vref(t).
TS The waveform a t the switch output y ( t ) is guaranteed t o be
Since the switch period T, is constant and the duty-ratio is con-
trolled, the average value of the waveform a t the switch output y ( t )
is guaranteed t o be where T, is time dependent and TONis constant. Fig. 27 shows the
operating waveforms of the circuit.
(27)
5.4 One-Cycle Control of Constant OFF-Time Switches
in each cycle. Fig. 25 shows the operating waveforms of the circuit.
For a constant OFF-time switch, TOFFis constant. T h e object of
One-Cycle Control is t o adjust the ON-time TONin each cycle, such
5.3 One-Cycle Control of Constant ON-Time Switches that the average value of the chopped waveform is exactly equal to
For a constant ON-time switch, TONis constant. T h e object of One- the control reference.
Cycle Control is to adjust the OFF-time TOFFin each cycle, such T h e implementation circuit for One-Cycle Control of a constant
that the average value of the chopped waveform is exactly equal to OFF-time switch is shown in Fig. 28. T h e monostable multivibrator
the control reference. generates a constant pulse width. T h e real-time integration is started
T h e implementation circuit for One-Cycle Control of a constant the moment the switch is turned off. From t = 0 t o t = T O F Fwtnt ,
ON-time switch is shown in Fig. 26. T h e monostable multivibrator increases. When the monostable multivibrator changes its state from
generates a constant pulse width. high t o low, the switch is turned ON. From t = TOFFto t = T', v;,t
T h e real-time integration is started a t the moment the switch decreases.
is turned ON. From t = 0 to t = TON,v;,t decreases. When the
monostable multivibrator changes its state from high t o low, the
switch is turned off. From t = TONt o t = T,, o , , ~ increases.
At the instant when u,,t reaches zero, the comparator changes its
state from low t o high, which triggers the monostable multivabrator
t o high and turns the switch off. T h e present switching cycle is
completed and the switch starts the next cycle.
At the instant when u;,t reaches zero, the comparator changes its T h e ON-time TONof the present cycle is determined by the fol-
state from low t o high, which triggers the monostable multivibrator lowing equation:
t o high and turns the switch back ON. The present switching cycle
is completed and the switch starts the next cycle.

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I iri I - - I
 One-Cycle Controlled Theoretically, converters with One-Cycle Control are capable of
ComfanlOFF-Time Swifch rejecting the input-voltage perturbations, and the diode-voltage is
able t o follow the control signal instantaneously, within one cycle.
Therefore, the One-Cycle Controlled converter is equivalent t o a con-
trollable voltage source with an output filter. However, in practice,
the switches, the transistors, and the diodes are not ideal switches
and the integration is not instantaneous. Hence, the accuracy of One-
Cycle Control is greatly dependent upon the circuit design. T h e
experimental circuits of a buck converter and a Cuk converter in
this work show a very close match between the experimental mea-
surements and the theoretical predictions. T h e dynamic behavior
of the Cuk converter with One-Cycle Control, for both the large-
signal and the small-signal case, is analyzed. T h e Switching Flow-
Figure 28: The One-Cycle Controlled Constant O F F - T i m e Switch. Graph model shows that the One-Cycle Control Cuk converter is not
globally stable. However, imposing a limitation on the duty-ratio
Dmin 5 d 5 Om,, prevents the converter from becoming unstable
Comparafor
output

YO ;
1, while operating in the previously unstable regions. As a result, the
system is globally stable and behaves like a second-order linear sys-
tem. However, the system transient takes longer then one cycle if
the it has t o pass the D,, or Dminlimited regions.
~ - - T ~ ~ - + T O N4 T h e One-Cycle Control concept is straightforward and its im-
plementation circuits are simple; yet it provides excellent control of
switching converters.

References
I , .

A I I [l] K. M. Smedley, Control Art of Switching Converters,

Ph.D. Thesis, California Institute of Technology, 1990.

[a] S. Cuk and R. D. Middlebrook, Advances in Switched Mode

Figure 29: The Waveforms of the One-Cycle Controlled Constant Power Conversion Vol I, 11, & 111, TESLAco 1981 and 1983.
O F F - T i m e Switches.
[3] B. H. Cho and F. C. Lee, Measurement of Loop Gain with the
Since the OFF-time TOFFof the switch is constant and the ON-time Digital Modulator, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Confer-
TON is controlled, the average value of the waveform a t the switch ence, 1984 Record, pp. 484491 (IEEE Publication 84ch2000-8).
output y ( t ) is guaranteed t o be

in each cycle. Fig. 29 shows the operating waveforms of the circuit.

5.5 One-Cycle Control of Variable Switches

For a variable switch, there are two adjustable control parameters,
TONand TOFF.Usually, one parameter is governed by the particular
application. If a particular application requires the ON-time vary in a
particular pattern, then the One-Cycle Control can be implemented
in an approach similar t o the one described for the constant ON-
time switches. If a particular application restricts the OFF-time by
some function, then the One-Cycle Control can be implemented in
an approach similar t o the one described for the constant OFF-time
switches.

6 Conclusion
T h e One-Cycle Control technique is designed t o control the duty-
ratio d of the switch in real time, such that in each cycle the average
of the chopped waveform a t the switch output is ezactly equal t o the
control reference. Experiments show that a switching converter with
One-Cycle Control, rejects input-voltage perturbations, and follows
the control reference quickly. Implementation circuits are found for
any type of switch, constant frequency, constant ON-time, constant
OFF-time, and variable. Therefore, the One-Cycle Control tech-
nique is suitable for large-signal robust control of P W M switching
converters and quasi-resonant converters, inverters, and rectifiers.
This technique may also useful for signal processing and other appli-
cations.

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