Opvc Pipes
Opvc Pipes
Opvc Pipes
Iplex Apollo PVC-O is a biaxially orientated PVC Oriented PVC pipe manufacture was first developed
pressure pipe, for use in water and waste water by Yorkshire Imperial Plastics in the UK during the
infrastructure pipelines. Iplex manufactures Apollo 1970s. It was found that by orienting the molecular
using two new processes known as biaxial extrusion structure of extruded PVC material in the
and super socketing, both of which are patented. circumferential direction, in a pipe wall at elevated
This method of production results in an exceptionally temperatures, there was a marked improvement in
tough, high performance thermoplastic pipe with its physical properties; especially hoop strength.
greatly enhanced physical characteristics. Increased Further development has been carried out by Wavin
hydraulic capacity is possible with Apollo owing to UK. Their latest process uses biaxial orientation, that
its exceptionally smooth, enlarged bore. Apollo has is, a combination of radial and longitudinal expansion,
greater impact resistance, higher ductility, improved to enhance the overall pipe performance. Arising from
fatigue resistance and reduced weight when a technology sharing arrangement, Iplex is now in a
compared with traditional Iplex PVC-U pipes. position to introduce this more advanced technology
to the New Zealand and Australian markets.
2
Applications for Apollo PVC-O Pressure Pipe
3
Apollo Manufacture and Biaxial Orientation
Figure 3: The oriented molecules now fit into a thinner wall section
of pipe.
Biaxial Orientation
Figure 1: Short piece of a polymer molecule.
Biaxially oriented or drawn pipe is where both pipe
circumference and length are extended after extrusion.
Strength enhancement is achieved by drawing to
Figure 1 shows a model of a polymer molecule which
elongate the PVC molecules, realigning them into the
on stretching would start to straighten but ultimately
preferred directions.
further stretching would result in rupture.
If pipe stretching were done immediately behind the
When a polymeric pipe is extruded in the traditional
die-head where the temperature is approximately
way a more or less spherical shaped molecular
190C there would be no beneficial effect. The
structure results. If the pressure capability is to be
stretching process must take place at a temperature
increased the pipe wall has to contain more building
level where the PVC molecules can be distorted, but
blocks (i.e. molecules) in the direction of the principle
still low enough to freeze them immediately so as to
stress. Normally for higher design pressures, the wall
keep their oriented shape. In other words drawing
of the pipe is made thicker to incorporate these
takes place at the lowest temperature possible, just
additional building blocks.
above the molecular freezing point of about 85C for
PVC, to ensure the orientation remains permanent.
By stretching the pipe in the correct way the spherical An additional benefit of this process is the exceptionally
polymer molecules are reshaped or oriented to the smooth pipe bore which results from the finishing
longitudinal direction. Because the cross section has of the pipe bore as it is pulled over the polished steel
become smaller, the oriented molecules now fit into expansion cone.
a thinner wall section of pipe (Figure 3).
4
Product Information
Apollo PVC-O pipe complies with Australia/New Iplex has chosen to manufacture Apollo PVC-O
Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4441 Oriented PVC (PVC- using four design material classes. These are 315,
O) pipes for pressure applications. 355, 400 and 450.
Apollo PVC-O pipes are independently cerified in The Design material class is related to the Design MRS
accordance with the test requirements of AS/NZS value and to the maximum allowed working pressure
4441 under Standards Mark License number (PN), as shown in the pipe specification chart below.
SMKP20682.
To simplify pipe selection, Apollo Series 1 and
ApolloBlue Series 2 are each available in only two
PN classes.
Apollo pipe is also manufactured under third party The resulting actual pipe stiffnesses are ideal for urban
accredited quality assurance programs complying reticulation purposes where pipes may be laid, either
with AS/NZS ISO 9001, License No. QEC 4169. at minimum covers, or at depth, under road pavements.
Maximum Maximum
working working
DESIGN Design pressure pressure
MRS Material @ 20 C @ 20C
(MPa) Class (m head) (PN)
5
Product Data and Range
Apollo Product Range - Dimensions / Design MRS
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BLUEseal Joint System
Assembly
direction
Pipe spigot
EPDM sealing element
Blue polypropylene
bonded retaining
ring
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Advantages of Apollo
Apollo pipe has increased strength, toughness and ductility which permits the use of a higher design stress, with
improved overall performance, compared with traditional Iplex PVC-U or PVC-M pressure pipe, of equivalent/similar
PN class. Apollos larger bore can reduce pumping costs or, for the same head there will be greater flow carrying
capacity than would be the case for the equivalent Iplex PVC-U or PVC-M pipe. These advantages can be
summarised as follows:
Features Benefits
PRESSURE CLASS
Only two pressure classes per Simplifies pipe selection.
diameter Series
DIAMETERS
Series 1 Diameters Compatible OD size with all Series 1 PVC-U and PVC-M
water mains in current use.
Series 2 Diameters Compatible OD size with all Series 2 PVC-U and PVC-M
watermains in current use, and the majority of AC/CI/DI
dimension water mains in use
IMPACT STRENGTH
Higher Impact strength, toughness Improved resistance to accidental impact during handling
and ductility compared with and installation.
Iplex uPVC pressure pipe
(higher impact mass, and test
conducted at zero Deg C)
FLOW CAPACITY
Increased internal diameter and Has a significantly larger bore and associated higher flow capacity
flow capacity compared with Iplex PVC-U and PVC-M of the same Series,
and equivalent or similar PN class and diameter
PIPE STIFFNESS Pipe stiffness has been optimised to withstand both radial and
axial loadings, together with internal vacuum in normal buried
applications.
DURABILITY
Excellent internal/external Normal pipe asset design life of at least 100 years for Principal
corrosion resistance Watermains and Principal Pressure sewer pipelines, in accordance
with relevant WSAA Codes. (WSA 02 and WSA 03)
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Sustainability
Apollos light weight requires relatively less non- Apollo is chemically inert. There is no corrosion
renewable energy (eg ; diesel) during transportation. or chemical or gas emissions during its normal
Light weight also means significantly more length of long service life as a public watermain or sewer.
pipes per tonne of raw material can be produced, Apollo is also extremely durable, meaning that the
compared with almost any other pressure pipe of one-off energy consumption in manufacture to
similar diameter and pressure class create the pipe asset, is only required to be used
Apollo has no additives containing toxic heavy once, possibly up to every 100 years if installed and
metal compounds, such as lead based materials. operated according to the relevant codes and
entering the environment, and positively reduces Refer also to the PIPA website
industry demand for these compounds, upstream www.pipa.com.au/environment
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Embodied Energy
Embodied Energy
Construction industries are starting to embrace indirect energy that comes from all the associated
concepts of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Whole of processes that contribute to creating a pipe.
life Costing (WOLC). Embodied Energy Analysis This energy is called Embodied Energy, and can be
(EEA) is a method of comparison of the total used to determine the overall energy impact of a
energy used to manufacture and install different particular piping system.
materials.
The recent published study by CSIRO in Australia
The manufacture of various pipes utilises different Piping Systems Embodied Energy Analysis has
processes and materials, with differing energy demonstrated the significant reduction in embodied
requirements. Identifying how much total energy is energy for PVC-O pipes compared to other pipe
needed, should account for the direct energy needs materials, based upon the same hydraulic performance
of the actual manufacturing process, as well as the conditions.
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Renewable Energy and Recycling
Renewable Energy
The manufacturing process for Apollo pipe in New
Zealand, uses electrical energy, which includes that
generated from sustainable or renewable resources
including major wind farms located near Iplexs
production site in Palmerston North, as well as
geothermal and hydro-electric sources.
Recycling
Iplex Apollo can utilise re-processable PVC material
from the PVC-O process, as permitted by the
manufacturing Standard.
3
PVC
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Performance Flow Comparison
Iplex Apollo Flow Rate Comparison with Iplex PVC-U and PVC-M*
oPVC 40.99
0 10 20 30 40 50
Flow (litres per second)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Flow (litres per second)
*Based on mean pipe internal diameters and hydraulic gradient (i) - 0.001
Flow rate percentages compare Iplex PVC-U or PVC-M against Apollo PVC-O.
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Performance Tensile Strength
13
14
Apollo Series 1 PN12.5 (Design MRS40) and PN10 (Design MRS31.5)
100 0.1
90 0.09
80 0.08
70 0.07
60 0.06
3.0
50 0.05
EXPLANATION OF UNITS
Re= Reynolds No.
40 0.04
Q = Flow rate (Litres per second) ME
i = Hydraulic Gradient VE AN F
V = Flow Velocity (metres per second)
30 (m LOCI LOW 0.03
d = Mean Pipe Internal Diameter (mm) /se TY
c) 2.0
LAMONT FORMULA S4 (Re>300000)
20 0.02
Q = d2.629i0.543
1791 1.5
V = 0.711 d0.629i0.543
i = 979618 Q1.842
d4.842
10 0.01
9.0 0.009
8.0 LAMONT FORMULA S3 (3000<Re<300000) 1.0 0.008
7.0 0.007
Q = d2.6935i0.5645
0.9
6.0 2304 0.006
5.0 0.005
V = 0.55254 d0.6935i0.5645 0.8
i = 905032 Q1.772
4.0 0.7 0.004
d4.772
0.5
2.0 0.002
Headloss Chart Apollo Series 1
1.0 0.001
0.9 0.3 0.0009
0.8 0.0008
0.7 0.0007
100
Re =
0.6 0.0006
0.5
300,
0.0005
150
000
0.2
0.4 0.0004
10)
O
/PN m)
0.3 0.0003
200
1 2.5 E (m L
R
PI
BO PE N
(PN E SIZ MINA
0.2 0.0002
300
0.1 0.0001
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
60 ME 0.06
VE AN F
50 0.05
EXPLANATION OF UNITS (m LOCI LOW
/se TY
3.0
Re= Reynolds No. c)
40 0.04
Q = Flow rate (Litres per second)
i = Hydraulic Gradient
V = Flow Velocity (metres per second)
30 0.03
d = Mean Pipe Internal Diameter (mm)
2.0
LAMONT FORMULA S4 (Re>300000)
20 0.02
Q = d2.629i0.543
1791
V = 0.711 d0.629i0.543 1.5
i = 979618 Q1.842
d4.842
10 0.01
9.0 0.009
8.0 LAMONT FORMULA S3 (3000<Re<300000) 0.008
7.0 0.007
Q = d2.6935i0.5645 1.0
6.0 2304 0.006
0.9
5.0 V = 0.55254 d0.6935i0.5645 0.005
0.8
i = 905032 Q1.772
4.0 0.004
d4.772 0.7
3.0 0.003
0.6
1.0 0.001
0.9 0.0009
0.8 0.3 0.0008
0.7 0.0007
100
0.6 0.0006
0.5 0.0005
Re =
300,
0.4 0.0004
150
0.2
000
0.3 0.0003
)
200
2.5
O
225
N1 m)
250
6/P E (m L
0.2 0.0002
1
R
PI
BO PE N
300
0.1 0.0001
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
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Fatigue Performance
Fatigue design
Apollo pipelines can be designed to provide long-
term fatigue performance under cyclical pressures.
The designer should take account of the frequency
of pressure fluctuations during the life of the pipeline,
(ie number of pressure cycles and the size of each
pressure variation). The amplitude of the pressure
change between the maximum and minimum steady
state operating pressures plus water hammer effects,
when divided by the load factor given in the table
below should not exceed the nominal class (PN)
Designers are strongly recommended to refer to PIPA
pressure rating of the pipeline.
Industry Guideline POP101 for more complete information.
www.pipa.com.au
In practice the pressure changes in water reticulation hammer oscillations, the frequency can then be taken
systems are seldom of sufficient amplitude and as twice the number of start/stop cycles. (It can be
frequency for fatigue to affect pipe class selection, shown mathematically that this is appropriate for the
but they can be an important consideration for sewer exponential decay typical of pressure surge oscillations.)
rising mains. For practical purposes the pressure
range will be the difference in the hydraulic gradients
Line Pressure
for when the pump is running and when stopped. One Cycle
Pressure
range
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Fatigue Performance and Water Hammer Effects
Procedure
To select the appropriate pipe class for fatigue loading, the following procedure should be adopted:
1. Estimate the likely pressure range, P, i.e., the maximum pressure minus the minimum pressure.
2. Estimate the frequency or the number of cycles per day that are expected to occur.
3. Determine the required service life and calculate the total number of cycles which will occur in the pipe lifetime
4. Using the fatigue load factors table on page 16 or the chart below, find the fatigue cycle factor, f, for PVC
and the number of cycles
5. Divide the pressure range by the fatigue cycle factor to obtain an equivalent operating pressure
6. Use the equivalent operating pressure to determine the class of pipe required.
10,000,000
Total Number of Cycles in pipeline lifetime
1,000,000
Re-design
100,000
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Temperature Conditions and Thermal re-rating factors
Where
PCR = critical buckling pressure (MPa)
E = short term Flexural Ring Modulus = 4000 MPa
= Poissons Ratio = 0.38
D = Outside Diameter (mm)
t = Pipe wall section (mm)
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Fittings
Service Connections
Iplex recommends the use of PVC compatible, full
circle supported tapping bands with Apollo pipe.
These include Milnes Gunmetal, Crevet Taptite or
other tapping bands manufactured to AS/NZS 4793
Mechanical Tapping Bands for Water Works
Purposes. Either O or V type tapping band seals are
suitable for use with Apollo.
Fittings
Iplex recommends the use of deep socket ductile
iron fittings manufactured to AS/NZS2280 Ductile
Iron Pipes & Fittings, for use with Apollo pressure
pipe.
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Installation and Pressure Testing
General Installation
AS / NZS 2032, Installation of PVC pipe systems
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Installation and Backfill
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How to specify Apollo PVC-O Pipe and Installation
Iplex Apollo and ApolloBlue pressure pipe should be *White colour has been widely accepted and used
specified as follows, for inclusion in project Tender for PVC sewer rising mains in New Zealand, when
Documents and Local Authority engineering accompanied by appropriate identification tape
specifications. marking above the pipe. Cream is another option for
PVC-O pressure sewers, in the Standard. Iplex do
PIPE IDENTIFICATION - Series 1 PN 12.5
not recommend blue for sewer applications, for
Iplex Apollo Bi-axially-orientated PVC (PVC-O) pressure
obvious asset identification reasons.
pipe, DN(100 / 150 / 200 / 300), Pressure class
PN 12.5, Design Material Class 400, Design Coefficient
1.6, conforming to AS / NZS 4441, coloured (white
PIPE INSTALLATION
= potable water / raw water / industrial/ pressure
General Installation
sewer*, purple = recycled water, cream = pressure
AS / NZS 2032, Installation of PVC pipe systems
sewer).
Buried Structural Design
PIPE IDENTIFICATION - Series 1 PN 10
AS / NZS 2566 Part 1 and Supplement 1 Buried
Iplex Apollo Bi-axially-orientated PVC (PVC-O) pressure
Flexible Pipelines Structural Design
pipe, DN(100 / 150 / 200 / 300), Pressure class
PN 10, Design Material Class 315, Design Coefficient Detailed installation and on-siteTesting
1.6, conforming to AS / NZS 4441 2003, AS / NZS 2566 Part 2 Installation
coloured(white = potable water / raw water /
industrial / pressure sewer*, purple = recycled water,
SITE PRESSURE TESTING
cream = pressure sewer).
On site pressure testing of pressure pipes to be in
PIPE IDENTIFICATION - Series 2 PN 16 DI OD
accordance with AS / NZS 2566 Part 2, Appendix
compatible
M, including sections M1, M2, M3 and M4. The
Iplex ApolloBLUE Bi-axially-orientated PVC (PVC-O)
recommended test pressure should not be less than
pressure pipe, DN(100 /150 / 200 / 225 / 250 /
the maximum design operating pressure, and at the
300), Pressure class PN 16, Design Material Class
same time not exceed 1.25 times the pipe pressure
450, Design Coefficient 1.6, conforming to AS / NZS
rating (PN) at any point along the line.
4441, coloured(blue = potable water / raw water
/ industrial, purple = recycled water, cream = pressure
sewer).
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How to order Apollo
You can order Apollo PVC-O pipe products using the Iplex Apollo product codes below.
Size PN Pipe
Bar Length
APOLLO
Series 1 Pipe (m)
DN100 Z880.100PN10.6 Apollo PVC-O Pressure Pipe 10 6.0
DN150 Z880.150PN10.6 Apollo PVC-O Pressure Pipe 10 6.0
DN200 Z880.200PN10.6 Apollo PVC-O Pressure Pipe 10 6.0
DN300 Z880.300PN10.6 Apollo PVC-O Pressure Pipe 10 6.0
APOLLOBLUE
Series 2 Ductile Iron Compatible
DN100 1880.100PN12.5.6 ApolloBlue PVC-O Pressure Pipe 12.5 6.0
DN150 1880.150PN12.5.6 ApolloBlue PVC-O Pressure Pipe 12.5 6.0
DN200 1880.200PN12.5.6 ApolloBlue PVC-O Pressure Pipe 12.5 6.0
*DN225 1880.225PN12.5.6 ApolloBlue PVC-O Pressure Pipe 12.5 6.0
DN250 1880.250PN12.5.6 ApolloBlue PVC-O Pressure Pipe 12.5 6.0
*DN300 1880.300PN12.5.6 ApolloBlue PVC-O Pressure Pipe 12.5 6.0
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Iplex The Company
Iplex Pipelines is a major Australasian manufacturer Markets and applications for the Iplex product range
and distributor of a wide range of plastics-based in New Zealand include water reticulation and
pipeline systems for the plumbing, infrastructure, transmission mains, sewerage reticulation and carrier
mining, irrigation and cable conduit markets. mains, stormwater drainage, trenchless pipe systems,
chemical and process water circuits, slurry and tailings
Iplex Pipelines is wholly owned by Crane Group Ltd,
pipe systems, drain, waste and vent plumbing,
the leading Australian manufacturer of non-ferrous
domestic hot and cold water plumbing, Subsoil
metal products and a major supplier to the New
drainage systems, turf watering, stock watering,
Zealand plumbing industry.
horticultural irrigation systems and broad acre irrigation
Iplex Pipelines is well placed for accessing the latest systems.
overseas products, technologies and service initiatives
and has become a recognised leader in plastics pipes Apollo PVC-O
and associated fittings together with related water
Apollo PVC-O pipes represent the latest in PVC
engineering expertise.
manufacturing and technology. Apollo is the result of
sharing technology developed by Wavin UK. The
Manufacturing and Standards
strength, ductility and overall performance of Apollo
Iplex Pipelines operates modern manufacturing pipes represent significant advances compared with
facilities in New Zealand and every mainland Australian older watermain pipes.
state.
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Product Limitations
POLIDRAIN NOVATUBE
POLYETHYLENE DRAINAGE SYSTEM HORTICULTURAL LATERAL TUBE
POLIPLEX POLIGAS
POLYETHYLENE PRESSURE PIPE POLYETHYLENE GAS SYSTEMS