DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

CECW-EE Washington, DC 20314-1000 ETL 1110-2-317

Technical Letter
No. 1110-2-317 15 December 1988

Engineering and Design

SELECTING REACTION-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND PUMP TURBINES
AND
HYDROELECTRIC GENERATORS AND GENERATOR-MOTORS

Distribution Restriction Statement

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
 CORRECTED COPY
(February 28, 1990)

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY ETL 1110-2-317

Us. Army Corps of Engineers
CEEC-EE Washington, D.C. 20314-1000

Engineering Technical 15 December 1988

Letter No. 1110-2-317

ENGINEERING AND DESIGN

SELECTING REACTION-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND PUMP TURBINES
AND
HYDROELECTRIC GENERATORS AND GENERATOR-MOTORS

1. Purpose. This letter provides advance criteria for selection

of ReactIon-Type Hydraulic Turbines and Pump Turbines and
Generators and Generator motors. This criteria is to be used
pending incorporation into an Engineering Manual.

2- App liability. This letter applies to all HQUSACE/OCE

elements and field operating activities having civil works
hydroelectric design responsibilities.

3. Discussion. Development of this criteria has been in

progress for several years and is published to insure that the
experience and expertise of the several authors is not lost to
the Corps with the retirement of these people. The criteria
provides guidance on all of the factors pertaining to the
selection, setting, and characteristics which must be understood
in design of a conventional hydroelectric generating or pump-
turbine plants. Criteria covering unconventional and small
hydroelectric plants will be published at a later date. Emphasis
is placed on the fact that manufactures recommendation and
proposals must be sought and obtained in the equipment selection
process, however, guidance contained herein will provide a basis
for accepting manufacturers recommendation.

FOR THE DIRECTOR OF ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION:

Encl HERBERT H. KENNO}J

#chief , Engineering Division
<Directorate of Engineering and
Construction
{
This ETL ..___
--- reissued to_.__
include
_ __ __ ~reviously missing pages (A~ndices A-E) ~
- ______ _ ._ ____
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

CEEC-EE

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington D.C. 20314

Engineering and Design

SELECIINGW~ION-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND PUMP TURBINES

HYDRO~IC GENERATC)RSAND ~TOR-MOTORS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT PAGE

Chapter 1

P~SE 1-1

APPLICABILITY 11

REFERENCES 11

DISCUSSION 11

PROJECIPLANNING AND FIELD SURVEY STUDIES 12

GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1-2

SIZE AND NUMBER OF UNITS 1-3

TYPES OF TURBINES 1-4

TYPES OF PUMP-TURBINES 15

MODEL TEST 15

EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY 1-16

ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

DATA ON UNITS INSTALLED IN CORPS OF ENGINEERS 17

PLANTS

Chapter 2

SPKIFIC SPEEDS 2-1

P~IPHERAL COEFFICIENTS 2-2

SEITING OF TURBINE AND PUMP-TURBINE 2-4

CRITICAL SIGMA 2-5

PERFORMANCE CURVES 2-6

MODEL-PR~E RELATIONSHIPS 2-8

GU~ 2-8

Chapter 3

GENERAL USE 3-1

SPWIFIC SP= 3-1

D-PMENT OF PR~E PERFORMANCE CURVES 3-2

FROM MODEL TESTS

SEITING OF R~ 3-4

SPIW CASE AND DRAET TUBE 3-5

RUNAWAY SPEEl) 3-6

DRAFT TUBE LINERS 3-7

AIR ADMISSION 3-7

RUNNER SEAL CHAMBER DRAINS 3-7

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 3-7

II
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

SURJECT PAGE

Chapter 4

GENERAL USE 4-1

SPECIFIC SP=S 4-1

MODEL TEST CURVES 4-2

P~IMINARY DATA FOR FIXED BLADE TYPE 4-3

PRELIMINARY DATA FOR ADJUSTABLE BLADE TYPE 4-5

SEITING OF RUNNER BLADES 4-6

S~I-SPIRAL AND SPIRAL CASING, AND DRAFI 4-7

TUBES

RUNAWAY SPEED 4-7

DRAFT TUBE LINERS 4-8

AIR ADMISSION 4-9

SLANT AXIS ADJUSTABLE-B~E TURBINES 4-9

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 4-1o

Chapter 5

G~ 5-1

BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS 5-1

RADIAL ~ FRANCIS TYPE 5-1

MIXED FLOW OR DIAGONAL ~ (DERIM ) 5-4

AXIAL FLOW - PROPELLER TYPE - FIXED AND 5-4

DSTABLE BLADE

SPKIFIC SPEEDS - SINGLE STAGE REVERSIBLE 5-4

PW/TURBI~

III
ETL 1110-2-.317
15 Dec 1988

s~ PAGE

PRELIMINARY DATA FOR FRANCIS PUMP-TURBI~ 5-5

S~ING OF PUMP-TURBINE RUNNER - FRANCIS TYPE 5-9

SPIRAL CASING AND DRAF1TUBE - FRANCIS TYPE 5-1o

DRAFT TUBE LINERS 5-1o

RUNAWAY SPEEDS 5-11

AIR ADMISSION 5-11

RUNNER SEAL CHAMBER DRAINS 5-11

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 5-11

Chapter 6

GENERAL 6-1

THE SELECTION AND NUMBER OF UNITS 6-1

G~~R RATING 6-2

GENERATOR VOLTAGE AND FREQmcY 6-2

sPm 6-2

m FA~R 6-2

FLYWHEEL ~ 6-3

GENERATOR - M~R RATING 6-3

EXCITATION SYm 6-3

THRUST AND GUIDE BEARINGS 6-4

THRUSIBEARING B~ THE R~R 6-5

THRUST BEARING ~VE THE R~R 6-6

Iv
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

suBJEc!r PAGE

THRUST BEARING NOT INCORPORATED IN THE 6-6

~~R OR GENERATOR-M~R

HIGH PRESSURE OIL SY= 6-7

ELECIRICALCHARACIERISTICS 6-7

HODS AVAILABLE FOR STARTING PW-TURBINES 6-10

IN THE PUMPING MODE OF OPERATION

Appendices

AFFINITY LAWS, MODEL RELATIONSHIPS AND A-1

GENERATOR SPEEDS VERSUS NUMBER OF POLES

DATA CORPS OF ENGINEERS PLANTS B-1

TURBINE S-ION CHARTS AND DIMENSIONS AND c-1

DATA AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - ~ = 1.0

MODELTESTCURVES FOR ~ = 12 AND H = 1 D1

~ AND CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS

SNLE CALCULATIONS E 1

v
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

CHAFTER1

INTRODU~ION

ll. P~SE . This mual has ken prepard for use in planning and
design leading to the selection and preparation of technical
specifications for reaction turbines and p~-turbines, generators and
generator-motors. The information included in this manual is not
intended to eliminate the necessity or desirability of consulting with
equipmnt mufactu.rers.

1-2. APPLICABILITY. This rranualis applicable to all field operating

activities having hydroeledric civil works design responsibilities.

13. REFERENCES.

a. CE 2201.01 HYDRAULIC TURBINES - FRANCIS TYPE

b. CE 2201.02 HYDRAULIC PUMP - TURBINES - FRANCISTYPE

c. CE 2201.03 HYDWULIC TURBINES - KAPLAN TYPE

d. CE 2202.01 HYDRAULIC TURBINE DRIVEN - ALTERNATING CURRENT

G~TORS

e. ANSI/IEEE Std 421.1-1986, IEEE Standard Definitions for

Excitations Systems for Synchronous Machines, available from IEEE, 345
East 47th St., NY, NY 10017.

14. DISCUSSION.

a. Corps of Engineers hydroelectric power plants are part of

multipurpose projects which develop power incidental to their major
purposes of flood control and/or navigation. Corps projects may
concurrently serve irrigation, recreation and water supply purposes.

b. Hydraulic turbines and p~turbines are not off-theshelf items

and must be designd to suit the s~ific range of cotiitions under
which they will operate. Selection of the mst suitable hydraulic and
electrical equipment requires careful study ~ investigation.

c. This mual includes procedures to be followed, tiel test data

of reaction turbines and p~turbines and other rraterial useful in
selecting the e~ipment and preparing the performance data to be
included in technical specifications.

1-1
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

15. PROJECT PLANNING AND FIELD SURVEY STUDIES. These studies

establish the following data:

a. Power capacity dependable ~ rated.

b. Energy output.

c. Reservoir capacity and headwater curves.

d. Tailwater ti afterbay capacity curves.

e. Minimum flow requirements.

f. Other use requirements.

9 Pumping requirements.

h. Preliminary selection of type and number of Units.

i. Heads Himum, minimum and average.

j Foundation conditions.

k. Special conditions tier which the plant must operate.

1-6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

a. The function of a hydroel~ric power plant is the conversion

of potential energy (water falling over a distance or head) into
mechanical energy (rotation of the turbine or p~turbine shaft). This
shaft in turn is connected to the shaft of a generator or generator
rotor to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

b. In the pumping mcde, the generator-motor drives the pump-

turbine to pq water to a higher elevation so that it will be availtile
when needed to operate the pumpturbine in the generating mode to
prcduce electrical energy.

. The quantity of water available for the production of power in

the fcoot-pound-systemis measured in cubic feet per secoti (cfs) and
designated as Q. The vertical distance available is measured in feet
and designatd as H. The theoretical horsepower available or water
horsepower (wHP) due to a quantity of water (Q) falling H feet is WQH
foot pounds per second, where W is the specific weight of water in

1-2
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

pounds per cubic feet, and the available water horsepwer is:

wQH
WHP =
550

d. The amount of power that can be prducd under pradical working

conditions is less than the theoretical ~unt. This is due to losses
in the conveyance of water (including the tailrace), and the losses in
the conversion equipment.

Conveyance losses show up as the difference between the gross

heade~H ) on a plant and the net or effective head (H ). For Francis
and pro% her type turbines, the net head is the difference in level
between headwater and tailwater tinus all frictional losses and minus
the velocity head of the water in the tailrace. Friction losses occur
as the water passes through the trash racks, inttie, penstock and tunnel
including bends, branching pipes, transitions and valves up to the
entrance of the spiral case. The power delivered by the turbine to the
generator is mess-med in horsepow~ (HP).

wQHeEp
HP =
550

where Ep is the efficiency of the prototype turbine. The kilowatt

output of the generator is 0.746 ~ times the horsepower delivered to
the generator shaft, where ~ is the efficiency of the generator.

f. In pumping, the head is the total head from suction pool to the
discharge of the spiral case plus the conveyance losses, except that for
Tube or Slant Axis turbines and low head vertical units with short
intakes it is the Pool-to-pl head.

1-7. SIZE AND NUMBER OF UNITS.

a. The capital cost per kilowatt of a hydroelectric plant of a

given total capacity generally decreases as the number of units
decreases. A minm of two units is usually preferred, ht in s~ial

13
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

cases one unit my be acceptable.

b. Size alone is not a determining factor in selecting the number

of units to & installd. The mst economical size @ number of units
can only be determined by a careful analysis of limitations and
conditions. The following limitations, requirements and conditions must
be carefully considered.

(1) Single unit plants have lower operating and maintenance

costs, bt service equipment, cranes, etc. will & more expensive.

(2) A new unit of larger size than any other in the system may
necessitate additional system capacity.

(3) Character of the load that the plant is expectd to supply

and the flexibility of operation required.

(4) Requirement to supply an isolated load.

(5) Requirement to supply low flow releases.

(6) The need to install units of unequal size.

(7) Requirmnt for future units.

(8) Even or @ number of units. Electrical connections may

dictate an even number of units.

(9) Shipping limitations (one piece runner, etc.).

(10) Foundation conditions.

(11) Requir~ts of the p~ing cycle.

1-8. TYPES OF TURBINES. Modern hydraulic turbines may & classified

as reaction turbines or @ulse turbines.

a. Types of Reaction Turbines include:

(1) Francis.

(2) Fixed Blade Propeller.

(3) Adjustable Blade Propeller (Kaplan, Tube or Slant Axis, -

Bulb).

1-4
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

(4) Fixd Blade M~d Flow.

(5) Mjustable Blade Mixd Flow (Ceriaz).

Water passages are enclosed and completely filled with water. 1he
energy transfer from the water to the turbine runner is due to the
pressure and change in direction of the water. Reaction turbines
operate at heads up to 1600 feet or mre. The setting, while usually
vertical, my & horizontal or inclined.

b. Impulse turbines are suitable for operation at heads as high as

6000 feet. The water is open to atmosphere at all points kyond the
nozzle and the transfer of energy from the water to the runner is due to
the turning of the jet nearly 180 degrees by the buckets which are
arranged around the periphery of the runner. The setting may be
horizontal or vertical.

19. TYPES OF PW-TURBI~.

a. Pump-turbines are similar to reaction turbines, except that they

operate in one direction of rotation as pumps and in the opposite
direction as turbines. They consist of three principal types:

(1) ~dial flow or Francis type.

(2) Mixed flow or diagonal flow.

(3) Axial flow or propeller type.

b. The mixed flow and Axial flow t~s include bth fixd-blade ti
adjustable-blade machines.

llo. MODEL TEST.

a. Hydraulic turbines and p-turbines are not off-the-shelf items

of equi~nt. They are designd to suit the head, power and p~ing
requirmnts of a particular site.

b. While mufacturers have models developed to cover a range in

heads and capacities, tiifications to an existing @el or develo~t
of a new model design my be necessary to determine ~rfo~ce at a
specified condition.

c. Model testing is necessary if the state of the art is to

1-5
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

advance. New @roved designs which permit mre economical speeds,

improvd efficiencies and settings with relationship to tailwater need
to k developed. The Corps of Engineers requires tiel tests to develop
a runner most suitable to the requirements of the project and to confirm
that the guaranteed performance will be met. As more model and
prototype tests k- available, mre accurate results of tiel changes
and tiel develo~nt can be pr~ided.

d. In some cases field tests are not possible to check guarant~

values of perfo~ce. In these cases, tiel tests are acceptd as the
guaranteed tests.

e. The allowable specific sped for a turbine or p~turbine under

given head conditions is dependent upon the setting with respect to
tailwater, atispheric pressure, water density ti the vapor pressure of
water. A wufacturer may have a family of curves for heads up to 1500
feet or mre (depending on the type of turbine and the setting tive or
below tailwater). However, protot~ tests should k mde to validate
his design and mcdel tests.

f. The size of the model runner tested may vary with different
manufactwers - the test results may k hsed on inlet, throat or
discharge diameters. Corps specifications require the mcdel runner
throat diameter to & not less than 10 inches and further requires that
the guaranteed @el efficiency & tised on a tiel with a runner throat
diameter of 12 inches.

9 Efficiency of protot~ turbines should be higher than that of

mcdels. The ~unt of increase to be expectd will vary depnding on
the manufacturer and his experience. Therefore, an exact c~ison of
perfo~ce of two tiels by different mufacturers cannot be rode.

111. EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY.

a. The increase in efficiency to be expected from tests of

identical @els in different ltiratories has been known to vary two
~rcent.

b. The surface finish on runner and gates on a mcdel has been known
to vary the efficiency by as mch as 1/2 percent.

c. Mcdel test values can be re~ated closer than 1/4 percent.

d. Manufacturing tolerances my result in a stepup &tween T.sel

andprototype that is different than expected.

1-6
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

e. Two units of the same design and identical within manufacturing

tolerances, installed in the same plant have given test results
differing by mre than the pro&le error of testing.

f. For my years, european test cedes as well as the Internati~nal

Test Cede acknowledge the pro~ility of error in instrumentation by a
tolerance for output and efficiency of + two percent. Guarantees of 92
percent are considerd to & met if f~nal computations of field test
results showd 90 to 94 percent. The United States Test Cede (ASME)
does not provide any tolerance on guarantees and this has resulted in
the lowering of guaranted values by american manufacturers. These
guaranteed values, depnding on the size of the unit, have varied from
90 to 92 percent.

9 In a known case where high efficiencies were guaranteed with

large penalties for not meeting guarantees includd in the contract, a
two percent decrease in efficiency was equivalent to more than half of
the contract price.

h. Specifying too high an efficiency can result in excessively high

bid prices.

i. Mcdel tests are used as a means of providing the unit best

suited for a particular project. The Corps specifies minimum
efficiencies to k wt for hth mcdel and prototype at specified outputs
when field tests are to & mde and only mcdel efficiencies when field
tests are not to be rode.

j. Efficiencies are not evaluated in the comparison of bids.

However, penalties for failure of the prototype to met guarantees are
included in the specifications.

112. DATA ON UNITS INSTALLED IN CORPS OF ENGI-S PLANTS. Data on

units of equipment installd in Corps of Engineers Hydroelectric Plants
is includd in Appendix B. This data will b of assistance in seltiing
equipment, but it must & rec~ized that considerable improvement in
design and perfo~ce has ~n mde on some units in recent years and
that foundation conditions rMy have irT@osedrestrictions on selecting
the speed and size of a unit, and the depth of the draft setting.

17
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

CHAPTER2

TURBINE AND PuMP-mINE CHARACIERISTICS

2-1. SPECIFIC SP=.

a. The tisis for c~ison of the characteristics of hydraulic

turbines is the specific sped (N t). This is defined as the speed in
revolutions per tinute (N) at whit%. turbine of homologous design would
operate if the runner was reduced in size to that which would develop
one horse~wer under one foot of head.

b. The specific speed varies directly as the square root of the

horsepower (HP) and inversely with five-quarters power of the head (H)
in feet.

(N) (HP)l/2
% =
H514

c. In the metric system (Nst) is the speed of a homologous turbine

of a size to develop one metric horsepower under one meter head. The
metric specific speed is equal to 4.446 times the specific sped in the
fret-pounds Systm.

d. In general, for a given head and horsepower, the higher the

specific speed, the higher the speed of the unit and the lower the
overall cost of the installation. But there are limits on the specific
speed of a runner for a given head and output. Tm high a specific
speed would reduce the dimensions of the runner to values that would
cause excessively high velocities for the water discharge through the
throat of the runner and draft tb. Too high a specific speed could
reduce the runner structural dimensions and the rotating parts of the
generator to such small dimensions that high stresses would @e it
uneconomical, if not impractictile, to design. Too low a specific speed
would unduly incr ase the size and cost of the generator in order to
maintain the WR ? of the unit. Obviously, there are practical
l~tations to the range in specific speeds for any head.

e. For Rancis turbines, the specific speed is indicative of the

type and shape of the runner. A 10W specific s~ed runner (high head)
has an inlet diameter greater than the disch~ge diameter while the

2-1
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

reverse is true for a high specific sped runner (low head).

f. For propeller turbines, higher specific speeds for higher heads

require an increase in the nti of blades.

No-1 Nst is defined as the specific speed for best efficiency

and %atd Nst is defind as the specific speed at rated capacity or
guaranteed horsepower tier the head for which the turbine is designd.

h. Pumping specific sped (N ) is the sped at which the runner

would rotate if reduced geometrl~ally to such a size that it would
deliver one U.S. gallon ~r minute under one foot of head.

(N) (Q)1t2
%= ~3/4

2-2. PERIP~ CO=ICIENTS (~).

a. The peripheral coefficient, a dimensionless number used for

convenience in plotting tiel perfo~ce curves, is the ratio of the
peripheral velccity of the runner blades to the spouting velocity of the
water.

Peripheral speed of the runner (fps)

4=
Spouting velocity of water (fps)

At the runner throat:

,TH
=
(:)(%) NDTH

m= 1838 H2

2-2
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

where

~ = Peripheral coefficient at runner throat

N = Runner speed in revolutions per minute

~ = throat diameter of the runner in inches.

Note: While D may denote any representative dimension of the runner

such as inlet, throat and discharge di~ters, it is Corps practice to
use throat diameter.

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 32.17 ft./sec2

He = Effective head in feet.

b. The runner speed must be selectd to retch a synchronous sped

for the generator (see Ap~ndix A, Page A-6, G~~R SPEED VS NUMB~
OF POLES).

120 Hz
N =
n

where Hz = frequency in cycles per secod and n = n-r of pies of the

generators.

c. While, in general, higher runner speeds for a specified

horsepower at a specified head should result in a lower first cost for a
turbine, the speed may be limited by the cavitation tendency of the
runner, the drop in ~ak efficiency over the normal range of operation,
vibration, and @ mechanical design of the turbine or generator. Higher
speeds require a lower setting of the runner with respect to tailwater
and are accompanied by increased excavation and structural costs.
Higher speeds also reduce the head range under which the turbine will
operate satisfa~orily.

d. Pump-turbines are mre subject to cavitation in the pqing tie

than in the generating tie. Therefore, the p~ing tie determines the
setting of the runners.

23
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

2-3. SEITING OF TURBINE AND PUNP-TURBINE.

a. The setting of the turbine or pump-turbine is very ~rtant.

Too low a setting would result in unnecessary excavation and structure
costs. Too high a setting could result in excessive cavitation of the
runner buckets or blades with a resulting loss in efficiency and
increasd operating and maintenance costs.

The setting of a turbine or p~-turbine can best be determined

by t;; consideration of the Thoma cavitation ccefficient Si~ (ti).

Hb-Hv H~
u=
He

where Hb= BarO~trlC pressure head at elevation of the runner

*ve mean sea level

~= Vapor pressure head in feet at water temperature

Hs= For Francis runners is the distance from the lowest

point on the runner vanes to tailwater in a vertical shaft unit, and the
distance from the highest elevation of the runner band to tailwater for
horizontal units.

Hs= For fixed blade and tiplan runners is the distance

from the center line of the blade trunnion to tailwater for vertical
units and frointhe highest elevation of the blades to tailwater for
horizontal and inclind units.

H = For diagonal flow runners is the distance fra the

httom of the gaEe to tailwater for vertical units and from the highest
elevation of the blades to tailwater for other units.

He= Net or Effective head on the turbine in feet.

Hs may be positive or negative, depending on whether or not the

referencd point on the runner is ~ve or klow tailwater. When the
referenced point is blow tailwater, it is negative. If a is the
distance from the center line of the turbine distrihtor to the lowest
point on the runner vanes for Francis units and to the centerline of the
blades for propeller-type runners, then the distance from the centerline

2-4
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

of the distriktor to tailwater for H~ positive is (a + Hs), and for Hs

negative is (a H~).

. It is custo~ for manufacturers to add a safety allowance to

the c~vitation coefficient Si~ (~).

lib Hv H~ Safety
o =
He

2-4. CRITICAL SIGMA (&c ).

a. Over the years, since facilities for rrakingcavitation tests

have ken available, there have ken several mthcds proposed and used
for determining critical si~ from tiel tests. There has ken no
fixed agre~nt on a standard methcd of determining critical si~ and
in using Hufacturers critical si~ curves. It is important that the
methd used in determining critical si~ for a particul~ mcdel be
clearly established as a rranufacturermy have used a different methd
of determining critical sip, depending on the methcd in use at the
t~ of the test.

b. In some tiel tests, the cavitation limits were considered to

& at the points where power drops off and the discharge increases, thus
decreasing the efficienq.

c. In other @el tests, critical si~ was considered to k the

value obtained at the point of intersedion of the constant horizontal
HP or Q (pump) curve with the slope of the line under cavitating
conditions.

d. The International Cde for Mdel Acceptance Tests of Hydraulic

Turbines, I= Publication 193, gives the following three definitions of
sigrra:

(1) Cfo, the lowest value of si~ for which the efficiency
r-ins unchanged as co-ed to noncavitating conditions,

(2) @l, the lowest value of sigma for which a drop of one
percent in efficiency is attained compared to a non-cavitating
condition, and

2-5
~TL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

(3) d~, Standard Sip, the value si~ at the intersection

of the constant efficiency line (noncavitating) with the strongly
dropping straight line along which measuring points align themselves for
a high cavitating degree.

e. The Corps of Engineers Specifications defines the Critical

Si~ of the turbine or p~ turbine for such desired turbine output or
pump capacity and head shall be the si~ corresponding to the tailwater
level of such tests which results in a one percent decrease in
efficiency or turbine output, or pump power input which ever occurs
first. (See CE 2201.01, .02 and .03, paragraph MT-4.5).

f. Because of the shape of some mcdel sigma curves, considerable

jud~nt is necessary in determining critical sigma.

9 Prototype experience is necessary to detertine the factor of

safety to include with Hs and also how much prewelding of the runner
blades can be used as a trade-off against deeper s-rgence.

2-5. P~ORMANCE CURVES.

a. Turbine protot~ performance curves are plots of efficiency and

discharge versus horsepower for various heads and gate openings and are
bsed on labratory test data of a mcdel homlogous to the prototype
with regards to runner and water passages.

b. The pwer is step@ up from the tiel by the formula:

flm($)(jr
c. The turbine discharge, negleding any stepup in efficiency, my
be calculatd by inserting the value of horsepower calculated from the
formula under (b) ~ve into the formula for turbine horsepower HP =
wQHEm/550. H is the net or effective head and Em is the model
efficiency.

d. The expeded efficiency of the protot~ turbine is the mcdel

efficiency plus not more than 2/3 of the stepup in efficiency (~;b~;
as determind by the Mtiy formula where ~ is the Himum mcdel
efficiency at best speed or phi (0). The allowable stepup in

2-6
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

efficiency is added to all efficiency points to obtain the ~ed

prototype corrected efficiencies,

Dm t5
EP = IOO(1OO Em)
()
y
P

EC =Em+ ~ (Ep Em)

()

e. No stepup in power is @rmitted by the guide specifications

however the corrected efficiency is used in calculating prototype
discharges.

~= 550HP
wHe Ec

f. Pumping perfo~ce curves are plots of efficienq, head and

horsepower versus discharge at various gate openings and are &sed on
laboratory test data for a model homologous to the prototype with
rqards to runner and water passages. For pumping, unless otherwise
stated, the head is the total head from the suction pool to the
discharge of the spiral case. The prototype head and discharge capacity
values are stepped up from the model by the affinity laws and the
capacity values so determined should not k less than the guaranteed
values. The p~ corrected efficiencies are obtained by a~ing the
allowable stepup in efficiency to all efficiencies points. The
expected head-capacity curves are developed using corrected capacity
values which are the values step- up from the tiel multiplied by the
ratio Ec/~. The expected efficiency capacity curves are develo~
using the correctd efficiency and capacity values and the horsepower
values used in developing the expected horsepwercapacity curves are
co~uted using the formula HP = wQH/550Ec, where Q, H, and Ec are taken

2-7
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

directly frm the expected performance curves. The wimum pump input
horsepwer determined from the curves should not exceed the rMximum pump
horsepower permitted by the specifications.

2-6. MODEL-PROTOTYPE RELATIONSHIPS. Affinity laws and model to

prototype relationships for turbines and pun@turbines are included in
Appetiix A.

2-7. GUARANTEES.

a. When available, previous tiel tests can & used as the &sis
for guarantees, the guaranteed efficiency values should be set 1/4
percent less than the indicatd tiel efficiencies. See also Paragraph
111.

b. Likewise, horse~wer guarantees should & set two percent less

than the values shown on the expected Horsepower vs. Efficiency curves
for the prototype.

2-8
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

CHAPTER3

FRANCIS TURBIW

3-1. GENERAL USE. For many years, Francis turbines were used for low
heads. Tcday they are in general use for heads from 75 feet up to 1600
feet while propeller type turbines have replacd Francis type turbines
at the lower heads.

3-2. SPECIFIC SPEEDS.

a. Specific speeds for Francis turbines range from 20 to 90 and is

obtained by changing the design proportions of the runner. A general
discussion of specific speed is presented in 2-1.

b. A low specific speed Francis runner has a larger entrance

diameter than discharge diameter. For a specific speed of approxirrately
42, the inlet diameter is approximately equal to the throat and
discharge diameters. For higher specific speds, the inlet diameter
becomes smaller than the throat and discharge diameters. Also the
discharge diameter is larger than the throat diameter.

c. The specific sped (Ns) will rmin constant for any other size
or head for the same design and the corres~nding sped for another
homlogous runner.

d. Care must be taken when using specific speed values to insure

that they are king correctly used. The &st efficiency at ratd head
for a Francis turbine is mtche.d at 85 90 percent of the generator KW
rating. the normal KW rating of the generator, the horsepower
equivalent of which is used in calculating the ratd specific speed.

e. In the process of selecting a turbine for a specific

installation, the specific speed should also be determind using the
lowest head at which the Himum power must be develo@ (generator KW
rating). This will give the highest Ns under which the unit must
operate and my dictate the seledion of the runner. When the lowest
head is appreciably lower than the average operating head and when the
power requird is exceptionally high in co~ison to the requir~nt
under noml head, it my ~ necessary to install an oversize turbine to
meet the low head capacity requirement. In this case the turbine shaft
rraybe sized to meet the generator rating with the provision that the
turbine gate o~nings b restridd when operating at heads where if the
gate openings were not restricted, the generator rating would be
exceeded. The sm head and gate o~ning restrictions apply to turbines

3-1
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

where increase in heads under flti conditions could cause a turbine

output in excess of the generator rating.

f. For many years, hydraulic laboratories did not have the

facilities for testing the cavitation characteristics of Francis
runners. Therefore the cavitation characteristics were esttited on the
bsis of experience with installations of similar t s. During this
period a value of 632 was used for K in Ns = K/HF 2. In 1951 the
mufacturers of hydraulic turbines rec~nded a K value of 650 to be
used in the -ve formula on the hsis that the vertical Francis-tp
turbines could usually be set with the centerline of the distri~tor
shut eight feet ~ve tailwater at sea level. More recent experience
indicates an econdc advantage for smaller, higher sped units with
deeper settings consistent with a K value of approxktely 700. This
relationship is shown on Figure 1, Append& C d is recomndd for
preliminary studies.

3-3. D~PMENT OF PR~E P~RMANCE CURVES FROM MODEL TESTS.

a. Mcdel test curves covering a wide range of specific speeds are

shown on Figures F1 through F8 in Section I, Appendix D. This methcd of
representation is comnly referral to as oak tree or performce
hill. The latter designation derives frointhe fact that the figure is
three-dhnsional, as each constant efficiency contour represents a
cmrdinate point in the Z-direction pexicular to the plane of the
paper. All data has &n rduced to unit values corresponding with
= 12 inches (one fret) and head, H = one foot. The ordinate is unl %
horsepower, Wl, and the abscissa is peripheral sped coefficient, @ .
All efficiencies are hsed on = 12 inches. The indicated speciF ic
speed is referred to the point9 o rMximum efficiency. Some cavitation
characteristics are shown on Figures S1 through S5, Section IV, Appendti
D.

b. The significant characteristics of the eight designs are

coped on Figure F9 of Appendix C. A number of other designs have
ken included to aid in the correlation of the data with res~ to
specific speed. The curves may & usd for preliminary selection of the
runner throat diameter, sped, design discharge and runner setting. The
curve of critical runner sigma is based on a horsepower that is 15
percent greater than the horsepower at best efficiency. The curve mst
not & used for offbest phi conditions. For studies requiring mre
complete information rq=ding the turbine dimensions and perfo~ce, a
selection must be mde frm one of the eight designs.

c. Pertinent dimensions of the turbine parts and water passages,

3-2
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

expressd as a ratio to ~, are shown in Tables 1 and 2, and Figure 4

of Appendix C.

d. The following steps are mde to seleti a turbine:

(1 ) Given the horsepower corresponding to 85 - 90 percent

generator rating at rated head, a preliminary value for N~ can be
selected from Figure 1, Appendix C. A design is selected from Figures
F1 through F8 with a spcific speed which mst nearly approximates the
preliminary value. The design specific sped is
calculations. S~ed N is determind from N = N ~5~~~~}~2theensuing
, but N must
be adjusted to a synchronous speed. It issusually necessary to
investigate three synchronous speeds in order to arrive at the mst
overall economic speed.

(2) Having selected a s~d, a preliminary runner diameter rray

k determin using the selected design and the relationship of @ = N
~/1838 H1@ and ~ rrayb adjusted to get Om at ratd head to E at
or near best gate. Also, it may be necessary to change the runner
diameter so the HPl picked off from the performance hill for the phi
values correspotiing to other head conditions will give the required
prototype horsepower. This my necessitate a change in sped with a
corresponding shift away from bst phi at rated head conditions. This
includes calculating @~ for the minimum head conditions at which the
capacity value of the unit or units is .bsedr and the horsepwer output
at this head. It my b necessq as stated ~ve to readjust N and ~
to get the necessary HP, when stepped up to give the requird prototype
horsepower at the minimum head condition. See also comnts under 3
2(e) regarding the necessity of installing an oversize turbine to meet
the low head capacity requirmnts.

(3) Performance curves may now be developed from the model

tests using the appropriate tiel - prototype relationships included in
Appendix A.

e. As previously pointed out, hydraulic turbines are not offthe-

shelf items of equipmt. Mdel tests previously mde and prototypes of
mcdels test are indicative of the performce that can k expected and
the turbine mufacturer can alter or design a tiel bsd on experience
to meet the requirmnts specified for a particular procurement. This
accounts for some of the scatter of points shown on Figure F9 of
APpetiix D.

f. For specific speeds Ns = 33 and below, increasing the vent

(i.e. opening between tuckets) will permit increasing the power and

3-3
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

shifting the point of best efficiency to the right. Decreasing the vent
will reduce the power and shift the point of best efficiency to the
left. Increases or decrease in vent opening as much as 15 to 20 percent
my & rode. A smll percentage increase in the inlet diameter may also
be possible as a mans of shifting the point of kst efficiency and
slightly reducing the ~wer. Increasing the vent openings too much may
result in a loss of efficiency.

9 For specific speeds greater than 33, the tiel my & changed by
increasing or decreasing the vent opening up to approximately 10
percent. Smll percentage increase and decrease in inlet diameter may
& possible for runners with specific speeds at kst gate up to Ns of
approxhtely 60. For specific speds tive 60, a smll increase in
inlet diameter is usually permissible. These a_re the means by which
tiels can be adjusted to give desired projed perfo~ce.

h. Increasing the vent openings increases the power of the runner

kt my result in a drop in efficiency. Tm large an increase in vent
opening could cause the power and efficiency to &op off too sharply.

i. It should k noted that Ns for &st gate is approximately 7-1/2

to 11 percent smiler than Ns for full gate at rated head.

. The setting for the three synchronous sped runners can now k
det~nd.

3-4. SETTING OF RUNNER.

a. Overall plant efficiency is dependent on the design of the water

passages from forebay through the tailrace. However, the turbine
manufacturer is only responsible for the design ktween the turbine
casing inlet and the discharge of the draft tube. Therefore the
following dimensions are necessary for inclusion in the turbine
specifications as limiting dimensions:

(1) Elevation of center-line of distrihtor.

(2) Maximum elevation of low point of draft tube floor.

(3) Horizontal distance froincenter-line of unit to the end of

the draft tube.

b. The setting of the runner can k established by calculating H~

(the distance frm the lowest point on the runner buckets to tailwater
corresponding to the Q for the prototype horsepower) and s@tituting

3-4
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

the value of sigma obtained from the mcdel tests curves for Hpl
corresponding to the prototype horsepower in the formula:

Hs=Hb-Hv safety dH

Bpending on the value of si~, H may be positive or negative.

The setting of the httom of the runner b~ades IMy be ~ve or below the
elevation of the tailwater corresponding to the discharge Q for the
prototype horsepower. The distance ratio from the centerline of the
distriktor to the httom of the runner is listed in Tables 1 and 2,
Appendix C. This ratio multiplid by the protot~ runner diameter,
DTH, gives the dimension which when added to or subtracted from Hs
yields the setting for the centerline of the distributor of the
prototype.

c. In determining the setting of the runner, the possibility of

lower future tailwater levels due to degradation of the river channel
&low the darnmust be considered. Also, the time required for kildup
of tailwater under low load factor operation cotiitions, if applicable,
must k considered. Mth factors dictate a lower setting. Foundation
conditions at the site my Me it economically desirable to set the
unit higher by using a lower specific sped runner or to set the unit
lower by using a higher specific speed runner. There is also the
possibility of an economic trade-off between the rraximumoutput of the
runner at the lower heads, cost of excavation, a draft tub with a
shorter vertical lq, and more stainless steel prewelding of the runner
to reduce pitting of the runner due to the higher setting.

3-5. SPIRAL CASE AND DRAET TUBE.

a. While the turbine mar~ufactuer is responsible for the design of

the water passages from the turbine casing inlet to the discharge of the
draft tube, there are limitations which are prudent to impose such as
the velocity at inlet to the spiral case, the number and width of draft
tube piers, the velocity at discharge of the draft tube and the
elevation of the lowest pint of the draft tube that will k permitted.

b. The di~ter of the inlet to the spiral case my & the same as,
or preferably less than, that of the ~nstock ht the velocity at the
inlet should not exceed 22 percent of ~ If the velocity is higher,
a loss in efficiency and pwer result. There my & instances where it
is desired to install, in an existing plant, a larger unit than the
structure was designd to acc~te. In this case the increased head
loss (HL) &tween the net head measurement section and the runner is
approximately 2/3 of the increase in velocity head. The reduced

3-5
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

efficiency E and power ~ can k calculatd by the following:

E (H HL)
E,=
H

H-HL 32
HPr=HP
() H

vl = Velocity at the inlet of the noml casing.

V2 = Velocity of the smiler casing.
Al . Area of inlet of the noml casing.
A2 . Area of the smaller casing.

c. Deviations from strictly homlcgous water passages my also

affect runaway speed, thrust, critical sigma as well as design of roving
parts.

d. While prwedures hsed on @el laws and tiel ati prototype

tests are necessary to the study and selection of equipment, they n-
to k augmentd by skills and judgment acquired by experience.

3-6. R~AWAY SPEED.

. The runaway speed of the prototype turbine is determined fra

tie; tests by running the tiel at various gate opening for the full
ranqe of mcdel ~M (N,) or phi (0) to rraximumRPM or @ at minimum values
of efficiency and power and extending the curves to zero. The
corresponding value, @mqx., is shown on Figures F1 through F8 of
Appendix D. Prototype umum runaway speed is given by the following:

N ~==(E)(:)(2H)2
~max DTH

1838 ~m~ H*
=
DTH

3-6
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

b. It is difficult to design a generator to withstand the highest

overspeed conditions. Therefore, it is sowtimes necessary to limit the
rMximum gate opening of the prototype turbine in order to limit the
overspeed.

c. While runaway speed is affected by sigma, for all practicable

purposes, its effect, on a Francis turbine can be neglected.

d. With medium head Francis turbines the rMximum oversped occurs

at full gate but for higher heads where the inlet diameter of the runner
is somewhat greater than the discharge diameter, the rMximum runaway
sped may occur at less than full gate

3-7. DRAF1TUBE LINERS. Draft tube liners should extend a distance

equal to at least one discharge diameter of the runner below the point
of attachment to the httom ring.

3-8. AIR ADMISSION.

a. When Francis units are operating at part gate, air must be

admitted to the center of the runner cone or hub. An air valve,
mechanically connected to the wicket gate mechanism controls the
admission of air. If the tailwater can be higher than the elevation of
the valve and also, if a tailwater depression system is used, a check
valve must k installd. Depending on the specific speed of the turbine
and its required stirgence, it may & necessary for the runner to have
alternate passages to admit air through the runner relief holes and to
use a compressed air supply for air admission.

b. For a required horsepower at a given head, higher specific

speeds will require deeper settings and increasd air admission at part
gate opening for stable operation. It will also be necessary in some
cases to provide fins in the draft tb to reduce pwer swings to an
acceptable level.

3-9. RUNNER SW CHAMBER DRAINS. When runner seal drains are required,
the seal chamber pipe drain header should discharge in the vertical lq
of the draft th at a lccation furthermost away from the draft tb
exit.

3-1o. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS. The basic calculations for a typical

installation are includd in Section 1, Appendix E.

3-7
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

CHAPTER4

PROPELLER mINEs

4-1. ~ USE.

a. Propeller type units, operating at higher speeds and at heads

less than 100 feet, have generally replaced Francis turbines. Fixed
blade units generally operate over a head range of 6 to 120 feet while
adjustable blade units operate up to 250 feet. They have fewer blades
than the Francis runner has tickets and consequently do not r-ire as
close a spacing of trash rack &s.

b. Fixed blade propeller units are kst suitd to a narrow range of

outputs due to peaked efficiency curves. Kaplan units have adjustable
blades which can operate under rducd heads while maintaining gd
power outputs, have high part gate and overgate efficiencies and can be
mde responsive to changes in wicket gate opening.

c. Fixed blade propeller units are appropriate where operation will

& at or near constant load with SW1l variations in heads. Capital
cost will k 25 percent less than adjustable blade units for operation
under the same conditions.

d. While adjustable blade units meeting the same conditions could

be of smiler diameter and possibly operate at a higher s-, they also
have higher runaway speeds and require a lower setting or submergence of
the blades.

4-2. SPECIFIC SP~S.

a. A general discussion of specific speed is presentd in paragraph

2-1. The usual range in specific speeds is from 82 to 205 for fixed
blade propeller type units and 90 to 220 for the adjustable blade
propeller type (fiplan). The number of blades will vary from four to
eight depending on the range in head, specific speed, and setting.

b. Care must be taken when using specific speed values to insure

that they are being correctly used. The best efficiency horsepower at
rated head for a ftied blade propeller turbine is matched to 90 95
percent of the generator KW rating. The horsepower equivalent of the KW
rating is used in calculating the rated specific sped, the blade angle
or tilt of the blades being selected to best suit the project

4-1
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

requirements. The ratd output of a Kaplan turbine is usually matched

with the KW rating of the generator at rated head near full gate
horsepower at maximum blade angle. The horse~wer equivalent of the
rating is usd in calculating the rated specific speed.

c. A nhr of existing propeller turbine installations have been

examind to develop some general rules for the preliminary selection of
specific speed with respect to ead. This information has been
s~ized in the form, Ns = K/Hib , and is presentd on Fi~e 3 of
Appendix C. The normal range in heads and associated K values for four,
five and six blade runners shown on the curve sheets are recomnded for
use in determining the first value of Ns. A preliminary value for speed
(N) is then calculated from the formula:

N~ H514
N=
HPi2

4-3. MOD~ TEST CURVES.

a. Typical perforrrancehill curves developed from mcdel tests,

covering both fixed and adjustable blade propeller turbines are shown in
Appendix D, Section III. These curves follow the same format as that
adopted for the Francis turbine designs (refer to paragraph 33a).
Pertinent dimensions of the turbine parts and water passages, expressd
as a ratio to ~ are shown in Tables 4 and 5, and Figure 5 of Apwndix
c.

b. In the fixed blade design the inclination of the blades or blade

angle dictates the capacity of the unit. However, increases in the
blade angle are accqied by redudion in the peak efficiency. This
generally dictates a comprtise depending upn the requirements of the
project. Mcdel test curves for an adjust~le blade turbine having the
same number of blades and approx~tely the same pitch ratio can be
helpful in evaluating the effect of change in blade angle on
perfo~ce, bearing in mind that the smaller hub diameter of the fixed
blade turbine will result in some increases in power and efficiency over
an adjustable blade turbine of the same runner diameter and number of
blades. The pitch ratio is the ratio of the blade length to blade pitch
(L/T). This ratio is generally referred to the blade periphery where
the blade pitch is equal to the circumference generated by the blade tip
dividd by the number of blades. Critical sip can be greatly affeded

4-2
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

by blade design and blade area, and ~le blade area is necessary to
keep sips within acceptable limits.

4-4. P~IMINARY DATA FOR FIXED BLADE TYPE.

a. The fixed blade hill curves shown in Appendti D are bas~- on

designs that were developed to satisfy specific requirements. Their
respective specific s~eds at the point of mimum efficiency are: 141
(Figure FBI, Appendix D.) 119 (Figure FB2) and 106 (Figure FB3).
Referring to Figure 3 of Appendix C it may be noted that these designs
are ideally suited for heads of 32, 57 and 88 feet, respectively. They
my be used for other ratd head conditions with the precaution that the
calculated speeds and runner throat diameters will b at variance with
norml Corps practice. In the lower head range this error tends to
prduce larger, slower speed units, whereas, in the upper head range it
tends to produce smiler, higher speed units.

b. If the user is chiefly interested in the size and speed of the

unit, the following approxtition will prcduce results more consistent
with norrral Corps practice. For rated conditions, compute the speed
using the methd presented in paragraph 4-2c. The peripheral speed
coefficient can be est~ted from the relationship:

4TH = 0.089 N~O.58

The runner throat di-ter is calculated through the equation:

1838 @TH H/2

DTH =
N

c. The following prmedure is used to c~ute prototype data from

the hill curves in Appendix D.

(1) Pick off ~1 at desired @~ and efficiency. This point

will generally coincide with the wimum efficiency. Determine ~ from
the equation:

4-3
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

()
DTH 2
HF=HP1 ~ H312

HP 112
DTH = ;:4 .
HP,
()

(2) Calculate N from the equation:

1838 (#)THH 12
N =
DTH

(3) N must & adjustd to the nearest synchronous speed.

(4) Readjust ~ ti repeat steps (1) - (3), if requird.

(5) Check performance required at other heads. Computed

performance full gate horsepowers should be at least 2 percent higher
than the required horsepower to allow for governing and variations such
as mufacturing tolerances.

(6) The next step is to determine the setting by c~uting HPl

for the requird horsepowers, picking off from the si~ curves the
corresponding value of critical sigma and solving for Hs in the formula:

(7) Usually it is necessary to investigate three synchronous

speds in order to arrive at the most overall economic sped.

4-4
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

4-5. PRELIMINARY DATA FOR ~STABLE BLADE ~E.

a. The adjustable blade hill diagrams shown in Appendix D are also

hsed on designs that were developed to satisfy specific requirements.
The precautions notd in paragraph 4-4a, also apply to these curves.
One requirement that generally dictates this t- of unit is a wisely
varying head. In most of these cases the Himum capacity of the units
is required at a rated head considerably lower than rraximumhead. For
this reason the rated ~ is picked to the right of optimum ~~. Since
most designs are capable of sustaining gocd efficiencies up to but 32
degrees blade angle, the rated conditions are generally associat@ with
the on-cam perforrranceat this blade angle. However, other over-riding
requir~nts such as restricted stirgence or efficiency rray dictate
that the rated conditions be referred to other blade angles. As the
associated point for rated conditions is roved to the right away from
optimum ~H the oncam HP for fixed blade angles increases, which
provides for a smiler, higk er speed unit. This advantage is generally
offset by slightly reduced efficiency and higher critical si~.

b. The method described in paragraph 44b may & used for

approximating the speed and runner throat diameter for the adjustable
type by using the following ~irical relationship for ~:

4TH = 0.049 N~O.695

c. The step by step prccedure for co~uting protot~ data through

the hill curves in Appendti D is identical to the procedure descri= in
paragraph 44c (l)-(7) with the following exceptions. A preliminary
value of HPl may & obtained at the intersection of 32 degree blade
angle curve and the following @~ values: 2.1(4 blades), 1.7(5 blades)
and 1.5(6 blades). The protot~ horse~wer to ~ associated with this
value of HPl will generally correspond to the generator rating. These
rules may be varied to suit the specific requirmnts of the user.

d. Foundation conditions may determine the setting, and require

modifications in speed, diameter and vertical height of the tiaft tube.

e. The selection of the appropriate adjustable blade turbine is

more complex than for other turbines and requires much mre work in
arriving at a satisfadory solution. The range in operating heads may
require the prelimin~ selected value of Om to be increased. The
requirement for a higher efficiency at generator rating my require the
selected ~ to be decreased, while an acceptable lower efficiency would

4-5
ETL 1110-2-.317
15 Dec 1988

permit the @m to be increased. The horsepower requirements at minm

head may require a change in speed, runner throat diameter and . The
value of critical sigma rrayrequire a change in HPl which WOU1 9 aff~
the runner diameter and require a change in speed and/or @TH. The
effect of all these ramifications on the cost of the turbine, generator
and powerhouse structure must be fully considerd in making the final
seletiion.

4-6. SEITING OF RUNNER BLADES.

a. Overall plant efficiency is dependent on all portions of the

water passages from forebay through the tailrace. The turbine
rranufactureris generally responsible for design from the turbine casing
inlet to the discharge of the draft tube subject to such limiting
dimensions imposed by other considerations and mde part of the turbine
specifications.

b. The tiel test infomtion included in Appendix C includes the

principal model dimensions of the semi-spiral or spiral casing, draft
tube and runner dimensions.

c. The following dimensions are necessary for inclusion in the

turbine specifications as limiting dimensions:

(1) Elevation of the center line of distrihtor.

(2) Elevation of the low point of draft tb flmr.

(3 Horizontal distance from center line of unit to end of the

draft t~.

(4 Limiting dimensions and elevations of water passages.

d. The formula shown in 44 c. (6) is used to calculate the setting

of the runner blades. The datum for defining Hs is descri~ in 2-3 b.
The value of critical sip, dc, is obtained from the mcdel test curves
at the HPl corresponding to the rated output. Depending on the value of
si~, Hs may be negative or positive, although it is usually negative
for propeller units. Refer to paragraph 2-3.

e. A safety factor must be added to the calculated values of Hs as

previously discussed under Paragraph 2-3 c., and

Hs = Hb - Hv - &c H - Safety

4-6
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

f. When using mufacturers tiel curves, the mufacturers

safety fa~or should be carefully considered in determining the setting
of the runner. One rranufacturerrec~nds a safety factor equal to 0.2
+ 0.7 H, where ~ and H are in feet. This safety factor does n~
t
% e into consideration the prewelding of stainless steel on the low
pressure side of the blades to mitigate the removal of metal from-the
surface of the blade by cavitation. Considerable judgment is required
in determining the setting of a turbine with consideration for the
n-r of units to & installed, the methcd of operation and tailwater
elevations for initial and ulthte conditions.

4-7. S~ISPIRAL AND SPIRAL CASING, AND Dm TUB=.

a. The turbine mufacturer is responsible for the design of the

water passages frm the entrance to the turbine casing inlet to the
discharge of the draft tb. Design conditions and limitations, such as
velocity at the inlet of the semispiral casing, velocity at the
discharge of the draft tube and setting the width of the semi-spiral
casing should k set by the Corps. These conditions my also include
the exit dimensions of the draft tube including the width and number of
piers, and lower than normal distances from the center line of the
distrititor to the httom of the draft tube and from the center line of
the distri~tor to the rmf of the semi-spiral casing.

b. Deviations from strictly homologous water passages may also

affect runaway sped, thrust, critical si~ as well as design of roving
parts .

c. Procedures bsd on tiel laws and mcdel and prototype tests are
necessary to the study and selection of equipinent,however, they need to
& au~nted by skills and judgment acquird by experience.

d. For c~nts regarding spiral casing see paragraph 35.

4-8. RUNAWAY SPEED.

a. The runaway speed of the prototype turbine is determind from

@el tests @ running the mcdel at the various gate openings and blade
angles for the full range of @el RPN (Nl) or ~ to wimum RPN or
at minimum values of efficiency and power and -ending the curves 9 o
zero.

b. As runaway speed is affected by sigma it is also necessary to

run si~ versus runaway N or ~ for a range of gate openings and blade
angles.

4-7
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

c. Prototype maximum runaway speed is given by the following:

1838 @THH12
(1) N~a= max value
DTH ~ @TH =

or

(2) Nma = NI
()
& m H12,N1 =max value

d. Restricting minimum blade angle and/or Himum gate opening is a

means by which runaway s~ed can ~ reduced.

e. When the blade angle is restridd, the turbine will operate at

reduced efficiency throughout the lower range of output.

f. When the blade angle is restrided, the outer edge or tip of the
blade is required to k mchined to the contours of the discharge ring
with the blades locked in a position corresponding to the minimum
angular position of from 14 to 20 degrees with 16.5 degrees king the
usual minimum angular position specified. While restritiing the blade
reduces the flexibility of operation and the efficiency of the turbine
at horsepowers below the blade angle restriction, it decreases the
maximum runaway speed and improves the efficiencies at and *ve the
blade angle restridion with the greatest increase being in the range of
the lower heads. Restricting the blade angle has mde it possible to
design generators for installations where otherwise it would be
i~radicable to design generators to withstand the higher overspeeds.
When units with restricted blade angles are operated as spinning
reserve or mtoring as synchronous condensers, the energy taken from
the system is greater than it would be if the blade angle were not
restricted; however, the economics are invariably in favor of
restricting the blade &gle.

4-9. DRAFT TUBE LINERS.

Draft tube liners should extend a distance equal to at least one

discharge diameter of the runner below the point of attachment to the
bttom ring.

4-1o. AIR ADMISSION.

a. Ftied blade turbines require the installation of air valves

4-8
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

connected to the wicket gate mechanism to control the air which must be
admitted to the center of the runner cone or hub, the same as for
Francis units. A check valve must be installed if the tailwater will be
higher than the elevation of the valve or if a tailwater depression
system is used.

b. Adjustable blade turbines require large automtic air inlet

valves, fittd with dash pots to open on sudden load rejection in order
to break the water column upon the gate closure. The air valve must
also act as a check valve to prevent the outflow of air or water.

4-11. SLANT AXIS ~STABLE-BLADE TURBINES.

a. The Corps of Engineers has used axial-flow adjustable-blade

turbines of the slant (inclined) axis type in three low head projects.
Engineering studies indicatd a considerable savings in the first cost
of these projeds. Due to problems with these units, operation and
maintenance costs have teen high. Also, consider~le down time has
resulted from turbine problems. For these reasons, consideration of
slant axis units should be limited to sites where small units are
required and there is an economic advantage.

b. The first installations designed by the Corps of ~gineers were

for the Ozark and Webbers Falls Projects, hth on the Arkansas River.
(Rated head - 21 feet. Head range 17 to 34 feet). Each turbine was set
at an angle of 12 degrees to the horizontal and drives through a 33,800
horsepower speed increaser a 20,000 KW generator. The size of the
turbine was limited by the horsepower of the speed increaser.

c. S&equent progress in design has permitted a direct connection

btween turbine and generator, thereby eliminating the need for a speed
increaser. This design has &en adoptd for the Harry S. Tr~ Project
(Kaysinger Bluff) pump turbines which have their shafts inclined at an
angle of 24 degrees. Each unit is rated 42,400 horsepower when
o~rating as a turbine at a net head of 42.5 feet and the range in heads
is from 41 feet to 79 feet. These are adjustable five blade units and
are capable of operating as a pump at a range in pumping heads frm 44
to 55 feet. The size of the pump-turbine was ltitd by the physical
size of the generatorrotor that could & installed, maintaining the
required concrete dimension between the generator housing and the top of
the draft tb.

4-12. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS. The basic calculations for typical

installations are included in Appendix E.

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 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

c~ 5

PUMP TURBINES

5-1. GENERAL.

a. Pump turbines are dual pu~se mchines. They operate as a p~

in one direction and a turbine in the reverse diredion.

b. A pump will perform in reverse rotation as a good turbine.

However, a turbine does not generally operate in the reverse rotation as
a good pump. Consequently, the design of a pumpturbine impeller
follows mre closely pump design practice than turbine design practice.

c. There is a dependent relationship between the two modes of

operation and a compromise can & made to favor one rrcdeof operation
over the other.

5-2. BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS.

There are three bsic classifications of p-turbines:

1. Radial flow Francis type

2. Mixed flow or diagonal type Fixed blade and adjustable

blade (Deriaz)

3. Axial flow or propeller type Fixed blade and adjustable

blade (wplan)

5-3. RADIAL FLOW - FRANCIS TYPE.

. Francis type p~-turbines have ken installed for heads of 75

to 1~00 feet.

b. The design of the impeller is basically that of a pump impeller

rather than that-of a turbine runner. The i~ller has fewer and longer
blades than does a turbine runner with a view to effecting an efficient
deceleration of flow in the water passages. The overall diameter of a
pumpturbine runner is of the order of 1.4 times larger than the
conventional Francis turbine runner. This is due to the requirements
for a larger discharge diameter than eye (throat) diameter in the
pumping -e. A lower runaway speed results, due to to the choking
action of the impeller on the flow at higher speeds. This
characteristic affects the cost of the water passages and the cost of

5-1
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

the rotating parts of the pump-turbine and motor-generator.

c. As the unit is designed as a pump, it may be preferable to

establish the pumping capacity for a specific total head which fixes
within narrow limits the turbine capacity. This is particularly true
for a combind installation of p~turbines and turbines. Following
the selection of the p~ing capacity of the p~-turbine unit to fit
the desired program of operation, the turbine capabilities in the
generating tie is determind and the rating of the conventional units
fixed to give the desired generating capacity for the several specified
head conditions.

d. If the installation is strictly a pump-storage scheme, then the

selection of the unit would bin with the determination of the required
generating capacity at minimum head and the n-r of units to provide
this capacity. Establishing the generating capacity for a given type
and specific speed determines within a narrow range the pumping
capacity. Establishing the pumping capacity for a specified total head
also establishes within narrow limits the generating capacity for the
corresponding turbine.

e. It is custo~ to guarantee the discharge in the pumping de

of a pump-turbine only at rated head or near best efficiency.

f. Only if a suitable runner is available from existing tests is it

practicable to specify very closely the requirements for both the
p~ing and generating cycles.

9 Economics generally favors the higher capacity units unless an

excessive number of runner splits is required by mchining or shipping
limitations. The design of split runners bec~s mre difficult with
higher specific speeds. Runaway speed for higher capacity units is a
larger percentage of synchronous speed and the centrifugal force *es
the design of the splits more difficult as the additional metal
increases the centrifugal force and the stress level.

h. Head losses through the draft tb of a pq-turbine decrease

the net available suction head and increase the runners sensitivity to
cavitation. Therefore, p-turbine runners must be set deeper than
turbine runners. In order to reduce the size and cost of p-turbines,
higher specific speeds are utilized for purr@-turbines relatively to
turbines ti consequently require deeper settings. The unit is more
subject to cavitation in the p~ing tie than in the generating mode.
Therefore, the p~ing tie determines the setting of the runner.

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 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

i. While in general higher specific speeds for pq turbines rray

appear to be desirable for economic reasons; efficiency, cavitation
characteristics, mechanical and hydraulic design must & evaluated to
determine the most favorable specific s-. Cavitation increases with
higher specific speds. The use of mtals more resistant to cavitation
,
damage may allow the acceptance of higher cavitation levels.

j Transient Behavior. A transient in hydro-power is the history

of what occurs between two states of equilibrium. A study must be m e
of the transient condition in order to determine the minimum (WK$ )
flywheel effect for the rotating parts of the entire unit. The study
should include a power failure in the p~ing tie and load rejection in
the generating mcde. The Corps has a cquter pr~am which should be
utilized when tiing these studies.

k. Four Quadrant Synoptic Curves.

(1) The necessary infomtion to analyze transient behavior is

provided by mcdel tests mde of the tiel runner and furnished as Four
Quadrant Synoptic Curves which show the possible combinations of Unit
Discharge (Q,,): under one foot of head and one foot eye diameter
runner versus Shaft Speed (Nl,), under one foot of head for one foot eye
diameter in hth p~ing and turbine dirtiions and Torque (T,,), under
one foot of head for one foot eye di-ter versus Discharge (Qll), under
one foot head for one foot eye diameter for hth p~ing and turbine
directions.

(2) These curves are prepared from test infomtion obtain~

from all gate openings in the c~lete turbine and pump performance
curves, plus infomtion from two additional tests. The first one of
these tests is identical to a noml p~ test except that the sense of
rotation of the impeller and of the torque appli~ to the shaft ue
opposite to that for a no-l p~ test with measurements being taken
the a as during normal pq tests. The second test involves rotating
the impeller in the normal pump direction with water being pumped
through the mcdel in the no-l turbine direction by service p~s.
(During the test the head, discharge, speed, and torque are measured for
various gate openings @ shaft spe~s.)

(3) The Four Quadrant Synoptic Curves may also be supplied

showing the relationship of horsepower and discharge to phi (~) for the
various gate openings. The curves show the possible combination of
head, discharge, torque or power in the following ties of operation:

(a) wing operation

5-3
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

(b) Dissipation of energy with rotation in the pumping

direction - flow in the generating direction.

(c) Turbine operation

(d) Dissipation of energy with rotation in the generating

direction and flow in the pumping direction.

5-4. MIXED ~w OR DIAGONAL ~ (DERIn).

a. The mixed flow or diagonal flow type pqturbines are used in

the @ium head range up to more than 250 feet.

b. While the mixed flow adjustable blade machine (Deriaz)

previously manufactured by the ~glish El@ric Company are presently
mnufatiured and preferred for use in Japan, the less costly Francis
mixed flow types are preferrd in the U.S.A.

5-5. AXIAL FLOW - PROPELLER TYPE - FIXED AND DSTABLE BLADE.

a. Alternates for use in the low head range, below 75 feet, are the
axial flow machines arranged with the shaft vertically, horizontally or
inclined.

b. The Corps of Engineers Harry S. Tr~ (Kaysinger Bluff) project

has the largest capacity slant axis axial flow p~ storage machines
under construction as of 1 January 1981.

5-6. SPECIFIC SPEEDS - SINGLE STAGE REVERSIBLE PUMP/TURBINES.

. The turbine specific speed (Nst) of a pump turbine in the

gene~ating mcde is defind as the speed in revolutions ~r minute (N) at
which a pm turbine of hmlcgous design would operate if the runner
was reduced in size to that which would develop one horse~wer under 1
foot of head.

b. The turbine specific sped is expressd as follows:

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 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

c. The turbine specific speed is somewhat higher than for a

conventional turbine, being in the range of K from 800 to 1250, where K
=N H 1/2. The range of K for a conventional Francis turbine is 7~
to ~~0, &sed on Nst at bst efficiency.

d. The p~ specific speed (N ) of a p~ turbine in the pumping

mcde is defined as the speed in rev8lutions per minute (N) at which the
Pump turbine runner of homologous design would operate if the runner
were rduced gemtrically to such a size that it would deliver one U.S.
gallon per minute under one fmt of head.

e. The pump specific speed is expressd as follows:

= N Q*
N Sp
314

Q = gpm

f. A recornnendsdrelationship for selecting p~ specific speeds

for a range of pumping heads is shown on Figure 2, Ap@ndix C.

9 In selecting the specific speed consideration must be given not

only to p~turbine and generator rotor costs, powerhouse and auxiliq
equipment costs, but to efficiency in both modes of operation,
cavitation characteristics, mechanical, hydraulic design features and to
any restrictions *seal by foundation and site conditions.

5-7. P~IMINARY DATA FOR FRANCIS PUMP-TURBINES.

a. Mdel perfo~ce data for p~turbines is shown in Appendix D.

This data is basal on tiel tests covering low, intermediate and high
specific sped designs. The original test data has ken reduced to the
more convenient form shown on Figures FTl, PT2 and FT3, which are based
on~=12andH=l foot. The performance for the generating mcde is
presented in the same format as that adopted in the other Sections
covering the conventional Francis and propeller turbine designs. The
discharge, efficiency ti critical si~ curves for the p~ing mode
represent the envelope perfo~ce for bst efficiency from a nhr of

5-5
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

fixed wicket gate tests. The curve of pumping specific speeds is

derived from the other data. Pertinent dimensions of the pump-turbine
and associated water passages, expressed as ratios to ~, are shown in
Table 3 and Figure 4 of Ap@ndix C.

b. Infomtion established by the Project Planning and Field Survey

Studies is listed in paragraph 1-5. For the pumping cycle this
information includes the p~ing requirements and maximum, minimum and
average heads.

c. The results of planning studies will generally dictate the rated

pumping conditions. This information should include the rated gpm
discharge and the associated rated dynamic head. An appropriate
s~cific smd for the ratd head is obtained fra Figure 2, ApFndix C.
A-prelimin-~ value for speed (N), is then calculatd-from the formula:

~ = N~p H34
*1/2

The calculated value is rounded to the nearest synchronous speed.

d. If the user is chiefly interested in the size of the prototype

unit, the following empirical relationship may k used to approx~te a
value for ~.

@TH = 0.0015 N~~.785

e. The runner throat diameter is calculatd as follows:

1838 @TH H2
DTH= -
N

f. The following procedure is used to calculate prototype pumping

performce from the tiel performance curves:

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 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

(1) Fra Figure 2 pick off the value of N=. corres~nding with
the rated dynamic head. - -P

(2) Inspect the @el ~rformce curves, noting the s~cific

speed range of each, and select the design that best suits the value of
N Sp .

(3) From the selected curves, note the value of Q, for maximum
pumping efficiency. Also note that this value is in cfs units. The
prototype runner throat diameter (eye diameter for p~ impeller) is
calculated from the following relationship, where the subscript 1 refers
to the mcdel and subscript 2 refers to the prototype:

%=(%)(%)2
D, = 12 inches and H, = 1 fret.

(4) At this s- point note the value of o~. The pump sped
is calculated from the relationship:

= 1838 @TH H
N
DTH

Round to the nearest synchronous speed.

(5) Readjust ~ for synchronous speed, pick off a new Q1 from

the mcdel curves and repeat steps (3) and (4), if required. Continue
this process until the re-adjustd value of @~ and corres~nding Q1
from the model curves produce a value of DTH that results in a
synchronous s~ed in step (4).

(6) With fixed values for ~ and N, the @~ corresponding to

other p~ing heads is calculated from the following relationship:

4TH= NTH _ ~11

1838H/2
Kn

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ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

(7) For given head and corresponding value of @~ extract Q,

from the mcdel curves and calculate the uncorrected value of prototype
discharge from the following relationship:

DTH 2
Q2=Q, ~
() H112

(8) The prototype efficiency of the pump-turbine is determined

by the Mocdy formula in accordance with ~-4.5 of Guide Specifications
CE-2201.02 HYDRAULIC PUMP-TURBINES - FRANCIS TYPE Paragraph MT-4.5. The
efficiencies are increased by the ~ munt in hth the p~ing and
generating ties of operation. The following formula is applied to the
peak efficiency value:

Dm 0.2
E2 = 100(l OO E1)
()
~
P

E2 - El = stepup in efficiency

Using twothirds of the step-up, the model efficiencies (El ) are

increased by 2/3 (E2 El ) to give the expected or prototype
efficiencies, E2 .

(9) The values of discharge in step (7) are increased lYY the
ratio (E2/E1) to account for the increasd efficiency of the prototype.
The increased values are used in plotting the expected headcfs curve of
the prototype.

(10) With Q, H and E beinq tAen directly from the perfo~ce

curves, the horse~wer-cfs curve i~c~leted usi~g the formuia:

HP_QHw
550 E

5-8
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

9 The following procedure is used to calculate prototype

performance in the generating mcde from the associated hill curves shdm
at the bttom of the tiel curves in ApPndix D.

(1) @T values for the range in net operating heads are

F
calculated from he formula established in (6) ave.

(2) Prototype horsepowers for each head are calculated by

intercepting the fixed gate curves at the associated value of @ ,
noting the corresponding HP, and substituting known values in R e
following formula:

(3) The expected prototype efficiency (E ) is calculated by

adding the stepup determined in f(8) ~ve to t% e associated mcdel
efficiency (El), at each fixed gate point.

(4) With HP, H and E king taken directly frointhe expectd

performance curves, the qctd prototype discharge is calculated from
the following formula:

550 HP
Q=
wHE

5-8. S~ING OF PUMP-TURBINE RUNNER - FRANCIS TYPE.

a. The setting, which is generally referred to the elevation of the

distributor centerline, is determined by critical sigma in the purr@ing
tie. The appropriate siy value for each pqing head can be picked
off directly at each corresponding @TH on the mcdel curves, then
stitituted in the following formula to compute the suhnergence, Hs:

5-9
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

Hb Hv H~ Safety
UC ==
H

(1) Appropriate values for Hb and ~ are shown on Figure 6,

Appendix c.

(2) A rec~ed safety margin is calculated by shtituting

in the following formula:

Safety ~gin = 0.2 Di + 0.4 H/2

where Di is the protot~ runner inlet diameter in feet. This diameter

is qressed as a d~nsionless ratio, D, in Table 3 and Figure 4. The
actual diameter is the product of the ratio t-s ~, in feet.

b. The values of critical sigma from the mcdel tests are referred
to the httom of the runner. Likewise, the suhne.rgence(Hs) c~uted
above is referred to this same point. The distance, a, from the
distrihtor centerline to the btta of the runner is expressed as a
dimensionless ratio, d, in Table 3 and Figure 4. The distance is the
prcduct of the ratio times ~, in feet. The setting is calculatd as
follows:

Elevation distributor centerline = Tailwater Elev. + Hs + a

5-9. SPIRAL CASIK AND DRAFT TUBE - NCIS TYPE.

a. The turbine mufacturer is responsible for the design of the

water passages from the upstream end of the turbine casing inlet to the
discharge of the draft tube. Deviations frm the tiel dimensions can
affect performance.

b. ~ing considerations dictate the design of the spiral casing

and draft th, except for the nti and width of draft tube piers
which de- on structural requirements.

5-1o. DRAET TUBE LINERS. Draft tube liners for pq-turbines should
extend to the pi= noses.

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 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

5-11. RUNAWAY SPEEDS.

a. Runaway sped tests for Francis type or fixd-blade propeller

type pump-turbines are conductd the same as those for the Francis type
turbines.

b. The runaway s~d tests for adjustable blade propeller type pump
turbines are conductd the same as for the adjustable blade turbine.

c. The calculation of prototype Himum runaway sped is the same

as that shown in paragraph 48c.

d. It is sometimes necessary to limit the gate opening of the

prototype Francis pumpturbine to limit overspeed because of the
difficulty of designing a generator to withstand the higher overspeed of
high gate openings.

e. The effect of sigma on a Francis type pump-turbine can be

neglected, however, sip must k considered for propeller t= pump-
turbines.

5-12. AIR ADMISSION. An air and check valve (or valves) should k
installed for Francis-type PW turbines to permit operating at gate
openings blow 50 ~rcent.

513. R~ SEAL CHAMBER DRAINS. The seal chmr pipe drain header
should discharge in the vertical leg of the draft tube on the side
furthest away frm the draft tb exit.

5-14. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS. A typical calculation for a pump turbine

installation is included in Ap~ndix E.

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 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

CHAPTER 6

GENERATORS AND GENERATOR - M~RS

6-1. GENERAL.

a. The hydroelectric generators and generatormotors are

synchronous machines. Both produce electric energy by the
transfomtion of hydraulic power into electric power kt the latter
also acts in reverse rotation as a rotor to drive the pump-turbine as a
Pump

b. As hydraulic turbines and pump turbines must k designed to suit

the specific range of conditions under which they will operate, each
generator and generator-motor is unique in that the electrical and
mechanical design must conform to the hydraulic characteristic of the
site and to the specific requirements of the electrical system.

c. A major difference between a generatormotor and the

conventional generator is the special design features inco~rated in
the former required for starting and operating the unit in the reverse
direction as a rector.

d. Guide Specifications cover the electrical and mechanical

characteristics and the structural details of generators and generator
rotors.

6-2. THE S-ION AND NUMBER OF UNITS.

a. Factors affecting the selection and number of units are outlind

in Chapter 1, Paragraph 17.

b. The type of generator or generator-motor depends on the type of

turbine or pqturbine to which it is connected and also whether the
center line of the shafts will be vertical, horizontal or inclind.

c. Vertical shaft generators connected to Francis and Fixed Blade

Propeller Turbines have three basic designs:

1. Suspendd Generator - a thrust bearing located on top of

the generator with two guide &arings.

2. Umbrella Generator - a thrust bearing and one guide

bearing lccated below the rotor.

6-1
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

3. Mdifid Umbrella Generator a combination guide and

thrust bearing located below the rotor and a second guide bearing
located tive the rotor.

d. Horizontal shaft generators usually require thrust bearings

capable of taking thrust in hth directions. The thrust required my
not & the same in hth directions.

e. While s- vertical shaft generators connected to adjustable

blade turbines have ken of the umb;ella type, the Corps requires all
vertical shaft adjustable blade turbines and all vertical shaft p-
turbines to have two guide bearings and one thrust bearing located
either -ve or below the rotor.

f. Generators and generatormotors connected to inclined axis

turbines require thrust bearings capable of taking thrust in both
directions (away from and towards the generator) and two guide bearings.

6-3. G~TOR RATING. Generators are rated in kva (electrical output)

with the power factor determined by consideration of anticipated loads
and system characteristics to which the unit or units will be connected.

6-4. GENERATOR VOLTAGE AND ~mc!z . Determination of generator

voltage is hsed on economic factors which include the cost of generator
leads, instrmnt transformers, surge protetiive equi-t, circuit
breakers, space limitations, the requirmnt to serve local loads and
the generator costs for the various voltage levels available. The
standard frequency in the U.S.A. is 60 Hz.

6-5. SPEED . The speed of the unit is established by the turbine

selectd speed which must take into consideration that some synchronous
speeds have a number of poles which for the kva rating desired would not
give an acceptable winding design. See Table of Generator Speeds in
Appendix A.

6-6. m FACIt)R.The power fader of the generator is determind @

the transmission and distritition facilities involved in addition to
probable loads and system characteristics. If the generator is
connected to a long, highvoltage transmission line, it rray& economic
as well as desirable to install a generator capable of operating with
leading pwer fa~ors. If the project is located near a large load
center it my @ econtical to install a generator with larger than
normal reactive capability by using 0.80 or 0.90 power factor mchines.
For the majority of insta-lla~ions0.95 power factors generators will b
the economic ones to specify. In general, for kst o~ration the pwer

6-2
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

factor of the generators should retch the power factor of the load.

6-7. FL~EFFEcr (WK2).

a. While the moment of inertia (WK2) of the rotating parts of a

unit (generator plus turbine) is a factor affecting system stability,
the use of high speed circuit breakers relays has in most cases
r~ved 9 from the stand int of the
the need for higher than normal WK
electrical system. Then the need for higher than normal WKF depends on
the WK3 needed to keep the speed rise of the unit W the pressure rise
in the water passages for the turbine or p~turbine within accepttile
limits.

b. Greater than noml WK2 rraybe required for an isolated plant or

a unit serving an isolatd load.

6-8. GENERATOR - M~R RATING.

a. The generatormotor rating depends on the pumpturbine

characteristics and the system to which it will be connected.

b. Having selected a p~turbine to meet the required capacity

head conditions, the rotor rating can be determined. In p~turbine
installations there may be considerable variations in head and
consequently a variation in the motor requirements. The motor
requirements may dictate the maximum rating of the generatorrotor tit
in no case should the Himum horsepower required in the p~ing tie be
more than 94 percent of the 100 percent, 75 degree Centigrade nameplate
rating, the rotor rating king in KW (shaft output) or its horsepower
equivalent.

c. The power factor de~nds on the system voltage cotiitions and

transformer ieance and usually results in selecting a power factor of
0.95 (over-excitd). There rMy be cases, during the hours of p~ing,
in which the system voltage may be reduced to where voltage studies show
it is necessary for the mchine to operate in the pumping tie at a
lower voltage than in the generating tie. The range may be such as to
require a dual voltage rating. Usually a difference in ratings for
generating and motoring of ~ut three percent less can & furnished
without undue cost or complication.

6-9. EXCITATION SY-.

a. While for many years the excitation for synchronous generators

6-3
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

was provided by directly connected main and pilot exciters, the pilot
=citer was later eliminatd and a rotating and/or a static voltage
regulator system was used in connection with the direct-connected min
exciter. Currently, except for very small generators, a static
excitation system is specifid. A static excitation system is specifid
for all reversible units.

b. The static excitation system is a static potential-source-

rectified type with power for the ~citation circuit normally taken
directly from the generator or generator-rotor leads. The c~lete
excitation equipment consists of the excitation transformer, rectifiers,
ac ~citation power circuit breaker, a-c hs &tween the transfomr
and rectifier, silicon controlled r~ifiers, dc hs from the rectifier
cubicle to the generator or generator-rotor field brush terminals, and a
static aut~tic voltage r~lator which controls the firing of the
SCRS. The system designd for a generatorrotor includes the necessary
provisions for bth directions of operation.

Most of the recent -citation systems have been provided with

~we; system stabilizing equipment which changes the generator field
current in proportion to instantaneous deviations from normal frequency
to help dampen oscillations. This equi~nt should usually & furnished
with solidstate excitation systems.

d. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standard

Definitions for Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines, ANSI/IEEE
Std 421.1-1986 should be consulted for an understanding of the
application of solidstate devices to excitation systems. This report
includes the new and revised definitions for excitation systems as
applied to synchronous machines and gives particular emphasis on solid
state devices. The report includes figures illustrating the essential
elements of an automatic control system, the components corrrnonlyused
d figures which show the actual configuration of principal excitation
systems supplid by domestic mufacturers.

6-10. TI-IRUST
AMD GUIDE BEARINGS.

a. The Guide Specifications require that the generator and or

generatorrotor & provided with a nonspherical, adjustable-sh= or
self-equalizing Kings- type or a General Electric spring type thrust
king and for a generator-rotor be suitable for rotation in either
direction. For vertical mchines the thrust bearing may be above or
below the rotor. Units with very high thrust bearing loads - areas
where space below the rotor is limited generally have the thrust baring
lccated *ve the rotor. Locating the thrust bearing below the rotor

6-4
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

can reduce costs. Effects of the bearing location on vibration should

be considered.

b. The generator of a vertical mchine rray k provided with ode

guide baring &low the rotor if the generator is connected to a Francis
or fixed blade propeller turbine. ~ upper guide bearing must be
provided if its installation is deemed necessary by the manufacturer for
satisfactory operation or if the thrust tearing provided is of the self
equalizing type.

c. The generator of a vertical mchine connectd to an adjustable

blade propeller turbine must be providd with two guide bearings.

d. The generator-rotor of a vertical mchine must be provided with

two guide &arings with provisions for adequate lubrication in hth
directions of rotation.

c. It is now c~n practice to require that thrust bearings b

provided with an externally pressurized system for providing high
pressure oil to the thrust karing surfaces during the starting and
stopping of the mchine.

6-11. THRUST BEARING Bm THE R~R.

a. When the thrust bearing is located below the rotor the shaft
coupling must be located farther below the stator than when the thrust
bearing is located above the rotor.

b. The thrust bearing blcck is required by specifications to be

forgd integrally with the shaft.

c. Thrust bearings located below the rotor must be larger in

diameter (for the same load carrying ability) than thrust bearings
located tive the rotor, due to the larger dimter of the shaft at the
karing location.

d. Two mthcds of inspection and removal of thrust baring parts

are provided, depending on the manufacturer of the generator or
generatormotor. One methd provides r~vable karing housing covers
in a bridge type lower bearing bracket. With the covers rmved the
thrust bearing is exposed for ins-ion and can & r~vd through the
space between the bracket arms without disturbing the min support. The
second method involves the lowering of the thrust bearing by use of a
specially designd lowering device into the turbine pit. This design
requires that the shaft coupling be located at a greater distance blow

6-5
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

the stator.

6-12. ~UST BEARING ABOVE THE R~R.

a. This design permits access to the bearing parts by overhead

crane and assures ad~ate working space regardless of mchine size and
thrust bearing capacity.

b. This location is the standard location for srralland high speed

machines where the space blow the rotor is limited.

c. This lccation does not place a limitation on the size of shaft

forging facilities available. Large structural _rs are required to
support the thrust bearing located above the rotor. These members
support the thrust bearing loads and must & stiff enough to minimize
defledions. They have to bridge a larger span than the baring bracket
located below the rotor.

d. The location does not require as large a di-ter of karings as

does the thrust karing located below the rotor and consequently the
karing losses are lower.

e. The bearing my be split when required for installations, such

as with Kaplan turbines. This not only facilitates handling, but
permits rmval of bearing and parts without dismtling the Kaplan
piping.

6-13. THRUST BEARING NOT INCO~RATED IN THE GENERATOR OR GENERA~R-

.
M~R .

a. Slant axis adjustable blade turbines and p~ turbines require a

thrust baring design to take thrust in hth dir-ions and my or my
not & purchasd with the generator de~ing on its location.

b. It is the common practice in Europe to procure the thrust

bearing with the turbine and to mount the thrust bearing on the turbine
head cover. S- savings is claimed in certain installations by so
doing as it omits the large thrust bearing supports.

c. This lccation presents problems in coordinating the procurement

and installation of the bearing. Thrust bearings are customarily
furnishd by the generator tranufacturersin the U.S. and installed by
them in the generator.

6-6
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

d. For very large capacity slow speed units it may k necessary for
econ~c reasons to locate the thrust baring on the turbine head cover.

6-14. HIGH PRESSURE OIL SY~. High pressure oil starting system in a
thrust bearing is essential for the operation of a reversible unit.and
should be specified for any unit over 31,260 kva in rating. To start
these units, the oil is pumped under high pressure through openings in
the stationary segments, forcing lubricating oil btween the stationary
and rotating -s of the bearing hfore the unit is started. This
reduces the friction and breakaway torque to very low values, and
reducing wear. It is also in service during shut-down.

6-15. ~ICAL CHARAC1ERISTICS.

a. The electrical characteristics of a generator and generator

motor, in addition to determining its individual performance, will
affect the performance of the power system to which it will be
connected. These characteristics can be varied within limits to best
suit overall performance. The values for these characteristics must be
includd in the procurement specifications.

b. Characteristics of a generator or generatorrotor which have an

-rtant eff~ on the stability characteristics of the electrical
system are Short Circuit Ratio, Transient Reactance, Excites System
Performance, and the electrical damping provided by the WK of the
rotating parts of the units.

c. A short circuit ratio (SCR) is the ratio of the field current

required to produce rated voltage at no load to the field current
required to circulate rated current or short circuit. With no
saturation, it is the reciprocal of the synchronous ~ce (Xd) and a
convenient factor for comparing and specifying the relative steadystate
characteristics of generators and generator-motors. The higher the
ratio, the greater the inherent stability of the mchine. A system
stability study is necessary to determine whether a higherthan-noml
short-circuit ratio is required. Increasing the ratio above noml
increases the machine size (the mchine king deratd), the normal
flywheel effect (WK2) and the machine costs, and decreases the
efficiency and the transient reactance of the machine.

d. Some electrical systems require a lower than normal transient

reactance. However, when a higher than normal SCR is specified, the
transient reactance will be less than noml. Either the lower than
no-l transient reactance or the higher than normal SCR, ht not both,
will increase the cost. The cost increase is determined by the more

6-7
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

expensive option. Decreasing transient reactance increases fault

currents.

e. An increase in the rotor inertia (WK2) tive noml increases

the cost, size and weight of the mchine and d creases the efficiency.
In a p~turbine installation increasing the WK5 of the generatorrotor
increases the starting time in the pqing de. See Paragraph 67.

f. ~citer System Performance (See IEEE 69TP154 - PWR).

(1) Mcdern voltage regulator systems have increased the dynamic

as well as the steady state stability of electrical systems.

(2) The excitation system should be capable of reversing the

excitation voltage of full negative voltage to rapidly reduce field
current when required. Capability to reverse field current, however, is
normally not required.

(3) It must be recognizd that S- systems, at times, require

operation of the generating equipment at voltages below normal. It must
also be recognized that the excitation system should be capable of
achieving the requird perfo~ce at a specifid voltage available from
the generator terminals. However, specifying a voltage materially below
normal will increase the size of the excitation equipmnt, the space
required to house it, and its cost.

h. -rtisseur Windings.

(1) While -y hydroelectric generators have been provided with

non-continuous mrtisseur windings in the past, continuous ~rtisseur
wi~ings are now normally specified for all Corps of Engineers machines.
Continuous ~rtisseur windings provide substantial benefits over non-
connected windings regarding stability, supplying tilanced loads,
effects on hunting etc., as described below. These benefits are
particularly advantageous because of the difficulty in prior
determination of system conditions. Continuous, heavy-duty amortisseur
windings me required for generator-rotors which are to be started as
induction motors.

(2) ~rtisseur windings are designed for a calculated ratio of

quadrature-axis subtransient reactance to direct-axis subtransient
reactance not to exc~ 1.35 for an open amortisseur winding and not to
exceed 1.10 for a closed winding.

6-8
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

(3) The advantages of amortisseur windings ae:

(a) They reduce and in some cases eliminate hunting or

sustained pulsations in current and voltage that occur under certa;n
conditions of operation of a synchronous generator.

(b) They are effective in reducing the overvoltages due

to unbalanced loads and faults, which can be an ~rtant factor in the
application of lightning arrestors and in the cmrdination of insulation
levels.

(c) Because they are a material aid in damping out

oscillation they are of &nefit in @roving the ability of the machines
to ride through system disturbances.

(d) They provide additional stabilizing torque for

generators which are automatically synchroniz~.

(e) They reduce circuit breaker recovery voltages bt

tend to increase the magnitude of the current required to be
interrupted.

(f) They aid in protecting field windings against current

surges caused by lightning or internal faults and in case of the latter
are effective in reducing additional tige to the machine.

(g) They permit pump-turbine motor-generators to be

started as indudion motors.

(4) ~rtisseur windings increase stresses in the rrachineand

connected equipment due to the increase in short-circuit current. The
additional winding in the rotor must be hilt to withstti the stresses
at mimum overs~ conditions and the stresses in the rotor parts are
also increased. A continuous amortisseur winding complicates the
cooling and disassembly of the field coils.

(5) An amotiisseur winding designd for a calculated ratio of

quadrature-axis subtransient reactance to direct-axis subtransient
reactance not to exceed 1.35 will increase the price of the machine by
approxirratelyone percent. For a ratio not to exceed 1.10, the price
increase is approximately three percent. For a continuous winding
suitable for use in starting, the price increase is five percent due to
the increase in th~l capacity of the winding required.

6-9
ETL 1110-2-.317
15 Dec 1988

6-16. METHODSAVAILABLE FOR STARTING PUMP-mI~ IN THE PUMPING MODE

OF OPERATION.

a. The methds for starting p-turbines in the pumping tie of

operation can k classified into three groups, namely: Group 1 which
requires continuous ~rtisseur winding; Group 2 which does not require
continuous amortisseur windings; and Group 3 which requires separate
sttiing devices.

b. Group 1 Starting Methds: Four methcds of starting the unit as

an induction motor with full or reduced voltage applied to the
generator-motor terminal as follows:

(1) Full voltage start.

(2) Reduced voltage start.

(3) Part winding start.

(4) Rduced frequency induction start. This method utilizes

another generator or generator-motor which my & isolatd for starting
duty .

c. Group 2 Starting Methds:

(1) Synchronous start.

(2) Static converter start.

d. Group 3 Starting Methcds:

(1) Wound rotor induction motor start - Pony motor.

(2) Shaft connected starting turbine.

(3) =citer sttiing.

e. The first three methds und~ Group 1 are applicable only to

tierately siz~ units. Of these methds, the full voltage methcd has
the lowest cost in its applicable range because no extra switching
equipment is required. It also has the shortest starting time of any
methcd (approxtitely 20 to 30 seconds). Because of the large starting
kva that the full voltage method requires (unless the unit will be
connected to a very stiff system), the system voltage drop my be too
great for the system to tolerate when a unit is king startd. Methcds

6-10
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

(2), (3) and (4) are applicable within the range of metal clad type
breakers. The start up time will be of two to three minutes and the
starting kva in the neighborhood of the machine rating. The part
winding start, Methd (3) of Group 1 requires a careful investigation in
each case. The difficulties in design of the motor-generator my -e
this type of starting impractical. The reduced frequency induction
stti ~thd, Group 1, Method (4), s-times referred to as the semi
synchronous start methd, is applicable to plants having conventional
generating units as well as generator-rotor units, where provision is
mde so that a generator unit and a generatormotor unit may be isolated
for starting or where a remote unit and transmission line may be
isolated to start or be startd by an isolated unit in the plant. This
methcd is the one that has ben most applicable for the Corps pump
turbine installations. The amortisseur duty for this type of start is
much less than for the other methcds in Group 1. In this methcd of
starting, the water in the pump-turbine draft tb is depressd, the
generator unit is brought up to approxtitely 80 percent speed without
excitation and then connected to the generator rotor, field current is
then applid to the generating unit and the generator-rotor accelerates
as an induction motor ti the generating unit will decelerate until the
same speed is reached usually 30 to 40 percent rated s~ed. At this
mint field current is applied to the rotor synchronizing it to the
generator, the turbine wicket gates opened and the units brought up to
rated speed and synchronize to the system. The pumping load can now be
transferred to the system at the rate desird and the generating unit
shut down or usd to start another pqing unit if so requird. This
methd of starting and synchronizing to the systm eliminates any sudden
load change on the system. This methd of starting is applicable to all
ratings ~t requires a careful study of starting conditions be rode.
Usually the rating of the gener ting unit is ~ut equal to that of the
unt to be started, tit its wlZ2 can be as little as 50 percent of the
WK3 of the unit to be started.

f. The synchronous start methd, Method (1) of Group 2 as in the

semisynchronous start method uses an isolated generating unit to
provide the starting power. Water is depressd in the pump-turbine
draft tube and bth units are electrically connected at standstill.
Excitation is applied to hth rrachinesat rest and they are then brought
up to sped in synchronism ~ admitting water to the turbine. This
system provides smth and rapid starting in 1-5 minutes. A separate
source of excitation is required for each unit. A continuous
amortisseur winding is not required for this methcd of starting. It is
applicable for all ratings. The units have the same ratd speed and the
starting unit can k as srrallas 15 percent of the rating of the Himum
unit to be started. This system will permit start-up without the no-l

6-11
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 1988

tailwat- depression. As soon as the unit reaches a speed high enough

to pr~ the p~turbine, the gates of the pump turbine are opened.
This avoids a rough pumpstart condition at shut-off head and
synchronous speed and provides smth and rapid starting and transfer of-
load to the system.

9 The static converter start, Method (2) of Group 3 is applictile

to all ratings but its cost limits its use to a plant having 3 or 4
units of large capacity. The static converter is connected to a
starting bus which in turn is connected to the unit to be started.
During starting, the converter supplies a variable frequency output to
the rotor. The generator-rotor is connected to the starting tis with
zero frequency, and the input frequency during acceleration up to
synchronous speed is controlled by silicon-controlled rectifier
thyristors. As soon as the p~ing unit has been synchronized to the
pwer systm, the static converter can h de-energized and the starting
bus and converter connect~ for starting the next unit. The static
converter can be usd as a brake to reduce deceleration time when a unit
is being removed from service to maintenance, or in an emergency. Its
use will also rdu~ w= on the generator.

h. Wound rotor induction motor start (Pony rotor), Method (1) of

Group 3 is applicable to any size unit, ht because of its high cost for
small units, its use is usually limited to large units. The starting
time depends on the motor capacity providd, ~t usually is of the order
of ten minutes with an approx~te starting kva of five percent. This
is pro~ly the most costly methcd because starting motors are required
for each unit. The starting control also requires a large floor area.
It dces provide for a very s~th starting system, however, and permits
balancing of the c~lete unit in bth directions of rotation without
watering the unit.

6-12
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

APP~IX A

Al PuMP AFFINITY LAws A-3

A2 PUMP MODEL RELATIONSHIPS A-3

A3 TURBINE AFFINITY LAws A-4

A4 TURBINE MODEL RELATIONSHIPS A-5

A5 ~~R SP= VS. NUMBER OF POLES A-6

A-1
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

PAQ A-2 ~oNALLY LEFr BLANK

A-2
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

Al . PUMP APPINITY LAws-

With roller Diameter Held Constant With Speed Held Constant

Q1 N1 Q1 D1
= =
Q2 N2 Q2 D2

HI N, 2

()
HI D, 2
=
H2

Bhpl
N2

N, 3
=
H2

BhP1
()
D2

D, 3
BhP2
()
.5
~
.5
()

A2. PUMP MODEL ~TIONSHIPS

N, D2 HI 1/2
= x%
D,
()
Q1 D1 2 H1 /2 3
()
Q1 N1 D,
= x% = x%
Q2 D2 Q2 N2
200

PI N, 3 D, 5
=
P2
()
N2
x%
()

when HI = H2

()()
H1D12N12
Then = XT= 1
H2 D2

D, N2
lheref
ore =
D2 N,
Note: Skipt 1 refers to
S*ipt 2 refers to

A-3
ZTL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

NxQ1/2

N~ = Where Qisin~, Nis ~,@ His in feet.

~3/4

WXCFSXH Sx~x H
Whp = =
550 3960

Where W is specific weight of water (lb/ft3)

S is specific weight of liquid referred to water at 68%

H iS turbine net head in feet

Whp NPSH
eff = r =
Mp H

A3. TURBINE AFFINITY Mws

For Constant Diameter For Constant Head

3/2 N, D2
PI H1
= =
P2 ~ N2 ~
()
1/2
2 P1

()
N1 Q1 HI Q1 D1
= = = =
N2 Q2 H2 Q2 D2 P2
()

A-4
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

A4 . TURBINE MODEL RELATIONSHIPS

N, D2 HI 1/2 ~ = Prototype Runaway Speed

~=F x%
()
1838 X@X (H,)/2
&

%=
D2

3
()
Q1 N1 D,
= x%
Q2 N2

N~2
Rogers Curve: & = ,6 ~oo
8

NxD N x pi/2 HP x 8.8

=
@ s=~ = Hxeff
1838 x Hi/2

321,000X~/3
Turbine Shaft Di~ters: d = (solid shafts)
N x Stress

321,000X W X d
Hollow Shafts: S = (d, iS hSide bter)
N (d4 - d14)

A-5
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

A5. ~~R SPEEDS V5 NUMBER OF PO=

120 x Hz 7,200
m= For 60 cycles: RFM =
n n

Hz = R~ency in cycles per second

n = No. of Poles

60 Hz X chronous speeds

Poles Poles Poles

24 300.0 60 120.0 104 69.2

26 277.0 64 112.4 110 65.5

28 257.1 68 105.9 112 64.3

30 240.0 70 102.9 120 60.0

32 225.0 72 100.0 126 57.1

36 200.0 76 94.7 128 56.2

40 180.0 80 90.0 130 55.4

42 171.4 84 85.7 132 54.5

44 163.6 88 81.8 136 52.9

48 150.0 90 80.0

50 144.0 96 75.0

52 138.5 98 73.5

56 128.6 100 72.0

Note: ~t Poles 34, 38, 54, 58, 62, 66, 72, @ 82.

A-6
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 December 1988

TABLE s~ PAGE

B-1
 TABLEB-1

TURBINEDATA

I-3 54.5 22 33 b 78 6s -2.0 23+

1,2 112.5 13s 170 103.5 54 33 10.5 13-9 S50.s
4 450 13s 170 103.5 )&s 4.5 3-L2 2s
1,2 a 176 234 11s 4s 27 -26 9-7.1 3s9. 4
1-4 fi5 44 72 9 26 69 7.0 m
1,2 10s. 9 206 @ 61 42 7.2 is-3.4 U2
1-2 *1.8 67 7s so & 70 -2.0 23-2 609
1 163.6 91 92 73 W67 U1 -2.0 12-4.2
l,? la 16s 1% 13s s 40.0 7.0 1+-4 420
1,2 n so 69 al & S906 SOS 23-4 900
3-1o 7s 60 69 2s.7 22 S9. 6 5.5 23-4 w
S(O1 2s7 50 69 a7 Iua 6-9
il-le 69.2 S2 70 32.5 94 72,12 -?.d7 a7-6 1, 12s
FI,2 1s6.5 59 62 32.s 43 M. 5 -20 II-2 17s
1,? 128.6 in 21s 144 53 3s 4.2 12-s. 1 u
~
1,2 100 136 170 104 62 39 7 l+]a 6
3 277 136 170 106 62 16 .7 %1. 1 74.5
1-4 12S.6 19 237 127 54 33 11.0 12-2.5 367.5
s-s 126.6 190 231 127 54 33 10.7 12-s. 1 400
1,2 lU. 6 345 427.5 w u 2s -12.9 13-2 460
I-3 Ios. 9 160 207 131 52 3s 3.8 15-Q.5 %7.3
1-3 60 22 29 9 62 65 6.6 22-io 550
I-4,1%16 Iw 16s 17s0s 14s ?0 42 -1 15-3 713
s-l+ 100 16s 1s2. s 14s 70 42 -1 15-% 7 600
il+l 112.5 163 1% IM 70 M -7 16-10 572
55(2 I 514 Ill 164 14s 22 as 4 3-A 1 12

w hlt *IW c toc ft.

*t* c Olst.toIbttoa
ofhartT*
- COISt. toKJWlCilMternltn
Ithit
~~tl~
(-)indicates C Dist.IJIS1OU
Min.TailWater
KllEsI

i. Rum ~lti in 1W7 by Voith

 TABLE B-1 (cent)

TURBINE DATA
..._.-
Mrlw Ml
mx, BIN. WI1 I@ -n 10IK
Wn ml SfnIE wlr m lYPE *R. w Mm m w mlw #ln EITINS lH~l uElmT
(Fll (FTI IFT) IFII** (Fl)m (FI)* (F1 - IN) (lCWS)
-- .--- . ..-.

cLaREm - I kc U,900 128.6 75 107 69 75 47.2 -9 15-5 520

m MILL 1-7 WD 55, W IUJ 136 151 112 62 39 e 14-10 4s0
WHDELL ML 1-3 Rli 58,200 65.5 44 5s ?6 S6 69 6.5 24-2 615
CWR 1,? JL 17,250 400 UI 446 257.2 34 15 5.5 5-4. 1? 79
WE HRLCU 1-3 w 25,000 163.6 140 154 115 42 24 7 9-5.5 275
WWLLE 1-4 Mu Sl, soo 4s M 53 20 w 6U 4.5 22-0 720
MbFIflV I MILI 63, W Iw 171 216 144 49 32 -1 12-0. L? 333.8
mlw 1,? w 56,000 90 102.s 131 75.5 64 43 7.+ 15-11.5 51J1.3
OEIROI1 1,? SLli 70, OcQ 163.6 2s5 375 225 54 32 5.0 1o-1o 437
*
OEl IkR 1 MtD 20,/@ 120.6 51 5s. 3 51 51 -4.6 13-3 m. 5
w- 1,2 H 142,000 Zw 560 631 4s5 45 36 -1 10-5 30?
MRM 3 a-c 34b,W 1c8.6 560 &9 457 65 75 1.5 16-0 S6u
ELF~9 1-3 MtD 41,500 100 % 125 70 61 4i? b. 2 15-2 443.2
FORr GIEIW 1-4 M 16,W I@ 59 90 % 53 34.25 0 12-7.2 ?12. 5
FORI PEW [l~tl 1 Sns 50,000 120.6 170 216 IN 46 w 9.45 12-1.6 400
FORI CEW (lst) 2 SNs 20,000 163.6 140 216 120 46 32 9.45 8-0 177
FORI Km (lSt) 3 9s 50,01Y3 128.6 170 216 120 46 32 9.45 12-1.6 400
FORT KM (?ml) 4-5 H 55,000 ltS.6 170 210 115 56 36 5 12-11 450
*
FURI _ s. WOT9 1-8 H 57,000 SS.7 112 145 75. s 70 9 15-6 560
FOSTEFI DREW 1,2 SLEi 13, s00 257 101 115 so 40 24 -10 8-3 253
MRR12U4 N, WTR 1-3 SLH EL9,m 90 150 184 99 75 47 6 17-11.5 945
WRRIW N. WOIO 4,5 m 9D,000 90 150 IM S9 15 47 6 17-11.5 870
Wlffi PoINT m. 1s.0. 1-3 E4.H 54, W 75 40 60 40 so 60 8 &-o 2.55.5
GREENFEIER OEGON 1,2 F4-c 55,00D 163.6 265 321 I& 45 ;8 6 IO-6 275
GMEN PETER oREsoN F1 JL 2,000 900 290 290 161 45 20 -15 1-11.4 16
MERS FEkRY 1,2 Rtl 66,300 120 17s ?14 156 56 37 a 13-8 J76
WRIHEI.L m. t S.c. 1-4 W\D 91,5000 10D 170 167 144 6s 4d 7 14-10
WRIUELL m. JS. c. 5 v+ 126,m 11?.5 170 167 -143 6s 42 11 16-0
H1LL6 CREEK oREm 1,2 SLH 21,700 277 256 320 181.5 3s 17 6.2 6-2 55
ICE WSOR m. 1-3 SNs 143,000 90 89 105 78 S6 70.67 -16.5 23-4 9+0
ICE mm m 4-6 a-c 174,000 S5.7 89 102 n S6 70.67 -16.5 25-D 1,000
JI14 ~F FLORIM I -3 ND 14,~ 75 26.5 33 14 65 4s 8 17-4 357.5
JM MY ORE. tw 1-16 M 212,400 90 94 110 S3.5 90 76 -40.5 26-o 1,075
JWh. KERR N.C. t W. 1 KH 17,000 138.5 90 10s 60 w. 33 30 5.9 10-1 m
JMH, NERR N.c. Lw 2-7 WLD 45, DO0 05.7 90 10s w 70 43 6.5 16-9 600
JLMS SLOFF 1-4 -O 23,4S0 71? 2s. 2 41.7 10 73 59 17.2 ?1-4 500
J. PEKV PRIEST *
TEFu4. 1 k?-c 42, 7W 120.6 70 lw 65 -1 15-0 3s0
HEvSTM w 49, W la 74 117 66 71 45.5 +.9 16-J w
 TABLE B-1 (cent)

TURBINE DATA

-.--.-- . ..-. -
Ml Iw WT
. MI. MIN. MIT lK -R TOTW
Wrl WI SIAIE WI r M30 T rr.t *R. @ mm- w mlw EPrn srllffi Iwr Klmr
(Fl I (FTI (FTI (FT)** IFT)*** (FIJ**tt (FT - INI (Iwl
.--- _-_-_ --- ____- . --
LWL HENIWY 1 9a,Wo 144 231 255 214 33.5 0 13-3.1 4aa
LIBbV wrm 1-4 165,000 128.6 300 341 165 63 42 -1 14-IV w. 5
LlkBY MNlm 5-8 165,W 1?8.6 3U0 341 165 63 k -1 1+-10 5U2.5
LIIILE U WSN. 1-3 21?*W 90 93 9a 90.5 w 76 -39 26-o 1U75
LllrLE W w. *-6 21Z,UU0 90 93 9a w. 5 w 76 -39 26+ la
LooKwr mlNr uRELiiJN I -3 52, 5U0 128.6 la5 233 126 60 33 11.2 13-0. a w. 5
LOST LREEK UREW 1-r? 33, auo ?40 215 323 194 36 24 -0.5 7-1o I&. 5
LKR 6RWIIE w. 1-3 211?,4u0 9U 9J 100 76 w 76 -4 I 26-O 1,075
LWR GRWIIE msN, 4-6 21?,400 90 93 100 76 90 76 -41 26-0 1,2W
LWR NONUNENrk H. 1-3 212,400 90 9+ 100 67 90 76 -40.5 26-0 1,075
LOUER MNrm U4sli. 4-6 ?1?, 400 w 9+ 106 87 90 76 -40.5 26+ l,&A
WRY ORE. t bK4sN. 1-12 SNs 111,300 65.7 ao 92 b2 a6 59.5 -a. 5 23-4 I,ow
fU,NF4RV ORE. t H. 13,14 SNs 111,300 65.7 au 9? Q 66 59.5 -0.5 23-4 I,ow
WRY ORE. 1 w SS{2J 4,500 217 ao 92 62 27 s -4 5-3.6 50
MILLERS FERRV km 1-3 34,000 69.3 35.5 41 25 M 60 11.5 22-3 550
WIL RIVER MI 1 aov w lW m. o m. o 225.0 200.0 1-4.5 2.7
WIL RIVER WE I 2 Ew IM.8 w m. o 200,0 225.0 200,0 1-10 7.3
WRM 1,2 12,000 225 132 153.5 % 32 18 9 6-9 a7. 3
WRRW 3 12,m 225 132 153.5 9a 32 10 9 6-9 87.3
NEWKLMS 1,2 205,000 163.6 460 5a5 302.5 54.5 3a.23 7.5 12-2
mRFoNK 1,2 42,000 ldB. 6 160 202 130 54 32 10 12-1.6 33s. o
M 1-7 128,500 100 la5 203 114 76 44 4 17-0 740.5
OLrl tiIwoRv 1-4 45, m 7s 45 60 23 60 60 8 22-o 055.5
olflKu 1-5 27, w 60. Z ?1 35 17 65 39. ?0 -14.7 26-3 745
fwlLlfflTr 1,2 JL 9,400 277 Iw 176 32 16.5 3.7 5-5 70
RIWRD b, m 1-4 v-R 104,W la 144 162 134 71 43 1?
FiVbERT S. KERR 1-4 a-c 3a,Ooo 75 29 47 20 87 bl 7.5 24-2 675
WINT MRVS (WO) 10 R-c J, Uo 128.6 20 22.6 1.9.3 28 21.2 5 9-6
WINI MRVS (MK) 1-3 o-c 6,975 bo 21 22.6 18.3 54 36.33 3.23 IW
S81Nr MRYS (MEN) & w 3, w 128.6 21 22.6 18.3 49.5 27. S3 +.27 9-2
WINI SIELW $tc 39,000 100 49 57.9 40.3 56 -10.4* ]a-6
w Mvwfw 1,2 R-c 41, m 120 70 aa 53 57 45.5 -3.5 15-0 293.0
SNElllsw 1,2 RBIWI 32,300 514 745 900 675 26 13 -2.0 4-3 146
SNETTIW 3 02s 47, Wo 6CQ 945. s 990.5 7aa 26 13 -8 4-3 55
Sl~KllJN 1 Mto 71, atxl 75 81 102 46 NIFI 70.67 -6.5 23-4.6 boo
T9SLE m 1-4 EE&l 62, ouo 128.6 190 2cb 134 5+ G 7,2 13-6 326
lENKILLER FERRY 1,2 Mo 23, W 150 132 181 103.5 44 30 7,9 9-b. 1 247.5
r~ us oREmN 1-14 u 123,aoo a5. 7 81 90,5 60 & 70.7 -16 23-4 1,025
 TABLE B-1 (cent)

TURBINE DATA

. . ..-- .
mllw Ml
mx. RIM. Imll TM -R TOTm
WR ml SlfilE WIT ml. IVK *a. w m- w m mlM3 oEPrn *111* Wr Wlrnl
(FI) IFIJ (FT) (FTI** IFllwt (FTI**os (FT - IN) (lWI
---
-. -- -.
Iwdl? lqooo do 73 90 5a 66 70,7 -14 25-o sa9
Fl, F2 18,w m 74 da 55 40 35.5 -14.5 10+ 167.5
Ssl?) 4, 5U0 217 al 90.5 60 i7 50.3 -5.5 5-3.5 42,5
1-2 *O 163.6 21.1 32 11.5 25 15.44 5 S-2. 1?
1-4 45,500 112.5 70 82 37 67
1 177 257 15 30 5 N/O 4s. 5 -2.5 16-a 378
1-3 30,900 W. 24 22 31 17 65 3.76 -14. a 26-3 745
5, w 321 77 71 44 M/a la -2.0 6-O 17.5
2;3 51,500 I@ 5a 72.4 44 77 % -1.1 19-2 437.5
1,2 20, 7(JO 12a.6 91.5 1?6 77.5 46 30 a. 5 10-10.8 1M7.5
1-6 62,m 105.9 160 214 Ill 5a 3a 7 lW.5 557.5
 TABI,EB-2

GENERATOR DATA

mT1w lMIENT
.. s-c WTIVE w WING Tolu
KX4ER ml STfilE UNlr w. *R. W KVR W UN KV rmrlo WI Nr OIWTER UElwr
UT (wRcfNl) (L2. +1.21 ( FT. -lN. ) (lWJ
.. ------- _ --
1-3 54.5 1$770 0. w 14,200 13.8 1.10 55.0 5S,W,000 4S -6 444
1,? 11?.5 40, Ln)o 0.90 36,000 13.8 1.2.2 43.0 39,000, Oov M-o 413
4 450 i, 500 0. w 2, w 2.4 1.00 09,000 1? -6 (WX) 2s. 3
1-2 o. 9s 33,000 13.d 1.175 d. o 6,332, w 27-6
1-4 U? 2H: 0.90 32,500 13.8 1.10 S1.o 114,0V0,000 w -0 676.9
1,? 11J5,9 *947 0. 9s 5s, w 13.b 1.175 43.0 57, w, w 41-O 4s6. s
1-8 01.8 61,579 o. s *m 13.8 101?s 44.0 109,400,000 45-8 677.5
1 163.6 W,000 o.% 18*W 14.4 1.10 43.0 9,000, Uoo 31-0 237.3
1,2 120 41,%7 o. w 37,500 13.s 1.10 42.0 44,000,000 40-0 435
1,2 15 4e,m 0.90 44 m 13.8 1.10 44,0 113,000, m 48-0 750
3-1o 75 60,000 0, w n, Ooo 118 1.30 44.0 113,000,000 40-0 I,ooo
Ss(o) 257 qooo 0.00 4, m 4.16 1.04 0.30 M4, m 20-0 56
II-1a 69.2 70,000 o.% 66, w 13.e 1. 17s u, o lM,960,04kl 52-2 w
Ful 42 1%. s 13,E14M) 0.95 13,110 13.8 1.175 45,0 4,231,000 20t.0 E M. O 165
1,2 128.6 52, W 0.95 so, m 13.8 1.175 41.0 34,400,W 40-0 348. s
1,2 100 44,444 0.90 40,000 1300 1.10 43,0 So,ovo, Ooo 43-4 SS7. s
W
3 277 6,667 0.90 6, 00Q 13.8 1.10 44.0 7s0, Ovo 18- 4(WX) 91
1-4 128.6 42,100 0. 9s 40, m 13.6 1.17 u. o 34, Voo,Ooo 40-0 360
5-8 128.6 47, M 0. 9s 4$000 13.6 1.175 41.0 34,000, m 4L)-O u. b
1,2 ]63.6 131,S79 o. 9s la, Ooo 13.e 1.175 S7. o 97,000,000 42-O 77s
I-3 105.9 50,000 0.90 4$000 13.8 1.10 43.0 5s, Ooo,w 40-0 w
1-3 60 13,333 0, so 12,000 13.0 1.10 S4.o 47,500,000 44-2 431.6
I-4, 15,16 100 67, 3SS 0,95 64, w 1398 1.17 43.0 B4, W,000 42-6 w
5-14 100 67, 36S 0.95 64,000 13.e 1.17 43.0 L44,000,000 42-6 680
17-27 112.5 100,000 0.95 ~ooo 13.6 1.17 37.0 97,000, W 46-O 53s
SS(2) s14 3,1m)o 0, ao 2,400 4.2 low NOM 7s, Ooo 12 (ml) 33.9
I 12&6 28,421 o.% 27,000 13.8 1.175 43.0 15, SO0,000 3s-0 265
1-7 100 44,444 0.90 40, Ocil 13.a 1.10 43.0 Ss, 000,000 41-0 569
1-3 6s. s 37, 1)37 0.90 33,333 13.8 1.10 4s, o 114,m,ooo 54 -(mx) 5s4. 5
1,2 400 13, 15s 0.55 12,s00 6.9 1.175 3s. o 1,43S,000 22-o 10I.9
1-3 16306 20, ~ 0. 9V 18,w 13.8 1.10 42.0 7, Soo,Ooo 26-4 195,8
1-4 7s 37,632 0095 31,000 13.a 1. 17s 4s. o 54,500,000 42- a 460
1 Iw 42,105 0.95 40,000 13.8 1.175 40,0 34,000,000 39-o 33s
1,2 w 3S, 842 0.9s 35,000 13.8 1.s0 43.0 S5,000,000 3s -2 497
1,2 163.6 S5, SS5 o. w 50,000 13.8 1.76 31.0 29,000,000 3s-3 S90
1,2 128.6 IS, W 1.00 lS,000 13.8 1.25 46.0 9, m, Ooo 31-8 2s2
1,2 w 94,737 0.95 90,000 13.a 1.175 36.0 *200,000 3s -1 445
 TABLE B-2 (cent)

IOa91 3 1a6 231,572 o.% 1.17s 39.0 2U0,0U0,000 * -3 921

1-3 Iw 31,579 afi 1.17s 44.0 31,900,000 39-2 345
1-4 100 1?, 5n a90 1.10 4%0 l* SOD,W 2s -0 226.s
1 128.6 *W9 O.m 1.10 3%0 30,000,000 * + M
2 164 14667 O.w 1.26 *O 7,000,000 2S -6 16s
3 12S.6 ~M9 O.w 1.10 u. o 30,000,000 36-0 m
b-5 12s.6 42,10S 0.9. 1.17 42.0 m,qouo 3s -4 41t.4
l-a 61 42, Ius a% 1.17 46.0 U,ooo,aoo u -0 614
1,2 2s7 lq 526 o. 9s i.in 42.0 2,0U0,000 17-11122-10 11s.s
1-3 90 24,210 0.% i.% 34.0 l* OOO,ODO w -6 1,122.s
4,5 90 64,210 am 1. 17s 43.0 1~000,000 W -6 m
I-3 7s q 100 0.% 1.17 Wo S0,200,W 47-10 631.4
1,2 163.6 42,10s a9s )* 17s 4ao 22,000,000 32- e 342.5
FI w 1,s00 &% 1. in q3so 44-o 342. s
1,2 120 S0,326 b% 1.% 41.0 40,qooo 38-0 424
1-4 100 ?& 3.U o.% 1.17s u. o %Wooo 44-0 61S
s 112.s M,21O a% 1.17 4L0 n,614,0110 44
1,2 277 Iq 169 0.9s 1.175 4ao l,soo,olm 21-b 113
1-3 w 94,737 a9s 1.17s 43.0 1**000 49-o 1,013
4-6 25.7 Il&sw o.% i. 17s 32b4 -*W ~ +
1-3 7s 11,111 a90 1.10 S3.o 20,000,00037-10 (w) 267.5
l-I6 90 142, 10s a% 1.17s 43.0 245,W,W S4 -0 1, I*.O
t 13s.5 14333 an 1. 17s 4L o 7, SO0,0(I0 31-a 170
2-1 6.7 %sss 0.90 1. 17s 4%0 60,000,W 42-6 S12.S
1-4 12 17,s9s a9s 1. I& *.O 30,400,000 69-4 m
5-8 12s.7 31,111 0.90 i. 10 *O 28,0u0,000 36-6 310
I-2 120 %642 ass 1. 17s &o 30,000,000 3s -2 401. s
1 144 67,779 0.90 1.10 4ao 44000*000 39- a 421
1-+ 12S.6 110,S26 a9s 4ao 9?*SO0,000 41-0 553
s-a 12S96 110,S o.% 1.17s 4ao 24,362,000 45-o W2
1-3 90 142,10s ass 1.17s 4L0 24qw,ooo 54-0 i, 161
4-6 w Iu, 10s a9s 1.17s Qo 341,000,000 S4 -0 1,176
1-3 !2S.6 47,222 a9s 1. to 42.0 * 4so,oul 37-o 4s4. s
;-~ 240 & 7b9 as 1. 17s 3s00 7, Ioo,ooo 244=-0 Ias
1-3 90 I% 105 o.% 1. 17s 43.0 24%000,000 54-0 1,161
4-6 w 142,10s o.% 1.17s 43.0 241,300,000 S4 -0 I, i76
1-3 w 142,10s a9s 1,17s 4380 24$~000 S4 -0 1,161
4-6 90 l% la as 1017s 43.0 241,qoal S4 -0 I, 176
 TABLE B-2 (cent)

GENERATOR DATA
. .-.. --.. --- -
Mllw TWIENT
. s-c Erlcllw w Nlnrslffi Tolm
-R ml SIRIE Lmir ms. W R. W* KW W Ku Rv mrlo MT ml Dl~IER W1ON1
Ki (K~Nl) (LEI.~T.2] 1 FT. -lN. ) (Tom)
---.------..-.- ___- --- - -... -.
wRf I-12 GE 6s. 1 73,6s4 0,% 10,000 13.6 1.90 2.0 130,000, W 51-8 1,200
WWRY 13,14 EE!r 65.1 73,664 0.95 70,000 13. e 1.90 Q.o 16S,000,000 51-s 1,165
NLmRv SS(2) Efi 277 3,750 0.20 3, m 4.2 I.CXT 35.0 w, Ooo 17-71m1) 50.5
141
LLERS FERRY 1-3 u% 69.3 26,316 o.% a, Ooo 13,8 1.175 2.0 53,500,DO0 43-6 430
WIL RIWR 1 *J lM w .8 rb .42 d, 400 24,650.0
~lL RIV2R 2 *J 900 I,& ,8 1,333 .42 4,500 33,075,0
WRROHS 1,2 ELLIOT 225 9,444 0.90 a, w 13.8 1.10 43.0 2, Ouo,m 22-o 95
W* > u M 225 9,444 0.90 El,500 13.a 1.10 43.0 2,000,000 21-0 91
MN MLMS 1,2 SE 16.E.6 166,U7 0.90 150,000 13.0 1.10 38.0 b7, W,0u0 4t+
mom 1,2 u E 128.6 36,609 0.90 35,000 13.8 1.10 43.0 30, m, Ooo 3-4 3s6. s
w 1-7 w 100 89,474 0.95 65, m 13.8 1.175 42.0 165,000,000 4W 226.5
OLD HIOUWIV 1-4 SE 75 31, m 0.so 25,000 13.e 1.00 46.0 70, Doo,Ooo 45-a 559,5
O1ORN 1-5 SE 514 21,053 0.95 20,000 13.8 1.175 35.0 600,000 11-10 113.5
RILWD B. RUSSELL 1-4 Sil 120 70,947 0.55 75,01xl 13.8 1.175 J7.O 63, W,w 23-3
ROEIERIS. URR 1-4 SE 7s 26,947 0.95 27,500 13.8 1.175 49,0 61, W,000 44-e 451
Saitir mTRvs (uLo) 10 E 1C806 2, w 0.s0 2,W 4.0 1.4 24* 1,500,000 16-4
24T1r4rWRVS (Ku) 1-3 SE so 5,3.33 0,90 4, w 13.8 1.10 36.6 6, 7S0, W a-2 156.5
MINr Wvs (Mu) h SE 128.6 2,500 0.80 2, m 4,2 1.00 36.(J 1,500, W 16-4 62.5
WINr SIEMW
w rmYsLIRN 1,2 MlH 120 21, w 0.95 26.000 13.8 1.175 44.0 20,700,000 x-s 303
xrrl~ 1,2 SE 514 26,200 0.90 23,560 13.8 1.0 34.0 1,300,000 &-0m16-6
Wrllm 3 SIENENS 600 34,500 0.90 31,050 13.8 1.1 34.0 l,m, ooo 26-OH17-0 162
slurm 1 E 75 47,579 0.95 45,200 13.8 1.175 41.0 26, w, Ooo 46-0 716
TWE ~ 1-4 u mE 1?8.6 *, w o.% 50,000 13.8 1.17 41.0 40,000,000 30-0 436
rENRILLER FERRY 1,2 ELLIor 150 17,855 0.95 17,W 13.8 1.17 44.0 8, 5U0,Ooo ??-3 173.5
IW C41LLES I-14 SE 05.1 u, 105 0.95 76, m 13,8 1.115 44.0 136,W,000 50-8 %9
I* mLEs 15-22 S2 20 90,500 0.95 65,95 13.0 1.115 44.0 163,000,000 50-4 607.9
lt4E WL2S F1, F2 u w 200 14,210 0.95 l&500 13.8 1.175 43.0 2,900,000 d4-7 165
ltE us SS(2) EH 27? 3,750 0.20 3,W 4.2 1.00 mRN 360,0U0 16-O(Wi) 50,5
TUU4 KWF 1-2 C6E 163.6 4,444 0.90 4,000 4.2 1.10 31.5 547, m 16-7x14-4 47.0
WIER F. SE- 1-4 ELLlor 112.5 36,111 0. 9U 32,500 13. e 1.10 43.0 40,000, OoD 36-o 464.5
-LLo I
WE6ERS FmLS 1-5 SE 514 21,053 00% 20,000 13.8 1.175 &o 600, w 11-10 113.5
ussr ra[Nr 1 w 21 3,750 0.90 3,375 4. I? 1.10 44.0 215,000 15-5116-1 53
UESI w174T 2,3 SE 100 36,842 0.95 35,000 13.8 1.175 44.0 35,200,000 40-8 3.s1.1
14HIrwv 1,2 o-c 120.6 16,667 0.90 15,000 13.8 1.10 45.0 II, ooo,ooo 33-o 215.5
~F CREEK 1-6 SE 1U5.9 50, Ouo 0.w 43000 13.e 1.10 43.0 55,000,000 w 560
 TABLE B-3

PUMP-TURBINE
PERFOWCE DATA

mllm Mrlm
mK. ntti W. niw
mn Plml slalE Ml 1 TWE *k m w mwmm GF.R m w m
{FT) IFTI {Fl) IF1 ) (Fl) (FT )
.-. -
mlESS SEossia 44 F~lS W Iw ll&ooo 34s 427.s 320 4,43s 341 327 21
UFISEU - Mlssasll 2 F=lS N n @m 7s JO? 69 $500 60 60 w
Uwv 2 F-IS mSiD 128.6 44,m 171 216 144 I,w 170 110 Iw
Tw Fl[@I 1-6 W.a. lK1..m. u 100 *W 42.5 19.2 41 4,m w M 44.4

TABLE B-4

~UMP-TURBINE WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS

c 01s1. CDIS1. TO cDlsT. 10

lmll 10 mlfi ala T.u, MIN. T.U, -R -n
mER ml S191E WIT T= mlw (F ml 1 lull Wlm ol- IM.ET TOTA
m Clot m -Mllm m DI*TER OIWIER Klwl
(FT) (FIJ [Fl) IF1) (Fr. -lN. ) (Fr. -1M.) ( IINS)

msrEss Emln 44 F~IS 63 2s -21. s -21 14-2 20-8 797

mm m HISSUJS1 E FMIS 62 w -9 0 19-3 22 -6.4 I,0J6
DE9mv 2 F~lS 49 32 -J -1 11 -3.8 Is -9.5 32
Iw Hiwl I-6 W. J2J.. Jm. S26S7 3s -30.4 -26 El-e Wn 6s3. s

TABLE B-5

~TESS SEonsln 3-4 m 1~ 131,579 0.9s lqooo 13.t 1.17s 34.0 Iqooo 0.9s 13.8 90,000,000 651.0
masEm - MISSWSI e STs 2&42J O.% 27,000 13. s 1.17s 42.0 40,463 0.9s 1A 5 SJ, w,m 4s-0 432. s
DEWY 2 n-c 12S.6 29,474 O.% 24000 IL D 1. 17S 33.0 43,240 0.9s 13. s 19,200,* 39-0 274.0
I- Mlul I-6 E 10 2s, m o.% ~%7 13.B 1. 17s 4%0 *W 0.9s i318 *ooo,m 40-0 32s.0
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

APPENDIX c

IURBINE S_ION CHARTSAND D=SIONS

mm PAGE

1 FRANCIS TYPE TURB~ , ~ E3?FICI~CY c-3

AND PHI, SPECIFICSP~ VS. HEAD

2 FRANCIS TYPE PUMP-TURB~ , RATEX)PUMPING c-4

~ITIONS , UING HEAD VS. SP=IFIC SPEED

3 PROP- TYPE TURBINES, RA~ ~ITIONS , c-5

SPECIFICSP_ VS. m

4 FRANCISTYPE TURBI~, D-IONS AND C-6

PROPORTIONS

5 PROPELLER TYPE lWRBINES, D-IONS c-7

DATA AND DmIW RATIC6 - ~=1.o

1 -CIS TYPE iURB~ c-9

2 FRANCISAND PROP~ TYPE TUFU31NES c-lo

3 FRANCISTYPE PUMP IURB~ C-II

4 PRO~ TYPE TURBINES C-12

5 PROP- TYPE m= C-13

c-1
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

c-2
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

1001..J._,...A..,
. .---,+~~ J ......t......
..
-4 --+...A.._.

, , !
-.
,,
-J.. ., -------
,,
+..

m ~n~ .-_{..-.+ . . . . .. -. f
z .4- .- t-. + ~-t--J

30

15

In
,-

60 80 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000

HEAD IN FEET

Figure 1. FRANCIS TYPE TURBINES

BEST EFFICIEfiJCY AND PHI

SPECIFIC SPEED VS. HEAD

c-3
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

Note: Plotted points are from existing

installations.

1000

800

600
500

400

300

200
z
H

150

100

80

60
50

40
1000 1500 2000 3000 4000 6000 10000
SPECIFIC SPEED - N
P

Figure 2. FRANCIS TYPE PUMP-TURBINES

RATED PUMPING CONDITIONS

PUMPING HEAD VS. SPECIFIC SPEED

c-4
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

10 15 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
HEAD IN FEET

FIXED BLADE RUNNER

300

m
z

200

150

100

80
10 15 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
HEAD IN FEET

KAPLAN (ADJUSTABLE BLADE) RUNNER

Figure 3. PROPELLER TYPE TURBINES

RATED CONDITIONS

SPECIFIC SPZED VS. HEAD

c-5
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

1-
, 1

buckets ~

b 2a Tti3-1

t-;a Runner

w
nd Distributor -

A
N~ = 37

k n ------1
Draft Tube - Elevation

Figure 4. FRANCIS TYPE TURBINES - DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS

C-6
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

Plan

a I

I \
l I

Elevation

-ctionX-X

Figure 5. PROPELLER TYPE TURBINES - DIMENSIONS

c-7
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88
51.5
4
3
~
&
L
11.0
>
z
G-i-
5
CA
z
~oo5

5
L
4
>

5
H
4 0
B 30 40 50 60 70 80
WATER TEMPERATURE - F.

Figure 6(a). WATER VAPOR PRESSURE VS. WATER TEMPERATURE

Figure 6(b). BAROMETRIC PRESSURE VS. ELEVATION

C-8
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

TABLE 1

FRANCIS TYPE TURBINES

DATA AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - DTH = 1.0
(Refer to Fig. 4 )

F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 (1)
37.2 44.7 50.6 63.1 65. o 80.0 42.8

24 20 20 24 10 20

gates 22 20 24 24 20 20 24 20 20
I I
buckets I 14 I 16 15 18 15 15 13 15 37

1.011 10.976 10.920 10.883 11.008 10.859 I 1.056 ~

12 11,1 12.52n 12 13~ 13.57 12

1.000 1.000 1.o18 1.083 1 .05ti 1.136 1.000

.
a 11.895 [1.698 1.490 I 11.518 11.698 ]1.590 11.639 I 1.715
b 11.385 11.256 1.171 1.17211.150 11.271 [1.194 /1.217 1.266

c 10.184 10.177 0.231 0.254 0.290 0.333 0.299 0.429 0.160 ~

d 0.320 0.343 0.323 0.352 0.377 0.431 0.429 0.434 0.287 I

e 1.883 1.803 1.705 1.856 1.793

f 1.738 1.656 1.560 1.773 1.657

g 1.569 1.476 1.38u 1.572 1.501

* h 1.313 1.198 1.106 I !.243 1.274

i 11.440 11.307 1.281 I II 11.254 I / 1.3151

3 0.976 1.179 I II 11.155 1 I 1.000 I

k 1.728

1 0.864
m 2.876 2.960

- n 4.153 4.365

0 12.546 12.609 2.501 i I 2.35312.64712-610 12.795 I 2079 I

P 0.330 0.351 0.329 0.384 0.454 o.h31 0.U34 0.290

1.006 1.023 1.097 1.060 1.141 1.004

1.207 1.228 1.626 1.500 1.483 1.260

0.747
4.68 4.5 7* 6.5

1.281 1. Q27 1.260 1.244 1.o61 0.920

v i O 10.261 01 I 0.593 /0.479 10.305 I o I I
3.540 ~3.039 ~3.983 14. I!8 i 3.500
.. ..
0.337 0.266 0.303* 0.337 -i-d 9.380
..
two piers (1) other designs

c-9
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

TABLE 2

FRANCIS AND PROPELLER TYPE TURBINES

DATA AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - DTH = 1.0
(Refer to?ig. 4 )
FTopeller tie
Fig. No, (1) (1) (1) (1) FB3 F(l) K(I)
I
N 48 50.8 57.6 65.2
m m a
=nes 23 20 20 10

gates 24 20 20 20 ~ 5 5
buckets 13 17 15 15 0 0 0
v- o- cl-

1 1.060 0.935 0.968 0.807 =- $ ~- < m- <

D~ = D~~ 13.7212.52 15.75 14.87W WL QL. Q~
D3 DC DZ D.c
1.000 1.018 1.022 1.081 mu au -m*
a 1.600 1.518 1.542 1.580
m~ mb m~
b 1.239 1.150 1.164 1.190

c 0.267 0.290 0.317 0.403

d 0.402 0.377 0.399 0.441

e 1.797 2.199 2.774 1.998

f 1.636 1.989 1.962 1.796

~ 1.448 1.715 1.7o8 1.553

m m
h 1.179 3 1.305 1.160
+
w
i 1.273 1.523 1.458 1.333
r c
1.205 a 1.310 a 1.587 1.467 1.377
J
k 1.386 - 1.577 - 2.215 1.62o

m 3.117 2.711 2.754 2.646

n 5.122 4.328 4.054 5.867

0 2.712 2.333 2.355 2.201

P 0.404 0.379 0.399 0.445

Q 1. Oou 1.023 1,024 1.08ti

r 1.536 1.228 1.270 1.831

t 6.9 4.5 5.3 7.6

u 1.276 1.238 1.095 1.149

v 0.313 0.593 0.522 0

u 3.272 3.039 3.860 3.307
x 0.321+ 0.266 0.328 0.304
4
Two piers F c fixed blade; K = Kaplan
(1) other des~na

c-lo
 ETL 1110-2-317
TABLE 3
15 Dec 88

FRANCIS TYPE PUMP TURBINES

DATA AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - DTH = 1.0

(Refer to~ig. 4 )

,
Fig.No. PT1 PT2 PT3 (3) (3) (3) (3)
:p(l) 2150 3200 4700 26OO 4500 2650 5100

vanes 20 14 10 20 14 20 10
gates 20 28 20 20 28 20 20
buckets 7 6 6 6 6 6 6

D1 1.604 1.317 1.154 1.493 1.135 1.459 1.o78

2 = TH 9.995 11 .205n 13.000 12.328W 12.000J

12.850
12.030
D 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
2.369 1.832 1.810 2.254 1.712 2.101 1.701
b 1.876 1.479 1.423 1.785 1.346 1.712 1.342
c 0.221 0.289 0.315 0.264 0.334 0.253 0.336
d 0.434 0.399 0.385 0.433 0.385 0.409 0.392

e 2.159 1.855 2.050 1.967 2.005 1.919 2.oo4

f 2.010 1.703 1.887 1.831 1.829 1.784 1.829

6 1.826 1.521 1.690 1.665 1.615 1.620 1.620

h 1.570 1.257 1.394 1.435 1.316 1.388 1.325

i 1.699 1.381 1.455 1.501 1.494 1.470 2.524

~ 1.039 1.071 1.212 0.923 3.351 0.921 1.214

k 2.647 1.607 1.682 1.622 1.247 1.000 1.666

1
m 2.823 2.853 2.690 4.329 2.598 2.353 2.b76
n 1o.525 3.893 3.700 5.640 4.610 4.747 3.698

0 2.382 2.473 2.286 3.863 2.209 1.940 2.035

P 0.441 0.380 0.40U 0.465 0.389 0.413 0.441

q 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

r 1.299 1.284 1.183 1.173 1.118 1.240

s 0.638 (2) 0.600

t 7 10 7 6 7.4 7

u 2.162 1.238 1.009 1.615 1.507 1.403 1.012

v 1.941 0.555 0.404 0.470 0.623 0.903 0.389

u 3.838 3.094 3.63o 1.615 3.429 3.600

x 0.485 o.309@ 0.269* (2) 0.312 0.424~

(1) Gpmtits t e ; (2) No pier, s horizontal leg b circular.

Max .

# Tvo piers ; (3) other designs

C-II
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

TABLE 4

PROPELLER TYPE TURBINES

DATA AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - DTH = 1.0

z
(Referto Fig. 5)
1) (1
FBI I FB2 I FB3 K1 K2 K3 K F-27

vanes 10 I24I2O 10 20 20 10 24

b gates
blades
20124120

*
20
4
20

5
20
6
20
4
24

5
24

Fa sz
D -mode 12.441 12N 112.08 12.4Uq112.51n! 12N 12.441 12n 12

a 1.571 1.443 1.542 1.578 1.501 1.567 1.571 11.477

b 1.194 1.148 1.192 1.193 1.151 1.200 1.194 11.178 1.148

c 0.482 0.394 0.404 0.482 0.390 0.406 0.482 0.406 0.394

d 0.427 0.367 0.365 0.427 0.370 0.368 0.422 0.368 0.367

Ie 0.327 0.350 0.327 0.327 0.400 0.440 0.360 0.390 0.350

f 3.00012.911 1-- I I 3.171 3.062 2.911

b t2 I I 0.857

0.300
0.855
0.248 I
0.787

0.275
1.854 1.800 1.780
1.515 1.467 1.318

k 3. Ooc 2.912 3.251 3.o6o 3.127 3.171 3.060 3.307 2.912

E 1
m
n
0.818
0.273

0.227
1.566

2.773
4.500
1.338
0.236

0.325
1.534
2.790
3.627
1.415
0.431

2.791
3.730
1.4o6

0.248

3.020

3.900
0.875

0.251~

2.907

4.391
1.457

0.257

0.268

1.671

5.030

3.930
0.855
0.248@

0.269

2.780

4.o6o
I
0.889
o.321~

2.9

4.529
6
m
0.236

m
s
m
3.627
1.174 1.130 1.231 1,170 1.323 1.220 1.280 1.303 1.130

(1)
1.424

two piers; F = fixed

other designs
1.102
=
1.139

blade;
w K = Kaplan
1.240
=

*
1.333 1.102

0.659

C-12
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

TABLE 5

PROPELLER TYPE TURBINES

DATA AND DIMENSIONAL RATIOS - DTH = 1.0
(Refer toFlg. 5)

* (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

r
Ident. K F-29 .6* K K F

-nes 20 24 24 24 20

gates 20 24 2ti 24 20

blades 5 6 6 6 8
Dm-model 12 12W 12 12 12

a 1.574 1.443 1.443 1.443 1.500

b 1.200 1.14.8 1.148 1.148 1.200

c 0.406 0.394 0.4b6 0.446 0.409

d 0.368 0.367 0.394 0.39Q 0.551
e 0.350 0.440 0.440
d
f 2.911 2.911 -- --

0.787 0.787 ; . ; .
g
. w .
h 0.275 0.275 ~~ ::
H v
1 1.780 1.78o a al
u
w u
1.318 1.318 ~~ ~~
~
k 2.912 2.912 2.892 3.394

1 1.338 1.338 0.787 1.457

m 0.236 0.236 0.266~ 0.480

n 0.325 0.325 1

I I 1.534 I I I
I o 1.534 I
n 13.030 I 2.780 [2.807 !2.628 13.028 1- {
r Q -.-
]3.930 -.. -.
I 3.62713.627 I 4.063 ]4.414
, !, I II I
J
r 1.220 1.130 1.130 1.221
s 1.200 1.102 1.102 1.137 1.326
t 0.720 0.659 0.659 0.545 0.780
u 7 11 4.6 7
L
# two piers; F = fixed blade; K s Kaplan
(1) other designs

C-13
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 ~ec 88

APPWIX D

MoDm TEsrcuRvEsm =121NmANDH=l FWI

AND- * RUNNER SI~

1 FRANCISlURBINES D-1
2 FRANCISPUMP-m= D-13
3 PROPEKIERmm D-19
4 CRITICALRUNNER SIQ4AS D-27

-ON I

mCISmINE MODEL ~CURVES FOR~=121NCHES AND H=lm

FIGURE D~FIION PAGE

F1 N~ = 27.2 D-3

F2 N~ = 34.3 D-4

F3 N~ = 37.2 D-5

F4 N~ = 44.7 D-6

F5 N~ = 50.6 D-7

F6 N~ = 63.1 D-8

F7 N~ = 65.0 D-9

F8 N~ = 80.0 D-lo
F9 -RMANCE HIU DATA, = PHI CONDITIONS D-11

El
ETL 11+~-2-317
15 Dec 88

D-2
 XTL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

0.12

0.10

0.08

o.06

0.04

0.02

0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70

0
TH

Figure F1. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE

= 12 ONE FOOT HEAD N~ = 27.2

TH

D-3
m lllo-2-x7
15 Dec 88

0.

0.

# 1 I \ 1 I % I
+ UI
- - --- -- -~

0.

&
x

,,,
7
- .-+- .
. . . . . . .&. +.._
-+- -t-t
1,,
I , / t

0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80

0
TH

Figure F2. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE

= 12 ONE FOOT HEAD N~ = 34.3

TH
D-4
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88
o*

o.

0.

0.134

.%
J..-d<
0.12 i A ..

0.11
L L_jJ.w#,#+AQ
0. _____ ...7

:-+--+-T +%- F ---

0.09+_. -
. - ..
A ...
+...
..
-.--
EJ:5F=7!- !
. .7 -. .J. A .
&
x 0.08
-~_,l-~,:,]-- -:_- ;:2
L--+. - ..+ --- .- +-- ~--
.-.
.
- .
---

0.07~--. ~ ; I
- i ...~... ......;__ __
~:.-:..
~ -. :;..-_
.:._-__+_<
06rL._.:+ Z-:$.zxl j::
%-: :- ---;
.._---t
.
- -
0. .-. -... I /------ ~ -+... _ . J -so*-

t-. -. t
?- . a -L------ --
,...
- ... --
k-- --------- --- - .:-:11;---- ~:-_q-===
-.--4;:-~- ::~?? ------
0.05
t-- -
1....
--- -- -
k-- .. ...
0.04j

0.03

0. a-._ ..
._.-.._
. ... . .-
.--
-.
--- *..-+
0.01.-. ._-
.+.-...+. .-.
-. ..
----...-
- .- .. L_ 1,F-~T, .+.~og:j
, .-
1 ! .t~- .
-.=4 ~ .. 76%! ;~i ! ; : __L _,_:_.._ .. -1
.... ...-
,, ,
0
0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90
OTH

FigureF3. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE

= 12!! ONE FOOT HEAD N~ = 37.2
TH
D-5
Em 1110-2-317
L!i??eC88

0.

0.

-.lo~;,!j t I I H 1 Id
J..L -....+ .---4----. 1 J-- ..---- ...+
a
x

o.o8
L.++L-;-. .-.--i . .

. ./
cl.
uo~
. }.:=.
~-b~
t-~-
+._._-.;
.. .+.._._.
.{
-..-.-y-.
. .t.
----?-
_._.-j ;-7- l-- .... . .-..,.
L
t
L.: .1
-..

1 I
+ -.-.+.
i ---- -~ -_ :+-:
-,
4 ---+---
-~~=--~--+~~
~ - ;___ ;
..

, ! ...----.--
. -
+-.-- - ---
t
...,.7.
.

-------
3:.:*5~ Lq;! .
I

W:-5L
0.04 ~
.+
I

.,___
.. I ...:..
. -. . .. .-. ...

II! -- .. I -. ..L -._._.

0.02
.+.-+ - - --~-
-:- + -+------ 1 - ..+. .- ..---- .-{ i------i
0.70 0.75 0.80 0,85 0.90 0.95
OTH

FigureF4. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE

ONE FOOT HEJ.D N~ = 44.7
1H = 12

D-fj
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 I)ec88

r%1 I 1 t /
.. % -. ---
,,, ! ,+ k. .. .-. __ ,._. ... _...-, -.:.1
1 -- . ...
. !- .e-! . . .4. . & . -
0.04 %
.. -.- .. .. . ..-.L. -. . ...+.-
4. .. ..
-... .. _-. ... - . ~. .- ... ._, .+_.

..7
.. .T ... . .7 * -...
.... 1.
--.-
-----
,, =-..
,, ...= - ,, -q , +-.- .-
4I ,,
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

0TH
FigureFS. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE
= 12 ONE FooT HEAD N~ = 50.6
TH
D-7
Em 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

0
TH

0.30

0.05

0.30

0.28

0.26

0.24

0.22

% 0.20

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10

FigureF6. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE

= 1211 ONE FOOT HEAD N~ 63.1
TH
.

D-@
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec.88
0.17

0.16

0.15

0.14

0.13

0.12

0.11

0.10

0.09

0.08

o.

0.

0.

0.

0.

o.

o.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3

0
TH
FigureF7. MODEL TEST DATA. - FRANCIS TIJRBINE

= 72!! ONE FOOT HEAD N~ = 65

TH
D..~
 110-2=317
c 88

0,

t).

0.

0.
.
im
x

o.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15

0
TH

FigureF8. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCIS TURBINE

ONE FOOT HEAD

TH = 12 N~ = 80
D-10
 . ..
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

b
w
c
(u

x
*
61

20 30 40 50 60 70 80
SPECIFICSPEED - N~

FigureF9. FRANCISTURBINES; PERFORMANCEHILL DATA - BEST PHI

CONDITIONS.
= 12 ONE FOOT HEAD
TH

D-n
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

PAGE D-12 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

D-12
 BTL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

FIGURE D~PTION PAGE

Pr1 N~ = 2,170 &l 5

N~ = 3,160 D-16

PT3 N~ = 4,670 -17

D-13
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

D-14
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74

2.0 90

1.6 86

1.2 82

0.4

0.8 78 0.3

6.2

0.4 0.1

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10

0.08

0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74

OTH
FigurePT1. MODEL TEST DATA - FWC 1S PUMP-TUR81NE
= 12 ONE FOOT HEAD = 2,170
TH s
D-15
 *TH
n 7q 0.74 0.78 oa8~ 0.86 0.90
+.-:: .+.
-
! ~~3=w:T*.
....+. :+~:=+
::;
-F;-;
::..4
:--2;;;>-:!
IQ-1

40Q0

1, a
m
0.28
3000
0.26

2000 0.24

0.22
T

. . . . . ..- . .

,, ..,.)
.

-:----\76
...
..
.

0.20
-4.
$

0.18
anr ,, L&+.+,

-{~ IUO%gate-:
.,

o.
C4
x 0.
..
- .- .:- .
0.

i AIAQA .
.,!
! . L- ._ -.. :

0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.86 0.90

0m.
ah
Figure PT2. MODEL TEST DATA - FWCIS PW-TURJ31NE
= 121 ONE FOOT HEAD s = 3,160
n-l
D-16
 ETL 1110-2-317
.&5_:Q.e~
.88
OTH

2.4

2.2

2.0

1.8
u
1.6

1.4 0.35

1.2 0.30

1.0 0.25

0.8

0.6

0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1,4

0
TH
FigurePT3. MODEL TEST DATA - FRANCISPUMP-TURBINE
= 12 ONE FOOT HEAD = 4,670
TH s
D-17
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

PAGE D-18 INTENTIWY LEF1BLANK

B18
 ETL 111O-2-317
15 Dec 88

FIGURE D~FTION PAGE

FBI FWR BLAD= m AT 24 BLADE ANGLE D-21

FB2 FIVE BLADESFl~ AT 31 BLADE ANGLE D-22

FB3 SIX -= FIXED AT 27 WE ~ D-23

X1 FWR ELADE KAPLANTURB~ D-24

K2 FIVE BLADE KAPLANTURBINE D-25

n SIX BLADE WLAN TURBINE D-26

D-19

--_
ETL I11O-2A317
15.bec 88 -

D-20
 ETL 1
I1O-2-317
.15Dec 88

-u;

o.

?0.

o.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
*TH
Fi&re FBI. MODEL TEST DATA - FIXED BLADE PROPELLERTURBINE
FOUR BLADES 24 BLADEANGLE

m = 12 ONE FOOT HEAD

D-21
 40

0. 36

0. 32

0. 28

0. 24

0.20

0.16

0.12

0.08
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
OTH
FigureFB2. MODEL TEST DATA - FIXED BLADE PROPELLERTURBINE
FIVE BLADES 31 BLADEANGLE

m = 12 ONE FOOT HEAD

D-22
 ETL I11o-2-3I7.
LK Dec.$8

@.50
b
I 0.45

H
g 0.30

86

84

0.32 82

0.30

0.28

.0.26

0.24

0.22
F
&
x
0.20

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

OTH
FigureFB3. MODEL TEST DATA - FIXED BLADE PROPELLERTURBINE
SIX BLADES 27 BLADE~GLE

7H= 12 ONE FOOT HEAD

D-23
 m 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

2.C

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.4

0.3
! I 1 1 , I I &1 ! 1 T 1 I 1 I I I 1 1 ! 1 I z 1 I w! I uI 1 I UI

0.2
I
,

0.1

Figure K1. MODEL TEST tiATA- FOUR BLADE hPM TURBINE

= 121 ONE FOOT HEAD
m

D-24
 ET L111O-2-317
15 Qec 88

o.44

0.40

0.36

0.32

0.28

0.24

0.20

0.16

0.12

0.08
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
0
TH
FigureK2. MODEL TEST DATA - FIVE BLADE KAPLANTURBINE

m = 12 ONE FOOT HEAD

D-25
m 11102-317
15 Rec 88

0.44

0.40

0.36

0.32

0.28

0.20

o.I6

0.12

0.o8

0.04
1.2 1.3 1*4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.$
OTH
Figure K3. MODEL TEST DATA - SIX BLADE KAPLAN TURBINE
= 12 ONE FOOT HEAD
n-I

D-26
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

FIGURE D~~ON (FRANCIS) PAGE

S1 REFERS~FIGUREFl W29

S2 ~mFIGuREF2 D-29

S3 REFERS~FIGUREF3 D-30

S4 ~N)FIGUREF4 D-30

S5 ~mFxGuREF5 B31

FIGURE D~ON (- HE FROPELLER) PAGE

S6 REFERsm FIGuREFBl D-32

S7 ~mFIGuREFB2 D-32

FIGURE D~PTION (KAPLAN) PAGE

S6 REFERsm FIGuREK2 D-33

S7 ~mFIGuREK3 W34

D-27
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

D-28
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88
, , I ! 1 t ! 1 ,
i; :#:--- 4- -- . .--+
I II
--.-. ---l
1
- . -- :.
Ii;
. ... *
I 1,

. ..U. L
!,
. . . . . . _: _:..

J+ ---- + -- -

Lo
, . .. .. _

, 0.05
.L
,, 1.. . ._J_:. , ..... -. -- --- .
s -t4 ,, - .+4
,,, L-- .- ,, .:.- .-- ;.. -J-J- -
0
4
d
4
u

H ~.. . . . . . . .. . .
.<. . ...= -
!, I I
z
,, +.-. . .. ... .- * +. ..+, ... .
.. -----
.-.
.._...+
. ....-.

..
_..
0.02-
0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
0
TH
FigureS1

0.

0.

,0.

4
g

H
m
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.60 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.80
OTH
FigureS2
FRANCIS TURBINES

CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS

D-29 FiguresS1 and S2

m 1110-2-317
Is-c 88
+i:i:-c+_+.**Ti&-::=i--:.-7T7T
.
::-:=-- ---1--- ~-- - -:
-m_. .
, t , %? ..~,
:J --- 1. ..
...1 --:-
.::-..:
- .-
.-f---~.
.l:- -- 1
-. -. ah
. . ... . _.i: -d -- --- -:: -:.= --
0.16 rua.ti. ial

..~
..-. .:. . . -. : . .- . . . . . ... .

..
. &.-

t
..: ..
- +-=4 .....L..UL - .4=:--+ .--------+--
e-.. --..
0.14...+...
-._L_ ___

.&.-_.
<
;.. ... L-----....
.._..% ...4

,00.12 -..

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0.68 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.88

*TH
Figure S3

0.16 -.. -.. . ..

. .. . .. 1. . _ ~~ -- -- _.___ ._ _ _

v 0.14 ....
b

-...
+.:.

A__. --..._. ...

0.06

0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.86 0.90

OTH
FigureS4
FRANCIS TURBINES

CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS

b30 FiguresS3 and S4
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

0.18,
--~t
1 17+Y
L+ ---- . .. ....r . .+. -..

..
;- -

..+ .__. -. , 44. L .. . . .. _-_..

.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . LA.. .LL. . - ~ .. -- .- - . -L. . . ..-

-. .. ..- . . . . . .. .. .-l
. . . .. .. . . .. , .. - . .: .__
-. .

L, ..- .. . . . .

.-. 2+. +.. . .-L

2
u
n 1,
a

d
.+ .-. . . .
3

g o.lo -
H
.---- ..
G
u ..+. .. .
,, ~..! --

. - . -.. . . .

. .. . . . -.+. ~+.
- -A

0.06 .7
:---+
----
L -.. . .-..
.........-.
..-.+
1 ..+
-+.4-
- +~.-- + -.--.
...
.
.._. ____
._
-+.- ..
-. .-.
. --
0.04
T -.-1-- .-.-. ... .- .r-....
.
.l.
,.A .-...-1.-.
.4...+- -L.
.- -.
..L.
-- .4 -..-....... -+
-.-.....L .__.&l.--,
-----.;-;.i.
-.
~.<1.L.+---..
.-.. ..__+_ -y-+4+
~ -...+.-..
..
- . ...+ -. -
-.-- +!, .+
J.._ -._. ----
0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
OTH

FRANCIS TURBINE

CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS

D-31 Figure S5
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88
t .3

1.2

, -
1.1 y
4

7
. -.
. .-. . . .. .._. -.. -~

b
1.0
I
-% * --.+---- --~j---:+~+~ -f=---4- ----...
--~ --~
0.9
.+

0.8 ____

..
0.7

0.6

0.5
1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
OTH
FigureS6

1.0

0.9

b0.8 l. . .._
.,.
..1 .-
--
. . .. .
;---
.. ..
:---
~no$
..
. ?Y-
I

0.7

0.6 -

~ ..
-.---...._._ .. .. . A.
1-.
,.---..-.L. .. . i.,-.-~.. i:::+;
0.5

0.4
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.C

OTH
.. -. Figure S7
FIXED BLADE PROPELLER TURBINES

CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS

D-32 FiguresS6 and S7

 ETL 1110-2-317
fi Dec 88
-4;.- - i ___ _:

---+

KAPLAN TURBINE

CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS

D-33 FigureS8
 ETL 1110-2-317
..15Dec &8

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

o 0.9
)

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

0TH

KAPLAN TURBINE

CRITICAL RUNNER SIGMAS

&34 FigureS9
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

APP~IX E

SAMPLE~TIONS

-ON I

FRANCISTYPE lURBINESAND PUMP-TURBINES

1 DESIGN~~ E-3

2 S~ION OF PUMP-KJRBINES E-3

3 ~TING CYCLE E-7

4 CONVENTIONALFRANCIS~INE E-9

5 PR~E DIMENSIONS E-13

E-1
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 08

E-2
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

-a. Powerplant~pacity - 150,000 KW

b. Installation:2 -turbines and one conventionalturbine.

. ~ing requir~ts: 3,600 cfs each at a dynamic head of 153

feet: The heads vary between 137.5and 160 feet. The mininumtailwater
level for ~ing is Elev. 540 ft. m.s.l.

d. Generatingrequir~ts: The 3 units mst have an aggregate

dependablecapacityof 150,000W. The 3 units nust also be capableof
producing 170,500W at a net head of 137.4 feet. The net heads vary
between 132.5 and 151.9 feet. The average (ratd) net head is 144.8
feet.

2. sELEcrIoNOF w-m-.

ReferenceFigure 2, ~ C to note that the r~ed

spec~~icspeed,N= for the 153 foot rated wing head has a value of
-t 4,000.

b. Referringto the tiel curves in Appendti D, selectthe design

shown on Figure ~3 as the best choice for this specificx.

At maxm efficiency,note the following: El = 87.4 percent,

Q1 ==;.57 Cfs ti ~ = 1.15.

d. Calculate~:

3,600 = 1.57 b 2 (153)1/2

T
()
~ = 163 inches

e. Calculatespeed,N:

N. 1838 (1.15) (153) /2 = 160 ~

163

f. The calculationof the runner throat di-ter and associatd

synchronousspeed generally requires an it~ative solution. Wer

E-3
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

iterations are required-until the selected value for ~~ and as-iated

value of Q1 produce a value for DT which substituted in the speed
equation, step e, yields a synci ronous speed. The following
approximationis us~tocalculate the next trial value of ~:

%
= 1.15 ~= 1.176

The neces~ iterationsfor this case are as follows:

Step %% % N

1 1.150 1.57 163.4 160.0

2 1.176 1.65 159.4 167.8

3 1.160 1.59 162.4 162.4

4 1.165 1.61 161.3 164.2

5 1.162 1.60 161.8 163.2

The accuracyin reading the tiel test data does not allow a closer
determination of D or N from step 5. Therefore, the solution
ificates ~ = 162 E ches for N = 163.6rpfn.

9 At &is point the user should tie a cursory examinationof the

wing efficienciesfor other heads with a view to, perhaps,changing
the speedto alter the headafficiencycharacteristic.In this _le,
the followingrelationshipsare noted:

163.6 (162) = 14.42

%=
1838 (H)/2 ~

H El

160.0 1.140 87.4

153.0 1.166 87.3

137.5 1.230 86.3

This relationshipis satisfatioryand the klance of the _le is

~letedontheksisof ~ = 162 i..nches
andN= 163.6~.

E-4
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

h. Calculateefficienq step-up.

D 0.2
E2 = 100- (loo- EI)

Wh=e, w. El = 88.5 -cent

()
q
m

(generating);
Dm = 12 tithes;
Dp= 162 inches.

E2 = 100 - (100 - 88.5) 12 02 = 93.2 percent

m
()

step-up= (2/3) (93.2,-88.5)= 3.1 percent

i. The expected-ing distige is calculatedto includethe effect

of the higherprototypeexpectd efficiencyas follows:

()
162 2 (]1/22
Q2C= Q1 ~ Y
1

j. The requird -ing horsepoweris calculatedas follows:

Q2C \
HP=
550 E2

k. The rqired settingof tie runner is controlled@ the ~

head-rein- tailwatercotiition. For maxinum head, OTH = 1.14 and
frun FigureFT3, ~ = 0.295.

Hb - ~ - Hs - safety
d= =
H

Refer to Figure 6, AppendtiC: For tailwaterElev. 540, Hk = 33.3 feet

and a water t~ature of 70 F., ~= 0.8 feet.

safetymgin = 0.2 Di + 0.4 Hi/2

Refer to Table 3, mix C, notingthat D, = 1.154

E-5
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

therefore,D1 = 1.154~ = 15.6 feet

12

subs: safetymargin = 0.2 (15.6)+ 0.4 (160)1/2= 8.2 feet

The requird s*gence is calculatd as follows:

33.3 - 0.8 -Hs-8.2

0.295 =
160

H~ = -22.9 feet

The distance, a, between the bottom of the runner and the

distributorcenterlineis calculatd using the ratio, d, from Table 3,
~ C, as follows:
d = 0.385

a= 0.385 (162/12)= 5.2 feet

The elevation of the distributor centerline is calculated as

follows:

Elev. = tailwaterElev. + H~ + a

Elev. = 540 + (-22.9)+ 5.2 = 522.3 ft. m.s.l.

1. The -d pqing performanceis as follows:

Head 137.5 145.0 153.0 160.0

%
1.230 1.198 1.166 1.140

Q1 1.82 1.72 1.62 1.53

El 86.3 86.8 87.3 87.4

Q2C 4,029 3,909 3,777 3,652

E2 89.4 89.9 90.4 90.5

HP 70,200 71,420 72,410 73,140

E-6
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dee 88

3. ~mcYm.

a. The prototype-d perfo~ce is calculatedas follows:

162 (163.6) 14.42

%=
1838 (H)l/2==2

162 2
HP~ = HPl ~

550 HP2
()
(H)3/2 = 182.25

HP2
(HPl) (H)3/2

Q2 = 62.3 (H) ~ = 8.828

%

~ = El + 3.1 percent

Percent
Head ?rH gate HP, El HP2 Q2 %

132.5 1.253 100 0.204 83.3 56,710 4,375 86.4

90 0.198 84.6 55,040 4,180 87.7

80 0.185 83.9 51,420 3,940 87.0

70 0.164 80.9 45,590 3,615 84.0

60 0.140 76.0 38,920 3,280 79.1

137.4 1.230 100 0.203 83.5 59,590 4,420 86.6

90 0.198 85.0 58,120 4,240 88.1

80 0.187 84.7 54,890 4,015 87.8

70 0.166 82.1 48,730 3,675 85.2

60 0.143 78.0 41,970 3,325 81.1

145 1.198 100 0.202 83.6 64,280 4,515 86.7

90 0.197 85.2 62,690 4,320 88.3

E-7
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

80 0.188 85.9 59,820 4,090 89.0

70 0.169 83.8 53,780 3,765 86.9

60 0.147 80.0 46,780 3,425 83.1

50 0.119 74.0 37,870 2,990 77.1

151.9 1.170 100 0.200 83.5 68,240 4,580 86.6

90 0.197 85.2 67,220 4,425 88.3

80 0.189 86.5 64,490 4,180 89.6

70 0.171 85.0 58,340 3,850 88.1

60 0.150 81.8 51,180 3,505 84.9

50 0.123 76.8 41,970 3,055 79.9

b. The ~ runawayspeed is calculatedas follows:

Refer FigurePI3to note that ~ = 2.09

~= 1838 (2.09) (151.9 )1/2 =292~

162

. The guarant~ capacitiesat the 132.5 foot and 137.4 foot net
headcconditionsare calculatedat 98 percent of the 100 per-t gate
=pacities indicatedin *ve ~lation. The guarant~ capacitiesfor
the conventionalunit at these two heads are as follows:

Kw Outpt = 0.98 (0.746)Eg HP2

m output = 0.98 (0.746)(0.97)HP2 = 0.709HP2

Head - feet 132.5 137.4

Plant output- Kw 150,000 170,500

-turbines - KW 80,400 84,500

E-8
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

Conventional- KW 69,600 86,000

Conventional- HP 96,180 118,850

---~ 98,140 121,280

4. ~IONAL FRANCISTURBINE.

a. The relationshipfor Ns vs. Head shown on Figure 1, AppendixC

insures designs with moderate speeds and relatively shallow
submergence. In a mixed installation with pump-turbines and
mnventional turbines,the inh=ent deeper s~gences r~ird of the
fo~ generallydictates a variationof this conservativeapproach.
This is necessaryto providea mre balancedequi~t layout- avoid
wggerat~ levels for the generator-mstors
and generators. For this
r=son the K value us~ h Figure 1 is increasedto, say, a value of
800. The mrrespoding Ns for H = 144.8 feet is 66.5.

b. Referringto the @el curves in AppendtiD, it my be noted

that the designsshownon FiguresF6 ti F7 are withinthe range of this
specificspeed. A corr@arison of thesedesignsindicatesthat the fo~
has higherunit power with att-t highermitical si~s, wher~s the
latter has higher overall efficacies with lower critical si~s M
reducedunit PWW. The formerdesign, Figure F6, is selectd for the
following reasons. The higher unit power will result in a smaller
runner ~oat diameterwith mnsequent roller physical dimensionsof
the turbineto mre nearlyapproachthe physicaltisions of the ~
turbines. The higher critical sigmas require deeper sutiergences,
however,this is not inappropriatein view of the deep ~gen~ of
the Purrp-turbines.

c. The method for sizing this unit differs from the conventional
approachfor Rancis turbines. In this instance,the atput requiredat
the 137.4 feet critical net head dictates the size. This output is
associatedwith the full gate capacityat a value of ~ slightlyhigher
than the best ~ to be associatd with the averagehead of 144.8 feet.
For the latter conditiona ftist value of o~ = 0.86 is chosen. The
correspotiingvalue for the 137.4 fti head cotiitionis calculatd as
follows:

~=
(-)
0.86 144.8 1/2=0.883
137.4

FrmFigure F6 for ~ = 0.883, the 100 percent gate HP = 0.29. This

is associated with the required expected output of 121,280 HP to

E-9
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

~lculate ~ as follow5:

121,280= 0.29 ~~2 (137.4)3/2

\l-2j

= 193.4 inches

d. Calculatethe e, as follows:

N= 1838 (0.833) (137.4)/2 = 98.4

193.4

R@ to nearestsynchronous_ = 100 P

This speed and the ~H calculated a~ve are first values of an

iterativesolutionsimilar to that describedin 2.f. of this -le.
The necessaryiterativesteps are as follows:

1 0.883 0.29 193.4 98.4

2 0.897 0.29 193.4 100

Round ~ to 193.5 inches

e. fie expectedprototypemtput is calculatd as follows:

2 (H)3/2 = 260.02
W2 = HPl
()
193.5
12
(Wl) (H)3/2

f. The efficiency step-up is calculated, using the procedure

establishedin 2.h. of this _le, as follows:

E2 = 100- (loo - 90)

H
1;
.
Soz

E2 = 94.3 percent

step-up= (2/3) (94.3 - 90) = 2.9 percent

9 The -ed dischargeis calculatd as follows:

E-10
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

550 HP~ m~
Q2=62.3 (H)E2 = 8.828
~

h. The guarant~ capacityrequird at the 137.4 feet critiml head is

118,850HP. The generatoroutput is 86,000KW. The generator-plate
rating is 86,000KW at 0.95 p.f. or 90,526WA. The turbineis designed
to mechanicallywiths~ operationat the generator~plate rating
at 1.0 p.f. or 125,100W. me turbine setting is predi=ted on the
availabilityof 118,850HP at the criticaland higher h-ds. Although
the critical head conditionswill generallydictate the sett~, it is
r~ed that other conditionsbe checkedto assurethat the criti=l
sigma chara~eristicsof proposeddesignor unusualtailwaterconditions
do not alt= this no-l cticumstance.

i. The proceduredescribedin 2.k. of this _le is used to establish

the turbine setting. The dimensionless ratios for calculating the
dimensionsDi and a are obtainedfrom Table 1, ~ C. me results
of pertinentcalculationsare tabulatedas follows:

Net head, feet 137.4 144.8 151.9

T.W. elev.,ft.m.s.l. 550.8 548.5 541.6

HP 118,850 118,850 118,850

h 0.898 0.875 0.854

HP, 0.284 0.262 0.244

d= 0.245 0.1830 0.160

Hb, f=t 33.3 33.3 33.3

q, feet 0.8 0.8 0.8

Di, feet 14.2 14.2 14.2

Safetywgin, feet 7*5 7.7 7.8

H~, feet -8.7 -1.7 +0.4

a, feet 6.9 6.9 6.9

E-11
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

Dist. elev, ft. m.s.l. 549.0 553.7 548.9

It is to be noted that the conditions at the critical and

~ headsdictatetit the ~ setting.

j- The ~ runaway_ is alculated as follows:

RmFigureF6, ~-= 1.671

1838 (1.671) (151.9)/2

= 195.6 ~
k= 193.5

k. The

Head HP, El HP2 Q2 %

132.5 0.915 0.123 75 48,780 77.9 4,170

0.148 80 58,690 82.9 4,715

0.185 84 73,370 86.9 5,625

0.217 87 86,060 89.9 6,375

0.241 89 95,570 91.9 6,930

0.258 89 102,320 91.9 7,415

0.273 87 108,260 89.9 8,025

0.285 84 113,020 86.9 8,665

0.290 82.5 115,010 85.4 8,970

137.4 0.898 0.122 75 51,090 77.9 4,215

0.148 80 61,980 82.9 4,805

0.211 87 88,360 89.9 6,315

E-12
 ETL 1110-2-317
15~ec 88

0.235 89 98,410 91.9 6,880

0.259 89 108,460 91.9 7,585

0.274 87 114,740 89.9 8,200

0.285 84 119,350 86.9 8,825

144.8 0.875 0.120 75 54,370 77.9 4,255

0.146 80 66,150 82.9 4,865

0.174 84 78,830 86.9 5,530

0.203 87 91,970 89.9 6,235

0.227 89 102,840 91.9 6,825

0.260 89 117,790 91.9 7,815

0.273 87 123,680 89.9 8,390

151.9 0.854 0.119 75 57,930 77.9 4,320

0.144 80 70,100 82.9 4,915

0.170 84 82,750 86.9 5,535

0.197 87 95,900 89.9 6,200

0.219 89 106,610 91.9 6,740

0.239 90 116,340 92.9 7,280

0.246 90 119,750 92.9 7,490

5. PR~E D-IONS. The prototypedimensionsof the purrp-tu.rbines

can be calculated from the dimensionless ratios shown in Table 3.
Appendix C. Similar diwnsions for the Francis turbine can ~
calculatedfrm the ratiosshown in Table 1, ~ C.

E-13
Em 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

E-14
 BTL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

~ION PAGE
1 D=I@ ~ E-17

2 TURBINE ~oN E-17

E-1 5
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

PAGE E-16 ~IONALLY LEFT RLANK

E-16
 ETL 111O-2-317
15 Dec 88

1. DESIGNw UI~ .

a. Powerplantcapacity: 65,000 W with 2 units.

b. Generatorrequirmts:

(1) Nmplate rating: 36,111KVA, 0.9pf., 32,500KW, 13.8 KV

- 60 Hz.

(2) Must hdesigned for continuousoperationat rated KVA,

voltage,p.f. - frequency.

c. Turbiner~ir~ts:

(1) Net heads: 78 fmt rated,60 foot titiand 100 fmt

~.

(2) Require30,000HPguaranteedoutputat 60 foot net head.

(3) Turbineoutputis limitedto 49,900HP (ratd KVA at

1.0 p.f.).

2. IURBINE~ION.

. To utilizethe capabilityof a generatormated with a ftied

blad~ propellerturbine,the turbineat or near bst efficiencyat rated
head &ould have an atput of 95 pcent of the horsepowerequivalentof
the generatorrating:

HP= 0.95 (32,500) = 42,600

0.746 (0.97)

b. ReferenceFigure 3, AppendtiC to note that the rated head

cofition and the wide head range for this unit dictatesa 6 blade
runner. The r~d ~ific _ at the 78 foot rated head is
calculatd as follows:

N5 = 1,000 = 113.2
(78) /2

E-17
ETL 1110
-2-~17
15 DOC 88

c. The - is calculatedas follows:

113.2 (78)5/4 = ,27 ,

N=
(42,600)J2

R- to nearestsynchronousspeed = 128.6 rpm

Correcting = 114.5

d. For preliminarystudiesrequiringonly an apprbte speed and

runnerthroatdiarrket~, the following~irical fomla for ~ may k
used to calculatethe dimter:

~= 0.089 (114.5)058= 1.391

1838 (1.391) (78) /2 = ,75 6 tides

%= .
128.6

e. The appropriatetiel test curvesfor these conditionsare shownon

FigureFB3. A curve of hst efficiencyis construed from the
followingdata taken fra the efficiencycontours:

h 1.230 1.290 1.350 1.420 1.515

HP, 0.244 0.256 0.264 0.272 0.290

The locationof the designpoint along this curve is det-ned @

iteration. This is a~lished by stiitut~ as-iated valuesof
HPl and ~ in the followingfornulafor specificx:

N~ = 153.17(~) (HP1)/2= 114.5

The apprhte value ~ = 1.391fran (d) tive is u- in tie

ftist step of the iterativeprocessas follows:

% 1.391 1.440 1.430

HPl 0.2685 0.2745 0.2730

N~ 110.4 115.6 114.5

E-18
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

The design point is locatd at ~ = 1.430 and HPl = 0.2730. The

runnerthroatdiameterfor this preliminq selectionis =lculated as
follows:

42,600 = 0.273 &2 (78)3/2

12
()
~ = 180.6inches

f. It my be notd from inspectionof Fiqure FB3 that the desiqnmint

calculatd tive is locatd ~o the right &f &t The tiel effic~en~ at
this point is El = 87.9 percent,which is less than the 88.4 per-t
peak efficiency. The peak efficiencyat the ratd conditionscan be
*rovd by selectingthe n* lower synchronousspeed, 120 rpm, and
repeatinqthe iterativesolutionfor the new desiqn wint. The
calculationsand ~lation of the it=ative step= tie as follows:

1/2
(42,000) (120) = 106.8
N~ =
(78)5/4

Use firsttrial~
()
= 1.43 120 = 1.334
128.6

%
1.334 1.362 1.355

ml 0.2620 0.2650 0.2645

N~ 104.6 107.4 106.7

Calculatethe runnerthroatdiameter:

42,600 = 0.2645%2 (78)3/2

T
()
~ = 183.5 inches

~ The second sel~ion mt&es the peak efficiencyof this desiqnto

& rated conditions. This is aql~shd by seltiing a l~,-lower
~ unit. At this point in the selection process,the user RUSt

E-19
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

evaluatethe increasd &pital costs of the larger unit against the

benefitsof the higherefficiency. The costs shouldincludethe effects
on tie powerhousestructure,excavationtaking into accountany change
in the turbinesetting,generatorcost, . . . etc. The latterselection
is arbitrarilyusd in the r~inder of this exarfple.

h. The tiel test curvesrrustbe *ed to assure that the 30,000 W

guarant- outputat 60 foot minirrum net head can be developed with the
pr~sd design. The necessary calculations in this determinationare
as follows:

~ = 120 (183.5) = 11.98 = , ~47

1838 (H) /2 (H)l/2 -

30,000 = ml 183.5 2 (60)3/2

12
()
HPl = 0.2760

Referringto FigureFB3 at ~ = 1.547,note that the full gate

(loopercent)outputis HP, = 0.3070.

0.307
percent margin .
002~6 (100) = 111.2 percent

tie design =ts the requir~t that the expectedfull gate

outputis at least 2 percentgreaterthan the guarantq output.

i. The prototypeexpectedperfomce is calculatedas follows:

2
W2 =
()
HPl
183.5
12
(H2)3/2 = 233.84 (i-iPI)

,2 0.2
(H2)3/2

~ = 100- (100 - 88.4) = 93.3 percent

183.5
()
step-up= (2/3) (93.3- 88.4) = 3.3 percent

Ec = El + 3.3 pcent

E-20
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

550 W2 HP2
Q2 = 62.3 ECH2 = 8.828
E= H2

H2 ?cH
HPl El HP~ E= Q2

60 1.547 0.184 70 20,000 73.3 4,015

0.208 75 22,610 78.3 4,015

0.234 80 25,430 83.3 4,490

0.247 82 26,840 85.3 4,630

0.264 84 28,690 87.3 4,835

0.272 85 29,560 88.3 4,925

0.282 86 30,650 89.3 5,050

0.304 86 33,040 89.3 5,445

0.307 85 33,360 88.3 5,560

78 1.356 0.159 70 25,610 73.3 3,955

0.181 75 29,160 78.3 4,215

0.204 80 32,860 83.3 4,465

0.214 82 34,470 85.3 4,575

0.226 84 36,410 87.3 4,720

0.231 85 37,210 88.3 4,770

0.238 86 38,340 89.3 4,860

0.244 87 39,310 90.3 4,925

0.254 88 40,920 91.3 5,070

E-2 1
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

H2 HF~ El HF~ Ec Q2

0.264 88.4 42,530 91.7 5,250

0.271 88 43,650 91.3 5,410

0.278 87 44,780 90.3 5,615

0.282 86 45,430 89.3 5,755

0.285 85 45,910 88.3 5,885

0.287 84.4 46,230 87.7 5,965

100 1.198 0.135 70 31,570 73.3 3,800

0.165 75 38,580 78.3 4,350

0.191 80 44,660 83.3 4,735

0.202 82 47,240 85.3 4,890

0.213 84 49,810 87.3 5.035

0.219 85 51,210 88.3 5,120

]0 The setting of the turbinede-s upon the outputrqirements

and the relatedhead-tailwater cofitions. The settingis generally
pr~icated on the tailwaterlevelwith one unit ~atim. For this
tile it is ass~ that it is desiredto opera~ethe &it at
generatorratingand 0.9 p.f. underthe rated and higherheads. The
mrresponding turbineoutputis 44,500W. Mer noml cirmtances
the rated conditiondictatesthe setting. However,it is gocd practim
to check the uther head renditionsto assurethat unusualsigma
characteristics or head-tailwater relationshipsdo not alter this noml
circumstance . The outputrequtiementsat the lowerheads are assumedto
vary directlywith the head betweenthe 44,500HF at 78 foot d the
30,000HP guaranteedoutputat 60 foot head. The relation~ip ktween
tailwaterlevelh dischargeis linearktween the followingsets of
titions:

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 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

TailWaterElev.- ft.m.s.l. 543.0 545.7

Discharge- cfs 5,000 11,000

k. The followingsteps are requiredto establishthe turbinesettings
on the basis of the conditionsset forth*ve:

233.84H3/2

mom Figure FB3, pick off &c W El

E= = El + 3.3 percent

8.828 (HP2)
Q2 .
E= (H2)

Q2
T.W. Elev. = _ + 540.75
2222

@c =Hb-~-H~-Safety
H2

Run Figure6, ~ C: Hb = 33.3 feet,~ = 0.8 f~t (70F.)

safety= 0.2 ~+ 0.7 (H2)/2

Distr.centerlineelev. = T.W. elev. + Hs + a

a= (d)%

Refer to Table 4 ti Figure 5, ~C to noted = 0.365

a= 0.365 (183.5/12)= 5;6 feet

E-23
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

1.547 1.432 1.356 1.263 1.198

%

HP~ 30,000 38,600 44,500 44,500 44,500

HP, 0.276 0.282 0.276 0.223 0.190

El 85.4 87.4 87.3 85.1 80.0

c 0.375 0.365 0.385

E= 88.7 90.7 90.6 88.4 83.3

Q2 4,975 5,370 5,560 4,935 4,715

T.W. Elev. 543.0 543.2 543.3 543.0 542.9

Safety 8.5 8.9 9.2 9.7 10.1

H~ 1.5 -2.0 -6.8

Distr.Elev. 550.1 546.8 542.1

1. AS generally-d, the ratd co~tions dictatethe turbine

setting. The HPl valuesshown in tive tilatim at the higherheads
are well -low the range of si~ valuessh This is due to the
fact that HPl varieswith the inverseof H~~ .~~~v~e~dilnter
levelsdo not vary substantially at the higherheads,the plant sigma
with the distrtitor set at Elevation542.1variesonly with the Inverse
of H @ sufficients~gence is assured.

m. The cavitationlimitsfor the higherheads can te established

for the selectedsetting@ derivinga relationshipfor h terms of
head then enteringthe criticalsi~ curveson FigureFB3ctoesthte the
corre~nding value of HPl. This procedureis as follows:

h= 98
(H2)/2

-c = Hb - ~ - (Distr.El. - T.W. El. - a) - safety

H2

E-24
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

By substitutingknown valuesand allowinga mnstant tailwaterlevel at

Elev. 543, this equation~s:

c= 35.9 - 0.7 (H2)/2

H2

A s~ of the ~ output limitsis as follows:

H2 % c ml ~2

80 1.339 0.370 0.270 45,180

82 1.323 0.361 0.268 46,530

84 1.307 0.351 0.266 47,890

86 1.292 0.342 0.264 49,230

86.5 1.288 0.340 0.264 49,660

The limitingoutputof 49,500HF can & develcpedat 86.5 fxt and the
higherheads withoutcavitation.

n. The prototype~ runaway~ is esthted as follows:

Refer to FigureFB3 to nute that ~ = 2.765

~= 1838 (2.765)(100)1/2=277~
183.5

0. Asan =ercise, the user my el~ to analme the -its of the

first selectionwith N = 128.6 fi @ = lhO.6 inches. fiis will
f-liarize the user with the fornulas2 proceduresrequiredto
developthe necessarydata for a given design.

P- The prototypedimensionsof the principalparts and water passages

of the turbinecan be calculatedfran the visionless ratios shown in
Table 4 -h C.

E-25
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

E-26
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

APP~IX E

=ION III

MSIAELE BLADE PROPELLER~INE

S~ION PAGE

E-27
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

E-28
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

1. DESIGN m~ :

a. PowerPlantcapacity: 69,000 KW with 2 units

b. Generatorrequir~ts:

(1) N-plate rating: 36,320KVA, 0.95 p.f., 34,500KW, 13.8KV

and 60 hz.

(2) Must &designed for mntinuous operationat ratd ~Aat

ratd voltage,p.f. and frequency.

c. Turbinerequir~ts:

(1) Net heads: 70 foot rated, 53 fti mininunand 88 foot ~.

(2) Requtie33,200HP guarant~ outputat 53 fmt net head.

(3) ~bine outputis limitd to 50,190HP (ratedKVA at 1.0 p.f.)

(4) The settingrequiresa concrete~-spiral case.

2. TURBINE~ION.

a. The turbineoutput requiref3

to match the generatorrating is
mlculated as follows:

HP= 34,500 = 47,680

0.746 (0.97)

b. Refer to Figure 3, ~ C to note that the rated head rendition

and the wide head range for this unit dictatesa 6 blade runner. The
r~d specific~ at the 70 fmt rated head is calculatedas
fOllows:

Ns = 1,100
= 131.5
,-
(70)l/~

c. The speed is calculatedas follows:

131.5 (70)5/4
N= = 121.9
(47,680)/2

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ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

Round to nearests@chron~s _ = 120 P

tirr~ed N~ = 129.5

d. For preliminarystudiesrequiringonly an a~rox-te speed @

runnerthroatdiameter,the following~irical fo-la for 0/\~ my be
u- to calculatethe diameter:

~ = 0.049 (129.5)0695 = 1.440

1838 (1.440) (70) /2

%= = 184.5 inches
120

e. The appropriatetiel test curves for these cofitions are shown on

Figure K3, Appendti D. The designpoint for ratd conditionsis to be
l-ted along the on-cam 32 blade angle curve. The l~tion of the
design point is determined@ iteration. ~is is aqlished by
substitutingassociatd valuesof I-IF,and ~ h the followingfo-la
for specificspeed:

Ns = 153.17 ~ (Wl)ljz

The a~roxtite value ~ = 1.440frand tive is used in the first

step of the iterativepr~ss as follows:

1.440 1.450 1.445

%

HPl 0.342 0.343 0.342

N~ 129.0 130.1 129.4

The designpoint is l~ted at ~ = 1.445 d HP = 0.342. The

mer throat dimter for this prelixrunaryselection 1s calculatd as
fOllows:

47,680 = 0.342 % 2 (70) 3/2

()T

~ = 185 inches

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 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

f. fie locationof this designpoint with referenceto the extr~s in

M cotitions shouldbe checkedas follows:

120 (185) = 12.08

@=
1838 (H2)/2 (H2)/2

(HP2) (HP2)
ml =
(185/12) (H)23/2 = (237.67)3/2

(1) At the 53 foot mininumhead a~a.nteed outputof 33,200HF is

requird:

% = 1208 = 659
G

Hpl = 33,200 = 0.362

237.67 (53)3/2

Refer to Five K3 at ~ = 1.659 to note that the full gate

(loo perCent)HF, = 0.405

percentmargin = M (100) = 111.9 percent

0.362

The design meets tie requir-t that the -d full gate

output is at least 2 percentgreaterthan the guaranteedoutput.

(2) For the 88 foot~ head, check the efficienciesfor generator

ratd load:

~ = 12.08 = 1.288
(88) /2

Rated HP, = 47,680 = 0.243

237.67 (88)3/2
FroinFigure K3, E = 88.1 percent
~is efficiencyis consh ed satisfadory.

E-31
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

(3) Fran FigureK3 it lS noted that the best ~ = 1.35,which

correspotisto a net head of 80.1 feet. At ~ efficiency,E =
89.6 percent,the correspo~ingprototype-d output is 32,3;0~. ~is
correspondsto tit 68 percentof generatorratd load.

. It is r~that alternatedesignsbe investigated

beforegmakinga finalsel~ion. In this instane the adjacent
synchronousspeeds,112.5and 128.6~. shouldbe investiqatd. The
of tils _le, however,will prti on the basi; of N = 120
~= 185 inches.

me prototypeexpectedperformanceis ~lculated as follows:

Hp2 = W, (185/12)2 = 237.67 HPl (H2)3/2

E2 = 100 - (loo - 89.6) (12/185)02= 94 percent

set-up=(2/3) (94.0-89.6) = 2.9pe.rcent

E= = El +2.9 per~t

550 HP2 *2
Q2 = = 8.828
62.3 (Ec)H2 E2 H2

H2
~ HP, El HP2 E=
53 1.659 0.072 76 6,600 78.9 1,390

0.080 78 7,340 80.9 1,505

0.086 80 7,890 82.9 1,580

0.098 82 8,990 84.9 1,760

0.115 84 10,5s0 86.9 2,015

0.151 86 13,850 88.9 2,590

0.184 87 16,870 89.9 3,120

E-32
 ETL 111O-2-317
15 Dec 88

H2 % HPl El HP~ E= Q2

0.276 87 25,310 89.9 4,680

0.298 86 27,330 88.9 5,110

0.327 84 29,990 86.9 5,735

0.352 82 32,280 84.9 6,320

0.372 80 34,110 82.9 6,840

70 1.444 0.058 76 8,070 78.9 1,285

0.063 78 8,770 80.9 1,385

0.070 80 9,740 82.9 1,480

0.078 82 10,860 84.9 1,610

0.091 84 12,670 86.9 1,835

0.110 86 15,310 88.9 2,165

0.124 87 17,260 89.9 2,415

0.145 88 20,180 90.9 2,795

0.158 88.5 21,990 91.4 3,030

0.173 89 24,080 91.9 3,300

0.233 89 32,430 91.9 4,440

0.249 88.5 34,660 91.4 4,770

0.271 88 37,720 90.0 5,220

0.302 87 42,040 89.9 5,885

0.324 86 45,100 88.9 6,385

0.355 84 49,410 86.9 7,155

E-33
BTL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

Hz % HPl El HP~ Ec Q2

88 1.288 0.060 80 11,770 82.9 1,420

0.069 82 13,540 84.9 1,595

0.082 84 16,090 86.9 1,855

0.101 86 19,820 88.9 2,230

0.115 87 22,560 89.9 2,510

0.134 88 26,290 90.9 2,895

0.144 88.5 28,250 91.4 3,095

0.158 89 31,000 91.9 3,375

0.190 89.5 37,280 92.4 4,040

0.218 89 42,770 91.9 4,660

0.232 88.5 45,520 91.4 4,985

0.245 88 48,070 90.9 5,290

0.270 87 52,970 89.9 5,900

h. The settingof the turbinedependsupon the outputrequir~ts

and the relatedhead-tailwater codtions. The settingis gm-erally
prdicated on the tailwat~ levelwith one unit operating. For this
-le it is ass- that it iS desird to operate the unit at the
generatorrating of 0.95 p.f. under the rated and higher heads. The
correspondingturbine output is 47,680 HP. Under nom-al cir~tances
the rated renditiondictatesthe setting. However, it is gti practice
to check the other head conditions to assure that unusual sigma
characteristics or head-tailwaterrelationships
do not alter this noml
circUlnstance. The output requir~ts at the lower heads are assd to
w tiectly with the head between the 47,680 HP at 70 fmt @ the
33,200 HP guarant- output at 53 foot head. The relationshipbetween
tailwaterlevel and dischargeis linear between the followingsets of
m@tions:

E-34
 ~ 1110-2-317
1S Doc 88

Tailwater Elev.- ft. m.s.l. 500.0 543.5

Dihge- cfs 5,000 11,000

i. The followingstepsare requiredto establishthe turbine

set forthtive:
settingson the &sis of the-conditions

.
?LH=$

HP~
WI =

237.67 (H2)3/2

Rcm FigureK3, pick off d= and El for -ve ~ and HPl values.

E= = El + 2.9percent

HP2
Q2 = 8.828
E= H2

Q2
T.W. Elev. = + 537.1
1714

Hb-Hv-Hs-safety
tic=
H2

FroinFigure 6, ~C: Hb = 33.3 feet,Hv = 0.8 feet (700F.)

safety= 0.2 ~ + 0.7 (H2)1/2

Distrtitor centerlineElevation= T.W. Elevation+ Hs + a

a= (d) ~

E-35
ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

Refer Table 4 and Figure5, ~ C to note tit d = 0.368

a = 0.368 (185/12) = 5.7 feet

Referto FigureS9 for valuesof criticalrunnersi~.

H2 53 62 70 80 88

% 1.659 1.534 1.444 1.351 1.288

HP2 33,200 40,870 47,680 47,680 47,680
HP, 0.362 0.352 0.342 0.280 0.243

El 81.0 83.6 84.7 87.3 88.2

c 0.880 0.780 0.725 0.475 0.375

E= 83.9 86.5 87.6 90.2 91.1

Q2 6,590 6,730 6,860 5,830 5,250

T.W. Elev. 540.9 541.0 541.1 540.5 540.2
Safety 8.2 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.7
Hs -22.3 -24.5 -27.2 -14.9 -10.2
Dist.r.
Elev. 524.3 522.3 519.6 531.3 535.7

j= *generally~ed, the rated cotitions dictate the turbine

set This is due to the factthat HPl varieswith the tive.rse of
(H)ij~ . Sincethe tailwaterlevelsdo nd vary s~tially at the
higherheads,the plant six with the distrtitor set at Elev. 519.6
variesonly with the inverseof H d sufficientstigence is assurd.

k. The invitationl~ts for the higherheadscan be establishedfor

the selectedsetting~deriv~ a relationship or ticin terms of head,
then enteringthe =itical si~ mes on Figure S9 toest-te the
corre~ valueof HPl This procedureis as follows:

E-36
 ETL 1110-2-317
15 Dec 88

%= 208
(H2)/2

Hb - ~ (Distr. El. - T.W. El. -a) - safety

u= .
H2

By substitutingknown valuesand allowinga constanttailwater

levelat Elev. 540, this equationk-s:

56 - 0.7 (H2)/2
d= .
Ha

A s~ of the Hirtu.lm
output limitsis as follows:

72 1.424 0.695 0.337 48,930

72 1.404 0.675 0.332 50,230

The limiting outputof 50,190~ can be devel~ at 74 feet and the higher
heads withoutcavitationwith distr~tor centerlineElev. 519.6.

1. The prototypedtisions of the principalparts and water

passagaesof the turbinescan k calculatd fran the dimensionless
ratios shown in Table 4, ~ C.

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1990 720.527/10999

E-37