Q.

257 Large slow speed main propulsion diesel engine uses sea water to directly cool
the
Ans. (c) scavenging air.
Scavenging air temperature before cooling is in the range of more than 100C which is to
be cooled to about 40C. At the same time, the quantity of air available is also very large
and air is having a low thermal conductivity. Hence to cool such large quantity of air
through such a large temperature difference it is necessary that cooling medium should
have a good cooling efficiency. Otherwise if it is cooled by any other medium in such
cases the cooler has to be very big. Also, seawater being a convenient medium can be
thrown overboard after cooling and new abundant cooling medium is available. Hence
cooling is carried out by seawater directly rather than indirect cooling or by using any
other medium. Seawater cooling is most efficient method of cooling scavenge air.

Q.258 The purpose of mist detector in a main propulsion diesel engine is to warn of
Ans. (a) excessive mist density in the crankcase.
Oil mist detector continuously samples the atmosphere of the crankcase and compares it
with the average atmosphere or the atmosphere in the engine room. Hence any change in
the density of oil mist will be immediately revealed or brought to notice by means of
audio and visual indication. The high density in the crankcase is a direct indication that
there is hotspot present in the crankcase because of which the oil is getting evaporated
forming oil mist which may lead to crankcase explosion if ignored. Hence high oil mist
density alarm which is given by oil mist detector is a safety alarm and immediate action
should be taken inorder to avoid future destruction to the engine as well as the danger to
personnel working in the engine room.

Q.259 One method of constructing large marine diesel engine and reducing the
frame weight is through
Ans. (b) welding plates to form the section for assembly.
In earlier days the frame and the bed plate assembly were made up of casting. Compared
to the casting the plates which are rolled has got more strength and by assembling it
properly and proper welding, it is possible to construct a structure which has got more
strength for the same weight. Hence it is possible to use a welded structure so that the
weight of the structure is reduced and its strength is increased. Hence in present
generation of engines, the longitudinal girders are made up of steel plates. They are
welded in between with the transverse girders which are made from the casting because
their intrinsic structure is difficult to fabricate. The total welding of these two different
parts of bedplate has been generated into a box type bedplate which has high strength and
low weight.

Q.260 Which of the fuel injection system listed below uses a spring-loaded
differential spray needle valve and an individual pump for each cylinder?
Ans. (c) Jerk pump fuel injection.
In the jerk pump fuel injection, a sudden pressure rise of fuel is achieved. This rise is
conveyed to the needle valve where the high-pressure wave acts under the conical surface
of the needle because of which the needle gets lifted against the spring compression.
Hence the oil is conveyed through the spray holes and it is injected inside the cylinder. As
soon as the suction and delivery of the pump are short-circuited the sudden drop in
pressure of fuel in the pump takes place and hence the pressure in the fuel valve drops.
Under such circumstances the spring pressure is more than the oil pressure and because
of the spring pressure the valve snap closes over the seat and prevents further injection of
fuel or leakage of the fuel. This is one of the best methods of injecting the fuel at right
time and without unnecessary dripping of the fuel from the engine.

Q.261 Concerning diesel propelled vessel the astern power is provided for
continuous operation astern
Ans. (b) at 70% of ahead rpm at the rated speed.
Most of the diesel engines are designed from the point of view of running ahead. The fuel
pump timing, the exhaust valve timing and the distribution of the weight of the rotating
parts is made in such a way that there is a balance in ahead direction. Hence the best
possible efficiency of the engine as far as fuel is concerned is in the ahead direction due
to proper timing for the exhaust and fuel valve. At the same time, there is minimum
torsional vibration because of dynamic balancing which is taken care off at the design
stage from the point of view of ahead running. If the engine is runned at astern direction,
the combustion efficiency reduces. At the same time, because of unbalanced forces, there
will be more amount of vibration. Due to profile of the ship and the efficiency of the
propeller, for the same rpm, the power required for running astern is always more than
that of what is required for running ahead. If the engine is runned at 100% rated rpm in
the astern direction it may be excessively overloaded. Hence it is always provided to give
astern power at 70% of ahead rpm at the rated speed

Q.262 The crankcase of many diesel engine are kept at slightly vacuum by
Ans. (b) crankcase exhaust fans.
(In the olden days, this was very practice but not utilized presently.) By keeping the
crankcase ventilated by use of exhaust fans fitted on the crankcase, the atmosphere in the
crankcase is kept slightly under vacuum. By this, we are depriving the oil mist of air. If
even little oil mist is present it will not cause any major explosion as it may be
excessively rich and it will lack of air and hence possibility of explosion will be reduced
because of excessively rich mixture which will be above high explosive limit. But this
method is no more used as if there is any leakage there is every possibility that air may
enter through the leaky crankcase doors. At the same time, because of the vacuum in the
crankcase, more amount of air may leak through the under-piston scavenge through the
stuffing box into the crankcase or excessive blowpast may take place in case of four
stroke engines.

Q.263 Which of the fuel injection system combines the fuel pump and nozzle in one
housing?
Ans. (b) unit injector.
Unit injector is a combination of fuel pump and injector without any high-pressure pipe
connected between fuel injector and fuel valve. Hence some advantages such as
elimination of pipes and reducing injection delay are achieved.
Q.264 In unit injector upper and lower helix are machined in the lower part of
plunger for
Ans. (c) accurate metering of fuel oil.
By having the helix cut on the plunger and suction hole on the barrel, and positioning the
suction hole with respect to helix by means of rotating the plunger with the help of fuel
pump rack controlled by the governor, it is possible to control the fuel injection timings.
Due to the double helix cut on the plunger surface, it is possible to control the beginning
of injection and end of injection. Thus both the beginning and end of injection is
controlled thus controlling the quantity of fuel injected. Thus proper metering of quantity
of fuel depending upon the load and changing the fuel injection timing with respect to
load is achieved by the double helix cut over each other in the fuel pump plunger surface
of unit injector.

Q.265 Regarding the diesel engine crankcase the general arrangement and
installation should preclude the possibility of
Ans. (a) free entry of air to the crankcase.
The crankcase atmosphere of a diesel engine is full of large amount of small oil droplets
floating in the atmosphere. At the same time, if any hotspot is created in the crankcase oil
mist may also be formed which is susceptible to burning, if sufficient amount of air is
available. As hotspot and oil mist is present, only air is required so that explosion can
occur. If the entire atmosphere of crankcase is entirely filled and because of oil mist,
formed due to evaporation of oil, is rich in concentration and is above the upper
explosion limit and the chances of explosion are less. But if air is allowed to enter the
crankcase, through the crankcase doors or by any other means, then dilution of the oil
mist will take place and it passes through the upper and lower explosive limit. When it
passes through this range, in presence of hotspot, this oil mist may explode and chances
of explosion are very high. This is the main reason that notices are put on the crankcase
doors that the door should not be opened for atleast half hour after the engine has been
stopped.

Q.266 In a diesel engine, internal combustion causes the piston to be moved by

Ans. (a) the pressure of the gases developed.
When the piston is near to TDC fuel is injected. This fuel injected will burn and produce
the heat and pressure wave. This pressure wave will act over the piston. By the time this
pressure wave is created, the piston has already passed the TDC position. As it is turned
over the TDC position, these high-pressure gas acting over the piston forces it
downwards. This phase of the cycle is called power or expansion stroke. Under this
stroke the piston is forced downwards. When the pressure acts over the area of the piston
it produces the force. This force when is multiplied by the distance traveled by the piston,
i.e. the stroke, will give the actual work done by the engine. This work done is taken from
the fuel and is transferred after burning, due to the high-pressure gases produced, by
acting on the cross section of the piston and forcing it downwards. Thus producing the
work or the power developed by the engine inside the cylinder which is termed as
indicated horsepower.
Q.267 What function is provided by the crankcase ventilation system on some diesel
engines?
Ans. To reduce the pressure in the crankcase.
Crankcase ventilation system, whether it is forced or ordinary ventilator with a flame
arrestor fitted, its job is to produce pressure inside the crankcase because in the crankcase
oil in the form of droplets and numerous hot places, such as bearings and pistons, are
always present. Due to this, continuous evaporation of oil is taking place. If these vapors
are not removed from the crankcase, then the crankcase starts getting pressurised. In that
case, oil starts leaking from the crankcase doors. At the same time, consumption of
crankcase oil will increase. If oil mist increases continuously there is a possibility that it
may pass through the explosive range and cause explosion. Hence to avoid this things it
is necessary that the crankcase of the internal combustion engine should always be
ventilated so that whatever gases or oil mist are accumulated will be reduced to safe limit.

Q.268 For diesel engine piston cooling lubricating oil can be supplied to the piston
by
Ans. (a) oil spray.
For cooling of the piston, lubricating oil is the best and convenient medium. Oil is
conveyed to the underside of the piston by different methods: In case of four stroke
engines, it passes from the main bearing to the bottom end bearing; from bottom end
bearing through the drilled passages in the connecting rod, it will be supplied to the top
end bearing where the nozzle is fitted which will inject the oil to the underside of the
piston. In case of two stroke engines, the oil may be supplied through the crosshead and
the telescopic pipe, which are fitted inside the piston rods, the oil is supplied to the
underside of the piston where it will be injected through the drill passages or nozzle so
that efficient cooling can be done rather than any other method. In present engines,
combination of nozzle and shaker method of cooling rather than normal single nozzle or
shaker method is used which gives efficient cooling of the piston. (At present *RTI
engine is using the combination of spray and shaker method.)

Q.269 The purpose of delivery check valve used in a diesel fuel injection jerk pump
is
Ans. to prevent the backflow of oil from the pipe to the pump and also to prevent
the emptying of the delivery.
This pipe has to be filled every time so that pressure is built up resulting in delayed fuel
injection and the injection timing will not be proper. This valve shuts at the end of
injection stroke thus preventing the emptying of injection pipe and backflow of fuel to the
pump. At the same time, the valve is designed in such a manner that the closing action of
the valve under the spring and returning oil is delayed slightly. Due to sudden closing of
the valve, backpressure and the pressure wave created is allowed to get released and
prevents the secondary injection. Also this valve prevents the fuel from entering the fuel
valve till sufficient pressure is developed. Thus in general the valve job is to avoid the
backflow and secondary injection and delivery of fuel to the fuel injector before the
pressure is sufficiently high.

Q.270 In a two-stroke diesel engine the cam shaft rotates at

Ans. (c) the same speed as the crankshaft.
In two-stroke engine for every stroke there is one power and one exhaust and inlet stroke.
This power stroke is controlled by the fuel injection and the opening of exhaust valve is
controlled by camshaft. Hence for every revolution fuel has to be injected once and this is
possible only if the camshaft rotates at the same speed as that of crankshaft.

Q.271 The primary function of a delivery check valve assembly is to

Ans. 269

Q.272 For any piston ring to operate smoothly without scuffing, the ring must be
Ans. (b) properly lubricated.
In a diesel engine, when in operation the piston moves up and down vertically. During
this motion the piston rings are forced radially outward to have very high contact pressure
between liner and piston rings thus forming a sealed combustion space. Under this
extreme pressure between the piston rings and liner, it is necessary to have a thin film of
lubricating oil so as to reduce the coefficient of friction between them. If the lubricating
oil film is not present the coefficient of friction will become excessively high because of
which, under extreme pressure, excessive heat will be generated and due to this heat,
instantaneous welding between the liner and piston will take place. At the same time, due
to the vertical movement of the piston ring, this weld will get worn out thus causing the
scuffing. In order to avoid this scuffing, it is necessary that the coefficient of friction
should be reduced. This is only possible if sufficient amount of lubricating oil is spread
over the liner.

Q.273 The upper piston ring in large two stroke cycle main propulsion diesel engine
are most efficiently lubricated by oil
Ans. (a) fed from a mechanical lubricator.
In a large slow speed engine, the stroke of the piston is large. At the same time the piston
is separated from the crankcase by a diaphragm and a stuffing box. Also the oil required
for the cylinder lubrication is of different characteristics, i.e. high TBN, as compared to
crankcase lubricating oil. Hence taking into consideration all these aspect it is not
possible to have the flash lubrication as it is carried out in the small (four stroke) diesel
engines. Also as it is slow speed, it is difficult to splash oil to such a height. In case of
two stroke engines, the oil has to be injected into the cylinder at appropriate time so that
it can be spread over the liner wall and it will be burnt and go out as exhaust. For this
process the necessary timed lubrication is possible only with the help of mechanical
lubricator which are controlled by the camshaft and crankshaft. Thus it is best method of
lubricating the piston ring and in latest engines, like Sulzer RTA, the mechanical
lubricator are in conjunction with the accumulator principle. Some of the modern engines
have electronically controlled cylinder lubrication to give a minimum quantity of
lubricating oil with best possible effect and prevent excessive burning of oil. At the same
time, it avoids weardown because of lack of lubrication. All this is possible because of
mechanical or electronic controlled cylinder lubricating system.

Q.274 Fuel injector nozzles are usually of the multi-orifice type with the number and
placement of the holes arranged according to the
Ans. (d) design of the combustion chamber.
Design and geometry of the combustion chamber and the placement of the fuel injector in
the combustion chamber is so that oil can be sprayed evenly in the combustion chamber
and it will be injected deep into the combustion chamber so that it can completely mix
with the amount of air available in the combustion chamber. At the same time, it should
not be injected so deep that it will not burn over the wall of the liner or on the piston top.
This can be achieved only be achieved by taking into consideration the geometry of the
combustion chamber and the number of holes in the fuel injector and the angle at which
oil is injected so that the best thermal and fuel combustion efficiency is achieved without
harming the engine. For this, it is necessary to take into consideration the geometry of the
combustion chamber and design before deciding the number and diameter of holes and
the angle at which the holes are drilled in the fuel injector nozzles.

Q.275 The delivery valve installed in the port and helix fuel injection pump is
designed to
Ans. (b) maintain the column of fuel in the line.
The delivery valve is fitted at the delivery side of the fuel pump and it opens against the
spring force when the plunger is moving upwards in the delivery stroke. As soon as the
delivery stroke ends i.e. the short-circuiting takes place between the suction and delivery
side of the fuel pump, sudden pressure drop takes place on the top of the plunger. As a
result, the fuel from the pipe connecting the pump to the injector will return back to the
suction side. Hence it may be possible that this pipe becomes empty and everytime, for
the next stroke again, you will have to fill this pipe before the fuel injection starts which
will cause the excessive delay in fuel injection. Hence inorder to avoid this, it is
necessary to maintain a column of oil at a slight pressure inside the pipe connecting the
fuel pump to the injector. This is carried out by the shutting of the delivery valve fitted on
the pump so as to avoid the back-flow of fuel from the injector to the pump. Also, this
valve is made in such a manner that there is slight delay in closing time that it will
prevent the excessive development of the secondary pressure wave and secondary
injection is also avoided.

Q.276 The shape of a diesel engine cam determines the

(a) point of opening and closing of valves.
(b) velocity of opening and closing of valve.
(c). amount of valve lift from its seat.
(d). All of the above.
Ans. (d) All of the above.
By taking into consideration the profile of the cam and drawing the figure of the cam, we
can see that the cam is divided into base circle, riding flange, following flange and the
dwell of the cam. The height difference between the base circle and the dwell is the total
lift of the cam. Thus when the cam is rotating, depending upon the profile of the cam,
when the roller comes in contact with the rising side of the flange, this is time when the
roller starts to rise upwards and push the pushrod upwards and it will open the valve. The
lift of the valve will depend upon the movement of the roller and this is decided by the
total lift of the cam. It will remain open till the roller is on the dwell of the cam. Due to
the movement of the cam, when the roller comes at the end of the dwell i.e. it will come
on the following flange or receding flange, this is the time when the roller will start
descending and it will start riding over the receding flange of the cam. This will be the
beginning of the closing of valve. When the roller completely crosses the receding flange
and comes in contact with the base circle, this will indicate the complete closure of the
valve. Thus the profile of the cam decides the opening and closure of valve and the lift of
the valve from its seat. Also, the angle between the base circle and receding or rising
flange will decide the rate of opening and closure of valve. The best possible effect is
achieved when the rising and receding flange will be at tangent to the base circle.

Q.277 Additional explosion relief valve are fitted in separate spaces in the crankcase
such as gear or chain case for camshaft or similar drives when the
Ans. the gross volume of such place exceeds 0.6d x .340m3

Q.278 If all the conditions such as bore, stroke, speed and mean effective pressures
are equal, a two-stroke cycle diesel engine will develop approximately
Ans. (c) twice the indicated horsepower as developed by four-stroke engine.
This is because in two-stroke diesel engine, for every revolution of the engine there will
be a power stroke. The power stroke is responsible for the development of the
horsepower. Hence if all the parameters are equal then it is the number of power strokes
which governs the power developed by the engine. For every power stroke of a four-
stroke engine, it will have two revolutions of the crankshaft whereas a two-stroke engine
produces power strokes for each of its revolution. Hence two-stroke engine with all equal
parameters will develop twice the power developed by four-stroke engine.

Q.279 In order to reverse the rotation of the two-stroke cycle loop scavenging direct
reversing propulsion diesel engine the cam position must be changed for
Ans. (a) starting air fuel pumps.
For reversing the engines, it is necessary that it must be started in reverse direction. For
that purpose it is necessary to admit the starting air on the piston before TDC rather than
after TDC. Once the air is admitted before TDC, the engine will run in the reverse
direction. This is possible by changing the air starting distributor timing so that the air
starting valve will open much early TDC and hence the engine will start in reverse
direction. In order to keep the engine running in reverse direction, it is necessary to alter
the fuel injection timing also because fuel pump injection timing is not symmetrical over
the dead center position. It is also necessary to adjust the timing of inlet and exhaust
valve but being a loop scavenging or cross scavenging engine, where the inlet and
exhaust valves are absent and the opening and closing of the ports is controlled by the
movement of the piston, this alteration is not required.

Q.280 Viscous damper as used on a marine diesel engine is a sealed precision built
device which dampens the torsional vibration in the
Ans. (c) crankshaft.
By providing the viscous fluid inside the sealed chamber, the vibration which are created
by the firing frequency of the units on the crankshaft is dampened by providing an equal
and opposite dampening frequency so that total torsional vibrations are reduced. In order
to reduce the torsional vibration, the fluid gives an opposite torque to the vibrations,
which has the dampening effect on the vibrations.

Q.281 The rotary motion of the crankshaft is obtained from the up and down
motion of the piston via the
Ans. connecting rod or crosshead and piston rod assembly.
The vertical movement of the piston has to be converted into rotational movement of
crankshaft. This is achieved by providing a connecting rod which is connected at one end
to the gudgeon or crosshead pin and at the other end to the crank pin which is eccentric
with respect to the arrangement of the crankshaft. Because of this arrangement whenever
the piston moves up and down the crankpin makes a complete rotation and thus converts
the vertical movement of the piston to the rotary movement of the crankshaft.

Q.282 Indirect cooling of a fuel injector nozzle holder of a diesel engine is

accomplished primarily by
Ans. (b) heat conducted into the water jacket wall.
Most of the system cylinder nowadays are made to cool by bore cooling systems. In the
bore cooling system, the water for cooling is brought very near to the combustion space.
Due to this water comes very near to the bore in the cylinder where the injector is fitted
and it is circulated very near the to the seat in the cylinder head where the injector is
fitted. Thus this water is brought so close to the tip of the nozzle and with sufficient
amount of water circulation, heat can be taken out indirectly from the injector through the
cylinder cooling water and thus cooling of the injector is carried out. Also, the circulating
fuel oil helps in carrying out the cooling of injector.

Q.283 Diesel engine main and connecting rod precision bearing are made in two
half. Each half exceeds one-half bearing circumference by a small amount. The
small amount is termed
Ans. (b) the crush.
This crush is highly essential so that when two halves of the bearing are fitted over each
other and has been tightened by bolts the bearing halves, they will have easy flow into the
bearing housing and will have a good first contact with the back side of the bearing
housing thus preventing rotation of bearing in the bearing housing. At the same time, the
load of the shaft is transmitted on the bearing because thin shelled bearing due to its
thinness they are unable to carry out load on their own and so they require some backing
and this backing is possible through the crush. Also due to this crush, there is a perfect
contact between the back of the bearing and the bearing housing and this provides
thermal conductivity between the bearing and the housing. Thus it keeps the bearing cool.
This crush provides the interference fit between the bearing and that of the housing.

Q.284 The port and helix metering pump used in diesel injection systems are usually
designed to produce a constant beginning and variable ending of injection. These
pumps are usually
Ans. (b) timed for port closing and are controlled by the rack movement.
In helix controlled pump, when the plunger is moving upwards and the plunger top closes
the suction port in the barrel, the further movement of plunger upwards will create a
hydraulic pressure on top of the plunger which will cause the fuel valve to open and fuel
injection starts. Thus the fuel injection starts when the plunger closes the ports. At the end
of injection even the port is covered by the plunger which is connected with the discharge
side of plunger by means of helix and that terminates the delivery. The quantity of the
fuel depending upon the load of the engine will depend upon the variable end of the
delivery. The later the end of delivery, more is the fuel injected. This is controlled by the
rack which controls the position of the plunger helix with respect to the suction port on
the barrel thus it controls the quantity of the fuel injected.

Q.285 The end of injection in a port and helix metering pump is controlled by
Ans. short cycling or connecting the delivery ports with the suction ports in the
barrel.
When the piston is upwards and it has already covered the suction port the fuel is being
injected. As it is moving upward, a time comes because of the helix cut on the plunger
surface which short-circuits the discharge side of the pump with that of suction side and it
will cause the end of the delivery. Hence the combination of helix, which is cut, and the
suction port will decide quantity and point of termination of fuel injection. The position
of helix with the port cut in the barrel will be decided by the rack position which will
rotate the fuel pump plunger with that of the barrel.

Q.286 The main reason counterweights are added to crankshaft is to

Ans. (c) provide uniform loading and wear of the main bearing.
Counterweights are provided so as to properly balance the engine statically. At the same
time, an effort is made to balance it dynamically. Though it is not possible to completely
balance the engine dynamically, some efforts are made by counterweights to produce
proper dynamic balance of the engine. When the balancing of engine is proper the load is
equally distributed on all bearings. At the same time vibration is also reduced. This two
automatically reduces the weardown of the bearings and cause uniform distribution of
load on the bearing.

Q.287 For a given size, the two-stroke diesel engine will deliver more power than a
four-stroke diesel engine because
Ans. (c) it develops more power stroke at the same speed.
It is wellknown fact that in case of two-stroke engines for every revolution there is one
power stroke whereas in four stroke engines for every two revolution there is one power
stroke. Hence it is natural that, with same size of the engine and same parameters, it is
only the number of strokes which will be responsible for the quantity of the power
developed. As two-stroke engines have more power strokes compared to the four-stroke
engines, it will atleast theoretically produce more power than a four-stroke engine.

Q.288 In a jerk pump, the amount of fuel that is forced through the spray nozzle on
each upward stroke depends on
Ans. (c) how the plunger is rotated.
In a jerk type fuel injection pump, the quantity of fuel delivered by the injector into the
combustion chamber will depend on the effective delivery stroke i.e. the beginning of the
delivery stroke is mostly constant and the end of the delivery stroke is responsible for the
quantity of the fuel which is delivered. The quantity of fuel delivered will depend on the
load of the engine. Hence more the load more fuel is required and vice-versa. Under such
circumstances, it is the plunger which is rotated by means of rack connected to the
governor. Due to the position of governor, the rack position changes depending upon the
load on the engine. As the rack position changes the rack will make the plunger to rotate
with respect to the barrel and under such circumstances the helix which is cut on the
plunger surface will change its position with respect to the suction port on the barrel. This
relative position of the helix to the plunger surface with respect the suction hole on the
barrel will decide quantity of fuel injected which decides by the termination of the
delivery stroke of plunger of fuel pump.

Q.289 Modern marine engines using mechanical fuel injectors operates on a

combustion cycle which is
Ans. (a) combination of constant volume and constant pressure.
When mechanical fuel injectors are fitted on diesel engines, as soon as the fuel injection
starts, i.e. when the main piston is near to TDC, the volume is nearly constant as there is
no much vertical movement of the piston. When the fuel is ignited, it catches fire and as
the volume constant it develops high pressure. In this condition, the pressure is kept
constant as the volume increases. So part of fuel ignition takes place at constant volume.
As the piston turns over the TDC and start moving downwards, some amount of fuel is
still injected. During this time, the fuel is injected and is burnt, the pressure rises which
pushes the piston downwards. As the piston moves from TDC to BDC, though the
volume increases, the pressure is kept constant. Hence the ignition of fuel is carried out
partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure. This combination method gives
better thermal efficiency.

Q.290 The amount of fuel oil delivered by the fuel injector is controlled by the
Ans. (c) rack position.
Unit type of fuel injector pump is nothing but a jerk type of fuel pump and a fuel injector
together. Hence whatever is applicable to the jerk type of fuel pump is applicable to the
unit type of system. In unit injector, it is the rack position which will control the position
of helix on the plunger with respect to the suction hole on the barrel. Hence the quantity
of the fuel decided by the position of the rack which will decide the position of helix on
plunger surface with that of suction port on the barrel.

Q.291 The diesel engine valve which is subjected to most severe condition of service
is
Ans. (a) the cylinder exhaust valve.
It is wellknown fact that the exhaust valve is subjected to very high temperature and
pressure of the exhaust gas. At the same time these exhaust gas which passes over the
exhaust valve will consist of some unburnt particles of carbon, ash, silica, or alumina
from the fuel. Under such circumstances, when these gases pass over the exhaust valve,
they try to settle over the valve because of which it will cause the valve to burn or severe
dent may be formed on the valve seat. At the same time, the heat to which this valve is
subjected the strength of the material will reduce and hence there is a possibility of
deformation of valve and valve seat. Hence taking into consideration all these aspects, it
is necessary that proper care of the valve should be taken. If the engine is burning heavy
fuel oil where the concentration of contamination such as ash, alumina, silica, unburnt
carbon is bound to be more, for self cleaning purpose and uniform thermal distribution on
the seat of the valve, it is necessary to make the valve rotate on the seat.

Q.292 For a given fuel, a change in compression ratio will affect the ignition lag by
which of the listed means?
Ans. (b) An increase in compression ratio will decrease the ignition lag.
As the compression ration increases, the quantity of air available for combustion also
increases. At the same time, the temperature of air at the end of compression stroke will
also increase. Due to this the fuel which is injected will vaporize faster and mix properly
with the air and thus it will ignite instantaneously and thus reduce the ignition lag.

Q.293 The lower section of the piston is called the skirt of the piston. This skirt of
the piston is utilized in case of four stroke engine to transfer the
Ans. athwart ship thrust to the liner wall and also guides the piston in the liner.
In case of two-stroke engine, the skirt is very small and it is only in the initial stages that
this skirt is utilized as a rubbing guide which are used only when the piston and liner are
new.

Q.294 What is the function of stationary parts of the engine?

Ans. (c) To keep the moving parts of the engine in their proper relative position.
Engine moving parts are supported by the stationary parts. As long as the stationary parts
of engines, such as bedplate A-frame and cylinder block, are rigid and firm, and they do
not have movement relative to each other, in such circumstances it is possible to give a
support to the rotating parts and to maintain the alignment between the different rotating
parts so as to prevent the malfunctioning and breakdown of the engine. Hence the
strength of the stationary parts is the most important aspect of engine performance.

Q.295 Fuel oil discharged to the diesel engine cylinder is atomized at the
Ans. (b) fuel injector nozzle tips.
As the high-pressure oil passes through the fuel injector nozzle tips, which are having the
very small holes, they are broken up into tiny particles. This process is called
atomization. This is possible by passing the fuel through the holes of the injector under
high pressure. Thus converting the pressure energy of the fuel into kinetic energy partly
and thus breaking the fuel into tiny particles which is responsible for rapid evaporation
and mixing with air in the cylinder and better thermal efficiency of the engine.

Q.296 Proper dispersion of fuel in diesel engine cylinder is dependent on

Ans. injection pressure, shape of combustion space and turbulence pattern in the
combustion space.
Proper distribution and mixing of the fuel with the air in combustion space will ultimately
depend upon how finely the fuel is atomized which is carried out by injection pressure.
Also the depth to which the fuel is distributed in the cylinder volume is also important so
that it can be fully mixed with volume of air which is available and no pockets will be
created. This is possible with the help of the pressure. At the same time, shape and
geometry of the combustion space will also important part in the formation of sphere on
top of the piston so that fuel can be mixed properly with the air. Also turbulence of the
cylinder is also significant for proper combustion of fuel as the motion of air helps in
proper mixing of the air and fuel. Hence for increasing the thermal efficiency of the
engine all the listed factors play an important role.

Q.297 In a diesel engine, crosshatch on the liner surface aids in

(a) rapid ring sealing.
(b) retention of lubricating oil.
Ans. both (a) and (b).
Cross hatch on the liner surface is honing. In this, there is cross honing so that it will
form microscopic cells over the liner wall. These microscopic cells will help in retaining
oil in the cell as well as it will use this oil for rapid sealing and spreading of the oil. The
unevenness which is intentionally caused because of the honing will also be useful in the
rapid weardown of the liner in running-in process. Due to honing the running and
breaking in process of the liner will be shortened and hence better sealing between liner
and piston ring will be achieved in the shortest possible time. At the same time, during
this process of breaking and running, this tiny cells which are formed on the surface of
liner due to honing will act like a oil retaining cells.

Q.298 Why is it necessary to compress the air charge in the cylinder of a diesel
engine?
Ans. (a) To ignite the fuel.
When the air is compressed in the cylinder of a diesel engine, it is compressed
adiabetically. Due to this the temperature at the end of compression increases to the self-
ignition temperature of the fuel. Under such circumstances, if the fuel is injected in a
highly atomized condition inside the combustion space, the fuel will ignite immediately
and convert the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy of the engine.

Q.299 Which of the following statement concerning a closed type fuel injection
nozzle is true?
Ans. (c) The most closed nozzle open inwards under the pressure acting on the
differential area of the needle valve.
In the fuel injector, the needle sits over the seat by the spring pressure. When high-
pressure fuel oil enters the fuel nozzle, it acts over the annular space and the differential
area of the needle valve. As this fuel pressure acts over a greater area, an upward force is
created which overcomes the downward force of the spring thus lifting the needle
upwards. As the needle is lifted, the fuel will pass between the needle and the seat. It will
further act over the needle area thus increasing the area of pressure acting and lifting it
further up and because of this, the full lift of the needle is possible. Under such
circumstances, the fuel under high pressure will pass between the needle and seat and
inject through the nozzle holes. As soon as at the end of injection when the pressure
drops, the spring force will be greater than the hydraulic pressure acting on the
differential area of the needle and the needle will snap close because of the action of the
spring.
Q.300 In many diesel engines exhaust valves are being constructed with hollow stem
filled with sodium in order to
Ans. (c) assist in dissipating heat due to the extreme operating temperature.
Sodium is a good conductor of heat and as it does not evaporates easily there is less
possibility of gas or vapour pocket formation taking place and obstructing the cooling
process. Thus when the stem is filled up with sodium the liquid sodium will transfer the
heat in a better way and keep the valve cool. Hence in the older engine this method was
utilized but at presently it is not utilized due to the development taken place in the
material of the exhaust valve and the cooling of the exhaust valve seat with water.

Q.301 Turbulence of the compressed air charge in the diesel engine cylinder
increases
Ans. (c) the efficiency of the engine.
When the turbulence of the compressed air increases, it increases the movement of the air
in the combustion. Due to this, the air sweeps the complete volume of the cylinder with
that of the exhaust gas and hence all the exhaust gas from the cylinder will be removed
and there will not be any gas in the cylinder. Thus the cylinder will be charged with pure
quality of air. Secondly, this motion of air will aide in thorough mixing of air and fuel.
Thus creating a homogenous mixture throughout the combustion space. Hence having a
better combustion of the fuel and increase in the thermal efficiency of the engine.

Q.302 Thin brass rings are inserted in the face of some chromium-plated piston
rings to
Ans. (a) promote the piston ring sealing in the cylinder.
Piston rings are coated in order to prevent corrosion. At the same time, because of
chromium coating the surface of the piston rings become hard and it takes long time to
weardown and form a proper sealing between the cylinder wall and piston ring sliding
surface. Hence there is a possibility of improper sealing between the piston and liner
surface and because of this blowpast of hot gases will take place. Also the chromium
coating will increase the time for breaking-in and running-in period. Hence in order to
have better sealing between piston rings and liner and give corrosion resistance to the
piston rings, they are coated with chromium and an insert of brass is put inside the sliding
surface so that the brass insert will wear down fast and have a proper bearing with the
liner and provide a good sealing.

Q.303 In the Otto cycle the oil fuel is ignited at what time and by what means?
Ans. (c) Just before TDC by spark ignition.
In Otto cycle, the compression pressure is very low and hence it is not possible to achieve
the air temperature to that of the self-ignition temperature of the fuel. Hence it is
necessary to ignite the fuel by means of spark ignition just before TDC.

Q.304 The critical speed in diesel engine occurs when engine torque pulsation
becomes
Ans. (b) resonant with the crankshaft natural frequency.
Engine torque pulsation takes place due to the units firing at different positions of the
crankshaft. Lesser the number of units, less pulsation will take place and higher the
number of units higher the pulsation will take place because the angular difference
between the two firing strokes will be quite large. Also it will depend on the size of the
flywheel. Bigger the flywheel, lesser will be the pulsation on the engine torque. In
addition to this, there is a natural frequency of vibration in the crankshaft. If the natural
frequency of vibration of crankshaft and torsional vibration coincides, these two
frequencies will resonate and total frequency will be excessively high causing excessive
vibration and damage to the engine. Hence the speed at which this happens is called
critical speed.

Q.305 A diesel engine piston ring pitting face is in direct contact with
Ans. (b) cylinder liner oil film and bottom of ring groove.
The sliding face of the piston ring will be in direct contact with the vertical face of the
cylinder liner wall. In order to reduce the coefficient of friction between these surfaces
and to avoid the scuffing and blowpast, it is necessary to maintain the lubrication between
the surfaces which is carried out by cylinder lubrication or splash lubrication. Also when
the cylinder is moving downwards, the pressure acts over the piston ring and it forces the
piston ring radially outward against the liner walls. At the same time, it forces the bottom
of the piston ring against the bottom portion of the ring groove. This sealing is also
important to maintain the pressure behind the piston rings. If this sealing is not
maintained, the piston ring will not seal properly and blowpast will take place.

Q.306 The secondary function of the diesel engine piston ring is to

Ans. (d) prevent excess lubrication from reaching the combustion space.
The primary function of the piston ring is to forms a sealing between piston and the liner
surface. One of its secondary function is to transfer the heat from the piston to the
cylinder wall and thus keeping the piston cool. Also, it has to spread oil over the cylinder
wall so as to spread oil uniformly over the wall and thus reduce the friction between the
piston and the liner. Also due to this, the piston ring and liner wear is reduced. Also, if
excess lubricating oil is given, it will be scrapped downwards by means of scrapper rings
rather than by piston rings. Hence scrapper rings are more useful for scrapping the excess
oil than piston rings and send it back to the crankcase. In case of two stroke engines,
there are no scrapper. In such condition, the quantity of lubrication injected oil is so less
that is only necessary to spread over the liner walls than scrapping.

Q.307 The fuel is ignited in diesel engine cylinder by

Ans. (c) heat of compression.
In a diesel engine, air is compressed adiabetically so that by the end of compression the
temperature and pressure of air increases which reaches about 250C which is more than
the self-ignition temperature of the fuel oil. Hence at this high temperature when the fuel
injected being at highly atomized condition will ignite and produce power in the cylinder

Q.308 Barrel faced, tapper faced grooved and chromium platted are all types of
diesel engine
Ans. (b) piston rings
These are different shape and coatings of piston rings. They are provided to spread the
lubricating oil over the liner walls, to have a scrapping effect of excess lubricating oil or
to reduce the corrosion effect of fuel on the piston rings. They provide sealing between
the piston and liner and accelerate the process of sealing between the liner and piston
rings when they in new condition i.e. to reduce the breaking and running in time.

Q.309 Injectors that use heavy fuel oil must be cooled by water or light oil to
Ans. (d) avoid carbonization of nozzle tips.
When engine is burning heavy fuel oil it is necessary to cool the piston and nozzle tips.
As the nozzle tips becomes hot the seat and needle looses its strength and because of this
the proper sealing between seat and nozzle is not achieved and the fuel injector will start
leaking. Under such circumstances even after the completion of injection, when the
needle is sitted on its seat, some amount of minute drops of fuel will leak through nozzle
holes and it will get accumulated on the nozzle tips. This accumulated oil will burn at
high temperature and, due the local burning, form a carbon formation in the form of like a
flower near the tip of the injector thus damaging the injector and fuel injection pattern.
Hence it is necessary to maintain the temperature of the fuel injection nozzle tips within
certain limit so as to avoid loss of strength and leakage of fuel through the tips. Hence
cooling is an important factor of fuel injector nozzle burning heavy fuel oil. Also as the
fuel oil itself is heated to high temperature and hence the cooling effect of the fuel oil is
comparatively low than in case of diesel engine fuel injector burning diesel oil where the
fuel oil injected during every stroke does the cooling job.

Q.310 Which of the equal power diesel engine listed running at the same speed is
least affected by the exhaust gas backpressure?
Ans. (a) Four-stroke cycle V-type of engine.
In case of four-stroke engine, for every two revolution there is a power stroke so that the
time between two power stroke is more so that the exhaust gas, which is discharged into
the exhaust manifold, will get dissipated through the turbocharger before the next unit
exhaust valve opens. Hence there is a less possibility of backpressure. In addition, if we
are using V-type of engines, where there are two banks of cylinders, they are exhausting
alternatively into the two banks of exhaust manifold. Hence there is a further delay in the
exhausting of two cylinders in the same exhaust manifold. Hence less amount of
backpressure is created in four-stroke V-type engines as compared to two-stroke engine
with any configuration (in-line, or V-type).

Q.311 In a diesel engine, the time taken to heat the fuel particles turned into vapors
and bring about combustion is called
Ans. ignition delay.
The time from which the first particle of the fuel enters the combustion space through the
fuel injector till the time the first ignition starts is called the ignition delay. During this
process, the fuel is atomized, vaporized, mixed with the available air so as to forms a
combustible mixture is called ignition delay. It will depend on the compression pressure
and the quality of the fuel. If the compression pressure is low or the fuel quantity is bad,
the ignition delay will be more. Higher the ignition delay there will be more amount of
power loss due to afterburning effect.

Q.312 In a diesel engine the contact surface of a piston compression ring are those in
contact with
(a) back of the ring groove.
(b) bottom of the ring groove.
Ans. (b) bottom of the ring groove.
For sealing between piston ring and liner, the high pressure gases has to find its way
behind the piston rings and has to force the piston rings against the cylinder wall. This
pressure behind the piston rings is to be maintained in order to get the proper sealing
between them. This is possible if there is proper sealing between the bottom of piston
ring and bottom of the ring groove. If the sealing between them is not properly
maintained, the gas which is acting from behind the piston ring will get leaked off. As
this pressure is lost, there will not be sufficient pressure between the piston ring and the
liner wall and the high pressure gasses will force the rings inwards will cause the
blowpass and ring to collapse and break. Hence sealing between the between the bottom
of groove and bottom of piston rings is also of prime importance.

Q.313 The thermal energy produced by internal combustion engine is transformed

into
Ans. (d) mechanical energy.
When the fuel burns on top of the piston inside the cylinder, it is the chemical energy of
the fuel which is converted into heat energy. This heat energy and the pressure energy
together is acting over the piston thus forcing the piston downwards, thus converting this
energy into mechanical energy to the crankshaft. Thus it is the thermal energy which is
converted into mechanical energy by the engine.

Q.314 The reason that some two-stroke diesel engine piston rings are pinned to
prevent rotation is
Ans. (c) to keep the ring ends from catching in the scavenge ports.
When the rings are pinned in the ring grooves, they are prevented from rotation. The
rings can be initially set up in such a manner so that the ends of piston rings will not
come in way of scavenge and exhaust ports and thus it will be prevented from being
damaged because of getting entangled with the scavenge and exhaust ports and thus
avoid their breaking of the piston rings. Hence in older engines the pinning was done to
prevent the rotation of the rings and to keep the rings in their original position (at which
they are fitted) when they are removed for overhauling and the rings are in new
condition. In modern engines, the ends of the rings are turned slightly inwards so that
when they expand due to heat, they will not get entangled with the scavenge and exhaust
ports and will not break. At the same time, the rings are allowed to rotate in the groove to
give the self-cleaning effect of the groove and to have the even distribution of heat over
the entire circumference of the groove. Hence the pinning arrangement is no longer in
use.

Q.315 Oil control rings are designed with slotted holes to

Ans. (d) permit excess oil to drain in the sump.
The job of the oil control rings is to scrap the excess oil that has been splashed over the
liner walls to prevent the excess lubrication oil consumption and to prevent the excessive
burning of the lubricating oil into the combustion space. Hence it is necessary to scrap
this oil. For this, the scrapping edges are provided onto the oil control rings. As the oil is
getting scrapped, it should get drained into crankcase * and that is carried out by
providing the oil control rings and the small holes in the grooves of the piston rings. Thus
the oil being scrapped will find its way through these slotted holes in the grooves and into
the crankcase sump.

Q.316 Precombustion chamber differs from turbulence chambers as the

precombustion
Ans. (d) contains a small portion of the total clearance volume.
Precombustion chamber is an extension of combustion chamber and fuel is injected into
it. Precombustion chamber is very small chamber in which the fuel is injected. When
firing takes place in the precombustion chamber, due to restricted area, a high-pressure
wave is developed. This forces the remaining fuel and air mixture in the combustion
chamber thus having a proper mixing of fuel and air in main combustion chamber and
have better burning of fuel in the main combustion chamber. Presently, the
precombustion chamber is utilized only in very small engines where the compression
pressure is not sufficient to ignite the fuel efficiently.

Q.317 The primary purpose of oil control rings on a diesel engine piston is to
Ans. (c) prevent excessive lubricating oil consumption.
In a four stroke trunk piston diesel engine the liner lubrication is carried out with the help
of splash lubrication and large quantities of lubricating oil is splashed by the waves of the
crankshaft onto the liner walls. This oil is necessary to spread properly on the cylinder
liner and farther lubrication between the piston rings and liner wall. At the same time,
excess oil is returned back to the crankcase otherwise it will get burnt along with the
exhaust and lubricating oil consumption will increase. At the same time, fouling of
turbocharger and manifold will also take place. Inorder to avoid this things, oil control
rings are provided the job of which is to scrap the oil and send it back to the crankcase
and to avoid excess consumption of the crankcase oil.

Q.318 The compression ratio of a diesel engine refers to the ratio between the
Ans. (b) cylinder volume at top dead center and that of the bottom dead center.
At the bottom dead center, there is large amount of volume available in the cylinder and
air is charged into the cylinder at this volume. If the piston moves upward, due to the
proper sealing of the compression space, the air will get compressed. At near TDC, the
volume of air will be reduced but its pressure will increase. The ratio between the
cylinder volume at TDC and BDC is called compression ratio.

Q.319 In describing basic diesel engine operation the term events refers to
(a) production of high pressure gases .
(b) removal of expanded combustion gases.
(c) admission of air to the cylinder.
(d) All of the above.
Ans. (d) All of the above.
In any diesel cycle, there are four events: fuel firing and high pressure gas is produced
which will drive the piston downwards thus producing the power stroke. At the end of
power stroke, the exhaust valve will open and exhausting will take place by which the
exhaust gas will be removed which is the exhaust stroke. After completion of exhaust
stroke, when the piston is moving downwards the cylinder will be filled with fresh air
charge which is called the suction or induction stroke. This continues till the piston
reaches TDC. When the piston is moving upwards all the valves are in closed condition
the air which is available on top of the piston will get compressed to produce high
pressure and high temperature air in which the fuel will be burnt. This is the fourth event
or the compression stroke. All these events together will form one cycle. This cycle can
be completed in one revolution (two-stroke) or two revolutions (four-stroke) of the
engine.

Q.320 The ratio brake horsepower to the indicated horsepower is its

Ans. (b) mechanical efficiency.
Mechanical movement of the piston and the mechanical movement taking place inside
the cylinder and the bearings will result in mechanical loses. The power which the output
of the engine will be the difference between the power which is generated inside the
engine i.e. indicated horsepower minus the mechanical losses. Hence it will be ratio of
losses and indicated loss power. The output of the engine is called the brake horsepower.
Hence the ratio of brake horsepower and indicated horsepower will determine the
mechanical efficiency. More the brake horsepower more the engine will be efficient from
the mechanical point of view.

Q.321 The slots are provided in the diesel engine piston oil scrapper rings to remove
excess oil from the cylinder liner and to scrap and send it back to the crankcase.317

Q.322 The function of piston compression rings used in diesel engines is

(a) to seal the space between the piston and liner.
(b) transmit the heat from the piston to the liner.
(c) reduce the amount of combustion gases blowby.
(d) All of the above.
Ans. (d) All of the above.
The primary function of the piston rings is to form a sealing space between the piston and
liner. This is carried out by the seal between the piston ring sliding surface and the liner.
This is achieved by the gas pressure finding its way behind the piston and forcing the
piston rings against the cylinder liner. Thus forming the gas-tight combustion space. At
the same time, when the piston is in hard contact with the liner and the piston. The piston
is always running at higher temperature than the liner, hence the piston rings does the job
of transmitting heat from the piston to the liner. Also because of the sealing between the
liner and piston, gas-tight combustion space is formed which prevents the blowing out of
the high-pressure gas through the gap between the liner and the piston rings. All these are
carried out efficiently by the piston rings.
Q.323 How are the temperature and pressure affected in a diesel engine cylinder
during compression?
Ans. In the diesel engine adiabatic compression takes place because of which the pressure
of air inside the cylinder increases. Theoretically as there is no heat transfer the
temperature also increases to the surrounding hence they both increase during
compression.

Q.324 Modern diesel engine using mechanical fuel injection operates on combustion
cycle which is
Ans. a combination of constant volume and constant pressure.

Q.325 If the compression ratio is increased on any diesel engine

Ans. (b) the thermal efficiency will increase.
Thermal efficiency will depend upon how efficiently the fuel is burnt and efficient
burning of fuel will depend on the compression ratio. If the compression ratio is high,
more amount of air will be available which will be higher temperature. Hence more
amount of air at higher temperature will give better combustion and minimum ignition
delay. Thus maximum pressure will be developed in the cylinder near the TDC and
because of this, automatically the thermal efficiency will increase.

Q.326 The piston compression rings used in diesel engine functions to

Ans. (c) seal the combustion space from the crankcase.
In case of trunk piston engine, the bottom of the piston is directly connected to the
crankcase and top of the piston is connected to the combustion space. Hence the piston
ring does the sealing between the liner and the ring surface and thus forming a gas-tight
combustion space above piston ring which if properly sealed will prevent the blowing of
the hot gases from the combustion space into the crankcase.

Q.327 At bottom dead center the centerline of the connecting rod usually coincides
with the
Ans. (c) centerline of the cylinder.
At the bottom dead center position the connecting rod will be exactly vertical and the
piston will be at the lowest position of the cylinder liner. Under this position, the
centerline of the connecting rod and the cylinder must coincide to get the proper
alignment between the liner and the piston. If this does not take place, there is a
possibility that the liner will weardown on one side and the piston rings will weardown
on one side and the piston may get seized in the liner. Hence the most important part is to
have coincide the liner and connecting centerline when at TDC of BDC.

Q.328 A diesel engine exhaust valve spring is under compression when

(a) the valve is open
(b) the piston is at TDC
(c) the valve is closed
(d) All of the above.
Ans. (d) all of the above.
When the exhaust valve is opened the spring is forced downwards by the rocker arm and
the spring is under compression. When the piston is at TDC, the exhaust valve is opened
and the spring is under compression. When the valve is closed, due to the initial
compression which is given to the spring it gives equal upward force to the valve and
keeps the valve in closed condition. Hence even under closed condition, the spring is
under initial compression given during the boxing up of the valve and to make sure that
the valve sits on the valve seat properly and without any leakage.

Q.329 The piston is said to be at TDC when it is

Ans. (d) nearest to the cylinder head.
When the piston is moving upwards and the crankpin is at topmost position, at this point
it will start taking turn and start moving downwards. Hence the position where it
momentarily stops and changes its direction is the position of TDC. As there is no
possibility of piston moving upwards further than this position, there will be minimum
space between the cylinder head and the piston top.

Q.330 The purpose of flywheel is to

Ans. (a) provide energy to operate the engine between the power pulses.
In a diesel engine, the firing is not continuous. The firing of the fuel in different units
depends upon the crank position and it is in the form of pulse. Hence depending upon the
number of units, and whether the engine is two-stroke or four-stroke, there is time
difference between the firing of fuel in the two consecutive units in the firing order. In
between two firing strokes, there is a time delay. During this time, the engine will try to
slow down because lack of power available on crankshaft. Hence there will be fluctuation
in the rpm of the engine. In order to avoid, this a heavy flywheel is fitted on the
crankshaft. This flywheel will store the energy during the firing stroke when the energy
level is above the average level and it will give back the energy to the crankshaft when
the energy level is below the average when no unit is firing thus maintaining a constant
torque and constant rpm over the entire load range of the engine. The size and weight of
the flywheel will depend upon the number of units and whether the engine is four-stroke
or two-stroke. If the number of units is more, the flywheel will be smaller size as
compared to engine with less number of units.

Q.331 A 7-cylinder two-stroke cycle single acting diesel engine with cylinder
indicated horsepower calculated to 1350kW and the brake horse power measured at
7466kW has a mechanical efficiency of

Q.332

Q.333 In diesel engine pistons are attached to the crankshaft by

Ans. (c) connecting rods.
The connecting rod or the crosshead and connecting rod assembly will convert the
reciprocating movement of the piston into rotary movement of the crankshaft with the
help of eccentrically situated crankpin on the crankshaft.
Q.334 One advantage dry cylinder liner used in a diesel engine is
Ans. (d) procedure to replace it is simpler than the wet liner.
As in case of dry liner, there is no cooling provided and hence there is no provision for
o-rings at the bottom of the liner and the jacket hence it is easier to replace it than wet
liner

Q.335 Vibration from the diesel engine and engine driven equipments are isolated
from the hull structure by
Ans. (d) flexible engine mountings.
Flexible engine mountings consist of shock absorbing material, such as rubberized cork,
so that it will absorb the vibration created by the machines and those vibrations will not
be transferred to the ship structures or vice-versa. They are known as elastomount and
they have got the property of dampening the vibrations. Only care should be taken while
tightening them that they should not be overtightened; otherwise they will burst. Hence
the tightening of the bolts should be carried out with the help of torque

Q.336 Which of the following statements in a fuel atomization in a diesel engine

cylinder is correct?
Ans. (b) Greater the atomization lesser the penetration.
For greater atomization, it is necessary to break the fuel droplets into microscopic
particles. When they are reduced in such manner their weight reduces and hence their
inertia also reduces thus reducing the force at which it will drill through the dense
atmosphere of air reduces. Thus the potential energy of the particle reduces and it cannot
penetrate the dense atmosphere of the air in the combustion chamber. Hence as the
atomization increases the penetration decreases and vice-versa.

Q337 The most rapid period of fuel injection occurring in a diesel engine cylinder
should begin just before the piston reaches the TDC position
Ans. (d) should be completed after the TDC.
In diesel engine, the best possible efficiency is obtained if the fuel is burnt partially at
constant volume and constant pressure. For achieving this, the fuel injection and ignition
must start just before TDC and it should completed after the TDC. During this time, the
quantity required as per the load should be injected and burnt efficiently. If the complete
combustion takes place before or after TDC, the thermal efficiency will reduce.

Q.338 When comparing different fuel for different engines the ignition quality of
diesel fuel oil becomes a less critical consideration as
Ans. (d) the engine speed decreases.
As the engine speed decrease the time for the fuel to atomize evaporate and mix with air
to form a combustible mixture is ample. When ample time is available, it is possible to
burn lower grade of the fuel with low speed engine. Hence when low grade of fuel is
utilized, less critical consideration is given to the speed of the engine because lesser the
speed of the engine inferior is the quality of fuel which can be burnt efficiently.