Comparative Study of Various Sentiment Classification Techniques in Twitter 1
Comparative Study of Various Sentiment Classification Techniques in Twitter 1
Comparative Study of Various Sentiment Classification Techniques in Twitter 1
AbstractDue to increasingly use of various social-sites the micro blogging such as Twitter, Tumblr, Facebook. In the past
Sentiment Analysis become a popular area for research. few years, there has been a large growth in the use of social
Various companies are using these social sites to check sites platforms such as Twitter. Companies and media
whether their customers are satisfied with the services organizations are finding various ways to mine Twitter for
provided by them or not. In this paper, different techniques information about what user think about their services and
for Sentiment Classification are described in detail. Also the products. Twitter contains a very large number of short
various existing Hybrid techniques are studied. This paper messages. Each tweet done by user is 140 characters in length
also represents the research gaps of these techniques which .Tweets are mostly used to express a tweeter's emotion or
are useful for the future work. sentiments on a particular subject. There are companies which
poll twitter for analysing or mining the sentiments or emotions
Keywords Sentiment Analysis , Sentiment Classification on a particular topic. The challenge for these firms is to gather
Levels , Twitter , Hybrid , Machine Learning Techniques. all such relevant data, detect and classify the overall sentiment
on a topic. Twitter has been selected with the following
purposes in mind.
I. INTRODUCTION
Twitter is an Open access social network.
Twitter is an Ocean of sentiments.
Sentiment is a view, feeling or opinion of a person for some Twitter provides user friendly API making it easier to
product, event or service [1, 2, 3].Sentiment Analysis or mine sentiments in real time.
Opinion Prediction is a challenging problem for classification
and prediction, extraction and summarization of sentiments and III. SENTIMENT CLASSIFICATION
emotions expressed by various peoples in online text [1,2].
Opinion Mining is replacing web based survey and traditional Sentiment Classification is used to classifying the according to
technologies conducted by companies for finding public the sentimental polarities of opinions it contains. Classification
opinion about services and product provided by them[1].It is a Classify the polarity of a given text in the document, sentence,
multidisciplinary problem, which uses techniques from feature or aspect level [8].
computational linguistics, machine learning, and natural
language processing, to perform various detection tasks at A. Various steps in Sentiment Classification are
different text-granularity levels. This field aims at solving the
problems related to sentiments and opinions provided by the The various steps in Sentiment Classification are [8]
users about products, services and politics in newsgroup
posts, review sites, etc [13]. There are different techniques for a). Pre-processing
classifying, extracting customer reviews like Data Mining,
Text Classification, Text Mining and Text Summarization, Pre-processing the data is the process of cleaning and
Opinion Mining [13]. Opinion Mining or Sentiment Analysis is preparing the text for classification. The whole process
the field to extract the sentiments or opinionated text and involves several steps: online text cleaning, white space
summarize or classify in understandable form for user [15]. removal, expanding abbreviation, stemming, stop words
Opinion Prediction is to extract the negative, positive or neutral removal, negation handling and finally feature selection.
opinion summary from unstructured textual data.
b). Feature Selection
II. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS WITH
SOCIAL WEBSITES Features in the context of opinion mining are the words, terms
or phrases that strongly express the opinion as positive or
Microblogging today has become a very popular negative. This means that they have a higher impact on the
communication tool among Internet users[15]. Millions of orientation of the text than other words in the same text.
messages are using popular web-sites that provide services for
In this step , the input to the classifier is the labelled data called C. Approaches Used in Sentiment Analysis
training data which pre-processed in above steps. The classifier
is trained on this data and finally run on the test data to There are three major approaches for twitter specific sentiment
measure the performance of the classifier. Various algorithms analysis.
used are SVM(Support Vector Machine) , NB (Naive Bayes) ,
ME (Maximum Entropy) etc and lexicon based and also hybrid a). Lexical Based Approach: [8]
approach (combination of both machine learning and lexicon
based). A lexical approach typically utilizes a dictionary or lexicon of
pre-tagged words. Each word that is present in a text is
d). Sentiments Classification as Positive/ Negative/Neutral compared against the dictionary. If a word is present in the
dictionary, then its polarity value is added to the total polarity
In these steps the sentiments are classified as negative, score of the text. For example, if a match has been found with
positive and neutral sentiments. the word excellent, which is annotated in the dictionary as
positive, and then the total polarity score of the blog is
B. Levels of Sentiment Classification increased. If the total polarity score of a text is positive, then
that text is classified as positive, otherwise it is classified as
negative.
The various levels of sentiment Classification are
b). Machine Learning Approach: [8]
Sentiment Analysis is performed at four different text
granularity levels[8]. Each one of these levels differs from the The other main avenue of research within this area has utilized
others in the level of granularity of the analysed text, as supervised machine learning techniques. Within the machine
follows: learning approach, a series of feature vectors are chosen and a
collection of tagged corpora are provided for training a
a). Document Level Sentiment Analysis: [8] classifier, which can then be applied to an untagged corpus of
text. In a machine learning approach, the selection of features
The basic information unit is a single document of opinionated is crucial to the success rate of the classification. Most
text. In document level classification, a single review about a commonly, a variety of unigrams (single words from a
single topic is considered. The task at this level is to classify document) or n-grams (two or more words from a document in
whether a whole opinion document expresses a positive or sequential order) are chosen as feature vectors. Machine
negative sentiment. The challenge in the document level learning approach is further classifies as supervised machine
classification is that the entire sentence in a document may not learning and unsupervised learning learning classification
be relevant in expressing opinion about an entity. Therefore Algorithm.
subjectivity/objectivity classification is very important in this Supervised Machine Learning Classification: [8] This is
type of classification. The irrelevant sentences must be most popular data mining technique. Classification used
eliminated from the processing works to predict the possible outcome from given data set on
the basis of defined set of attributes and a given
b). Sentence Level Sentiment Analysis: [8] predictive attributes. The given dataset is called training
dataset consist on independent variables (dataset related
In the sentence level sentiment analysis, the polarity of each properties) and a dependent attribute (predicted
sentence is calculated. Objective and subjective sentences must attribute). A training dataset created model test on test
be found out. The subjective sentences contain opinion words corpora contains the same attributes but no predicted
which help in determining the sentiment about the entity. After attribute. Accuracy of model checked that how accurate
which the polarity classification is done into positive and
In (1.1) every (;) is a feature for the classifier, the parameter Artificial neural networks are constructed from a large number
is to be estimated of elements with an input fan order of magnitudes larger than
Z(d) (1.2) is a factor that will normalise the result to an in computational elements of traditional architectures [25].
appropriate probability . This artificial neuron is interconnected into group for
The maximum entropy classifier in order to learn the features processing information. Neurons of neural networks are
can use the Generalized Iterative Scaling (GIS) and Improved sensitive to store item. This neuron can be used for storing of
Iterative Scaling (IIS) algorithms large number of cases, distortion tolerant represent by high
dimensional vectors Recurrent neural networks refer to a type
f). Decision Tree neural networks whose connections form a directed cycle. This
allows neurons to store an internal state or memory in a
previous time step that influences the networks output at For Example,[27] the word unpredictable is positive in the
timestep t. domain of movies, dramas ,etc, but if the same word is used in
the context of a vehicles steering, then it has a negative
CNN is one of most commonly used connectionism model for
classification. The focus of Connectionism models are to c). Detection of Sarcasm:
learn from environment stimuli and to store this information in
neurons in form of neurons. The weights in a neural network It means expressing negative opinion in a positive way about
are adjusted according to the training data by some learning target.
algorithm.
Example: [27]Nice perfume. You must shower in it.The
Sr. Advantages Disadvantages sentence contains only positive words but actually it expresses
No. a negative sentiment.
1. Neural networks are There are no general
very methods to determine the d). Comparisons Handling:
flexible with respect optimal number of
to incomplete, neurones necessary for The Comparisons are not handled by Bag of Words.
missing solving any problem. Example:[27]IITs are better than most of the private
and noisy data. colleges, the tweet would be considered positive for both
IITs and private colleges using bag of words model because it
2. Neural It is difficult to select a doesnt take into account the relation towards better.
networks do not training data set which
e). Entity Recognition:
make a priori fully describes the
assumptions problem to be solved.
about the distribution Text that gives information about any entity needs to be
of the data, or the separated
form
Example: [27]I hate Nokia, but I like One Plus. According to
of interactions
simple bag-of-words this will label as neutral.
between factors
f). Order Dependence:
3. Neural networks are Don't perform as well on
able to small data sets.
[27] Discourse Structure analysis is essential for Sentiment
approximate complex
Analysis/Opinion Mining.
non-linear mappings
Example: X is way better than Z, conveys opposite opinion
from, Z is way better than X.
Table 11: Advantages and Disadvantages of Neural Network
g). Explicit Negation of sentiment:
E. Research Gaps
Various negative words can be used as sentiment words like
A research Gap is the missing element in the existing research
no, never etc.
literature, and you have to fill with your research approach.
h). Building a classifier for objective sentences:
The various research gaps in Sentiment Analysis are as
follows:
Most of the researches mostly focus on classifying the tweets
as positive or negative. But there is need to classify the tweets
a). Identification of subjective part:
which show sentiment vs. no sentiment at all.
Sometime, in some cases the same word can be treated as
i). The warted expressions:
objective or as subjective in other. Which makes it difficult to
identify the subjective part? In some sentences the overall polarity of the document is
determined by some part of the sentence.
For example: The language used by Mr. William was very
crude. Crude oil is naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum Example: [27]This Movie should be Awesome. It sounds like
product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic whole supporting cast has done good work.
materials.
In this section the comparison between existing hybrids sentiment analysis techniques are describes in the form of table.
[29] Dictionary based Approach , Fuzzy Logic Negation is handled in this approach results in
increased accuracy.
[30] Enhanced Emotion Classifier , Improved Polarity Experimental results show that the proposed
Classifier , SentiWordNet Classifier technique overcomes the previous limitations
and achieves higher accuracy when compared
to similar techniques.
[31] Machine Learning Approach(SVM , NB , ME) This paper presents the best machine learning
approach to sentiment analysis on tweets
results in increased accuracy.
[34] BiLSTM-CRF and CNN sentence type classification can improve the
performance of sentence-level sentiment
analysis;
the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-
art results on several benchmarking datasets
[35] Lexicon Based , SVM , Context Valence Shifter The tweets are classified more accurately and
produces better results
[36] Naive Bayes ,Lexicon Based Approach The proposed approach has the ability to
increase the accuracy of the classifier and
provide flexibility to the user in giving a tweet
with variety of sentiment words.
Table 4.1 Comparison between Existing Sentiment Analysis Based User Recommendation Techniques
SVM, DT, RF, NN, etc. And their advantages and [12]. L. Lee, Pang B S. Vaithyanathan. Thumbs up?:
disadvantages along with semantic analysis and also the sentiment classification using machine learning
various research gaps in sentiment Analysis. techniques. In Proceedings of Conference on Empirical
Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-
2002), 2002.
[13]. Ku, L.-W., Liang, Y.-T., & Chen, H, Opinion
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