EE-211 Linear Circuit Analysis: Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

EE-211 Linear Circuit Analysis
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460
[email protected]
November 30, 2017
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 12 Resources November 30, 2017 1 / 27
Overview
1 First order RC transient circuits

Natural response of RC circuit
Example 7.3 Nilsson
Step response of RC circuit

Special cases of First order circuits
Natural response with series capacitors
Natural response with parallel inductors
Sequential switching
Unbounded response
First order RC transient circuits
1
In natural response an RC circuit is examined for the discharging capacitor.
2
In step response an RC circuit is examined for a charging capacitor.
3
The analysis is similar to a rst order RL circuit.
Consider the circuit shown. Before t=0 the capacitor was charged and
hence an open circuit. Therefore, all the source voltage V appear across
g
the capacitor.
V (0 ) = V
c g = Vc (0+ ) t0 (1)
After t = (0+ ) the circuit is switched such that the source V is g
disconnected from the capacitor.

The equivalent circuit after t>0 is shown below.
If node a is considered as a reference node then applying KCL yields

dv v
i + iR = 0 = C + (2)
C
dt R
dv v
dt = (3)
dt RC
dv 1
= dt (4)
v RC
Integrating both sides of (4).

( )
v t
dx 1 t
Z Z
= dy (5)
v t0( ) x RC t0
The time t = 0,
0
v (t ) 1
ln = t (6)
v (0) RC
Solving 6 to solve
v (t ) = V e ( RC )
1
0
t
(7)
This gives the solution to the rst order circuit with R and C.
The coecient RC
1
is very important. The time constant of an RC circuit is
= RC (8)
So (7) can be rewritten as,
t
v (t ) = V e
0 (9)
The curve starts with a slope of

1/RC but with the passage of time
the voltage drops that reduces the
current and so the curve takes a
longer time than the initial slope.
The current, power and energy can be calculated using (10), (11), and (13)
respectively.
v (t ) V ( t )
i (t ) = = e t 0+
0
(10)
R R
v ( t )
2
P = vi = e t 0+
2
0
(11)
R
t t
V ( x )
2
Z Z
w= Pdx = e dx
2
0
(12)
0 0
R
1 2t
w = CV (1 e 2
) t0 (13)
2 0
Example 7.3 Nilsson
For the gure below nd the v (t ) for

c
t>0, v (t ) and i (t ) for t 0+ .

0 0
The curve starts with a slope of

1/RC but with the passage of time
the voltage drops that reduces the
current and so the curve takes a
longer time than the initial slope.
V (0 ) = 100V
c (14)
R =80k, therefore =RC=40ms
eq
Example 7.3 Nilsson
After t=0, R =80k =40ms The

eq
voltage across capacitor is given as

v (t ) = 100e
c
25t
t 0 (15) P 60k = i02 (t )(60k ) = 60e 50t mW
48 (18)
v (t ) = v (t ) = 60e 25t
t 0+ Z t
60
0
80 c
w = Pdx = m = 1.2mJ
(16)
60k
0
50
v (t ) (19)
i (t ) = 0
= e mA 25t
t 0+
0
60k
(17)
Consider the circuit shown. Before t=0 the capacitor was uncharged.
For this gure apply KCL at upper node

dv v
C +
c
=I
c
(20)
dt R s
dv v I
c
+ =
c s
(21)
dt RC C
Solution is similar to RL circuit.
t
vc = Is R + (Vo Is R )e RC t0 (22)
Where, V = V (0 ) and I R is the nal voltage across the capacitor.
0 c s
As voltage increases, the current decreases so the slope changes from the
initial point.
The initial voltages on capacitors C and C in the circuit shown in Fig.

1 2
have been established by sources not shown. The switch is closed at t=0.
Find v (t ),v (t ), and v(t) for t 0 and i(t) for t 0+ . Calculate the
1 2
initial energy stored in the capacitors C and C . Determine how much

1 2
energy is stored in the capacitors as t approaches to . Show that the

total energy delivered to the 250k ohm resistor is the dierence between
the results obtained in (b) and (c).
Calculate v(t), (nd equivalent capacitor), then the current i(t) from
Ohm's law. Then v (t) and v because the voltage across a capacitor is a
1 2
function of the capacitor current. For an equivalent capacitance of 4F

and charged to a voltage of 20 V. Therefore, the circuit shown on slide17
reduces to the one shown here.
Now, the initial value of v(t) is 20 V, and time constant of the circuit is
(4)(25010 ) or 1 s.Thus the expression for v(t) is
3
v (t ) = 20e Vt
t0 (23)
20e t
i (t ) = = 80e t A t 0+ (24)
R
Now, the expression for v (t) and v (t) is
1 2
v (t ) = (16e
1
t
20)V t0 (25)
v (t ) = ( 4 e
2
t
+ 20)V t0 (26)
1
w CV = 40J = 2
(27)
2 1
1
w = CV = 5760J 2
(28)
2 2
w = w + w = 5800J
o 1 2 (29)
Now, at t = the expression in (25) and (26) yields v = 20V and 1
v =20V . Therefore energy stored by two capacitors is

2
1
w = CV 2
= 0.5(5 + 20)106 (400) = 5000J (30)
2
Total energy delivered to 250k resistor is
Z
w= p(dt ) = 800J (31)
0
In the circuit shown, the initial currents in inductors L and L have been
1 2
established by sources not shown. The switch is opened at t = 0. Find i , 1
i and i for t 0. Calculate the initial energy stored in the parallel

2 3
inductors. Determine how much energy is stored in the inductors as t =.

Show that the total energy delivered to the resistor network is the
dierence between the results obtained in (b) and (c).
To nd i , i , and i rst v(t) is calculated using the equivalent circuit

1 2 3
shown in gure below. The equivalent inductance is 4H, carrying an initial

current of 12 A and equivalent resistance is 8 therefore, the time constant
is 4/8, or 0.5 s. Therefore,
i (t ) = 12e A
2t
t0 (32)
The voltage v(t) is a product of resistance and current.
v (t ) = 96e V
2t
t 0+ (33)
v 0 =0 therefore, expression of v is valid for t 0.
t t
Now the current i , i , and i can be calculated as follows.

1 2 3
1 t
Z
i = 96e dx 8
2x
(34)
1
5 0
i 1 = 1.6 9.6e 2t A t0 (35)

1
Z t
i2 = 96e 2x dx 4 (36)
20 0
i 2 = 1.6 2.4e 2t A t0 (37)

v (t ) 15

i = A
t 0+ (38)
103
25
Note that the expressions for the inductor currents i and i are valid for 1 2
t 0, whereas the expression for the resistor current i is valid for t 0+ . 3
Now the initial energy stored in the inductor is

1 1 1 1
w= LI 2
+ L I = (5)(8) + (20)(4) = 320J
2 2
(39)
2 1
2 2
2 2
As t = , i =1.6 A and i =-1.6 A. Therefore, a long time after the switch
1 2
has been opened, the energy stored in the two inductors is

1 1 1 1
w= LI 2
+ L I = (5)(1.6) + (20)(1.6) = 32J
2 2 2
(40)
2 1
2 2
2 2
Energy delivered to resistive network is

e 4t
Z Z
w= p(dt ) = 1152e dt = 1152
4t
= 288J

(41)
0 0
4 0
Sequential switching
Whenever switching occurs more than once in a circuit, we have sequential

switching. For example, a single, two-position switch may be switched back
and forth, or multiple switches may be opened or closed in sequence. In
such circuits, the basic time reference is t=0 but, it is not for all the
switches. We derive the expressions for v(t) and i(t) for a given position of
the switch or switches and then use these solutions to determine the initial
conditions for the next position of the switch or switches.
Example 7.12 Nilsson
The uncharged capacitor in the circuit shown in Fig. is initially switched to
terminal 'a' of the three position switch. At t=0, the switch is moved to
position b, where it remains for 15 ms. After the 15 ms delay, the switch is
moved to position c, where it remains indenitely. a) Derive the numerical
expression for the voltage across the capacitor. b) Plot the capacitor
voltage versus time. c) When will the voltage on the capacitor equal 200 V?
At the instant the switch is moved to position b, the initial voltage on the
capacitor is zero. If the switch were to remain in position b, the capacitor
would eventually charge to 400 V. The time constant of the circuit when
the switch is in position b is 10 ms. Therefore we can use (22) to express
the voltage across capacitor. the time constant for the circuit at position
'b' is 10ms.
v = 400 + (0 400)e 100t
V 0 t 15ms (42)
solving this for 15ms the nal voltage at the capacitor accumulate is
v = 400 + (0 400)e (
100 15m )
V = 310.75V (43)
Therefore, when the switch is moved to position c the initial voltage on
capacitor is 310.75V. Therefore, using the expression for natural response
of RC circuit as given in (9)
t
v =v e 0 = 310.75e 200(t 0.015) V
15ms t (44)
In writing the expression for v, we recognized that t =15 ms and that this
0
expression is valid only for t 15 ms.
The plot in Fig. reveals that the capacitor voltage will equal 200 V at two
dierent times: once in the interval between 0 and 15 ms and once after 15
ms. We nd the rst time by solving the expression given in (42) reveals
t=6.93ms. For time after 15ms the time can be calculated using (44) and
is given as 17.2ms.
Unbounded response
In an unbounded response the circuit response may grow, rather than

decay, exponentially with time. Such response is possible if the circuit
contains dependent sources. In that case, the Thevenin equivalent
resistance with respect to the terminals of either an inductor or a capacitor
may be negative. This negative resistance generates a negative time
constant, and the resulting currents and voltages increase without limit. In
an actual circuit, the response eventually reaches a limiting value when a
component breaks down or goes into a saturation state, prohibiting further
increases in voltage or current.
When the switch is closed in the circuit shown, the voltage on the capacitor
is 10V. Find the expression for v for t0. b) Assume that the capacitor
0
short-circuits when its terminal voltage reaches 150 V. How many

milliseconds elapse before the capacitor short circuits ?
The thevenin resistance can be calculated using the test source method as
shown below.
v v v
i (t ) = t
7
t
+
t
mA (45)
10 20 20
v
R =
t
= 5k (46)
th
i
t
The equivalent circuit is
The voltage v(t) is given as

v (t ) = 10e
0
40t
t0 (47)
When v =150V the time t=67.70ms
0

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EE-211 Linear Circuit Analysis

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

November 30, 2017

1 First order RC transient circuits

Step response of RC circuit

Natural response with parallel inductors

disconnected from the capacitor.

If node a is considered as a reference node then applying KCL yields

Integrating both sides of (4).

The curve starts with a slope of

For the gure below nd the v (t ) for

t>0, v (t ) and i (t ) for t 0+ .

The curve starts with a slope of

After t=0, R =80k =40ms The

voltage across capacitor is given as

For this gure apply KCL at upper node

The initial voltages on capacitors C and C in the circuit shown in Fig.

initial energy stored in the capacitors C and C . Determine how much

energy is stored in the capacitors as t approaches to . Show that the

function of the capacitor current. For an equivalent capacitance of 4F

Now, at t = the expression in (25) and (26) yields v = 20V and 1

v =20V . Therefore energy stored by two capacitors is

established by sources not shown. The switch is opened at t = 0. Find i , 1

i and i for t 0. Calculate the initial energy stored in the parallel

inductors. Determine how much energy is stored in the inductors as t =.

To nd i , i , and i rst v(t) is calculated using the equivalent circuit

shown in gure below. The equivalent inductance is 4H, carrying an initial

Now the current i , i , and i can be calculated as follows.

i 1 = 1.6 9.6e 2t A t0 (35)

i 2 = 1.6 2.4e 2t A t0 (37)

t 0, whereas the expression for the resistor current i is valid for t 0+ . 3

Now the initial energy stored in the inductor is

has been opened, the energy stored in the two inductors is

Whenever switching occurs more than once in a circuit, we have sequential

expression is valid only for t 15 ms.

In an unbounded response the circuit response may grow, rather than

short-circuits when its terminal voltage reaches 150 V. How many

The equivalent circuit is

The voltage v(t) is given as

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For the gure below nd the v (t ) for

For this gure apply KCL at upper node

To nd i , i , and i rst v(t) is calculated using the equivalent circuit

shown in gure below. The equivalent inductance is 4H, carrying an initial