9/27/2017 Help:IPA/Malay - Wikipedia

Help:IPA/Malay
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< Help:IPA

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Malay
(Malaysian and Indonesian) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. See Malay phonology for a more thorough
look at the sounds of Malay.

English approximations are in some cases very loose, and only intended to give a general idea of the
pronunciation.

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Vowels[6]
Consonants
nearest English
IPA Examples nearest English equivalent IPA Examples
equivalent
b bola[1] beau a ajar, buka[7][8] father
d dari[1] do serong, kare, pilih, yakin,
e clay[10]
kirim[9]
izin, zakar[2] the, father
pek, teh, bebek[11] festival
d jari job

f fikir, visa[3] festival

i bila, ini see

kirim[11] bin
galah[4] gain
o roda, toko, tujuh, rumput[9] sole[12]
h habis, tokoh hat
pohon[11] sort
j yakin, kaya yes

k kalah[1][4] sky
u upah, baru moon

rumput[11] foot
l lama clean
gelak, buka[7] taken, about
m makan moon

n nakal note

ngarai feeling
Diphthongs
nyaman canyon
IPA Examples nearest English equivalent
Selasa, salji, misal[2] think, three
au, a kalau[9] how
p pola[1] spy
ai, a capai[9] bye
r raja, dari, pasar trilled 'r'[5]
ei, e[13] murbei survey (uncommon)
s saya six
oi, o sepoi boy (uncommon)
syak[3] shoe
ui, u[13] fengsui British ruin (uncommon)
t tari[1] sty

t cari check

v visa[3] vision Other symbols

w waktu, Jawa we IPA Explanation
x khas[3] Scottish Loch Primary stress

Placed before the stressed syllable[14]
z zaman[3] zero

bapak, rakyat [1][4]

Notes
1. /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position,
they are unreleased [p, t , ], with final k being a glottal stop. /b, d/ are also unreleased, and therefore
devoiced, [p, t]. There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit
ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
2. The dental fricatives [, ] are found solely in Arabic loanwords, but the writing is not distinguished
from the Arabic loanwords containing the [s, z] sounds and these sounds must be learned separately by
the speakers.

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3. The fricatives [f, z, , x] are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic v in
loanwords as [v]; otherwise it is [f]. The fricative [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced
consonants.
4. The glottal stop [] is an allophone of /k/ and // in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between
identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs) and
rakyat (alternative word of 'people' or 'society'). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic
derived words such as Al Qur'an.
5. In traditional Malay areas, the rhotic consonant /r/ is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, [] or [], and
elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap [] or trill [r]. Its
position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas "paper" may be pronounced [krtas] or [krtas].
6. The nasal consonants /m, n, , / nasalize following vowels, and may nasalize a subsequent vowel if the
intervening consonant is /h, j, w, /.
7. In Malaysian, word-final /a/ is often reduced to [].
8. [] is an occasional allophone of /a/ after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic
loanwords, example: qari [qri].
9. [e, o] are allophones of /i, u/ in native words in closed final syllables, but have become established as
distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loan words. The diphthongs /ai, au/, which only occur in open
syllables, are often merged into [e, o], respectively, especially in Java.
10. The Malay/Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents
are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is
usually articulated at a point between the two.
11. /e, i, o, u/ in Indonesian language have lax allophones [, , , ] in closed final syllables, except that
tense [i, u] occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax [, ] also occur in open syllables if the
following syllable contains the same lax vowel.
12. The Malay /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel
of sole (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually
articulated at a point between the two.
13. Only occurs in Indonesian.
14. Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa [], stress shifts to the
antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress
placement.

International Phonetic Alphabet keys

Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic (Egyptian Hejazi Tunisian) Aramaic Armenian Assamese Asturian
Australian languages Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Breton Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese
Catalan Corsican Czech Danish Dari Dothraki Dutch English (Dialects Old English) Esperanto Estonian
Extremaduran Fijian Finnish Franco-Provenal French Frisian (Saterland West) Galician Gagauz Georgian
German (Standard Alemannic) Greek Guarani Gujarati Haitian Creole Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi-Urdu
Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Inuktitut Irish Italian Japanese Judaeo-Spanish Kannada Kashmiri Kazakh
Khmer Klingon Korean Kouri-Vini Kurdish Lao Latin Latvian Laz Lithuanian Luxembourgish Macedonian
Malagasy Malaysian Malayalam Maltese Manchu Mandarin Manx Mori Marshallese Mayan Mingrelian
Mongolian Mirandese Nahuatl Navajo Neapolitan Northern Thai Norwegian Occitan Odia Oromo Ossetic
Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Quechua Ripuarian (Colognian) Romanian Romansh Russian Sanskrit
(Classical) Sardinian Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Shan Slovak Slovene Spanish Svan Swahili Swazi
Swedish Tagalog Tai L Taiwanese Hokkien Tajik Tamil Thai Tibetan Tigrinya Turkish Turkmen Ukrainian
Venetian Vietnamese Walloon Wandamen Welsh Xhosa Yiddish Zulu
with other English IPA conventions with Wikipedia pronunciation respelling key
Comparisons
with other English pronunciation respelling keys
Introductory guides Symbols For English speakers Manual of Style: Pronunciation

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