COM111 Prractical Manual - 2016

TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
COM 111FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (1+1)
PRACTICAL MANUAL
Prepared By:
AROCKIA STEPHEN RAJ. J, Assistant Professor (Computer Science)

CHELLAMUTHU. R, Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
JONA INNISAI RANI. P, Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
KALPANA. M, Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
PREMA, P, Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
RAJA. N, Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
SRIDEVY. S, Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
SUMATHI C. S., Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
VANITHA. G, Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
PRACTICAL RECORD
Certified that this is a bonafide record work done by

________________________________ ID.NO. ___________________ of class
_____________________ in the course COM 111 Fundamentals of Information Technology
(1+1) during the _____________Semester of ______________ .
EXTERNAL EXAMINER COURSE TEACHER
INDEX
Name of the student:
I. D. No.
Date of
S.No Date Name of the exercise Grade Signature
submission
1. Working with basic Computer Hardware
Number System conversion : Decimal,
2. Binary, Octal, Hexa Decimal, Binary
addition and subtraction
Conversion between bits, bytes, kilobits,
3. kilobytes, megabits, megabytes, gigabits,
gigabytes
4. Working with MS DOS commands
Working with Windows Operating
5.
system
6. Working with Linux Operating System
7. Working with Word Processing Software
8. Working with Presentation Software
9. Working with Spreadsheet Software
10. Working with Image Editing Software

Working with basic networking
11.
commands
Working with Web Browsers and Search
12.
Engines
13. Working with Emails
Working with Programming basics :
14. Algorithm, Flowchart, Pseudo Code and
Coding
15. Working with DBMS softwares
16. Working with SQL commands
Ex. No. 1 Working with Basic Computer Hardware

Date:
Aim:
To learn and practice the basic hardware components of computer.
What is a Computer?
Computer is an electronic device for processing and storing information. It takes raw data as
input from the user and processes it under the control of set of instructions (called program),
generates the result (output), and saves it.
Parts of the computer

HARDWARE (All Physical parts)
SOFTWARE (All information or data)
Hardware
A computer is designed using four basic units:
o Input Unit
o Central Processing Unit
o Memory Unit
o Output Unit
Input Devices - Key board, Mouse, Joystick, Scanner

CPU - (Brain) Named on model: 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, P-II..
Output Devices - VDU/Screen, Printer
Memory unit stores the data, instructions, intermediate results and output temporarily
during the processing of data.
Ancillary Storage devices: Floppy, Hard Disk, CD ROM, Tapes etc.
Scanner, Modem, Digital Camera, Video adopter, Computer Projector, Slide maker, etc
etc...
Input/output Devices:
1 The user interacts with the computer via I/O unit. The Input unit accepts data from the
user and the Output unit provides the processed data i.e. the information to the user.
2 Printer prints text or illustrations on paper. Inkjet, laser, dot-matrix are types of printers.
Input Devices
3 Input device is a hardware device that sends information to the computer.
Examples of input devices
Keyboard, Mouse, Joy Stick, Light pen, Track Ball, Scanner, Graphic Tablet, Microphone,
Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR), Optical Character Reader(OCR), Bar Code Reader, Optical
Mark Reader(OMR)
Keyboard:
One of the main input devices used on a computer to enter data and instructions, looks very
similar to the keyboards of electric typewriters, with some additional keys. QWERTY, AZERTY,
Dvorak are the different types of keyboards. The keys on the keyboard can be divided into
several groups based on function:
Typing (alphanumeric) keys or Character Keys:
o include alphanumeric keys, punctuation, spacebar and symbol keys.
System and GUI Keys:
o used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain actions. These
keys include Print screen, Pause/Break, Windows key and Right context menu
key
Function keys:
o used to perform specific tasks. They are labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to
F12. The functionality of these keys differs from program to program.
Navigation keys
o are used for moving around the screen.
o include the up arrow, down arrow, left arrow, right arrow, page up, page down,
home, and end keys.
Numeric keypad
o numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly.
o The keys are grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator
Enter and Editing Keys
o include Enter, Backspace, Insert and Delete keys.
Modifier Keys:
o used to modify the default activity of the keys in the keyboard. These keys include
Ctrl, Shift and Alt.
Lock Keys
o include Caps Lock Key, Number Lock Key, Scroll Lock Key.
Mouse:
Mouse is a pointer device. The mouse allows an individual to control a pointer in a graphical
user interface (GUI). Utilizing a mouse a user has the ability to perform various functions such
as opening a program or file and does not require the user to memorize commands.
Actions that can be performed using mouse
Left Click - Used to perform common tasks like selecting menu commands, pulling down
menus, choose a menu, command or dialog box option, start or exit a program, make a
selection etc.
Right click - Shows a drop-down menu containing additional options
Double click - execute a command, such as opening a folder or launching a program.
Triple click - Selecting text
Drag and drop - Choose different location
Scroll up or down Navigation
Zoom in/out
Digital camera
A type of camera that stores the
pictures or video it takes in
electronic format instead of to film.
Web Cam
A camera connected to a computer
that allows anyone connected to the
Internet to view still pictures or
motion video of a user.
Joystick
A computer joystick allows an
individual to easily navigate an
object in a game such as navigating
a plane in a flight simulator.
Microphone
Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a
microphone is a hardware peripheral
that allows computer users to input
audio into their computers.
Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU) controls, coordinates and supervises the operations of the
computer. It is responsible for processing of the input data. CPU consists of Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU).
ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations on the input data.
CU controls the overall operations of the computer i.e., it checks the sequence of
execution of instructions and controls and coordinates the overall functioning of units of
computer.
Additionally, CPU also has a set of registers for temporary storage of data, instructions,
addresses and intermediate results of calculation.
Memory Unit
Computer memory is used to store the data, instructions, intermediate results and output or
results. There are two categories of memory namely Main or Primary Memory and Secondary or
Auxiliary memory. Primary memory is volatile (not permanent) and faster when compared to
secondary memory. There are two categories of primary memory:
Random Access Memory (RAM) - Active, temporary. The contents of RAM are cleared
once the computer is turned off. It is also called as R/W memory.
Read Only Memory (ROM) - Permanent.
Secondary Memory/Auxiliary Memory

Also termed as auxiliary or backup storage, it is typically used as a supplement to main
storage. It is much cheaper than the main storage and stores large amount of data and instructions
permanently. Hardware devices like magnetic tapes, Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, Optical disks,
Compact Disk (CD), Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) and Blu-ray Disc (BD) fall under this
category.
Floppy Disk Hard Disk Drive

Optical Disk Magnetic Tapes
Other Solid State Devices
CPU Cabinet
The CPU cabinet contains the computer's power supply, motherboard, memory, disk
drives and other peripheral control units.
CPU Cabinet View
Front Side Inside Back Side
Output Unit:
Output unit consists of devices to get the information from computer. This unit is a link
between computer and users. Output devices translate the computer's output into the form
understandable by users. Example: Monitors, Graphic Plotter, Printer etc.,
Monitor
A monitor is a video display screen. Monitor is also called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) or Video
Display Terminal (VDT). CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light Emitting Diodes),
TFT-LCD (Thin Film Technology LCD) are the different types of displays.
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors are built LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors are
very similarly to older (tube) television sets. thin and flat. They are light, compact, take up
They are heavy, bulky, take up a lot of desk very little desk space emit no known radiation.
space, and emit radiation.
Printer
A printer is an output device responsible for
taking computer data and generating a hard
copy of that data. Inkjet printers, Laser
printers, dot matrix are the different types of
the printers.
Projector Speakers
Take the display of a computer screen and Connected to a computer's sound card that
project a large version of it onto a flat surface. outputs sounds generated by the computer.
Exercises
1. Why computer is called as electronic device? Why not electrical device?
2. Identify the hardware components of computer and their uses.
3. Draw the keyboard layout and label categories of keys. List and give the functions of
various keys.
4. List down the functions of different combinations of Ctrl, Alt, and Windows keys.
5. What is the use of the PrtScr key in the keyboard?
6. Why the input device mouse is referred as pointing device?
7. Draw and label the parts of the mouse and explore its activities
8. Draw and label the buttons on the monitor. Explain how to fine tune the display.
9. Draw and label the parts of printer and scanner.
10. Explain any four input, output devices and secondary storage devices.
11. What is the RAM capacity of your notebook?
References:
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.html
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-in/windows-vista/parts-of-a-computer
http://www.uow.edu.au/~nabg/ABC/C1.pdf
http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/120422-Types-and-components-of-computer-system
http://www.computerhelpatoz.com/hardware.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer
http://www.freetechbooks.com/fundamentals-of-c-programming-t1062.html
Ex. No. 2 Number System conversion: Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexa Decimal, Binary
addition and subtraction
Date:
Aim
To understand the principles of numbering systems
To convert numbers from one base to another
To be able to do arithmetic in binary
Introduction
The number system used in day to day life is decimal number system. Decimal number system
has a base 10 and uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. As a computer professional it is necessary to
understand the following number systems frequently used in computers.
Binary number system which has a base 2 and uses 2 digits 0, 1
Octal number system which has a base 8 and uses 8 digits from 0 to 7
Hexadecimal number system which has a base 16 and uses 16 digits/letters from 0 to 9
digits, A-F letters.
Possible conversion among bases
Conversion
I. Decimal to Binary, octal and Hexa decimal
A repeated division and remainder algorithm can convert decimal to binary, octal, or
hexadecimal.
1. Divide the decimal number by the desired target radix (2, 8, or 16).
2. Append the remainder as the next most significant digit.
3. Repeat until the decimal number has reached zero.
1. Decimal to Binary
Below are the steps for how to convert decimal to binary number -
Step 1: Divide given number starting from 2 as suitable.
Step 2: Write remainder on the right side of quotient.
Step 3: Divide until quotient will be 0.
Step 4: Now write binary number starting from lower end of that divison.
Solved Examples
Question 1: Convert 35 into binary number.
Solution:
The binary number can be calculated by using L division method
2 35
2 17 -- - 1
2 8 -- - 1
2 4 --- 0
2 2 --- 0
2 1 --- 0
Correct answer is (100011)2.
2. Decimal to Octal number:
Octal numbers are numbers with base 8. If a is a number then the octal number is denoted as a8.
It contains digits from 0 to 7.
How to Convert Decimal to Octal
Below are the steps on decimal to octal conversion -
Step 1: Take the given decimal number
Step 2: If the number is less than 8 the octal number is the same
Step 3: If the number is greater than 7 then Divide the number with 8
Step 4: Note the remainder
Step 5: Carry on the step 3 and 4 with the quotient till it is less than 8
Step 6: Write the remainders in reverse order(bottom to top)
Step 7: The resultant is the equivalent octal number to the given decimal number
Solved Examples
Convert 128 to octal form.
Solution:
Given decimal number is 128
Start the division process

8 128
8 16 --- 0
8 2 --- 0
Correct answer is The equivalent octal number for 128 is (200)8

3. Decimal to Hexadecimal
A number whose base is sixteen. And a hexadecimal number can be created by sixteen
digit. Those digits are 0 to 9 and then A to F.
It is 0 to 9 decimal number and hexadecimal number are same then after 10 represented as A
and so on . As shown in the table.
Decimal Hexadecimal Decimal Number Hexadecimal
Number Number Number
0 0 8 8
1 1 9 9
2 2 10 A
3 3 11 B
4 4 12 C
5 5 13 D
6 6 14 E
7 7 15 F
Below are the steps on decimal to Hexadecimal conversion

Step 1: 0 to 15 we can covert directly by this table.
Step 2: For other numbers. Divide the decimal number by 16.
Step 3: Remainder will always be less than 16.
Step 4: Quotient will write first
Step 5: Convert remainder by the help of table.
Step 6: After Quotient we will write the hexadecimal number of remainder.
Solved Examples
Question 1: Convert 146 to hexadecimal number?
Solution:
146 is greater than 16 , so we have to divide by 16.
After dividing by 16 , quotient is 9 and remainder is 2.
16 146
16 9 -- - 2
Correct answer is (92)16
II. Convert Binary , Octal and Hexadecimal to Decimal
1. Binary to decimal
In base 2 we use a system of place values as shown below:
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 64 = 64
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 (1 64) +( 1 8) + (1 1) = 73
Solved Example
Question: Convert 1111001 to decimal number?
Solution:
Decimal number is (1X64)+(1x32)+(1x16)+(1x8)+0+0+(1x1) =(121)10
Note that the place values begin with 1 and are multiplied by 2 as you move to the left.
2. Octal to Decimal
262144 32768 4096 512 64 8 1
86 85 84 83 82 81 80
0 0 0 1 0 2 7 (1 512)+0+(2x8)(7x1) = 535
Question: Convert 5601 to decimal number?
Octal = 5601
Decimal= 58+68+08+18 = 2945
Hexadecimal to decimal
Convert 01001 to Decimal
65536 4096 256 16 1
164 163 162 161 160
0 1 0 0 A (016+116+016+016+1016 = 4106
4D2 and this would be expressed as
Hex = 4D2
Decimal= 416+1316+216 = 1234
III. Binary to octal, hexa decimal

1. Binary to Octal
An easy way to convert from binary to octal is to group binary digits into sets of three, starting
with the least significant (rightmost) digits.
Binary: 11100101 = 11 100 101
011 100 101 Pad the most significant digits with zeros if
necessary to complete a group of three.
Then, look up each group in a table:
Binary: 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Octal: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary = 011 100 101

Octal = 3 4 5 = 345 oct
2. Binary to Hexadecimal
An equally easy way to convert from binary to hexadecimal is to group binary digits into sets of
four, starting with the least significant (rightmost) digits.
Binary: 11100101 = 1110 0101 = E5
Binary: 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
Hexadecimal: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary: 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
Hexadecimal: 8 9 A B C D E F
Binary = 1110 0101
Hexadecimal = E 5 = E5 hex
IV. Octal to Binary and Hexadecimal
When converting from octal to hexadecimal, it is often easier to first convert the octal number
into binary and then from binary into hexadecimal.
For example, to convert 345 octal into hex:
Octal = 3 4 5
Binary = 011 100 101 = 011100101 binary
Drop any leading zeros or pad with leading zeros to get groups of four binary digits (bits):
Binary 011100101 = 1110 0101
Then, look up the groups in a table to convert to hexadecimal digits.
Binary: 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
Hexadecimal: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary: 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
Hexadecimal: 8 9 A B C D E F
Binary = 1110 0101

Hexadecimal = E 5 = E5 hex
Therefore, through a two -step conversion process, octal 345 equals binary 011100101 equals
hexadecimal E5.
Hexadecimal to Binary and Octal
When converting from hexadecimal to octal, it is often easier to first convert the hexadecimal
number into binary and then from binary into octal.
For example, to convert A2DE hex into octal:
Hexadecimal = A 2 D E
Binary = 1010 0010 1101 1110 = 1010001011011110 binary
Add leading zeros or remove leading zeros to group into sets of three binary digits.
Binary: 1010001011011110 = 001 010 001 011 011 110
Binary: 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Octal: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary = 001 010 001 011 011 110

Octal = 1 2 1 3 3 6 = 121336 octal
Therefore, through a two-step conversion process, hexadecimal A2DE equals binary
1010001011011110 equals octal 121336.
Binary Addition and Subtraction
It is possible to add and subtract binary numbers in a similar way to base 10 numbers. Be careful
when carrying or borrowing.
References :
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/number_system_conversio
n.htm
Exercises
Conversion for the following Numbers
Decimal to binary , octal , Binary to decimal , octal and
Hexadecimal Hexadecimal
213 11001011
9 00110101
67 10000011
99 10001111
23 11100011
143
Octal to binary , decimal and Hexadecimal to binary , octal
Hexadecimal and decimal
73 5A
56 CC
74 97
64 40
23 07
Binary Addition
1. 101 + 11
2. 111 + 111
3. 1010 + 1010
4. 11101 + 1010
5. 11111 + 11111
Binary Subtraction
1. 110 - 10
2. 101 - 11
3. 1001 - 11
4. 1101 - 11
5. 10001 - 100
Ex. No. 3 Conversion between bits, bytes, kilobits, kilobytes, megabits, megabytes,
Date: gigabits, gigabytes
Aim:
To understand the units of memory and perform conversions.
Bits, bytes, and other units of measure for digital information
Bit is a binary digit, the smallest increment of data on a computer. A bit can hold only one
of two values: 0 or 1, corresponding to the electrical values of off or on, respectively. Because
bits are very small very rarely we work with one bit information at a time.
Units used to measure computer
Bits are assembled into a group of eight to form a byte. A byte contains enough
information to store a single ASCII character, like "h".
Bit (b) : Smallest unit of data
Byte (B) : Unit of 8 bits, 00000000 11111111
Kilobyte (KB) : 1 KB = 1024 bytes
Megabyte (MB) : 1 MB = 1024 KB = 1,048,576 bytes
Gigabyte (GB) : 1 GB = 1024 MB = 1,073,741,824 bytes
Terabyte (TB) : 1 TB = 1024 GB
Petabyte (PB) : 1PB = 1,024 TB
Exabyte (EB) : 1EB = 1,024 PB
Zettabyte (ZB) : 1ZB = 1,024 EB
Yottabyte (YB) : 1YB = 1,024 ZB
Bit
The smallest unit of data in a computer is called Bit (Binary Digit). A bit has a single
binary value, either 0 or 1. In most computer systems, there are eight bits in a byte. The value of
a bit is usually stored as either above or below a designated level of electrical charge in a single
capacitor within a memory device.
Nibble
Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble.
Byte
In most computer systems, a byte is a unit of data that is eight binary digits long. A byte
is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number or typographic
symbol (for example, g, 5, or ?). A byte can also hold a string of bits that need to be used
in some larger unit of application purposes (for example, the stream of bits that constitute a
visual image for a program that displays images or the string of bits that constitutes the machine
code of a computer program).
In some computer systems, four bytes constitute a word, a unit that a computer processor
can be designed to handle efficiently as it reads and processes each instruction. Some computer
processors can handle two-byte or single-byte instructions.
A byte is abbreviated with a B. (A bit is abbreviated with a small b). Computer
storage is usually measured in byte multiples. For example, an 820 MB hard drive holds a
nominal 820 million bytes or megabytes of data. Byte multiples are based on powers of 2 and
commonly expressed as a rounded off decimal number. For example, one megabyte (one
million bytes) is actually 1,048,576 (decimal) bytes.
Octet
In some systems, the term octet is used for an eight-bit unit instead of byte. In many
systems, four eight-bit bytes or octets form a 32-bit word. In such systems, instructions lengths
are sometimes expressed as full-word (32 bits in length) or half-word (16 bits in length).
Kilobyte
A Kilobyte (kb or Kbyte) is approximately a thousand bytes (actually, 2 to the 10th
power, or decimal 1,024 bytes).
Megabyte
As a measure of computer processor storage and real and virtual memory, a megabyte
(abbreviated MB) is 2 to the 20th power byte, or 1,048,576 bytes in decimal notation.
Gigabyte
A Gigabyte (pronounced Gig-a-bite with hard Gs) is a measure of computer data storage
capacity and is roughly a billion bytes. A gigabyte is two to the 30th power, or 1,073,741,824
in decimal notation.
Terabyte
A Terabyte is a measure of computer storage capacity and is 2 to the 40th power of 1024
gigabytes.
Petabyte
A Petabyte (PB) is a measure of memory or storage capacity and is 2 to the 50th power
bytes or, in decimal, approximately a thousand terabytes (1024 terabytes).
Exabyte
An Exabyte (EB) is a large unit of computer data storage, two to the sixtieth power bytes.
The prefix exa means one billion billion or on quintillion, which is a decimal term. Two to the
sixtieth power is actually 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes in decimal, or somewhat over a
quintillion (or ten to the eighteenth power) bytes. It is common to say that an Exabyte is
approximately one quintillion bytes. In decimal terms, an Exabyte is a billion gigabytes.
Zettabyte
A Zettabyte (ZB) is equal to one sextillion bytes. It is commonly abbreviated ZB. At this
time, no computer has one Zettabyte of storage. It has 1024 Exabytes.
Yottabyte
A Yottabyte is equal to one septillion bytes. It is commonly abbreviated YB. At this time,
no computer has one Zettabyte of storage. It has 1024 Zettabytes.
Many hard drive manufacturers use a decimal number system to define amounts of storage
space. As a result, 1 MB is defined as one million bytes, 1 GB is defined as one billion bytes, and
so on.
In the below chart is a general rule of how many MP3 and songs can be fit on a flash
drive depending on the average size and assuming the operating system considers
a GB 1,024 MB. For most users, they can assume their average MP3 size is 6MB and an average
photo size of 3MB.
Flash drive 8MB Mp3 6MB Mp3 3MB Photo 2MB Photo 10MB Raw
size Photo
512MB 64 85 170 256 51
1GB 128 170 340 512 102
2GB 256 341 682 1,024 204
3GB 384 512 1,024 1,536 307
4GB 512 682 1,364 2,048 409
5GB 640 853 1,706 2,560 512
6GB 768 1,024 2,048 3,072 614
8GB 1,024 1,365 2,730 4,096 819
16GB 2,048 2,730 5,460 8,192 1,638
32GB 4,096 5,461 10,922 16,384 3,276
64GB 8,192 10,922 21,844 32,768 6,553
128GB 16,384 21,845 43,690 65,536 13,107
256GB 32,768 43,690 87,380 131,072 26,214
MP3's sizes
If the MP3 file is created with a quality of 128 kbit/s, the file size will be about 1/11 th the
size of the original file on the music CD. A fairly common MP3 quality is 256 kbit/s. There are
many sources for MP3 files on the Internet, ranging from 128 kbit/s to 320 kbit/s.
Example: A song is 3 1/2 minutes long. At this length and 256 kbit/s quality, the MP3 file size
would be 6.56 MB. At three minutes, the file would be 5.62 MB and four minutes would be 7.5
MB. If the MP3 songs are of a higher quality (320 kbit/s), it will not be able to fit quite as many
on the flash drive since the file sizes would be larger. If the quality was lower
(192 kbit/s or 128 kbit/s), it could fit more MP3's on the flash drive. Ultimately, the number of
songs it can fit will depend on their preference of sound quality of the MP3's.
Lower bit rate will result in lower sound quality, but more songs on the flash drive, whereas a
higher bit rate will result in higher sound quality but fewer songs on the flash drive.
Picture (e.g. JPEG and GIF) sizes

A camera can take a picture in many different file sizes, depending on the quality of the
picture and the type of camera that is being used. Therefore, the quantity of pictures a flash drive
can store can vary depending on the size of each picture. Generally speaking, most cameras take
pictures that are around 3MB in size. A cell phone camera will typically take a 2-3MB picture at
its highest setting, and an SLR camera taking photos in the RAW format can be as large as
10MB.
Storage capacity of CD/DVD:

A standard CD has a storage capacity of 700 MB, and a standard single-sided DVD has a
storage capacity of 4.7 GB. The number of pictures that can be stored on a CD or DVD depends
on the file size of each picture, which increases as picture resolution does. Due to these differing
file sizes, it is difficult to state an exact number of pictures that can fit on, but the table below has
some good estimates:
Size of File Approximate Approximate

Pictures on CD Pictures on DVD
500 KB 1400 9400
1 MB 700 4700
2 MB 350 2350
3 MB 233 1566
5 MB 140 940
Exercises
1. How many MP3's or photos can I put on my flash drive?
The number of songs or photos it can fit on a flash drive depends on following factors:
Size of the flash drive or storage device
Length of the song or quality of the picture
Sound quality of the MP3
1. The more storage space the flash drive has, the more MP3's and photo's that it can fit on
the drive. For example 5GB can hold much more than 1GB.
250 MB is about how many GB?
2. 4000 MB is about how many GB?
3. Determine how many 4MB MP3 files are in a Gigabyte?
4. How much is 1 byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, ?
5. How many pictures can I store on a CD or DVD?
Size of File Approximate Approximate Pictures on
Pictures on CD DVD
500 KB
1 MB
2 MB
3 MB
5 MB
6. Ram has 600 MB of data. Sita has 700 MB of data. Will it all fit on Ram's 2GB thumb
drive?
7. Priya has 100 small images, each of which is 500 KB. How much space do they take up
overall in MB?
8. Students are recording the audio inside the classroom for 20 hours as MP3 audio files.
About how much data will that be, expressed in GB?
9. Suppose we have an image which is 800 pixels by 600 pixels. Each pixel has its own red,
green, and blue values, each stored in 1 byte. How many bytes are required to store the
whole image in RAM?
Ex. No. 4 Working with MS DOS commands

Date:
Aim:
The student should be able to describe:
How to access MS-DOS emulators from other operating systems
How MS-DOS provided a foundation for early Microsoft Windows releases
The basics of command-driven systems
MS-DOS
MS-DOS short for Microsoft Disk Operating System is an operating system. Tim
Paterson is considered the original author of DOS and he is called "The Father of DOS.
Windows operating systems continue to offer a DOS emulator. DOS commands can be
categorized as Internal Commands and External commands
Steps to open the command prompt in the Windows operating system:
a. Go through the Start menu: click Start, All Programs, Accessories, and then click on
Command Prompt or;
b. In the run box type cmd.
Type the DOS command in the window.
Internal MS DOS Commands:

Internal commands are the part of the MS-DOS command.
1. CLS 9. DIR
2. MKDIR / MD 10. TYPE
3. CHDIR / CD 11. DATE
4. RMDIR / RD 12. TIME
5. COPY 13. VER
6. MOVE 14. VOL
7. RENAME / REN 15. PROMPT
8. DEL 16. EXIT
1. CLS
It clears the screen
Syntax: CLS
Example : E:\> CLS
2. MKDIR / MD
It creates a new directory.
Syntax : MKDIR [D:]path
or
MD [D:]path
D identifies the drive on which this directory is being created.
Path the directory being created.
Example : E:\> MKDIR TNAU
or
E:\> MD TNAU
3.CHDIR / CD
It changes or displays your current directory
Syntax: CHDIR [D:][path]
CHDIR [..]
CD [D:][path]
CD [..]
D Specifies the disk drive that contains the directory. If you omit a
drive, the current drive is assumed.
Path denotes directory
.. Specifies the parent directory
. Specifies the current directory
Example 1 : E:\> CHDIR TNAU

or
E:\> CD TNAU
Example 2 : E:\> CD only to display your current directory.
Example 3 : E:\> CD\ to change to the root directory
4. RMDIR / RD
It removes an empty directory from the directory structure.
Syntax: RMDIR [D:]path
or
RD [D:]path
Example: E:\> RD TNAU
Note:
COPY CON Editor
COPY CON editor creates a file. After entering the content of the file save and exit the
file by pressing CTRL+Z, which would create ^Z, and then press enter or press the function key
F6.
Syntax : COPY CON filename
Example E:\> COPY CON biodata
5) COPY
It copies one or more files to another location.
Syntax : COPY source_file_path destination_file_path
Example 1: E:\> COPY E:\AGR\biodata E:\SAC\
Example 2: E:\> COPY E:\AGR\ biodata E:\SAC\ biodata
6) MOVE
It moves the file and renames files and directories.
Syntax : MOVE source_file_path destination_file_path
Example : E:\> MOVE E:\AGR\ biodata E:\SAC\ biodata
7. RENAME / REN
Renames a file or files.
Syntax: RENAME [D:][path]filename1filename2.
or
REN [D:][path]filename1 filename2.
Example : REN E:\SAC\biodata resume
8. DEL / ERASE
It deletes one or more files.
Syntax:
DEL filename
or
ERASE filename
Example1: DEL E:\KUMAR\RESUME
Example2: DEL *.DOC (It deletes all word files from current directory)
9. DIR
Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
Syntax:
DIR [D:][path][filename] [/A [attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N]
[/O [sortorder]] [/P] [/S]
[D:][path][filename]Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list.

/A Displays files with specified attributes.
Attributes D Directories R Read-only files
H Hidden files System files
/B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary ie displays
only name of the file).
/C Display the thousand separator in file sizes.
/D Same as wide but files are list sorted by column.
/L Uses lowercase.
/N New long list format where filenames are on the far right.
/O List by files in sorted order.
Sort order N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first)
E By extension (alphabetic) D By date/time (oldest first)
- Prefix to reverse order
/P Pauses after each screenful of information.
/S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories.
/W Uses wide list format.
/4 Displays four-digit years
10. TYPE:
It displays the contents of a file on the console( Screen).
Syntax: TYPE filename
Example TYPE E:\SAC\resume
11. DATE:
It displays or sets the date (ie to display current date from system clock)
Syntax : DATE [mm-dd-yy]
mm month, can be 1 to 12
dd day , can be 1 to 31
yy year, can be 80 to 99 or 1980 to 2099
Example : DATE
12. TIME
It displays the current time from system clock or sets the system time.
Syntax: TIME [hh[:mm[:ss[:cc]]]]
hh hour mm minutes
ss seconds cc hundreds of seconds
Example: TIME
13. VER
It displays the MS-DOS version number
Syntax : VER
Example : VER
14. VOL
It displays the disk volume label and serial number, if they exist.
Syntax : VOL [D:]
Example : VOL
15. PROMPT
It changes the command prompt.
Syntax : PROMPT [text]
text Specifies a new command prompt.
Prompt can be made up of normal characters and the following special codes:
$D Current date
$G > (greater-than sign)
$L < (less-than sign)
$N Current drive
$P Current drive and path
$T Current time
16. EXIT
Quits the CMD.EXE program (command interpreter) or the current batch script.
Syntax : EXIT
Example : EXIT
External Commands
1. ATTRIB 2. TREE 3. PRINT etc
1. ATTRIB:
It displays or changes file attributes.
Syntax: ATTRIB [+R | -R] [+A | -A ] [+S | -S] [+H | -H] [drive:][path][filename]
+ Sets an attribute.
- Clears an attribute.
R Read-only file attribute.
H Hidden file attribute.
[drive:][path][filename]
Example1: E:\SAC> ATTRIB +R resume

Example2: E:\SAC> ATTRIB -R resume
Example3: E:\SAC> ATTRIB +H resume
Example2: E:\SAC> ATTRIB -H resume
2. TREE
It graphically displays the folder structure of a drive or path.
Syntax: TREE
3.PRINT
It prints a text file.
Syntax: PRINT filename
Lab work:
i) Create three directories in your E:\> drive, like as AGR, SAC and PBG.
ii) Type your bio-data ("bio") using MS EDIT or COPY CON editor and store it into
directory AGR.
iii) Rename the file bio to resume
iv) Hide the file resume and remove the hidden file resume
v) Set the file resume as a read only.
vi) Copy the file resume to the directory SAC.
vii) Move the file resume from SAC to the PBG.
viii)Delete the file resume from PBG.
ix) Delete the directory PBG.
References:
1) https://technet.microsoft.com/en-in/library/bb490890.aspx
2)http://www.computerhope.com/msdosm
Ex. No. 5
Date: Working with Windows Operating System

Aim
The students are exposed to the latest version of Microsoft (MS) Windows Operating
System.
The importance of multi-tasking features are explained and worked
The major components of MS Windows OS are exposed
1. Windows Operating System

Windows is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) Operating system that allows to visually
interact with computer. Windows can be categorized as multi-tasking operating system because it
allows opening and working in as many windows as required. Another key feature of windows
operating system is that, it can work with a network of computers thus supporting multi-user
computing.
2. Features of MS-Windows 10
Following are the main components of MS-Windows operating system:
Figure 1 Windows 10 Desktop

2.1. Desktop
The Windows desktop is the background against which all the actions take place. A Desktop
is the first screen that appears after the completion of Windows booting. The pictures on the
desktop with text labels are called icons. Icons usually represent programs and data. Double-
clicking on one of these icons will open whatever it represents.
2.2. Icons
. Icons are those graphical representations that are clicked in order to switch to particular
application software, a utility or to open a folder. The icons can be organized by the right-click
property of the mouse on the desktop.
2.3. Taskbar
Taskbar is used as a link to easily open and close programs. It also allows switching between
the open application programs and files. If more than one instance of the same program
open at the same time, then similar windows are grouped into one button and labelled with
the name of the program and referred as grouped item. By default taskbar is found at the
bottom of the desktop screen. The taskbar can be moved to any of the four sides of the
desktop and can be resized to display more window buttons. The task bar includes
2.3.1 Start Menu: The start menu provides a way to open most of the software
applications that are installed on the computer. Click start menu to display a list of
items stored in it. Some of the most commonly used start menu items are listed in
Table 1
Table 1 Start Menu Items
Items Description
Power This has several options such as shut down, restart, sleep
Search Searches for different types of files and in various locations.
Using this feature, one can search for files or even a certain word
found in the file
Settings Provides quick access to the control panel, printer options and
taskbar properties
Programs Provides access to a list of available programs and submenus or
related programs
2.3.2 Quick launch toolbar: It is a toolbar which displays the most frequently used
programs. It is customizable toolbar that displays links to internet Explorer, file
explorer etc.,
2.3.3 Notification area/System tray: It is located on the right-hand side of the taskbar
and contains icons of various programs that are running in the background. It
includes system applications such as the volume control, network access, date and
time icons, antivirus programs etc.,
2.4. Shortcut menu
The easiest way to manage the desktop is to use the desktop shortcut menu. It is opened by
right-clicking any open area of the desktop. The shortcut menu contains the commands like view,
arrange icons, refresh, paste, paste shortcut, new, screen resolution, gadgets etc.,
Figure 2 Shortcut menu on Desktop

2.5. My Computer
My Computer allows users to access disk drives, view and manage files and folders and
access other areas of the operating system such as control panel and installed printers. To
open My Computer window double-click the My computer icon. This window has many
parts as shown in figure 2, which are discussed below.
2.5.1. Title Bar: This is located at the top of the window and displays the application name.
At the extreme upper-left corner of the title bar, there is the control menu icon which
contains options to change the size and placement of the window. All the Microsoft
applications contain the minimize, maximize and close buttons.
2.5.2. Menu bar: this bar contains different submenus, which control all options, functions
and commands for all applications present in Microsoft Windows operating systems.
Each command in the menu bar represents a menu and can be activated by either
clicking them or by pressing Alt+ the first letter of the menu from the keyboard. By
default, my computer window contains three menus such as file, computer and view,
which have an associated pull-down menu.
Figure 3 My Computer/PC on Desktop
2.5.3. Toolbar: Toolbar contains shortcut buttons that are used to perform actions found
within the menu bar. The default buttons present on the toolbar each having specified
function are listed in Table 2
Table 2 Toolbar buttons
Command Description
Back Moves back to the previously viewed
folders/items
Forward Moves forward to the last viewed folders/items
Up Takes up one level. If working in C:\My
Documents, then the Up button displays the
contents of C drive
Search Initiates the search function, which allows to

locate files or folders stored on the computer or
network
2.5.4. Address Bar and Status Bar: The address bar is located between the toolbar and
window panes. The address bar displays the current disk drive and folder, such as;
C:\Documents and Settings\My Documents. The status bar is located at the bottom
of the window and displays the total number of files and sub-folders in the folder and
the space(bytes) they occupy. If a drive or file is selected, it displays the amount of
dik free space on the common tasks area as well as on the status bar.
2.6. Aero Themes: An Aero theme is the combination of one or more desktop backgrounds,
indow colour, sounds and screen saver. Any themes can be applied to change the desktop
background, window colour, sound and screen saver simultaneously.
2.7. Gadgets: Gadgets are mini programs that provide quick access to information and
frequently used tools. For example, news headlines can be added to keep ourselves
updated.
2.8. Thumbnails: Every open window has a corresponding button on the taskbar. When the
mouse pointer is placed over the button on the taskbar, a small preview of the open
window(s) associated with that button appears over the taskbar. This preview is called
thumbnail.
2.9. Aero effects: Aero effects tend to improve the visual experience and ease the task of
managing different windows. These effects include
Aero Flip 3D: This allows previewing all the open files and folders
simultaneously without clicking on the taskbar. Press the Windows logo key + Tab
key
Aero peek: This allows to temporarily view the desktop when multiple windows
are opened simultaneously. Just place the mouse pointer over the show desktop
button (a semi-transparent rectangular button) at the rightmost corner of the
taskbar.
Aero shake: This allows minimizing all the open windows except the desired one.
This saves time when we want to focus on single window and minimize all other
open windows. Click on the title bar of the window to keep open and drag the
mouse back and forth quickly to use this option.
Aero Snap: Two opened windows can be arranged side by side using this feature.
This is helpful while comparing contents of two files or copying files from one
folder to another. To arrange two windows side by side on the screen, follow the
steps given below
o Click the title bar of a window and drag it to one side of the screen
o Release the mouse when you see an outline of the window
o Perform step1 and step 2 for another window. But this time, drag to an
opposite side on the screen.
2.10. Accessories: This includes variety of accessories/programs such as calculator, command
prompt, snipping tool, sound recorder, sticky notes etc. All these programs are grouped
under the accessories folder available in All Programs on the Start menu.
Snipping tool: Snipping tool is used to capture a snapshot of any object, window
or a part of window on the desktop. Once the image is captured, it can be
annotated with handwritten comments, save it as an HTML, PNG, GIF or JPEG
file or sent it via e-mail from within the sinpping tool program window.
Working with Folder/File and commonly used shortcut keys
a) Creating Folder
Go to the desktop / Go to My computer /Go to Windows Explore (Place the
cursor on Start Button, Right click ,Choose Explore) Select a Drive (Ex D: )
Right click Choose New option Choose Folder option
(Or Click New Folder button from the menu )
Type a folder Name (Ex: Sample)
b) Renaming a Folder / File
Go to Windows Explore Select the Folder / File (Ex : D:\Sample)
Right click Choose Rename option
(Or Choose Organize Rename option from the menu )
Change the existing name (Ex: RAJ) to new Name (Ex: Demo)
c) Moving a Folder / File
Go to Windows Explore Select the Folder / File (Ex:D:\Demo)
Right click Choose Cut option / (Or Press Ctrl + X ) / (Or Choose Organize
Cut option from the menu )
Click on destination place (Ex: E drive)
Right click Choose Paste option / (Or Press Ctrl + V ) / (Or Choose
Organize Paste option from the menu)
(Now Demo is only present in E drive not in D drive)
d) Copying a Folder / File
Go to Windows Explore Select the Folder / File (Ex:E:\Demo)
Right click Choose Copy option / (Or Press Ctrl + C ) / (Or Choose
Organize Copy option from the menu)
Click on destination place (Ex: D drive)
Right click Choose Paste option / (Or Press Ctrl + V ) / (Or Choose
Organize Paste option from the menu )
(Now Demo is present in E and D drive)
e) Deleting a Folder / File
Go to Windows Explore Select the Folder / File (Ex:E:\Demo)
Right click Choose Delete option / (Or Choose Organize Delete option
from the menu )
(Now Demo is deleted from E drive)
f) Searing a Folder / File
Go to My computer /Go to Windows Explore
Windows displays the following window
Using the dialog box do step
Figure 4 Search Tool

It displays all files starts with the first character M from the Drive F.
g) Windows system key combinations

F1: Help
CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu
ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs
ALT+F4: Quit program
SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently
Windows Logo+L: Lock the computer (without using CTRL+ALT+DELETE)
h) Windows program key combinations
CTRL+C: Copy
CTRL+X: Cut
CTRL+V: Paste
CTRL+Z: Undo
CTRL+B: Bold
CTRL+U: Underline
CTRL+I: Italic
i) Mouse click/keyboard modifier combinations for shell objects
SHIFT+right click: Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands
SHIFT+double click: Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the
menu)
ALT+double click: Displays properties
SHIFT+DELETE: Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle
Bin
j) General keyboard-only commands
F1: Starts Windows Help
F10: Activates menu bar options
SHIFT+F10 Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item (this is the same as right-
clicking an object
CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the ARROW keys to select an item)
CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button (press TAB to select the taskbar, or
press SHIFT+F10 for a context menu)
CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Opens Windows Task Manager
ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box
ALT+TAB: Switch to another running program (hold down the ALT key and then
press the TAB key to view the task-switching window)
SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass
the automatic-run feature
ALT+SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu (from the System menu,
you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window)
ALT+- (ALT+hyphen): Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child
window's System menu (from the MDI child window's System menu, you can
restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the child window)
CTRL+TAB: Switch to the next child window of a Multiple Document Interface
(MDI) program
ALT+underlined letter in menu: Opens the menu
ALT+F4: Closes the current window
CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window
ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same program (for example,
when the Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find
dialog box and the main Notepad window)
Explore the following questions
1. Watchout classical style, aero effects, cascade windows and parallel windows
2. Infer the right context menus of desktop, taskbar, system tray, my computer, files and
folders
3. Install an unicode tamil font
4. Install and uninstall any one opensource software
5. Change the display settings by adjusting the resolution and change the desktop
background
6. Create an user account with password, profile picture and see what happens when you
erase the account
7. Search the picture files using searching tool
8. How deleted file can be restored?
9. What is the difference between switch user, logoff, shutdown, hibernate and restart?
10. Explore the menu grouped under accersories
11. Explore on different shortcut keys
12. Pin and unpin a browser from the taskbar
Reference
1. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Computing_Using_Windows/Operating_Systems_an
d_Controls
2. Introduction to Informatin Technology, Second Edition, ITL Education Solutions
Limited, Pearson.
Ex. No. 6 Working with Linux operating system
Date:
Aim:
To learn and explore the linux operating system.
1. Introduction to Linux Operating System
Linux is a UNIX-based open source operating system. Its original creator was a Finnish
student Linus Torvalds. It belongs to nobody, and is free to download and use. Any changes to it
are open for all to adopt, and as a result it has developed into a very powerful operating system
that is rapidly gaining popularity worldwide, particularly among those seeking an alternative to
Windows. Linux is a multitask and multiuser operating system. But before Linux became the
platform to run desktops, servers, and embedded systems across the globe, it was and still one of
the most reliable, secure, and worry-free operating systems available
1.1 Advantages and Benefits of Linux

One of the significant benefits of open source software such as Linux is that because it has no
owner, it can be debugged without resource to a license owner or software proprietor. Businesses
therefore have the flexibility to do as they wish with the OS without having to worry about
conforming to complex license agreements.
The major advantage of Linux is its cost: the core operating system is free, while many
software applications also come with a GNU (General public License). It can also be used
simultaneously by large numbers of users without slowing down or freezing and it is very fast. It
is an excellent networking platform and performs at optimum efficiency even with little available
hard disk space.
Linux also runs on a wide range of hardware types, including PCs, Macs, mainframes,
supercomputers, some cell phones and industrial robots. Some prefer to dual-boot Linux and
Windows while others prefer Linux and Mac OS. Example : System76 machines come pre-
installed with Linux in the form of Ubuntu, a Debian distribution of Linux which is one of the
most popular distribution of Linux
1.2 Advantages of Linux over Windows Operating System
The main benefits and advantages of Linux over other operating systems, particularly Microsoft
Windows are
Free to use and distribute.
Support is free through online help sites, blogs and forums.
Most reliable than other operating systems with very few crashes.
Resistant to malware such as spyware, adware and viruses.
Offers high degree of flexibility of configuration, and significant customization is
possible without modifying the source code.
It is considered that Linux will eventually overtake Microsoft Windows as the most
popular operating system, which could also open the door further for more free
software such as Open Office, The Gimp, Paint, Thunderbird, Firefox and Scribus. It is
easy to install and run alongside your existing operating system.
2. Linux distribution
2.1. Ubuntu-GNOME
.
Figure 1 Ubuntu-GNOME
Ubuntu is the most well-known Linux distribution. Ubuntu GNOME is one
version of Ubuntu, featuring the GNOME desktop environment.GNU Network Object
Model Environment (GNOME) is a part of the GNU project. It is a windows-like desktop
system that works on UNIX and UNIX-like systems and is not dependent on any one
window manager. The current version runs on linux. The main objective of GNOME is to
provide a user-friendly suite of applications and an easy-to-use desktop.
2.2. Fedora
Fedora is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, developed by the community
supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat. The default desktop in Fedora is the
GNOME desktop environment and the default interface is the GNOME Shell. Toher
desktop environments, including KDE Plasma, Xfce, LXDE, MATE and Cinnamon..
Fedora comes installed with a wide range of software such as LibreOffice and Firefor.
Figure 2 : Fedora 22 MATE desktop environment

2.3. BOSS
BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions) is a GNU/Linux distribution developed by C-
DAC, Chennai in order to benefit the usage of Free/Open Source Software in India. It has
enhanced Desktop Environment integrated with Indian language support and other softwares.
The latest Release of BOSS GNU/Linux Version 6.0 codenamed as Anoop , is coupled
with GNOME Desktop Environment 3.14 version with wide Indian language support &
packages, relevant for use in the Government domain. This release aims more at enhancing the
user interface with more glossy themes and Tab like look and feel on the desktop by coupling
latest applications from the community.
BOSS Linux 6.0 features the latest Kernel 3.16, Supports Intel 32 bit & 64 bit
architectures, a 3D desktop environment, Graphic installer, Office application software suite
Libreoffice , Internet access software (Firefox , email, chat etc.), and file sharing / converter and
multimedia applications. This release comes with improved Desktop appealing features that
include Contacts, Documents, Maps, Photos and Music. The all-in-one notification area notifies
the user about brightness , networking , system settings all under the same menu.
Currently BOSS GNU/Linux Desktop supports all the Official Indian Languages such as
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit,
Tamil, Telugu, Bodo, Urdu, Kashmiri, Maithili, Konkani, Manipuri which will enable the mainly
non-English literate users in the country to be exposed to ICT and to use the computer more
effectively.
Figure 3: BOSS 6.0

Exercise
1. Differentiate between commercial and open source operating system with example
2. Write the different distribution of Linux operating system
3. What do you mean by GNU and GNOME?
4. List the components and function of open office suite
5. Windows operating system is more vulnerable to virus attacks when compared to
linux operating system justify
References
1. https://ubuntugnome.org
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Operating_System_Solutions
Ex. No.7 Working with Word Processing Software
Date:
Aim:
To explore office suite and explore word processing software.
What is Office Automation?
Office automation refers to software tools and methods used to digitally create, collect,
store, manipulate, and communicate information needed for accomplishing tasks pertained to
office environment.
What is an Office suite?

An Office Suite is a collection of office related software programs that are all bundled
together. There are many different brands and types of office suites. Popular office suites
include Open Office, Libre Office, Microsoft Office and Google Office Suite.
Examples of Office Suite:

Office Suite for
Windows DOS Mac Linux
Ability Office Breadbox Neo Office AUIS

Breadbox Office Office Libre Office Siag
Easy Office Corel Word Apache Open Office
Framework Gobe Perfect Office Interleaf
Productive iWork Aster*x
Ichitaro Mariner Pak
IBM Lotus Microsoft Office
SmartSuite for Mac
Microsoft Office
Microsoft Works
Microsoft Works
Omega Office
WordPerfect
Office
Components of Office Suite:

Office suites contain wide range of various components. Most typically, the base
components include:
Word processor
Spreadsheet
Presentation program
Other components of office suites include:
Database software
Graphics suite (raster graphics editor, vector graphics editor, image viewer)
Desktop publishing software
Formula editor
Diagramming software
Email client
Communication software
Personal information manager
Note taking software
Groupware
Project management software
Web log analysis software
Microsoft Office An introduction:

Microsoft Office is an office suite developed by Microsoft Corporation. It was first
announced by Bill Gates on 1 August 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas. The first version of
Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint.
Versions of Microsoft Office:
Title/version Title/version
Microsoft Office 1.0 Microsoft Office 97
Microsoft Office 1.6 Microsoft Office XP
Microsoft Office for NT 4.2 Microsoft Office 2013
Microsoft Office 95 Microsoft Office 2016
Microsoft Office 97
Editions Microsoft Office 2016:

Five traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Windows:
Home & Student: This retail suite includes the core applications only.
Home & Business: This retail suite includes the core applications and Outlook.
Standard: This suite, only available through volume licensing channels, includes the core
applications, as well as Outlook and Publisher.
Professional: This retail suite includes the core applications, as well as Outlook, Publisher
and Access.
Professional Plus: This suite, only available through volume licensing channels, includes
the core applications, as well as Outlook, Publisher, Access and Skype for Business.
Components of MS Office:
Microsoft Word - Microsoft Word is a word processor
Microsoft Excel - Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program
Microsoft PowerPoint - Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program
Microsoft Access - Microsoft Access is a database management system
Microsoft Outlook -Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager.
Microsoft OneNote - Microsoft OneNote is a freeware note taking program
Microsoft Sway- Microsoft Sway is a presentation app
Microsoft Word:
Microsoft word is application software for storing, manipulating, and formatting text entered
from a keyboard and providing a printout.
Launching Microsoft Word:

In Windows Vista and Windows 8 follow any one of the below listed option to launch MS Word:
Start All Programs Microsoft Office Microsoft Word
If MS-Word already pinned in the taskbar launch the application by double clicking the
MS-word icon from the taskbar
Enter word in the search tab and press enter
From Windows 8 version onwards:

Click the start button. In the start menu type word in the search tab or choose pinned
word tile in the start menu.
Opening Screen of MS-Word:
File Tab:
The Microsoft Office button allows to create a new document, open an existing document, save
or save as, print, send (through email or fax), publish and exit word application.
Quick Access toolbar:

The Quick Access Toolbar is a customizable toolbar that contains a set of commands that are
independent of the tab that is currently displayed. Quick access toolbar can be customized by
adding or removing the tools from it.
Ribbon:
1 Ribbon provides a quick and easy access to the most frequently used icons. It contains
multiple tabs, each with several groups of commands. The tabs are:
Home
o Groups - Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing
Insert
o Groups Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header & Footer, Text and Symbols
Page Layout
o Groups Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph and Arrange
References
Mailings
Review
View
Developer
Minimize or Expand Ribbon
Click the small Minimize/Expand Ribbon icon (Arrow) on the upper-right corner, before the
? help icon.
Once the Ribbon is minimized, click any tab to bring it back but it will only show
temporarily. The ribbon will vanish again. To expand the ribbon permanently again click
the same icon.
Create a New, Blank Document:
1. Click the File tab. This takes to Backstage view.

2. Select New.
3. Select Blank document under Available Templates. It will be highlighted by default.
To Insert Text:
1. Move mouse to the location where the text to be entered in the document.
2. Click the mouse. The insertion point | ( I beam) appears.
3. Type the text. At the end of the line do not try to press enter key to go to the next line. Word
will automatically places the I beam cursor to the next line which is refered as word wrap.
To Delete Text:
1. Place the insertion point next to the text to be deleted.

2. Press the Backspace key to delete text to the left of the insertion point.
3. Press the Delete key to delete text to the right of the insertion point.
To Select Text:
1. Place the insertion point next to the text to be selected.

2. Click the mouse, and while holding it down, drag mouse over the text to select it.
3. Release the mouse button. The text has been selected.
4. Or else make use of the arrow keys and shift key to select the text.
5. A highlighted box will appear over the selected text.
6. A hover toolbar with formatting options appears.
To Copy and Paste Text (Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V)

1. Select the text to be copied.
2. Click the Copy command on the Home tab or right-click document and select Copy.
3. Place insertion point where the text to be appeared.
4. Click the Paste command on the Home tab. The text will appear.
To Cut and Paste Text (Ctrl + X and Ctrl + V)

1. Select the text to be copied.
2. Click the Cut command on the Home tab or right-click your document and select Cut.
3. Place your insertion point where you wish the text to appear.
4. Click the Paste command on the Home tab. The text will appear.
Save the document:

When a new document is created by default the document is named as Document1. To save the
document
a meaningful name to be given to the document
saving location has to be chosen
file format file extension to chosen
To perform save operation
click file tab and choose save option or
click save tool in the quick access toolbar or
use the shortcut key Ctrl+S
Save command when used for the first time save will display Save As dialog box as shown
below:
Look for the suitable file extensions:

.doc and .docx
File extension doc is used by Microsoft Word prior to 2007 versions while .docx is used
on the version Microsoft Word 2007 and onward. Document with .docx file extension
cannot be opened in the versions prior to Microsoft Word 2007.
Protecting document with password:

To protect the document with password click file tab and choose Info and then click Protect
Document from the drop down menu choose Encrypt with Password
Encrypt dialog box will be displayed as shown below. Enter the password and click ok. Now the
document is password protected. To open the document password need to be enterd. Do
remember the password.
Font group under Home Tab:
The font group is used to set the font, font size, font color, font size etc.
Click Font Dialog Box Launcher to open the font dialog box.
Paragraph:
Paragraph group in MS-Word is used to set different style paragraph such as alignment,
indentation, spacing etc. in the document. Click Paragraph Dialog Box Launcher to open the
paragraph dialog box.
Work out the different options in the paragraph group.

Find and Replace:
Find and replace used to locate specific content and replace it with new content throughout the
document.
To find the content:
1. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, choose Find. Or press Ctrl+F.
The Navigation pane is displayed.
2. In the search box, type the text to find. Any instances of the found text are highlighted in
the document and listed in the Navigation pane.
3. Browse through the results by using the up and down arrow controls.
Try out find and replace text.
Insert Table:
To quickly insert a basic table, click Insert > Table and move the cursor over the grid until
highlight the number of columns and rows you want.
Click and the table appears in the document. If make adjustments, you can add table rows and
columns, delete table rows and columns, or merge table cells into one cell.
Insert header and Footer:
Headers and footers are areas in the top, bottom, and side margins of each page in a document.
Page numbers, the time and date, a company logo, the document title or file name, or the author's
name, graphics can be added in the header or footer.
Insert a predefined header or footer
On the Insert tab, in the Header & Footer group, click Header or Footer.
Choose and Click the header or footer design.

Page Orientation:
Document (or parts of it) can be printed in landscape or portrait orientation. Portrait is commonly
used for letters, reports, and other documents. Landscape is often used documents with tables
that have lots of columns.
Change the page orientation for a document
1. On the Layout tab, click Orientation, and then click Portrait or Landscape.
2. On the File menu, click Print.

Exercise:
1. Place the mouse on the tools on the ribbon and write down the tool tips (names of the tool).
2. Brief the contents of the status bar.
3. What is meant by clipboard? Differentiate cut & paste and copy & paste?
4. Differentiate Save and save As.
5. Prepare the calendar for August 2016 by inserting appropriate pictures of seasons of agricul-
ture and convert the same in to pdf format.
6. Develop a Pongal greeting card in word. By inserting suitable clip art, shapes, pictures, word
art.
7. Develop a report on Agriculture in India for three pages including bulleted lists, page
borders, header and footer note and watermark.
8. Enter the given text in MS-Word and apply the format given below:
The word internet is used to describe a network of networks which incorporate a very large and
complicated set of equipment. To understand the internet, there are three areas of discussion
which are very helpful. These include the various services provided across the internet, the
functions that enable the internet to work, and the various organizations that are part of the
internet. The main services used on the internet include:
1 Web browsing - Supported by the HTTP protocol, this functions allows users to view web
pages using a web browser.
0 E-mail - Allows people to send and receive electronic messages.
1
2 The font face of the entire text be Arial
3 Set the top margin 2 and bottom margin 2
4 Set left margin 1 and right margin 0.5
5 Apply yellow background to the page
6 Set 1.15 line spacing
7 Bold and underline the first line
8 Apply red font color to the second line
9 Strikethrough the last paragraph
10 Apply green text highlight color to the third line
11 Add header and footer note
12 Find and replace the text internet into intranet
13 Save this document with the name Network
14 Set landscape orientation
15 Display the document in full screen view
16 Convert the document in to PDF format
17
9. Develop the Time Table of I-B. Tech.(AIT) in MS-Word as given below:
DAY 7.30-10.00 10.30-11.30 11.30- 1.30-4.00 4.30-6.00

12.30
Monday 9.00-10.00
AGR 192 TAU 102 AIT 102 (P) PED 101
AIT 102
Tuesday AGR 192
PBG 191(P) TAU 102 (P) PED 101
(P)
Wednesday 9.00-10.00 CD Show/
AIT 103 PBG 191 Guest TAU 103 (P) PED 101
Lecture
Thursday 1.30-2.30 2.30-3.30
Coordinato Academic
- AGR 192 AIT 102 PED 101
r Meet Counselor
Meet
Friday 9.00-10.00
AIT 103 TAU 102 AIT 103 PED 101
PBG 191
Saturday 8.00AM 12.00 Noon
- -
NCC101/NSS101
10. In Microsoft Word develop the calendar sheet of the month June 2016 in the following
format.
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Coimbatore 641 003
June 2016
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
May 2016 July 2016

S M T W T F S S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 31 1 2
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
18
11. Prepare the following tables:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
12. Draw the diagram given below and insert your name in the diagram in a text box.
Reference
http://en.kioskea.net/contents/71-introduction-to-office-automation
http://office.microsoft.com/en-in/suites/
http://www.wikihow.com/Convert-a-Microsoft-Word-Document-to-PDF-Format
http://www.gcflearnfree.org/word2010.
Ex. No. 8 Working with presentation software
Date:
Aim:
Developing and familiarizing the student to describe:
Working Environment on MS Powerpoint2010
Enhancing the students to use tools for illustrating the content by showing photos graphs,
charts, maps, etc., in the form of presentation or slide-show
Exploring the PowerPoint window
By clicking on PowerPoint, a new presentation is created, and a blank slide appears in
PowerPoint window. The slide has placeholders for adding a title and subtitle.
The tabbed Ribbon menu system is used to access the various PowerPoint commands. Above
the Ribbon in the upper-left corner is the Microsoft Office button. From here, it will access
important options such as New, Save, Save As, and Print.
On the left side of the window, a task pane is available with slides and outline tabs, which
appears by default. On the bottom-right of the screen, view commands are present (Normal,
Slide Sorter, and Slide Show), as well as the zoom tool.
To zoom in and out:

Locate the zoom bar in the bottom-right corner.
Click the slider and drag it to the right to zoom in and to the left to zoom out.
To change views:
Locate the View options in the bottom-right corner. The view options are Normal, Slide Sorter,
and Slide Show.
Click an option to select it.
The default is Normal view.

PowerPoint includes all of the features need to produce professional-looking presentations.
When creating a PowerPoint presentation, it is made up of a series of slides. The slides contain
the information needed to communicate with the audience. This information can include text,
pictures, charts, video, sound, and more
A theme is a predefined combination of colors, fonts, and effects that can be applied to the
presentation. PowerPoint includes built-in themes that allows easily to create professional-
looking presentations without spending a lot of time for formatting. Each theme has additional
background styles associated with it that can be applied to the slides to modify the theme.
There are many features and commands to use in PowerPoint to create visually appealing slides.
Two of these features are WordArt and shapes. WordArt allows to create stylized text with
textures, shadows, and outlines. It can be applied to text on any slide. Additionally, in
PowerPoint to insert a variety of shapes such as lines, arrows, callouts, stars, and basic shapes,
including rectangles and circles.
The goal of most PowerPoint presentations is to communicate information to a person or group
of people. The information can be communicated in various ways, such as through pictures, lists,
or paragraphs of text. Another way is to use a table to organize the information. A table is a grid
of cells arranged in rows and columns.
Inserting movies and sound
To insert a movie into the PowerPoint presentation, insert a movie from a file available
in the computer or from the Microsoft Office clip organizer. In addition, PowerPoint
gives many options to define how the movie will operate in the presentation.
Animating text and objects

In PowerPoint, it is easy to animate text and objects such as clip art, shapes, and
pictures on the slide. Animationor movementon the slide can be used
to draw theaudience's attention to specific content or to make the slide easier to read.
To apply a default animation effect:
Select the text or object on the slide to animate.
Select the Animations tab.
Click the Animate drop-down menu in the Animations group to see the animation
options for the selection. The options change based on the selected item.
Move the cursor over each option to see a live preview of the animation on the slide.
Click an option to select it.
To apply a custom animation effect:
Select the text or object on the slide to be animated.
Select the Animations tab.
Click Custom Animation in the Animations group. The Custom Animation task
pane will appear on the right.
Click Add Effect in the task pane to add an animation effect to the selected text or
object.
Select Entrance, Emphasis, Exit, or Motion Path to display a submenu of

animation effects for the category.
o Entrance: Changes how the selected item appears on the page
o Emphasis: Draws attention to the selected item while the slide is displayed
o Exit: Changes the way the selected item disappears from the slide
o Motion Path: Animates the selected item so it moves to a specific place on
the screen
Select an animation effect to apply it.
The animation will display on the selected item on the slide and will appear listed in
the Custom Animation task pane.
1. A number label appears on the slide next to the animated object. A matching
number label also appears next to the animation in the Custom
Animation task pane list.
2. Drop-down menus appear at the top of the Custom Animation task pane. It
will define the animation effect in greater detail here.
3. The star Play Animations icon appears beneath the slide on the Slides tab in
the task pane on the left. It indicates that the slide has an animation effect.
Select More Effects or More Motions Paths from the menu to see more animation
effect options.
Using transitions
Transition effectsor transitions as they are often calledare the movements seen when one
slide changes to another in Slide Show view. Transition effects are different from animation
effects. The term animation in PowerPoint refers to the movements of text and objects on the
slide, while transitions refer to the movement of the slide as it changes to another slide
Exercises
i) Create a powerpoint presentation on the topic Divisions of Agriculture with five slides and
save as with file name Agriculture.
ii) Create a powerpoint presentation with the title Horticulture and having the sub-titles on
Pomology, Olericultue and Floriculture by inserting suitable pictures on each slide.
iii) Prepare a photo album on flower varieties with their names available in Tamil Nadu using
powerpoint presentation.
iv) Create a presentation using different templates for each slides on the topic Rice varieties in
India.
v) Discuss through the presentation on the topic Impact of Agricuture in India by applying
different transition and animations effects to the text and Print handouts for distribution with
4 slides per page
vi) Insert shapes and texts by drawing the given picture in powerpoint presentation
vii) Insert the following table in MS Powerpoint
Ex.No:9 Working with Spreadsheet Software

Date:
Aim:
To develop skills
to perform various operation in spreadsheet.
Spreadsheets Software
1 Organizes numerical and textual data, and functions like a calculator. Additional formulas
can be programmed into the spreadsheet for various mathematical and financial computations.
The spreadsheet also charts and graphs that data.
What is a worksheet or spreadsheet?

1 A spreadsheet is the computer equivalent of a paper ledger sheet. It consists of a grid
made from columns and rows.
Basics of Worksheet
Spreadsheets are commonly referred to as workbook in Excel.
Workbooks are made up of worksheets or sheets.
Sheets contain
o columns
o rows and
o their intersections which are called cells
A workbook may contain one or more worksheets.
The rows are numbered.
The columns are specified with alphabets.
Cell
1 The intersection of a row and a column is called as cell. Cells are the basic building
blocks of a worksheet. Cells can contain a variety of content such as text, formatting attributes,
formulas, and functions.
2 Each cell has a name, or a cell address based on which column and row it intersects. The
cell address of a selected cell appears in the Name box.
3
To Create a New, Blank Workbook
1. Click the File tab.
2. In the Backstage view Select New.
3. Select Blank workbook under Available Templates. It will be highlighted by default.
4. Click Create. A new, blank workbook appears in the Excel window.
To Open an Existing Workbook
2. In the Backstage view Select Open.
3. The Open dialog box appears.
4. Select workbook and then click Open.
Save a workbook
2. Click Save As.
3. In the Save As dialog box, in the Save as type list, select Excel Workbook
4. In the File name box, enter a name for your workbook.
5. Click Save to finish.
File Extension
.xls and .xlsx
File extension xls is used by Microsoft Excel prior to 2007 versions while .xlsx is used on
the version Microsoft Excel 2007 and onward. Excel workbook with .xlsx file extension
cannot be opened in the versions prior to Microsoft Excel 2007.
Worksheet Manipulation
1 By default Excel 2010 provides three worksheets in a workbook. Any number of
worksheets can be added or deleted from the workbook as per the demand. The worksheets are
named as Sheet1, Sheet2 and Sheet3 by default.
To Insert a Worksheet
0 A new worksheet can be inserted in any one of the following two different ways: To
insert a new worksheet in front of an existing worksheet, select that worksheet and then, on the
Home tab, in the Cells group, click Insert, and then click Insert Sheet.To quickly insert a new
worksheet at the end of the existing worksheets, click the Insert Worksheet tab at the bottom of
the screen.
1
Hiding a Worksheet
1 Hiding worksheets can be a simple way to protect data in Excel, or just a way reduce the
clutter of many tabs.
To Hide a Worksheet
1 Select the Worksheet to hide by clicking on the tab at the bottom. By holding down the
Ctrl key while clicking you can select multiple tabs at one time.
2 On the Home tab, click on Format, which can be found in the Cells group. Under Vis-
ibility, selectHide& Unhide, then Hide Sheet.
3 Or simply right-click on the tab, and select Hide.
4 Hidden worksheet will no longer be visible; however, the data contained in the worksheet
can still be referenced on other worksheets.
Unhide a Worksheet
1 To unhide a worksheet, do the opposite. On the Home tab, click on Format in the Cells
group and then under Visibility, select Hide & Unhide, then Unhide Sheet.
2 Or right-click on any visible tab, and select Unhide.
To Copy a Worksheet
1 Open source and the destination workbooks from where the workbook has to be copied
and pasted.
Right-click on the sheet tab to be copied and select Move or Copy option.
In the Move or Copy dialog box in the To Book tab choose the workbook wherein the
worksheet has to be copied by choosing from the drop down list.
Choose the sheet before which the worksheet needs to be copied.
Click the check box of the Create a copy.
Click OK.
The worksheet is copied to the destination.
To Delete a Worksheet
1 Select the worksheet or worksheets to be deleted. On the Home tab, in the Cells group,
click the arrow next to Delete, and then click Delete Sheet.
2 Or Right click the worksheet to be deleted on the worksheet tab and choose Delete option
to delete the worksheet.
To move through a worksheet using the keyboard
Press the Right arrow key or Tab key to move to the right of the selected cell.
Press the Left arrow key or Shift key then the Tab key to move to the left of the
selected cell.
Use the Page Up and Page Down keys to navigate the worksheet.
Use Ctrl + Home to move the first cell of the worksheet.
Use Ctrl+End to move the last cell of the worksheet.
To Select a Cell
1. Click on a cell to select it. When a cell is selected the borders of the cell appear bold
and the column heading and row heading of the cell are highlighted.
2. The cell will stay selected until another cell in the worksheet is clicked.
3. Any cell in the worksheet can be selected by navigating around the worksheet by using
navigation keys (Up, down, left, right arrow keys, pageup, pagedown).
To Insert Content
1. Click on a cell to select it.
2. Enter content into the selected cell using the keyboard. The content appears in the cell and in
the formula bar. Contents can also be entered or edited from the formula bar.
To Delete Content Within Cells

1. Select the cells which contain content to be deleted.
2. Click the Clear command on the ribbon. A dialog box will appear.
3. Select Clear Contents or use Backspace key to delete the content.
To Delete Cells
1. Select the cells that to be deleted.
2. Choose the Delete command from the ribbon.
To Copy/cut and Paste Cell Content
1. Select the cells to copy/cut.
2. Click the Copy/cut command. The border of the selected cells will change appearance.
3. Select the cell or cells where to paste the content.
4. Click the Paste command. The copied content will be entered into the highlighted cells.
To Drag and Drop Cells
1. Select the cells to move.
2. Position mouse on one of the outside edges of the selected cells. The mouse changes from a white to
a black cross with 4 arrows.
3. Click and drag the cells to the new location.

4. Release the mouse and the cells will be dropped there.
Format the contents of the cell
1 Font, Alignment, and Number groups on the ribbon facilitate to format the contents of the
cell. Font commands allow changing the style, size, and color of text and to add borders and fill
colors to cells.
2 Alignment commands are used to format how text is displayed across cells both hori-
zontally and vertically. Number commands allows changing how selected cells display numbers
and dates.
Format numbers in the cell
1. select the cell to format.
2. On the Home tab, in the Number group, click the Dialog Box Launcher next to Number
(or just press CTRL+1).
3. In the Category list, click the desired format that you want to use, and then adjust set-
tings, if necessary. For example, for Currency format, a currency symbol can be selected
from different currency symbol, show more or fewer decimal places, or change the way
negative numbers are displayed.
Simple Formula
1 A formula is an equation that performs a calculation. Like a calculator, Excel can execute
formulas that add, subtract, multiply, and divide.
2 One of the most useful features of Excel is its ability to calculate using a cell address to
represent the value in a cell. This is called using a cell reference.
3 Excel uses standard operators for equations, such as a plus sign for addition (+), a minus
sign for subtraction (-), an asterisk for multiplication (*), a forward slash for division (/), and a
carat (^) for exponents.
4 The key thing to remember when writing formulas for Excel is that all formulas must be-
gin with an equal sign (=). This is because the cell contains, or is equal to, the formula and its
value.
Creating Simple Formula by using constants and calculation operators

Click the cell where the formula needs to be entered (C2 in this example)
Type = (equal sign).
Enter the formula =3+2 and see the result.
Creating Simple Formula by cell references an example:

When a formula contains a cell address, it is called a cell reference. Creating a formula with cell
references is useful because if the data in the cell is updated the changes will be reflected in the
formula automatically.
Enter the data in the cells B2 and C2
Enter = sign in D2 and then select B2 enter + and select C2 and then press enter. See the result in
D2
Fill data automatically in Excel Worksheet

Instead of entering data manually on a worksheet, you can use the Auto Fill feature to fill cells
with data that follows a pattern or that is based on data in other cells.
Drag the fill handle to fill data into adjacent cells
Example:
To fill the ID numbers of the students in excel enter first two ID numbers alone as shown below:
Select the cells that contain data (B2 and B3 in this example)
Fill Handle
Drag down the fill handle to match the requirement as shown below:
Working with Basic Functions

Excel has an entire library of functions or predefined formulas such as sum, average, product or
count. There are hundreds of functions in Excel, even for things like formatting text, referencing
cells, calculating financial rates, analyzing statistics, and more.
Basic Functions
1 A function is a predefined formula that performs calculations using specific values in a
particular order.
2 The Parts of a Function
=SUM (C4:C16)
Equal sign
Function name (SUM)
Argument (C4:C16)
Colons create a reference to a range of cells.
0 =AVG(E19:E23) would calculate the average of the cell range E19 through E23.
Commas separate individual values, cell references, and cell ranges in the parentheses. If
there is more than one argument, each argument separated by a comma.
For example, =COUNT(C6:C14,C19:C23,C28) will count all the cells in the three argu-
ments that are included in parentheses.
Chart
1 A chart is a tool in Excel to communicate data graphically.
2 Excel workbooks can contain a lot of data, and that data can often be difficult to inter-
pret. For example, where are the highest and lowest values? Are the numbers increasing or
decreasing?
3 The answers to questions like these can become much clearer when the data is repre-
sented as a chart. Excel has many different types of charts, so the user can choose one that most
effectively represents that particular data.
0 Example of graphs:Column, Line, Bar, Pie, Area, Doughnut, Radar, Surface, Bubble,
Stock etc.
Column Graph
1 It shows data change over a period of time or illustrates comparisons among items.
Categories are organized horizontally and values vertically.It is an ideal chart for showing the
variation in the value of an item over period of time.
Bar Graph
1 Bar graph illustrates comparison among individual items.Categories are vertically
organized and values horizontally.
Line Graph
1 A line graph shows trends in data at equal intervals. It is very useful to show the change
in the value over a period of time. It will show very clearly whether a value is ascending or
descending.
Pie Chart
1 Pie chart is used to plot data for a single data series. Each data point is represented by one
piece of the circular pie chart. The size of each piece is proportional to the value it represents, so
all the data points taken together will form circle.
Area Graph
1 Area chart is similar to line chart. But plots series one above the other with different
colors and shades. It emphasizes the magnitude of change over a period of time.
XY (Scatter) Graph
1 It plots each point with a mark of two groups of numbers as one series of XY coordinates.
It shows uneven intervals of data and it is commonly used for scientific data.
To Create a Chart
2 1. Select the cells to chart, including the column titles and the row labels. These cells will
be the source data for the chart.
3 2. Click the Insert tab.
4 3. In the Charts group, select the desired chart category (Pie Chart, for example).
5 4. Select the desired chart type from the drop-down menu (Clustered Column, for
example.
6
4. The chart will appear in the worksheet.
Chart Tools
1 Once you insert a chart, a set of Chart Tools, arranged into three tabs, will appear on the
Ribbon. These are only visible when the chart is selected. Use the Chart Tools to add chart
elements such as titles and data labels, and to change the design, layout, or format the chart.
2
Add title to the Axes
1. Click anywhere in the chart to add axis titles.
This displays the Chart Tools, adding the Design, Layout, and Format tabs.
2. On the Layout tab, in the Labels group, click Axis Titles.
3. Do any of the following:

To add a title to a primary horizontal (category) axis, click Primary Horizontal
Axis Title, and then click the wanted option. If the chart has a secondary
horizontal axis, click Secondary Horizontal Axis Title.
To add a title to primary vertical (value) axis, click Primary Vertical Axis
Title or Secondary Vertical Axis Title, and then click the wanted option.
To format the text in the title box, do the following:
4. Click in the title box, and then select the text that you want to format.
5. On the Mini toolbar, click the formatting options.
Remove a chart or axis title from a chart
Click anywhere in the chart.This displays the Chart Tools, adding the Design, Layout,
and Format tabs.
Do one of the following:
o To remove a chart title, on the Layout tab, in the Labels group, click Chart Title,
and then click None.
To remove an axis title, on the Layout tab, in the Labels group, click Axis Title, click
the type of axis title to be removed, and then click None.
To quickly remove a chart or axis title, click the title, and then press DELETE. Also
right-click the chart or axis title, and then click Delete.
To remove chart or axis titles immediately after add them, click Undo on the Quick
Access Toolbar, or press CTRL+Z.
Exercises:
1. What is the difference between deleting a cell or deleting the content of a cell?
2. How many rows and columns are there in a worksheet of MS Excel 2010?
3. What are the addresses of the last column, last row and the last cell in worksheet of MS-
Excel 2010?
4. Enter the following the data in the Excel sheet and to calculate the bioefficiency using the
formula (weight of mushroom / weight of substrate) * 100
Mushroom Type Weight of Mushroom Weight of Substrate Bioefficiency
Oyster 800 500
Shiitake 700 200
Jelly 600 300
Button 1000 400
Milky 800 300
5. Enter the following data of the students in MS-Excel and calculate the total under the
Total column with cell reference fill handle. Represent the data in Pie and Bar chart. Title
the chart and label the axes.
ID NAME MAT 111 SAC 101 COM111 AGR101 AGM101 TOTAL
2016007001 ARUN V 74 75 87 56 99
2016007003 BARGAVI S 79 95 59 79 59
2016007005 BHARATH B 95 89 87 90 87
2016007006 BRINDHA D 75 56 78 75 78
2016007007 DEEPAN M
69 79 77 95 77
L
2015007008 DEEPTHI A 87 90 75 89 87
6. In MS-Excel represent the following data in

(i) Bar Chart
(ii) Pie Chart
Cropping Pattern in Dindigul Area

Crops Area(in 1,000 Hectares)
Paddy 5432
Coconut 1365
Pulses 6856
Cotton 1239
Others 629
The graph should contain title of the graph, axes title, legend and scaling pattern..
References
http://office.microsoft.com/en-in/excel/
www.usd.edu/trio/tut/excel/1.html
www.openoffice.org/sc/?
Ex.No : 10 Image Editing Software
Date :
Aim
To learn the use Microsoft Paint in Windows operating system.
Introduction
Images can be brought into the computer environment in two ways; created as an artist
creates a picture or as a photographer captures an image. Computer paint applications are the
usual method for creating and manipulating images while scanners and digitizers are used as
tools to capture images.
Objectives
Paint programs allow users to do the following
Create graphics from scratch

Modify graphics from other sources
Save images in the format required for other applications
Paint has an assortment of painting tools that you can use for drawing shapes and
applying color to areas of your image in various ways.
Launch Paint
Opening Paint, like other features, varies slightly across different versions of Windows.
1. Windows 10: Click the start button, then the magnifying glass icon. Type paint, then
select Paint when it appears in the search results.
2. Windows 8: Swipe inward from the right side of the screen and select Search. Type
paint. When Paint appears in the search results, click it.
3. Windows Vista and 7: Click the Start button, then expand the All Programs group.
Open the Accessories menu and select Paint.
4. Press Windows Key R and type mspaint then click OK.
Figure 1 : Run Command Window

The Paint Window
This is a typical view of the top of the Paint window.
Figure 2 : Pain Window

Title Bar, Menu Bar and Ribbon.
The Title Bar
Figure 3 : Title Bar

Title Bar the shows a name of paint application. If Right clicked the Title bar, opens a standard
window menu, offering Restore, Move, Size, Minimise, Maximise and Close.
Figure 4 : Context Menu

Window Button in the TitleBar
At the right-hand end of the Title Bar are the three usual window buttons,
Minimise, Maximise and Close.
Minimize -- Paint Window is already maximized, taking up all of your screen
Restore - which makes the window the size in usually have it.
Close -- Close the application
How to move Quick Access Toolbar to below the Ribbon
Move the cursor over the left end of the title bar until the Customise icon lights up. Click and a
menu will appear, Click Show below the Ribbon.
Figure 5 : Quick Access Toolbar

Quick Access toolbar shows the add Newfor a new Paint page, Opento open a previously
saved and closed picture, Save and undo icon.
To undo changes in the quick access toolbar click any of these item a second time.
The Menu Bar
-- The Menu bar has three items on the left

-- Help button at the far right.
Paint Button
This opens a very comprehensive menu, similar to that shown here,
Figure 6 : Paint Button Menu
Properties dialogue
The Properties dialogue, for instance, will give information about the currently working picture.
Figure 7 : Image Properties Window

The Status Bar
Figure 8 : Status Bar

The Status Bar - sits at the very bottom of the Paint Window, where it offers information used to
help the work.
Cursor Position
- Cursor Position, used to position something precisely.

Selection Size
Shows the size of a selection.

Image Size
- Shows the size of the picture and the measurement will be in pixels.
Disk Size
- show its Size on Disk.

Zoom Slider
- Zoom Slider is convenient in a zoomed-in view and want to

zoom out.
Understand the canvas
When Paint launches, a white canvas appear on the screen.
Imagine this canvas as a piece of paper for you to draw or write on.
To adjust the size of the canvas before you start creating your masterpiece.
CANVAS
Figure 8 : Paint Window - Canvas

Opening an image file
Paint can open up many different image types, including *.bmp, .gif, .jpg/.jpeg,
.tif/.tiff, .ico, and .png.
To open a file in Paint, click File, then Open. Navigate to the folder where the
image file is stored and click Open.
Crop an image
With an image open in Paint, click the Select tool at the top of the screen.
Click once at the top left corner of the part of the image you want to preserve, then
drag the mouse down toward the right until the dotted box encloses just the part of the
image you want. Let go of the mouse button, then click Crop.
Figure 9 : Crop an Image
Resize an image
Click Image, then select Resize/Skew.
Alternatively, you can use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + W to bring up the
Resize/Skew dialog.
Type a new size (in pixels, or by percent, as you did when creating the canvas)
to increase or decrease the image size.
Figure 10 : Resize Image
Rotate an image
To flip an image upside down (or some other direction), use the Flip and
Rotate tools.
press Ctrl + R to bring up the Rotate tool on any platform.
Figure 11 : Rotate an Image

Zoom in and out
Click the magnifying glass icon to enable the Zoom tool.
To zoom in, click anywhere on image with the left mouse button.
To zoom out, click with the right mouse button.
Use the keyboard shortcuts Ctrl + PgUp to zoom in, and Ctrl + PgDn to
zoom out.
Figure 12 : Zoom an Image

undo mistakes
press Ctrl + Z for undo the action (mistakes)
Save
Click File, then Save As to choose a filename and saving location and
choose a file format.
JPG is a good option for photographs or images with lots of colors.
Drawing and Painting
Color palette
The assortment of colored squares at the top of the screen is the color palette.
Clicking a color will select that color as the foreground (main) color for any tool
used in Paint.
Set a background color to start working with shapes.
Figure 13 : Color Palette
o Windows 7 and later: The foreground is called Color 1, the background Color
2.
o To choose a foreground color, click Color 1 and select any color from the
palette.
o For a background color, click Color 2 and click any color.
o Windows Vista or below
Find the two overlapping colored boxes to the left of the palette.
The front box is the foreground color, the back box is the background.
Set the background color by right-clicking the color of choice.
Draw a straight or curved line
o To draw a straight line
click the Straight Line tool, then choose a color from the palette.
Click anywhere in your canvas. While holding down the mouse button,
drag the mouse away from that first click in any direction and release the
button when the lineend.
o For a curved line
click the Curve icon (a squiggly line).
2. Draw a line as with the straight line tool. lift your finger from the mouse button, click
somewhere on the line and drag it in any direction. The straight line drew will curve in
that direction.
Figure 14 : Straight and Curved line

Draw freeform with the Pencil tool
o The pencil is a freehand drawing tool, much like an actual pencil.
o The width of the line can be adjusted by clicking the Size menu and selecting a
different line width.
o To draw, simply press the mouse button as you move the mouse on the canvas.
Figure 14 : Pencil Tool
Paint with the Paintbrush tool
o The Paintbrush is more versatile than the Pencil , to choose different brush tips
for more unique lines.
Figure 15 : Paint Brush Tool

Using the Spray can
o This tool works similarly to the Paintbrush tool, but the look is more in line with
that of can of spray paint.
Figure 16 : Spraycan Tool
Erase your imperfections
o To erase something drawn with any tool, click the Eraser icon and draw over the
area like to disappear.
Figure 17 : Eraser Tool

Create shapes
o Select any shape from the toolbar to draw that shape and draw the shape in the
canvas.
Figure 18 : Shapes Tool

Fill an area with color
o Also known as the Paint Bucket, the Fill tool will paint an entire defined area
with a single color.
Figure 19 : Paint Bucket Tool
o Click the icon that looks like a spilling paint bucket, then choose a color from the
palette. Now, click the canvas to fill it with the color selected.
o The Fill tool will fill the space between all closed lines.
o Try creating a square or circle with the shape tool in one color, then use the Fill
tool to change the color of just that shape.
Selection tools
o There are two different tools you can use to select parts of your image:
1. Freeform Select (a dotted outline of oval-ish shape) and
2. Rectangular Select (a dotted outline of a rectangle).
o Freeform allows to draw own freehand selection line around an image.
o Rectangular selection tool used to draw a rectangle over the image.
Figure 20 : Select Tool
Copy and paste your selections
o Copy the selected area by pressing Ctrl + C .

o Paste it somewhere else (in Paint or in other compatible programs, like Microsoft
Word or Power Point) by clicking a new location and pressing Ctrl + V .
Add text
o Select the Text tool, which is signified by the letter A, then double-click
somewhere on the canvas to start typing.
o A dotted text box with square boxes on each corner will appear.
o To increase the text box size , hold the mouse over one of the square corners until
the cursor turns to an arrow, then drag the box to a larger size.
o Choose a font face and size from the top of the screen and begin typing.
o To change the color, size or face of the text after you type, highlight the text, then
choose the new color, size, etc
Figure 21 : Text Tool

Stretch or skew an image
o To distort an image with the skew feature. Click Image, then select
Resize/Skew
o To stretch/distort the image by degree, type a number (in degrees) in the boxes
marked horizontal and vertical.
Figure 22 : Stretch or skew an image
Color Picker
o The small eyedropper icon represents the Color Picker tool.
o Click this tool, then click somewhere in the drawing. The area you click will now
become the foreground color for your next tool of choice.
Figure 23 : Color Picker
Create your own colors
o To edit any of the colors by adjusting their hue, brightness and other options in the
Paint color mixer.
o Click Edit colors or Define custom colors to enter the color mixer.
Figure 24 : Edit Colors

Keyboard shortcuts
Keyboard shortcuts can greatly increase your productivity. Here are some of the more
common ones:
Ctrl key
Table 1 : Ctrl Shortcut Keys
Ctrl + G Toggles grid lines

Ctrl + P Print the picture
Ctrl + R Show or hide the ruler
Ctrl + W Open the Resize and Skew
dialog box
Ctrl + N Create a new picture
Ctrl + O Open a picture
Ctrl + S Save changes to a picture
Ctrl + Page Up Zoom in
Ctrl + Page Down Zoom out
Ctrl + B Bold selected text
Ctrl + I Make selected text italics
Ctrl + U Underline selected text
Ctrl + Num Pad + Scale up and tool or shape
Ctrl + Num Pad Scale down tool or shape
Alt Combo
Alt key -- navigate the interface and its tools.
Figure 25 : Short cut Keys
Table 2 : Alt Shortcut Keys
Alt-F Opens the File menu

Alt-H Shows key help/ Switch to Home tab
Alt-V Switch to View tab
Alt-F4 Close the window
Alt-Esc Minimizes MS Paint interface
Alt-Spacebar Equivalent to right-clicking on the title bar
Function Keys
Windows in general has specific functions associated with each function key (F1
through F12 keys).
Table 3 : Function Shortcut Keys
F1 Open Paint Help

F11 View a picture in full screen mode
F12 Save the picture as a new file
F10 Displays key tips like the Alt key
Arrow Keys
Table 4 : Arrow Shortcut Keys
Right Arrow Move the selection or active shape right by one pixel
Left Arrow Move the selection or active shape left by one pixel
Down Arrow Move the selection or active shape down by one pixel
Up Arrow Move the selection or active shape up by one pixel
Miscellaneous
Table 5 : Shortcut Keys
Esc Cancel a selection

Delete Delete a selection
Print Screen Well, we all know what that does
References
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows7/getting-started-with-paint
Exercises
1. Open a picture from sample picture folder. Save the picture in jpeg and png format.
Check the file size in both the formats. Infer which format consumes less space.
2. Open the picture saved in the jpeg format. Choose resize and skew tool from home tab
and change the pixel magnitude. Save and check the size of the picture and memory
space occupied.
3. Draw a picture and store the files in jpeg format.
Ex. No. 11 Working with basic networking commands
Date:
Aim:
Study about basic networking commands and configuration the computer networks
Network:
A network consists of several computers connected together. A group of two or more
computer systems linked together. A computer network is a collection of computers and
peripherals devices (network components) connected by the communication links that allows the
network components.
The listing of the various network related commands used in MS-DOS, Windows, Linux,
Unix, and other operating systems.
Importance of Networks
Department to share Hardware
Information to shared
Electronic Transfer Text
Communication between organizations
Security
Cost
Easier backup processor
Access the another machine
Disadvantages of Networking
Server faults stop all the applications
Network faults causes loss of data
Users work depending on network
Networking commands
Ipconfig
Ipconfig is an MS-DOS utility that can be used from MS-DOS and an MS-DOS shell to
display the network settings currently assigned and given by a network.
Ipconfig command is used to find out your current TCP/IP address with find your Default
Gateway and find your Subnet Mask.
Examples:
ipconfig
ipconfig /all
Display all your IP information for all adapters. With ipconfig /all you can also find out
your DNS Server and MAC Address. This will show your full TCP/IP configuration for all
adapters on your Windows machine. You can find out your own IP Address as well as your
default gateway.
IPCONFIG /RELEASE
The usage the RELEASE argument instructs IPCONFIG to release the IP lease that it obtained
from the DHCP server.
IPCONFIG /RENEW
This command will renew all your IP addresses that you are currently (leasing) borrowing
from the DHCP server. This command is a quick problem solver if you are having connection
issues, but does not work if you have been configured with a static IP address.
IPCONFIG /FLUSHDNS
The usage the FLUSHDNS argument instructs IPCONFIG to purge the DNS Resolver
cache. This can be useful in resolving a "Page Not Found" error sometimes experienced when
the network adapter is still assigned an IP address and DNS servers
Ping
Ping is one of the most commonly used network commands that allow you to ping
another network IP address. Pinging another address helps determine if the network card can
communicate within the local network or outside network.
Pinging an IP address or website can help you determine if your computer can communicate over
a network with another computer.
Ping website address
To determine the IP address of another computer or website, you must either know
the computer name or domain name and use the ping command to ping the computer and obtain
its IP address. Type ping <computer> With Trace route you can trace the path your packets take
across the internet from you to your computer.
nslookup
nslookup is a way to get the IP address for a domain name. You can also do a reverse
lookup from Domain Name to IP Address. It can be a way to find out if your DNS is properly
working or if the site is having problems. You can obtain an IP from a site and try to visit the IP
directly, by passing the Domain Name Servers that would usually resolve the Domain name to IP
name.
Netstat
The NETSTAT command displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP network
connections. netstat can be used to view your active network connections and TCP/IP
connections. You can determine what ports are open and being used, what programs are using
your ports and what kind of TCP connections are present.
Getmac
Getmac command to find the MAC address.
Telnet
The telnet commands allow you to communicate with a remote computer that is using the Telnet
protocol.
Hostname
Finding host/domain name and IP address
Finger
View user information
Exercise
1. Explain Networking commands
2. Print the IP address of your system
3. Establish remote desktop connections
Ex. No. 12
Working with Web Browsers and Search Engines
Date :
Aim:
Browser:
A browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve and display content on
the World Wide Web, including web pages, images, video and other files. As a client/server
model, the browser is the client run on a computer that contacts the Web server and requests
information. The Web server sends the information back to the Web browser which displays the
results on the computer or other Internet-enabled device that supports a browser.
The most popular browsers used to access information on the web include
Microsoft Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, Apple Safari and Opera. A browser can
also be used to access information hosted on web servers in private networks.
What does a browser do?
When you type a web page address such as www.tnau.ac.in into your browser, that web
page in its entirety is not actually stored on a server ready and waiting to be delivered, instead
the web page that is requested is individually created in response to your request. You are
actually calling up a list of requests to get content from various resource directories or servers on
which the content for that page is stored. The page maybe made up from content from different
sources. Images may come from one server, text content from another, scripts such as date scripts
from another. As soon as you move to another page, the page that you have just viewed
disappears. This is the dynamic nature of websites.
How to use a browser?
1. Launch the browser.
2. Browser window is displayed.

3. Press Ctrl (or Command key on a Mac) and T keys simultaneously. Or just click the
"+" beside your tab.
4. New tabs with search engine.

5. Read and scroll through the tabs by clicking it.
6. Tab tearing means you can drag a tab beyond the browser window to open a new
window. This is supported in Google Chrome and Firefox (since v3.1).
7. To close all tabs, simply close the browser.
Search Engine
Search engines are programs that search documents for specified keywords and return a
list of the documents where the keywords were found. There are many different search engines
you can use, but some of the most popular include Google, Yahoo!, and Bing.
How to perform search? To perform a search, navigate to a search engine in web browser, type
one or more keywordsalso known as search termsthen press Enter as shown below:
A list of relevant websites that match search terms is displayed. These are commonly known
as search results. If a site that looks relevant to the search, click that link to open it. If not
simply return to the results page to look for more options.
Most browsers also allow to perform a web search directly from address bar, although
some have a separate search bar next to the address bar. Simply type search terms and
press Enter to run the search as shown below:
Search Suggestions:
If you don't find what you're looking for on the first try, don't worry! Search engines are
good at finding things online, but they're not perfect. You'll often need to try different
search terms to find what you're looking for. If you're having trouble thinking of new
search terms, you can use search suggestions instead. These will usually appear as you're
typing, and they're a great way to find new keywords you might not have tried otherwise.
To use a search suggestion, you can click it with your mouse, or select it with the arrow
keys on your keyboard.
Refining your search

If you're still having trouble finding exactly what you need, you can use some special
characters to help refine your search. For example, if you want to exclude a word from a search,
then type a hyphen (-) at the beginning of a word. So if you wanted to find cookie recipes that
don't include chocolate, you could search for recipes cookies -chocolate.
You can also search for exact words or phrases to narrow down your results even more.
All you need to do is place quotation marks (" ") around the desired search terms. For example,
if you search for recipes "sugar cookies", your search results will only include recipes for sugar
cookies, instead of any cookies that happen to use sugar as an ingredient.
These techniques may come in handy in certain cases, but you probably won't need to use them
with most searches. Search engines can usually figure out what you're looking for without these
extra characters. We recommend trying a few different search suggestions before using this
method.
Content Specific Search
There may be times when you're looking for something more specific, like a news
article, picture, or video. Most search engines have links at the top of the page that allow you to
perform these unique searches.
In the example below, we've used the same search terms to look for images instead of websites.
If you see an image you like, you can click to visit the website it originally came from.
You can use the extra search tools to narrow down your results even more. These tools will
change based on the type of content you're looking for, but in this example we can filter our
images by size, color, image type, and more. So if you wanted to find cookies with pink
frosting, you could search for images that are mostly pink.
Advertisements
One final thing to note: Most search engines include advertisements with search results. For
example, you can see advertisements at the top of the search results below.
These ads are based on your search terms, and they often look similar to other search results.
While they may be useful in some cases, it's usually more helpful to focus on the actual search
results.
How do they do this?
The search engine sends a software program (spider or crawler) to all web pages it can
find on the World Wide Web.
The search engine software then scans the web page.
It sends back the results of its scan to the search engine database.
The search engine database receives the scanned information from the web page - and -
just as a librarian would - creates an index of all it has received in such a way that it is
easy to carry out a later search.
The search engine offers access to the public through a portal on the World Wide Web.
Following the input of a search into the search engine's portal, the search engine uses a
complex formula or algorithm to pull pages from its index and to list each page with a
brief description of contents. The algorithm attempts to list the pages in order of
relevancy to you search
Exercise
1. Define Browser
2. List the Types of Browser and its function
3. Define Search Engine
4. Explain Searching Techniques
5. Write the procedure to download an article
6. Procedure to save an image and save a website
7. How to delete History of recently visited website.
8. Search any of the popular agriculture related article in the website
http://cera.jccc.in.
Ex. No. 13 Working with Emails
Date:
Aim:
To provide a foundation in understanding of email with a focus on creating and
manipulating simple emails using web mail and email client softwares.
Content : Email Client
1. What is e-Mail ?
Electronic mail (e-Mail) can be defined as the process of exchanging messages
electronically, via a communications network, using the computer.
E-mails allow users to communicate with each other in less time and at nominal cost as
compared to traditional phone or mail services.
In order to use e-mail, one must have access to the Internet and an e-mail account. An e-
mail account is a service that allows the user to send and receive e-mails through the
Internet.
Generally, there are two parts of an e-mail address: the logon identity and the identity of
the e-mail server. These are separated by the symbol @ (pronounced as at the rate). For
example, a typical e-mail address would look like:
[email protected]
Login at Mail Server
2. List of tasks performed using e-Mail

2.1 Checking e-Mails
2.1.1 Inbox link
2.2 Sending e-Mails
2.2.1 Compose Mail (To, Cc, Bcc, Subject and Attach Files)
2.3 E-Mail Attachments
2.3.1 Attach Files
2.3.2 Attach More
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of e-Mail

Advantages Disadvantages
The delivery of messages is very fast, Although e-mail is delivered instantly, the
sometimes almost instantaneous, even recipient may or may not read his/her
though the message is meant for overseas mail on time. That defeats the quickness
or just to a friend next door. of electronic mailing.
The cost of e-mailing is almost free as it The user must stay online to read and
involves negligible amount of telephone write more than one mail. In addition,
and ISP charges. most webmail either display
advertisements during use or append them
to mails sent. It results in increased size
of the original mail, which brings a
significant decrease in speed of use.
Multiple copies of the same message can Since e-mail passes through a network,
be sent to a group of people at the same therefore it may be intercepted in
time and can be sent as easily to a single between.
person.
Pictures, documents, and other files can The slightest error in the address or a
also be attached to messages. failure in one of the links between sender
and receiver is enough to prevent a
delivery.
4. Features of e-Mail Client ?

Webmail allows users to read and write e-mails using a web browser.
Webmail has certain limitations such as most webmail providers offer only a limited amount
of space to save mails and the users have to stay online to manage all his/her e-mails.
To solve such problems, e-mail clients are used. Some examples of e-mail clients include
Microsoft Outlook Express, Eudora and Pegasus Mail.
Some of the most fundamental features that an e-mail client provides are:
Offline Mode of Operation
Filtering E-mails
Managing Received E-mails
Managing Multiple E-mail and Newsgroups Accounts
5. List of Exercises:
i. Send email to self: subject: test1. (Check mail for reply.) (delete)
ii. Send email to: [email protected]: subject: test2 (check for reply) (read & delete)
iii. Send email to 4 classmates: subject: getting to know you (open and add each message
to address bookcreate nickname for each student)
iv. Create an email message about your hobbies, interests, likes and dislikes, etc.
a. Use spell checker
b. Subject: Personal Profile
c. Send a copy to self and a cc to all four students
d. Reply to the copies you receive with suggestions to improve message
e. Evaluate your replies to original message and make necessary changes.
f. Send final improved message to instructor: douglas_goode @ yahoo.com
g. Put instructor name in address book with First and Last Name.
v. Create the following folders: favorites, personal, and exercises
a. Move all the your inbox mail to the exercises folder. (should be about 8 pcs)
vi. Create signature file with your name and a saying (mail options)
a. Save & Check: add signature to all outgoing mail.
b. cc to self and other students before emailing instructor.
c. subject: signature
d. body: Check out my new signature.
vii. Create a Group mailing for Batch A and B students.
a. Batch A writing to Batch B: subject: What I want in my Village / Town....
b. Batch B writing to Batch A: subject: What I want in my University
Campus....
c. cc: instructor
viii. Send an email attachment to instructor
a. Create file in MSWord on how you plan to improve your life.
b. save to AGRI directory as: improve
c. Close Word switch to My Yahoo
d. subject: How I plan to improve my life
e. (Attach files) go to AGRI directory and find improve.doc, open
f. body: See attached file.
ix. Send a message to instructor that is heavily formatted and cc to 4 classmates
a. your choice of font style, color, size, alignment, and background color
b. subject: Poem
c. body: your favorite poem
6. Text Book
Introduction to Information Technology, ITL Education Solutions Limited, Second Edition,

Pearson Publications, 2013.
7. References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_attachment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_client
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol
https://in.mail.yahoo.com/
https://mail.google.com/
http://abuse.net/
Ex. No. 14 Working with Programming basics

(Algorithm, Flowchart, Pseudo Code and Coding)
Date:
Aim:
To provide a foundation in understanding of programming basics with the emphasis on
designing algorithm and flowchart, writing pseudo code and coding using C language.
Content :
Introduction to Computer Programming, Algorithm, Flowchart, Pseudo code and
writing programs using programming languages
1. Computer Program
A computer program is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task when

executed by a computer. A computer requires programs to function, and typically executes the
program's instructions in a central processing unit. A computer program is usually written by a
computer programmer in a programming language
2. Algorithm
An algorithm is a finite sequence of explicit instructions which when provided with a set
of input values produces an output and then terminates.
It provides a logical structure to plan the solution. Once the solution is properly designed,
the only job left is to code that logic into the respective programming language.
To be an algorithm, the steps must be unambiguous and after a finite number of steps, the
solution of the problem should be achieved.
Example : Algorithm to sum all the even numbers between 1 and 20 inclusive and
displays the sum.
i. Start
ii. Initialize sum with zero and count with one
iii. If count is even number then increment sum with one
iv. Increment count with one
v. If count is greater than 20 then goto step vii.
vi. Repeat step iii
vii. Display sum
viii. Stop
3. Flowchart
A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm in which the steps are drawn in the
form of different shapes of boxes and the logical flow is indicated by interconnecting arrows.
The boxes represent operations and the arrows represent the sequence in which the
operations are implemented.
A well-drawn flow chart is also very easy to read since it basically uses just two symbols,
two decision constructs. and two iteration constructs:
o the sequence symbol,
o the decision symbol,
o the decision construct if ... then
o the decision construct if ... then ... else
o the repetition construct - repeat,
o the repetition construct - while,
3.1 Benefits of Flowcharts
Makes logic clear

Communication
Effective analysis
Useful in Coding
Proper Testing and Debugging
Appropriate Documentation
3.2 Flowchart Symbols
Major Symbols
The major symbols are the DECISION (also known as selection) and the SEQUENCE
(or process) symbols. The START and STOP symbols are called the terminals. The
SUBPROCESS symbol is a variation on the sequence symbol.
Repeat Loop
Note that the repeat loop has the process
preceding the
decision. This
means that a repeat loop will always execute the process part at
least once.
While Loop
The while loop is basically the reverse of the repeat loop, the decision comes first, followed by
the process. The while loop is usually written so that it iterates while the condition is true, the
repeat iterates until the condition becomes true.
IF.. THEN Construct

The IF ... THEN construct is shown here and is also known as the NULL ELSE,
meaning that there is no ELSE part.
IF.. THEN Construct
The IF ... THEN ... ELSE ... construct has a process at each branch of the decision symbol. The
only difference here is that each value of the decision (TRUE/FALSE) has a process associated
with it.
More Flow chart symbols ....
3.3 Limitations of Flowcharts

Complex
Costly
Difficult to modify
No update
3.4 Some rules for flow charts
Well-drawn flow charts are easy to read. What must you do to draw well-drawn flow
charts? Here are a few rules:
Every flow chart has a START symbol and a STOP symbol
The flow of sequence is generally from the top of the page to the bottom of the page.
This can vary with loops which need to flow back to an entry point.
Use arrow-heads on connectors where flow direction may not be obvious.
There is only one flow chart per page
A page should have a page number and a title
A flow chart on one page should not break and jump to another page
A flow chart should have no more than around 15 symbols (not including START and
STOP)
3.5 Example : Sums all the even numbers between 1 and 20 inclusive and then displays
the sum
4 Pseudo Code
Pseudocode (pronounced Soo-Doh-Kohd) is made

up of two words: Pseudo and Code. Pseudo means imitation and Code refers to instructions,
written in a programming language.
It is a generic way of describing an algorithm without using any specific programming
language notations. Pseudocode uses plain English statements rather than symbols, to
represent the processes in a computer program.
Pseudocode is also known as PDL (Program Design Language), as it emphasises more on
the design aspect of a computer program or structured English, because usually pseudocode
instructions are written in normal English, but in a structured way.
4.1 Pseudocode Guidelines
Statements should be written in simple English (or any preferable natural

language) and should be programming language independent.
Steps must be understandable, and when the steps (instructions) are followed,
they must produce a solution to the specified problem.
Pseudocodes should be concise.
Each instruction should be written in a separate line and each statement in
pseudocode should express just one action for the computer.
Capitalise keywords such as READ, PRINT, and so on.
Each set of instructions is written from top to bottom, with only one entry and one
exit.
It should allow for easy transition from design to coding in programming
language.
4.2 Pseudocode Example:
To sum all the even numbers between 1 and 20 inclusive and then displays the sum
sum = 0
count = 1
REPEAT
IF count is even THEN sum = sum + count
count = count + 1
UNTIL count > 20
DISPLAY sum
4.3 Benefits of Pseudocode

It is language independent, it can be used by most programmers.
It is easier to develop a program from a pseudocode rather than from a flowchart
or decision table.
The words and phrases used in pseudocode are in line with basic computer
operations. This simplifies the translation from the pseudocode to a specific
programming language.
Its simple structure and readability makes it easier to modify.
4.4 Limitations of Pseudocode
It does not provide visual representation of the programs logic.

There are no accepted standards for writing pseudocodes.
Programmers use their own style of writing pseudocode.
It is quite difficult for the beginners to write pseudocode as compared to draw
flowchart.
5 Programming Languages
Programming language consists of a set of characters, symbols, and usage rules that allow the
user to communicate with computers just as natural languages used for communication
among human beings.
Machine Language: It is the native language of computers. It uses only 0s and 1s to
represent data and instructions.
Assembly Language: It correspondences symbolic instructions and executable machine
codes and was created to use letters instead of 0s and 1s.
High-level Language: The programs written in high-level languages are known as
source programs and these programs are converted into machine-readable form by using
compilers or interpreters.
6. Exercises
i. Draw a flowchart to add two numbers entered by user

ii. Draw a flowchart to find all the roots of a quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0
iii. Draw a flowchart to find the Fibonacci series till term1000.
iv. Write a C program to find the factorial value of a number. Also write the
algorithm and draw flowchart.
v. Draw the flowchart diagram for check a number is prime number or not.
vi. Convert the temperature from farenheit to centigrade.
vii. Find the biggest integer number among the given three numbers.
viii. Print the Student Club House Color based on the selection of House Name.
(say, 1. Blue House, 2. Green House, 3. Orange House and 4. Pink House)
7. Text Book
Introduction to Information Technology, ITL Education Solutions Limited, Second
Edition, Pearson Publications, 2013.
8. References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program
http://creately.com/blog/diagrams/flowchart-guide-flowchart-tutorial/
users.evtek.fi/~jaanah
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowchart
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo_code
Ex. No. 15 Working with DBMS software
Date:
Aim:
To explore DBMS software to create and manipulate databases.
Database
A database is a collection of organized data into many connected lists. The informations
are organized using a computer program. Databases are organized by fields, records, and files.
Field is a single piece of information
Record is one complete set of fields
File is a collection of records
To access information from a database, there is a need for Database Management System
(DBMS). This is a collection of programs that enables to enter, organize, and select data in a
database.
Objective of the DBMS
It provides a convenient and effective method of defining, storing and retrieving the
information contained in the database. The data contained in the database can be used by
multiple application and users using the DBMS interface with application programs.
Four basic functions performed by all DBMS are:
Create, modify, and delete data structures, e.g. tables
Add, modify, and delete data
Retrieve data selectively
Generate reports based on data.
Table (Entity)
A table is a data grid used to store similar information.
It is made up of columns (also known as fields), which represent entity attributes or
pieces of data, and rows, which represent individual records.
All records in a table share the same fields.
Tables are the heart of any database.
Columns (Attribute)
Columns (also known as fields), which represent entity attributes or pieces of data.
Tables are organized into vertical columns
Row (Tuple)
Represent individual records
Horizontal rows
Microsoft Access
Access 2010 is a database creation and management program. A database is a collection
of data that is stored in a computer system. Databases allow their users to enter, access, and
analyze their data quickly and easy. Access stores its lists of data in tables, which allow to store
even more detailed information. Databases in Access 2010 are composed of four objects: tables,
queries, forms, and reports. Together, these objects allow to enter, store, analyze, and compile the
data as per the wish.
The Ribbon
The Ribbon contains multiple tabs, each with several groups of commands. Some tabs,
like Form Layout Tools or Table Tools, may appear only when working with certain objects like
forms or tables. These tabs are called contextual tabs, and are highlighted in a contrasting color
to distinguish them from normal tabs.
T
he Ribbon in Access 2010
Each Access database consists of multiple objects that let you interact with data. Databases can
include forms for entering data, queries for searching within it, reports for analyzing it, and of
course, tables for storing it.
Table
In Access, all data is stored in tables, which put tables at the heart of any database.
The rows and columns are referred to as Records and Fields. A field is more than just a column:
its a way of organizing information by the type of data it is. Every piece of information within a
field is of the same type. For example, every entry in a field called First Name would be a
name, and every entry in field called Street Address would be an address.
Fields and field names
A record is more than just a row-- its a unit of information. Every cell in a given row is part of
that rows record.
A
record
Notice how
each record spans several fields. Even though the information in each record is organized into
fields, it belongs with the other information in that record. Tables are good for storing closely
related information.
Table Creation
1. Select file new Blank database

2. Specify the database name, location of the file to store and click create.
3. Now the table will created.
To create a table with fields as student Idno, name, address and city
1. Select the table, right click the mouse and choose design view from the popup menu.
2. Enter the fieldname and datatype
3. Clicksave button.
To enter the data
1. Select the table and double click
2. Enter the record and save the table
Forms, Queries, and Reports

Forms, queries and reports interacts with the records stored in the database tables.
Forms
Forms are used for entering, modifying, and viewing records. It is necessary to fill out
forms on many occasions, like when visiting a doctor's office, applying for a job, or registering
for school. The reason forms are used so often is that they're an easy way to guide people into
entering data correctly. When the information is entered into a form in Access, that data goes
exactly where the database designer wants it to go-- in one or more related tables.
A form
Forms make entering data easier. Working with extensive tables can be confusing, and
when there are connected tables, it is needed to work with more than one at once to enter a set of
data. However, with forms, it's possible to enter data into multiple tables at once, all in one place.
Database designers can even set restrictions on individual form components to ensure that all of
the needed data is entered in the correct format. All in all, forms help keep data consistent and
well-organized, which is essential for an accurate and powerful database.
Queries
Queries are a way of searching for and compiling data from one or more tables.
Running a query is like asking a detailed question of the database. When a query is built in
Access, defining specific search conditions to find exactly the required data is must.
Queries are far more powerful than the simple searches you might carry out within a
table. While a search would be able to help you find the name of one customer at your business,
you could run a query to find the name and phone number of every customer who's made a
purchase within the past week. A well-designed query can give information that might not be
able to find out just by looking through the data in the tables.
A query design
Reports
Reports offer the ability to present the data in print. Reports are useful, because they
allow to present components of database in an easy-to-read format. A report appearance can be
customized to make it visually appealing. Access offers you the ability to create a report from
any table or query.
A report
Updating and Deleting a row in a Table using Microsoft Access 2010
1. On the Design tab, in the Query Type group, click Update.
This procedure shows you how to change a select query to an update query. When you do
this, Access adds the Update to row in the query design grid.
2. Locate the field that contains the data that you want to change, and then type your
expression (your change criteria) in the Update to row for that field.
You can use any valid expression in the Update to row.
Delete records
On the Design tab, in the Query Type group, click Delete
Exercise
1. Create a crop table(CROP) with following fields
Crop name, Temperature, Rainfall, Latitude, Longitude, Soil PH, Soil fertility, Soil
texture, Soil alkaline and yield per hectare.
2. Enter six records to CROP table
3. Add one more filed Light intensity to the table STUDENT
4. Insert one more record to CROP table
5. Update the 3rd crops Soil feritility and yield per hectare
6. Write the query for the following (Query)
a. Display the crop details whose yield per hectare is > 100
b. Display the crop details whose individual rainfall is greater than 2mm.
7. Design a report to print crop name, Rainfall, Latitude, Longitude, Soil PH, Soil fertility
and Soil alkaline.
8. Delete records whose rainfall is < 2mm.
9. Design a report for crop name and yield per hectare.
Ex.No. : 16 Working with SQL Commands

Date :
Aim:
The study of SQL deals with:
create the database and relation structures
perform insertion, modification, deletion of data from relations
perform queries
SQL (Structured Query Language)
It is a standard programming language used to communicate with the relational database.
It is non procedural language because it processes sets of records rather than just one data
at a time also
It allows a set of rows as input and a set of rows as output.
Today almost all RDBMS(MySql, Oracle, Infomix, Sybase, MS Access) uses SQL as the
standard database language
SQL Data types
CHAR
- Character string. It specifies a fixed length character string.
- The default length is 1 byte.
- The maximum length is 255 bytes
Syntax : CHAR(N)
N is the size of variable
Example: create table sales (seed_name char(15));
VARCHAR2
- Character string. It specifies variable length character string.
- The default length is 1 byte.
- The maximum length is 2000 bytes
Syntax : VARCHAR2(N)
N is the size of variable
Example: create table sales (seed_name varchar(15));
NUMBER
- Used to store zero, Positive and negative fixed and floating point
numbers with 38 digits precision.
Syntax 1 NUMBER (p,s)
p is the precision or the total number of digits.
s is the scale or number of digits to the right of the decimal
point.
Example: create table sales (seed_rate number(6,2));
Syntax 2 NUMBER (p)
p - is the fixed point number with precision p and scale 0digits.
Example: create table sales (quantity number(3));
Long
- It stores variable length character strings containing up to 2 GB.
- The length of the LONG values may be limited by the memory available on the
computer.
- A table cannot contain more than one LONG column.
Syntax : LONG
Example: create table student ( activities LONG);
DATE
- Used to store date and time information.
- For each DATE value the following information is stored
Century, Year, Month, Minute and Second.
Syntax : DATE
Example: create table student (dob DATE);
RAW and LONG RAW
- These types are used to store floating point data, binary data such as graphics, images and
digitized sound.
- We cant perform string manipulation on RAW data.
Syntax : RAW
LONG RAW
Example: Create table student (photo raw);
ROWID
- Each row in the database has an address.
- We can examine a rows address by querying the pseudo column ROWID.
Two major components of SQL:
1. Definition Language (DDL)
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
DDL (Data Definition Language) :
The study of DDL deals with creation, modification and deletion of table.
DDL includes
a) Create Table
b) Alter Table
c) Rename
d) Truncate
e) Drop table
a) Create Table:
The command CREATE TABLE is used to create a new table.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE < table name > ( column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
-----
-----
column N datatype);
Example: Create a following table sales

Field Name Data Type
---------------- ---------------
STATION_NAME CHAR(10)
MONTH CHAR(10)
SEED_NAME CHAR(15)
QUANTITY NUMBER(10)
CREATE TABLE sales (sno number(4),
station_name char(10),
month char(10),
seed_name char(15),
quantity number(10))
b) Alter Table:
The command ALTER TABLE is used to modify existing column name, data type, and
width as well as adding new column in the existing table.
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <table name>
ADD ( col1 datatype, col2 datatype, ---- colN datatype);
MODIFY (col1 datatype, col2 datatype, ---- colN datatype);
Example: To add a new field rate number(8,2) and also to modify the existing fields of the
table sales, such as
Field Name Data type
station_name varhar2(15)
quantity number(5)
ALTER TABLE sales

ADD ( rate number(8,2))
MODIFY ( station_name varchar2(15),
quantity numeric(5));
c) Rename:
It is used to change a table name.
Syntax:
RENAME old table name TO new table name;
Example: To change the table sales to seedsales
RENAME sales TO seedsales;
d) TRUNCATE:
It removes all the rows from a table. TRUNCATE is faster than DELETE command
because it generates no rollback information, does not fire any delete message.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE <table_name>;
Example: To remove all records from seedsales table.
TRUNCATE TABLE seedsales ;
e) Drop Table:
It removes the specified table and all its data (records) from the database.
Syntax:
DROP TABLE <table_name>;
Example: To delete the table seedsales
DROP TABLE seedsales;
DML - Data Manipulation Language

DML allows you to add, modify or delete data ( record) from the database.
DML includes
a)INSERT
b) UPDATE
c) DELETE
d) SELECT
a) INSERT
The INSERT command inserts one or more rows into a table.
i) Direct Method:
Syntax: 1
INSERT INTO <table_name> VALUES (list of values);
Example:1
INSERT INTO seedsales VALUES (001,Coimbatore,January,IR20,20,40.50)
Example:2
INSERT INTO seedsales
VALUES( 002,Madurai,January,ASD16,54,32.00);
ii) Insertion with Macros
Syntax: 2
INSERT INTO <table_name> VALUES (&MacroName1, &MacroName2..);
Example:
INSERT INTO seedsales
VALUES (&sno,&station_name,&month,&seed_name,&quantity,&rate);
Enter value for sno: 003
Enter value for station_name: Killikulam
Enter value for month: February
Enter value for seed_name: ADT43
Enter value for quantity: 25
Enter value for rate: 36.50
Note : To call and execute the previous SQL command , apply / in SQL>
Example:
SQL> /
Enter value for sno: 004
Enter value for station_name:Trichy
Enter value for month: February
Enter value for seed_name:IR20
Enter value for quantity:30
Enter value for rate: 40.50
Output:
SELECT * FROM seedsales;
sno station_name month seed_name quantity rate
----- ------------------ -------- -------------- ---------- ----
001 Coimbatore January IR20 20 40.50
002 Madurai January ASD16 54 32.00
003 Killikulam February ADT43 25 36.50
004 Trichy February IR20 30 40.50
b) UPDATE
It allows you to update one or more columns and one or more rows in a table.
Syntax:
UPDATE <table_name> SET column = value | exp | Subquery
WHERE condition;
Example 1: To increase the rate of seed uniformly with Rs. 2.
UPDATE seedsales SET rate = rate + 2;
Example 2: To increase the rate of seed uniformly with Rs. 5 only for IR20.
UPDATE seedsales SET rate = rate + 5 WHERE seed_name = IR20;
c) DELETE:
It allows you to delete data ( record) from a table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM <table_name> WHERE condition;
Example: To remove the records that belong only to Killikulam station.
DELETE FROM seedsales WHERE station_name = Killikulam;
d) SELECT
It is used to retrieve data (record) from one or more tables.
Syntax:
SELECT *|field1,field2,field n FROM <table_name> WHERE condition;
Example 1 : To list all records from seedsales table.

SELECT * FROM seedsales;
Output:
----- ------------------ -------- -------------- ---------- -----
001 Coimbatore January IR20 20 47.50
Example 2: To display only February month sales records.

SELECT * FROM seedsales WHERE month = February;
Output :
----- ------------------ -------- -------------- ---------- -----
Example: 3 To list all sales records whose sales rate is less than Rs.40
SELECT * FROM seedsales WHERE rete < 40;
Output:
----- ------------------ -------- -------------- ---------- -----
Lab work :
i) Create a table called FIELDCROPS consisting of the following fields and data types.
Cid Varchar2(3)
Crop-name Char(10)
Botanical-name Char(10)
Family Char(10)
Origin Char(10)
Variety Char(15)
Seed-rate Number(5)
Yield Number(5)
ii) To add two more fields such as

Duration Number(2)
Season Char(15)
iii) To modify the existing fields of the table FIELDCROPS, such as
Crop-name Char(15)
Botanical-name Char(15)
Family Char(15)
Origin Char(15)
iv) To change the table FIELDCROPS to CROPS
v) To insert the following records into the CROPS table
Table: CROPS
Cid Crop Botanical Family Origin Variety Seed Yield Duration Season
name rate (Months)
(Kg/h
a)
A1 Rice Oryza Poaceae South Basmathi 50 65 3 Summer
sativa East
Asia
A2 Groundn Arachis Fabaceae Brazil Jyothi 80 25 4 Rainfed
ut hypoagea
A3 Sesamum Sesamum Pedalaceae Africa Krishna 4 9 3 Summer
indicum
A4 Castor Ricinus Euphorbiaceae Tropic Aruna 20 22.5 5 Summer
communis al
Africa
A5 Wheat Triticum Poaceae South Sonalika 125 50 3 Irrigated
aestivam west
asia
A6 Black Vigna Fabaceae India Narendra 14 17.5 3 Summer
gram mungo
A7 Jute Corchorus Tillaceae Indo Balder 8 25 3 Winter
capsularias burma
vi) To add additionally 2 kg/hec of Seed Rate only to the crops belonging to Poaceae family.
vii) To reduce 2 kg of seed rate as well as to reduce 2% of its yield only for the crops
belonging to fabaceae family
viii) To remove Balder variety crops from CROPS table.
ix) To delete summer season crops belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family.
x) To find Poaceae family crops growing in summer season
3. Develop a database namely rainusage. Create a table namely usagepattern in rainuasage

database as follows:
YEAR REMARKS CROPS YIELD WASTAGES DROUGHT
1999 Moderate Bhendi Onion 567 24536 Partial
2000 High Paddy Sugarcane 1896 45623 Less
2001 Low BajraRagi 289 12658 Extreme
2002 Low Sesame Horsegram 143 10467 Extereme
2003 High Maize Redgram 2876 67543 No
2004 Moderate Groundnut Cauliflower 952 15489 Less
2005 Low Cowpea Chilli 1045 20567 Moderate
2006 High Anthurium Jasmine 2645 24678 Less
2007 Low Sorghum Lucerne 437 12784 Moderate
2008 Moderate Tomato Potato 956 4327 Moderate
Retrieve Extreme drought data from the table.
4. Develop a database namely Crop in Microsoft Access. Create a table namely Treecrops in
Crop database as shown below:
CROP_ID CROP_NAME ECONOMIC_PART FEED OILCONTENT AGE CELLULOSE
CR-10-001 Acacia Wood Leaves 255 12 32
CR-10-002 Pungam Wood Pod 234 32 43
CR-10-003 Neem Branches Seed 367 56 54
CR-10-005 Rain tree Canopy Leaves 65 78 34
CR-10-006 Casuarina Stem Pod 213 54 72
CR-10-007 Banyan tree Wood Leaves 675 34 73
CR-10-008 Coral tree Pods Stolon 439 56 90
CR-10-009 Mango Fruit Leaves 23 67 85
Delete the records whose economic part is wood.
References:
1) www.studytonight.com/dbms/
2) www.way2tutorial.com/sql/tutorial.php

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TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

COM 111FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (1+1)

AROCKIA STEPHEN RAJ. J, Assistant Professor (Computer Science)

Certified that this is a bonafide record work done by

EXTERNAL EXAMINER COURSE TEACHER

7. Working with Word Processing Software

8. Working with Presentation Software

9. Working with Spreadsheet Software

10. Working with Image Editing Software

16. Working with SQL commands

Ex. No. 1 Working with Basic Computer Hardware

Parts of the computer

Input Devices - Key board, Mouse, Joystick, Scanner

Read Only Memory (ROM) - Permanent.

Secondary Memory/Auxiliary Memory

Floppy Disk Hard Disk Drive

Other Solid State Devices

Start the division process

Correct answer is The equivalent octal number for 128 is (200)8

Below are the steps on decimal to Hexadecimal conversion

262144 32768 4096 512 64 8 1

65536 4096 256 16 1

164 163 162 161 160

III. Binary to octal, hexa decimal

Binary = 011 100 101

Binary = 1110 0101

Binary = 001 010 001 011 011 110

Picture (e.g. JPEG and GIF) sizes

Storage capacity of CD/DVD:

Size of File Approximate Approximate

Ex. No. 4 Working with MS DOS commands

Type the DOS command in the window.

Internal MS DOS Commands:

Example 1 : E:\> CHDIR TNAU

[D:][path][filename]Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list.

Example1: E:\SAC> ATTRIB +R resume

Date: Working with Windows Operating System

1. Windows Operating System

Figure 1 Windows 10 Desktop

Figure 2 Shortcut menu on Desktop

Figure 3 My Computer/PC on Desktop

Search Initiates the search function, which allows to

Working with Folder/File and commonly used shortcut keys

Figure 4 Search Tool

g) Windows system key combinations

1.1 Advantages and Benefits of Linux

Figure 2 : Fedora 22 MATE desktop environment

Figure 3: BOSS 6.0

What is Office Automation?

What is an Office suite?

Examples of Office Suite:

Windows DOS Mac Linux

Ability Office Breadbox Neo Office AUIS

Components of Office Suite:

Microsoft Office An introduction:

Editions Microsoft Office 2016:

Launching Microsoft Word:

Enter word in the search tab and press enter

From Windows 8 version onwards: