Companion Document to NZCCPTS

Application Guide
for Cable Sheath Bonding

FUNDAMENTALS OF
CALCULATION OF EARTH
POTENTIAL RISE IN THE
UNDERGROUND POWER
DISTRIBUTION CABLE
NETWORK

Ashok Parsotam

March 1997

Reprinted 2003
Foreword

This paper provides a detailed outline of how to calculate the fault

currents and earth potential rise that will result when a high voltage
cable between two substations has its sheath bonded to the substation
earth mat at each end.

The author, Ashok Parsotam, presented this paper at the Power and
Telecommunications Systems Co-ordination Conference, Melbourne, on 19 March
1997. At the time he was an Engineer with Southpower.

Ashok now works for Vector Limited. His contact details are:

Ashok Parsotam
Security Planning Engineer
Vector Limited
PO Box 99882
Newmarket
AUCKLAND

Ph: 0-9-529 8609

Fax: 0-9-529 8323
Email [email protected]

2
 Power & Telecommunications Systems Coordination Conference
Bayside NOVOTEL, St. Kilda, Melbourne,
Wednesday 19 March 1997

FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULATION OF
EARTH POTENTIAL RISE IN THE
UNDERGROUND POWER DISTRIBUTION
CABLE NETWORK
BY

ASHOK K PARSOTAM
Project Engineer Planning
Southpower
Christchurch
NEW ZEALAND

Ph: +64 3 363 9750

Fax: +64 3 363 9707
Email: [email protected]

SUMMARY
In this paper, the fundamentals of how to calculate earth potential rise (EPR) in an
underground power distribution network are presented in some detail. The objective is to
enable engineers with a basic knowledge of power system analysis to further develop their
skills and understanding of EPR calculations in a typical distribution network.

The calculation of sequence impedances to model overhead lines and underground cables
and calculate the Earth Potential Rise in the cable network, is presented in some detail, to
enable a Power Systems Engineer to understand and design cost effective earthing systems.

This paper can be treated as a guide or a reference document for calculating the fault
currents in a distribution network1. Several fault scenarios were modelled. For each model
a numerical example outlining all steps required to calculate EPR is also provided.

The equations given in this document can also be used for calculating line and cable series
impedance parameters required by PTIS Power System Simulator (PSS/U) and most other
load flow and short circuit analysis software packages

The methods and models presented in this paper are such that they can be readily applied to
practical situations by a Power Systems Engineer using a basic scientific hand calculator.

1
While the author has taken all reasonable care in compiling this paper, and satisfying himself as to the information in
it, the author takes no responsibility whatsoever for any loss, expense, claim or damage suffered or incurred by any
person who acts on reliance of any of the information contained in it. The author expressly disclaims all and any
liability to any person, whether a purchaser of this paper or not, in respect of anything done or not done by that
person in reliance either wholly or partly on the information contained in this paper.

3
For the 11kV cable network studied, the calculations show that even though 96% of the total
fault current returns to the source via the cable sheath, the earth potential rise for a 10 Ohms
earthing system can still be as high as 3100 Volts. This indicates that careful consideration
should be given to the design of all earthing systems.

1. INTRODUCTION
The author has observed young graduate engineers using available computer
programs to model substation earth mats and calculate earth potential rise (EPR)
without understanding the importance of the parameters involved.

In one instance, an engineer was calculating EPR for a 33/11kV zone substation
earth mat. The calculated earth mat resistance was 3 Ohms, the source substation
had an 11 Ohms neutral earthing resister and the length of the 33kV line to the zone
substation was approximately 10km. This engineer used a 10kA fault current to
simulate the substation earth potential rise and associated voltage contours. An
engineer with some knowledge of power system fault analysis would have quickly
worked out that the maximum phase to earth fault current (post transient steady
state) at the source substation could not be greater than 33,000/(( 3 )(11 Ohm)) or
1732 amperes. Obviously, the EPR of a 3 Ohm earth mat with 1732 A fault current is
only 5196 Volts compared to 30kV calculated by the earth mat analysis software.

The author, in early days of exposure to such calculations, also made similar
mistakes. His mistakes were associated with calculation of EPR in an 11kV
underground cable network. The author had fault analysis software (PSSU) which
had the facility to calculate high impedance phase to earth fault currents. He used
this facility and calculated earth fault currents and EPR in a cable network and it was
a mistake. The fault current calculated by PSSU was equal to the current in the faulty
phase conductor and there was no way of finding out the proportions that returned to
the source via the cable sheath and the general mass of earth. It was during these
calculations the author realised that special considerations are required to calculate
EPR in a cable network.

The fundamental part of calculation of the earth potential rise is the calculation of the
phase to earth fault current magnitude in a given network. This requires network
impedance calculations, fault current analysis and then design of the earthing system
to assess and control the hazardous EPR.

The fault current analysis of a 3-phase 3-wire overhead line distribution network is
relatively simple compared to that of an underground cable network, or a combination
of overhead and underground networks. In this paper, a method of calculating fault
current split (between cable sheath and the general mass of earth), and the EPR and
the transferred earth potential rise (TEPR) for the phase to earth faults in the
overhead and the underground three core cable power distribution network will be
presented.

2 EARTH POTENTIAL RISE

This paper models underground cable and overhead line systems to calculate phase
to earth fault current splits and EPR. In these models, the earth mat will be
represented as a single lumped impedance element in the fault circuit network. The
touch and step voltages associated with EPR can not be calculated explicitly in such
models. However, it is possible to calculate the transferred EPR.

The mathematical modelling of an earth mat for touch and step voltages inside and
outside the confines of the earth mat is indeed a complex subject. The effective
solution generally requires computer modelling. However, it is relatively easy to
calculate EPR if the impedance of the earth mat is known.

4
3 CALCULATION OF SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF AN
UNDERGROUND CABLE
In order to calculate the fault current in a network, one must first calculate the
impedance of the network elements. In this paper, the symmetrical components
method of analysis for current split during phase to earth faults will be developed and
used.

To use the symmetrical components method of analysis, the network elements

(transformers, lines, cables and generators) impedance should be calculated or
obtained from measurements. For a typical distribution network system analysis, the
elements are transformers, lines and cables. However, in this paper, to simplify
calculations, transformers are not explicitly modelled. This enables us to carry out
calculations without the additional complexity of transformer turns ratio and hence the
use of the per-unit system.

The symmetrical components method of analysis is a convenient mathematical tool

for the analysis of unbalanced network conditions. This method decomposes the
unbalanced network parameters i.e. voltages and currents into three separate but
balanced and symmetrical components, namely positive, negative and zero sequence
components. Therefore, to calculate positive, negative and zero sequence voltages
and currents, we must first calculate the corresponding positive, negative and zero
sequence impedances which will generate and limit voltages and currents
respectively. Extreme unbalances of voltages and currents in the network are caused
by system faults such as phase to earth faults.

In the following sections, the equations for calculating the series positive and the zero
sequence impedance values for a 3 core, insulated metallic sheath covered cables
and 3-phase 3-wire short overhead lines are given and corresponding symmetrical
components circuit models (for single phase to earth fault conditions) are developed.

The shunt admittance of the cables and the lines has been neglected from these
calculations. In a later section, a comparison has been made between the results
obtained using the models developed in this paper, and the models used in more
sophisticated applications such as transient analysis.

The equations to calculate the cable and the line parameters were taken from the
Wagner & Evans book (1). The derivation of these equations was shown in this
book. And are in imperial units (inches, Ohm/mile) rather than metric units. The
equations presented in this paper are an equivalent metric version of the original
equations.

3.1 THE POSITIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF THE 3-CORE INSULATED

METALLIC SHEATH COVERED CABLES
In the following calculations, it is assumed that the cable sheath is insulated from the
surrounding earth. Figure 3.1 below shows a cross section of a typical cable.

Fig. 3.1 Cross section of a typical underground cable. In this picture, the
cable sheath is shown as electrically insulated from the ground.

5
3.1.1 Positive Sequence Resistance
For such analysis at power frequency (i.e. 50 HZ), it can be assumed that the positive
sequence AC resistance of the conductors is equal to the DC resistance of the
conductor.

R1=Rcond(DC) //km eqn. 1

3.1.2 Positive Sequence Reactance

The positive sequence reactance of the cable can be calculated from the following
equation:

S
1 = 2.893 x10 3 f . log10 //km eqn.2
GMR
where
- frequency Hz
S - separation of the conductors (in an equilateral triangle disposition), or the
Geometric Mean Distance (GMD) of conductors in mm. See figure 3.1.
GMR - is the Geometric Mean Radius of one conductor (mm) and is calculated by
the following equation:

GMR = (k a) mm eqn. 3

a radius of the conductor mm. See figure 3.1

k factor to convert the conductor radius to the Geometric mean Radius (GMR)
of the conductor (See Table 3.1)

Conductor type K
Solid round conductor 0.779

Full Stranding
7 0.726
19 0.758
37 0.768
61 0.772
91 0.774
127 0.776
Hollow stranded conductors and
A.C.S.R. (Neglecting steel strands)
6 one layer 0.768**
30 two layer 0.826
36 two layer 0.809
54 three layer 0.810
Single layer A.C.S.R. 0.35 - 0.70

Point within circle to circle 1

Point outside circle to circle Distance to centre of circle

Rectangular section of sides and 0.2235 ( + )

Table 3.1 Geometric Mean Radii (GMR) factors for different Conductors. This table is from the
Wagner & Evans book Symmetrical Components pg. 138 **The 6 one layer ASCR k factor
was calculated by the author. The calculation is shown in appendix A. More information on
calculation of GMR can be found in [2].

Hence, the positive sequence impedance of a 3 core cable (figure 3.1) is given by:

Z1=R1+jX1 //km eqn. 4

6
3.2 THE NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF THE CABLE
The negative sequence impedance of the cable is equal to the positive sequence
impedance.

Z2=Z1=R1+jX1 //km

3.3 THE ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF THE CABLE

3.3.1 The Zero Sequence Self Impedance of the 3-Core Cable Conductors (Zsc0)
To calculate the zero sequence self impedance of the cable, the conductors in the
cable must be considered as a group (see figure 3.2 below), and the equivalent GMR
for the group of conductors must be calculated.

Figure 3.2 The 3 conductors of the cable replaced by a single conductor with
an equivalent GMR and resistance of 3 parallel conductors considered as
group.

The equation to calculate the zero sequence self impedance is given below.

658368
Rcond f
Zsc0 + 988.2 x10 6 f + j 2.893x10 3 f log 10 //km eqn.5
3 GMR3cond

where Rcond - DC Resistance of one conductor (/km)

f - frequency (Hz)
- deep layer soil resistivity (-m)
3
GMR3cond - kaS 2 mm eqn. 6
k - factor to convert the conductor radius to the Geometric
Mean Radius (GMR).
a - radius of the conductor (mm). See fig. 3.1
S - GMD of the conductors which in this case is also equal to
the spacing between the centers of the conductors (mm).
See fig. 3.1

The (658368 ) factor is known as an equivalent depth )De) of zero sequence earth
f
return currents.

7
3.3.2 The Zero Sequence Self Impedance of the Sheath Zss0)
The zero sequence self impedance of the sheath is calculated by equation 7 given
below.

658368
f
Rsh + 988.2 x106 f + 2.893x103 f log10
Zss0=3 GMRsh //km eqn. 7

sh x 10 9
where Rsh =
(
r02 ri 2 ) /km eqn. 8

sh - resistivity of the sheath material (-m)

ro - outer radius of the sheath mm
ri - inner radius of the sheath mm
- deep layer soil resistivity -m
f - frequency Hz

Typical values at 20C are:

Lead (Pb) 21.4 x 10-8 (-m)

Aluminium (Al) 2.84 x 10-8 (-m)

ro + ri
GMRsh - GMR of the sheath = mm eqn. 9
2
3.3.3 The Zero Sequence Mutual Impedance (Zmsc0)
The zero sequence mutual impedance between the group of 3 conductors and the
sheath is calculated by equation 10:

658368
f
Zmsc0 = 3 988.2x10-6 + 2.893x10-3log10 //km eqn.10
d sc

where - deep layer soil resistivity -m

- frequency Hz

dsc - Geometric mean spacing or distance (GMD) between the group

of the 3 conductors and the sheath. It is the same as the GMR
of the sheath.

ro + ri
dsc = mm
2
3.4 THE ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE CIRCUIT MODEL FOR THE 3 CORE,
INSULATED METALLIC SHEATH CABLE
The equations 5, 7, and 9 given above can now be used to develop a zero sequence
impedance circuit models that can be applied to calculate the fault current split
between the cable sheath and the general mass of earth (through earth mats and
electrodes) for all of the five cases described below in section 5. Figure 3.3 below
shows a zero sequence model representation of a typical cable section, the two
terminal substation earth mats, and the source substation neutral earthing impedance
(resistor in this case - NER). The possible sheath terminal connections for a phase to
earth fault scenario are also shown as switches in this figure.

8
The status of switches A and B (i.e. open or closed) indicate in the circuit whether the
cable sheath terminals are bonded or not to the source (POD - point of delivery)
substation and the zone substation earth mats. If switch A is shown as closed, the
cable sheath is bonded at the source substation earth mat. If it is shown as open,
then it is not bonded to that earth mat. Similarly if switch B is shown as closed, then
the cable sheath is bonded to the Zone Substation (ZS) earth mat.

If the NER is not installed in the network, then its impedance value will be equal to
zero. It should be noted that in the zero sequence network, the measured impedance
of the earth mat, the auxiliary earth connections (self impedance of other cable
sheaths, overhead earth wire (OHEW), MEN impedance etc) and the NER should be
multiplied by a factor of 3.

The equations given above are used to calculate the components of the zero
sequence circuit shown in figure 3.4 below.

Fig. 3.4 A circuit to represent the zero sequence self and mutual impedances
of the phase to earth fault in the cable. The switches are shown for modelling
bonded and unbonded cable sheaths at POD and Zone substation earth mats

In above figure 3.4, Ic0 is the zero sequence current in the cable conductors, Ish0 is
the zero sequence current in the cable sheath and Ig0 is the zero sequence current in
the general mass of earth. Ic0=Ish0Ig0. It is a vector sum rather than an arithmetic
sum.

The calculation of the zero sequence - E fault current with this type of
representation is mathematically rather cumbersome since it requires a solution of a
set of simultaneous equations.

9
The circuit in figure 3.4 can be further developed to represent the self and the mutual
impedance in a mathematically equivalent circuit as shown in figure 3.5 below. In this
configuration, the equivalent impedance are represented as uncoupled series and
parallel impedance branches in the circuit and can be readily used for fault current
splits and earth potential rise voltage calculations.

Zmsc0 in the figure 3.5 is the effective impedance to the flow of current in the general
mass of earth, and therefore referred as Zg0.

Fig. 3.5 An equivalent circuit for zero sequence impedance of the cable
including the termination impedances

A closer look at the above circuit diagram reveals that at the fault point F, for the
cable sheath bonded at both ends (switches A & B closed), the total fault current
splits between the cable sheath (Rsh0) path and the general mass of earth path Zg0).
The zero sequence current in the cable sheath is impeded only by the cable sheath
resistance where as the portion returning via the general mass of earth is impeded by
both, the zone substation earth mat (ZMAT ZS) and the POD earth mat (ZMATPOD)
impedance.

The zero sequence fault current split between the sheath and the general mass of
earth is shown in the figure 3.6 below. From this figure it can be seen that if the cable
sheath was not bonded to the zone substation earth mat but only bonded to the POD
substation earth mat, then switch B will be open and consequently no current will flow
through the cable sheath. On the other hand if the cable sheath was only bonded to
the zone substation earth mat, then switch A will be open and switch B closed. In this
situation, the isolated sheath terminal will develop a high voltage during fault and if it
was not insulated properly, it could be hazardous to personnel working near that
terminal.

The zero sequence impedance circuit for a continuous piece of cable between the
source (Point of Delivery, POD) and the receiving substation (Zone substation, ZS)
with the cable sheath bonded at both substation earth mats, and the neutral earthing
resistor impedance is shown in the figure 3.6 below.

Figure 3.6 An equivalent zero sequence circuit ready for connection to a zero
sequence network for fault current calculation

10
4. CALCULTION OF SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF AN OVERHEAD LINE

4.1 The Positive Sequence Impedance of 3-Phase 3-Wire Short Transmission Lines
(i.e. Without Overhead Earth Wires)
Figure 4.1 below shows a general arrangement of 3-phase 3-wire overhead line
conductors. The insulators, cross arm and the pole supporting the conductors are
not shown.

Fig. 4.1 General arrangement of a 3 phase 3 wire transmission line

4.1.1 Positive Sequence Resistance

For an overhead line it can be assumed that the positive sequence AC resistance of
the conductor is equal to the DC resistance of the conductor. This is similar to the
cable analysis at power frequency (i.e. 50Hz).

R1=Rcond(DC) / / km eqn 11

4.1.2 Positive Sequence Reactance

The positive sequence reactance of the 3 phase 3 wire line can be calculated from
the following equation:

GMD
X1 = 2.893x10-3 .log10 / / km eqn. 12
GMR
where:
- frequency Hz
GMD - Geometric Mean (mm). For an equilateral triangle disposition of the
conductors, GMD = S - or the separation of the conductors. For any other
arrangements of the 3-phase 3-wire line, it can be calculated with the
following equation:

GMD = 3 d ab d bc d ca mm eqn. 13

dab, dbc and dca are the spacing (mm) between the phase conductors as shown in the
figure 4.1 above.
GMR - Geometric Mean Radius of one conductor (mm). It is calculated by
equation 3.

We get the positive sequence impedance of a 3-phase 3-wire short transmission line
combining R1 and X1 as follows:

Z1 =R1 + jX1 / / km eqn. 14

4.2 The Negative Sequence Impedance of a Short 3-Phase 3-Wire Transmission

Line
The negative sequence impedance of the line is equal to the positive sequence
impedance.

Z2 = Z1 = R1 + jX1 / / km

11
4.3 The Zero Sequence Impedance of a Short 3-Phase 3-Wire Transmission Line
To calculate the zero sequence impedance of a short 3-Phase 3-Wire transmission
line, the 3 conductors must be considered as a group and therefore the equivalent
GMR for the group of conductors must be calculated. The equation to calculate the
zero sequence impedance is given below.

658368
Rcond f
Z0 = 3 + 988.2 x10 6 . f + j 2.893x10 3 . f . log 10 / / km
3 GMR3cond


eqn. 15
where Rcond - Resistance of one conductor /km
- frequency Hz
- deep layer soil resistivity -m
GMR1cond - Geometric Mean radius of one conductor (mm)
GMR3cond = 9 (GMR1cond ) 3 d 2 ab d 2 bc d 2 ca mm eqn. 16

dab, dbc, and dca are the spacing (mm) between the phase conductors as shown in the
figure 4.1 above.

5 THE ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE CIRCUIT MODELS FOR THE 3 CORE,

INSULATED METALLIC SHEATH CABLES IN FIVE DIFFERENT CIRCUIT
LOCATIONS
In a distribution network, there are five different locations within a network where a 3
core, insulated metallic sheath cable can be installed with its cable sheath bonded to
earth mats at both ends. These are:

(i) A continuous length of cable laid between the source substation and a receiving
substation. The cable sheath is bonded to earth at both substation earth mats.
See figure 5.1 below.

Fig. 5.1 A continuous length of cable between the source and the receiving
substations. Phase to earth fault at the receiving substation earth mat. The
fault current returns to the source via the cable sheath and the general
mass of earth

The zero sequence impedance circuit for the cable installation in figure 5.1 above is
identical to the one shown in figure 3.6 above. The Zs and the ZR are the source and
the receiving substation earth mat impedance respectively.

(ii) A piece of cable laid from the source substation and terminated on a riser pole
outside the substation earth mat confines. The cable sheath is bonded to earth at
the source substation earth mat and at the riser pole. See figure 5.2 below.

12
Figure 5.2 A cable and a line combination between the source and the receiving
substations. Phase to earth fault at the receiving substation earth mat. The
fault current returns to the source via the general mass of earth and the cable
sheath

The zero sequence impedance circuit for the cable installation as shown in figure 5.2
above is shown in figure 5.3 below. RCE is the cable sheath bonding electrode
resistance.

Figure 5.3 The zero sequence impedance circuit for the cable and line
combination shown in figure 5.2 above

(iii) A piece of cable laid from the riser pole (out side the confines of the receiving
substation earth mat) and terminated at the receiving substation. The cable sheath
is bonded to earth at the riser pole and at the receiving substation earth mat. See
figure 5.4 below.

Figure 5.4 A line and cable combination between the source and the receiving
substations. Phase to earth fault at the receiving substation earth mat. The
fault current returns to the source via the cable sheath and the general mass of
earth

13
The zero sequence impedance for the cable installation in figure 5.4 above is shown in
figure 5.5 below.

Figure 5.5 The zero sequence impedance circuit for the line and the cable
combination shown in figure 5.4 above

(iv) A length of cable laid from the source substation to a riser pole and from another
riser pole to the receiving substation with a line in between. Both ends of both
cable sheaths are bonded to earth. See figure 5.6 below.

Figure 5.6 A cable, line and cable combination between the source and the
receiving substations. Phase to earth fault at the receiving substation earth mat.
The fault current returns to the source via both cable sheaths and the general
mass of earth
The zero sequence impedance for the cable installation in figure 5.6 above is shown in
figure 5.7 below.

Figure 5.7 The zero sequence impedance circuit for a cable, line and cable
combination shown in figure 5.6 above

(v) A piece of cable laid from a riser pole to another riser pole, between the source
substation and the receiving substation. See figure 5.8 below.

14
 Figure 5.8 A line, cable, and line combination between the source and the
receiving substations. Phase to earth fault at the receiving substation earth
mat. The fault current returns to the source via both the general mass of
earth and the cable sheath

The zero sequence impedance for the cable installation in figure 5.8 above is shown in
figure 5.9 below.

Figure 5.9 The zero sequence impedance circuit for a line, a cable and a line
combination shown in figure 5.9 above

6 VALIDATION OF THE CABLE POSITIVE AND ZERO SEQUENCE MODELS

A separate study was carried out for a hypothetical cable to compare results from
models developed here with results obtained using a very sophisticated cable model
(Alternate Transients Program model) to ensure that these models were appropriate
and correct for studying EPR and current splits in the cable network.

The Alternate Transients Program (ATP) is a very powerful and sophisticated computer
software program developed to study electromagnetic transients in an electrical
network. In addition to performing transient simulations for a given network, it also
calculates parameters for cables, lines, transformers, etc. The parameters are
calculated using very accurate models for cables, lines and other equipment. The ATP
not only calculates the series self and mutual impedance but also calculates the shunt
(capacitance) admittance for cables and lines of any given configuration.

It can be seen from the following figures 6.1 and table 6.1 that for the hypothetical
cable, as the source voltage increases, the influence of the shunt admittance on the
fault current splits and therefore the difference in results between the two models
becomes noticeable. However, if the shunt admittance was neglected in the ATP
model, the results becomes comparable. This shows that models presented in this
paper are accurate for the type of analysis being performed. The ATP cable model
parameter calculations are very difficult to perform without a computer. In contrast the
models in this paper can be readily and easily used with a very basic scientific
calculator.

15
 Figure 6.1 Comparison of models for a hypothetical cable - fault current splits

Source Voltage 415V Current (A)

A to B D to D to C D to E E to
earth earth
ATP Model Including 36.513 0.014-j2.37 56.65 - -20.16 - -31.22 -
+j153.72 j137.3 j13.84 j13.76
Shunt Capacitance
ATP Model Excluding 36.202 0.32-j1.67 56.014 - -20.14 - -20.14 -
j152.19 j136.55 j13.97 j13.97
Shunt Capacitance
Model Developed in 34.737 - 032-j1.66 54.45 - -20.02 - -20.02 -
j151.247 j135.84 j13.74 j13.74
this paper

Source Voltage 11000V Current (A)

A to B D to D to C D to E E to
earth earth
ATP Model Including 966.2 - 0.37 - 1499 - -533.5 - -826.17
j4067 j62.81 j3639 j366 j364
Shunt Capacitance
ATP Model Excluding 957.97 - 8.64 - 1482 - -532.93 - -532.9 -
j4027 j44.29 j3613 j369 j369
Shunt Capacitance
Model Developed in 920.75 - 8.37 - 1443 - 530.9 - -530.9 -
j4008 j44.04 j3600 k364.2 j364.2
this paper

Source Voltage 33000V Current (A)

A to B D to D to C D to E E to
earth earth
ATP Model Including 2898.6 - 1.11 - 4497.87 - -1600 - -2478
j12203 j188.46 j10917 j1094 j1092
Shunt Capacitance
ATP Model Excluding 2873.9 - 25.94 - 4446.77 - -1598.79 - -1598 -
j12082 j132.89 j10840 j1109.10 j1109
Shunt Capacitance
Model Developed in 2762.3 25.09 - 4329.79 -1592.6 -1592.6
-j12026 j132.12 -j10802 -j1092.17 -j1109
this paper

Source Voltage 66000V Current (A)

A to B D to D to C D to E E to
earth earth
ATP Model Including 5797 - 2.22 - 8995 - -3201 - -4957 -
j24407 j376 j21835 j2196 j2184
Shunt Capacitance
ATP Model Excluding 5747 - 51.8 - 8893 - -3197 -3197
j24164 j265.79 j21680 j2218 j2218
Shunt Capacitance
Model Developed in 5524 - 50.2 - 8659 - -3185 - -3185 -
j24053 j264.24 j21604 j2185 j2185
this paper

Table 6.1 Current split as calculated by different cable models. It can be seen
that if the shunt admittance was to be neglected from the ATP model, then model
developed in this paper is accurate

16
7 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT MODEL FOR A PHASE TO EARTH FAULT IN A
TYPICAL SUB-TRANSMISSION AND A DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
The symmetrical components circuit models for a single phase-to-earth faults in a
typical 33kV sub-transmission and a 11kV distribution network where a 220/33kV Point
of Delivery substation is connected to a 33/11kV zone substation by an overhead line
and a cable for the following five fault locations will be developed in this section (see
Fig. 7.1).

a) Fault at Point of Delivery (POD) substation on 220kV side inside POD earth mat
confines.
b) Fault at POD substation on 33kV side inside POD earth mat confines
c) Faults on a 33kV sub-transmission overhead line to zone substation, outside POD
and zone substation earth mat confines.
d) Fault on a 33kV sub-transmission cable to zone substation, inside zone substation
earth mat confines.
e) Fault on a 11kV feeder from zone substation outside zone sub-earth mat confines
- at a distribution substation earth mat.

7.1 Analysis of a Typical Sub-Transmission and Distribution Network

Point of Delivery substation (POD) connected to a Zone substation by a 33kV

sub-transmission 3-phase 3-wire overhead line and a 3 core cable with an
insulated metallic sheath. The Zone substation is connected to a 11,000/415V
distribution substations by a 11kV 3 core cables with insulated metallic sheaths.

In the following analysis, unless otherwise stated, it has been assumed that the cable
sheath is insulated from the surrounding earth and both terminal ends are solidly
bonded to the earth of known impedance.

The figure 7.1 below shows the fault scenarios for this case.

17
 Figure 7.1 Network fault scenarios

7.1a One Phase to Earth Fault at Point of Delivery (POD) substation on 220kV Side
Inside the POD Earth Mat Confines (Fa)
Assume a solid (zero impedance) fault.

7.1 A1 The EPR at the POD station

EPRPOD = 1fRMATPOD Volts

where:
If is the fault current
RMATPOD is the Point of Delivery substation earth mat resistance

Although in this example it is not necessary, if there are any auxiliary earth connections
to this earth mat which contributes in lowering the total impedance, then the total
impedance ZMATPOD should be calculated first to calculate the substation EPR. The
ZMATPOD which is equal to RMATPOD in parallel with all other auxiliary earths such as sub-
transmission cable sheaths earthing is calculated by the following equation:

1 1 1
ZMATPOD = + + ... +
RMATPOD Z ss 0 + R Zn
3
CEt

where: RMATPOD - is the Point of Delivery substation earth mat resistance .

Z ss 0
+ RCEt - the sub-transmission cable sheath self impedance and its earth bonding
3
electrode resistance (). The cable sheath self impedance is its zero sequence self
impedance divided by 3.

Zn - is the auxiliary earth impedance - this may be the self impedance of an overhead
earth wire plus the pole footing resistance (outside the confines the substation earth
mat) or other cable sheaths self impedance plus their bonding earth electrode
resistance ().

18
7.1B One Phase to Earth Fault at Point of Delivery (POD) substation on 33kV Side
Inside the POD Earth Mat Confines (Fb)
Assume a solid (zero impedance) fault to the earth mat.

For such a fault on the earth mat, no current will flow through the earth mat to the
general mass of earth, therefore the Earth Potential Rise (EPR) of the station earth mat
(RMATPOD) is equal to zero.

7.1C One Phase to Earth Fault On the 33kV Overhead Feeder to Zone Substation
outside the POD Earth Mat Confines.
Assume a solid (zero impedance) fault.

7.1 C1 Fault at the 33kV Sub-transmission line pole Fci)

With reference to figure 7.1 and 7.3.

7.1 C1.1 The Earth Potential Rise (EPR) of the sub-transmission pole

EPRpole = 3I0RearthV

I0 - zero sequence current. A

Rearth - the resistance of the pole with respect to a remote earth

7.1 C1.2 The EPR at the POD station

EPRPOD = 3I0RMATPOD V

I0 - zero sequence current. A

RMATPOD - the resistance of the POD earth mat

7.1 C2 Fault at the sub-transmission cable to overhead line termination joint (Fcii)
Assume a solid (zero impedance) fault.

With reference to figures 7.1 and 7.4:

19
 For this particular type of fault, the zero sequence fault current will split between the
cable sheath bonding earth electrode and the cable sheath. The zero sequence
current flowing through the sheath will further split between the zone substation earth
mat, 11kV feeder cable sheaths and the connected LV MEN system.

The EPR due to this fault will be transferred to the zone substation earth mat, the
distribution substation earth mats, and the LV MEN connected to these distribution
substations.

7.1 C2.1 The Earth Potential Rise (EPR) of the sub-transmission cable sheath bonding
electrode

EPRRCEt = 3IgoRCEt V

Igo - zero sequence current returning to the source through this electrode and
the general mass of earth. A

RCEt - the resistance of the sub-transmission cable sheath bonding electrode

7.1 C2.2 The EPR at the POD station

EPRPOD = 3I0ZMATPOD V

I0 - zero sequence current A

RMATPOD - the resistance of the POD earth mat

7.1 C2.3 The Transferred EPR to the Zone substation earthing system

EPRzs = 3Ish0 ZMATseq V

Ish0 - zero sequence current returning to the source via the sub-transmission
cable and the zone substation earthing system. A

ZMATZSeq - the zone substation earthing system impedance (). It is the zone
substation earthing system impedance measured with respect to a remote
earth. The measurement should include the influence of the connected
MEN system and the auxiliary earthing (e.g. cable sheaths bonded to earth

20
 outside the substation earth mat) which contribute to this earthing system.
The influence of the connected MEN system and the cable sheaths to the
earth mat can be estimated by the following equations. From these
equations, TEPR to remote points can also be assessed.

ZMATZSeq 1


m
1 1 + 1
Z MATZS
+
Z ss0di Z MEN
i =1
+ RCEdi
3

m - number of 11kV distribution cable sheaths connected to the zone substation

earth mat

ZMATZS - the impedance of the earth mat with respect to the remote earth. This value
should preferably be obtained before installation of the 11kV cables and the
LV MEN

Zss0d - the zero sequence self impedance of the 11kV distribution feeder cable
sheath

RCEd - the Distribution substation earthing system resistance measured with

respect to a remote earth (). This value may include the impedance of the
MEN system connected to this distribution substation earth mat.

ZMEN - the impedance of the MEN connected to the zone substation earth mat.
This value can be approximated by the following equation

1
ZMEN = n

1

i =1
Rn

Rn - customer earth electrode resistance

Note that the self impedance of the neutral conductor has been omitted from the above
equation. If the impedance of the neutral conductor is required in the above
calculation, then a ladder network equation should be used to calculate the ZMEN.

7.1 C2.4 The Transferred EPR to the distribution substation earthing system
With reference to figures 7.1 and 7.5:

Figure 7.5 In this figure, the circuit diagram of the transferred EPR
through cable sheath is shown. All impedance are in ohms

21
 The transferred EPR at a distribution substation is calculated by the following equation:

RCEd
TEPRDS = EPRZS V
Z ss 0 d
+ RCEd
3
where:

RCEd - a Distribution substation earthing system resistance measured with respect

to a remote earth

Zss0d - the zero sequence self impedance of a 11kV distribution cable sheath

7.1D One Phase to Earth Fault On the Feeder to Zone Substation Inside the Zone
Substation Earth Mat Confines (Fd)

Assume a solid (zero impedance) fault to the earth mat

With reference to figures 7.1 and 7.6:

7.1 D1 The Earth Potential Rise (EPR) of the POD station earth mat (R(MATPOD) is equal to

EPRPOD = 3I0 RMATPOD V

where:
I0 - the zero sequence current A

7.1 D2 The Earth potential Rise (EPR) of the Zone substation (ZS) earth mat (ZMATZSeq) is
equal to

EPRZS = 3IgoZMATZSeq V

Igo - the zero sequence current returning to the source via zone substation
earthing system and the general mass of earth A

22
 ZMATZSeq - the zone substation equivalent earthing system impedance (). It was
described in detail in section 7.1 C2.2 above.

7.1 D3 The Earth Potential Rise (EPR) of the sub-transmission cable sheath bonding
electrode

With reference to figures 7.1 and 7.4:

EPRRCE t = 3Ish0 RCE t V

Ish0 - zero sequence current returning to the source through the 33kV cable
sheath and this electrode A

RCE t - the resistance of the 33kV cable sheath bonding electrode

7.1 D4 The Transferred Earth Potential Rise (TEPRDS) through a distribution cable
sheath to a Distribution substation earthing system (RCEd)

With reference to figures 7.1 and 7.6:

Figure 7.6 In this figure, the circuit diagram of the transferred EPR through a
11kV cable sheath to a distribution substation is shown. All impedance are in
ohms.

RCEd
TEPRDS = EPRZS V
Z ss 0 d
+ RCEd
3

RCEd - a distribution substation earthing system resistance measured with respect

to a remote earth

Zss0d - the zero sequence self impedance of a distribution cable sheath

7.1 D5 The Transferred Earth Potential Rise (TEPRMEN) through the MEN system

An approximate answer is that TEPRMEN = EPRDS because the voltage drop in the
neutral conductor will be negligible.

However, if a more accurate result is required a detailed analysis using a ladder

network should be carried out for the fault current magnitude and distribution, and
TEPR in the MEN system.

23
7.1 E One Phase to Earth Fault on a (11kV) Cable Feeder at a Distribution Substation
(Fe)

Assume a solid (zero impedance) fault.

With reference to figures 7.1 and 7.7:

Figure 7.7 The sequence network for fault Feii. In this figure, Zsource
and 3ZNER are 11kv system impedance

7.1 E1 The EPR at the Distribution Substation

EPRDS = 3Igo RCEd V

Igo - zero sequence current returning through the Distribution substation earth
mat and the general mass of earth A

RCEd - the Distribution substation earthing system resistance measured with

respect to a remote earth. It includes the MEN system resistance

7.1 E2 The EPR at the Zone Substation

With reference to the figure 7.7

EPRZS = 3Igo ZMATzseqd V

Igo - zero sequence current returning through the Distribution substation earth
mat A

ZMATzseqd - the zone substation total earthing system impedance (earth mat resistance
in parallel with other distribution cable sheath bonding earth electrode
resistance etc) measured with respect to a remote earth . This
impedance is different from ZMATzseq because it does not take into
consideration the self impedance of the faulted cable sheath and its
bonding earth electrode resistance.

24
7.1 E3 The Transferred Earth Potential Rise (TEPRMEN) from the Distribution Substation
to the MEN system

An approximate answer is that TEPRMEN = EPRDS because the voltage drop in the
neutral conductor will be negligible.

However, if a more accurate result is required a detailed analysis using a ladder

network should be carried out for the fault current magnitude and distribution, and
TEPR in the MEN system.

8 A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

A complete set of calculations illustrating the use of the models developed in Section 7
of this paper were performed for typical phase to earth fault scenarios. These
calculations are annexed in appendix B.

The scenarios studied are for the network discussed in Section 7, where a POD
substation was connected to a zone substation by an overhead line and a cable for the
following five single phase to earth fault locations:

a) Fault at Point of Delivery (POD) substation on 220kV side inside POD earth mat
confines (Fa).
b) Fault at POD substation on 33kV side inside POD earth mat confines (Fb).
c) Faults on a 33kV sub-transmission overhead line from a POD substation to a
zone substation, outside the POD and zone substation earth mat confines (Fci
and Fcii).
d) Fault on a 33kV sub-transmission cable from a POD substation to a zone
substation, inside zone substation earth mat confines (Fd).
e) Fault on a 11kV feeder from zone substation to a distribution substation earth mat
(Fe).

Table 8.1 below summarises EPR and the TEPR results for all of these faults at the
various fault locations in the network shown in figure 7.1.

Description of Earth Mats The EPR and the TEPR for the
following faults (Volts)

Fa Fb Fci Fcii Fd Fe
1 Point of Delivery substation 7446 0 371 5351 4250 N/A
2 At 33kV Pole N/A N/A 18,545 N/A N/A N/A
3 Sub-transmission cable Reader to
Calculate
Sheath bonding electrode N/A N/A N/A 3816 6470
4 Zone substation earth mat N/A N/A N/A 868 694 52
5 Distribution substation (1)
earth mat. No MEN N/A N/A N/A 814 662 3102
connected at this substation
at this stage
6 Distribution substation earth
Mat (2) with MEN connected N/A N/A N/A 318 217 Reader to
At this substation calculate

Table 8.1 Summary of EPR calculation results from Appendix B

The graphs in figures 8.1 to 8.6 below show the influence of the resistance of the various earth
mats on EPR in the 33kV and the 11kV networks modelled.

25
 Resistance of Pole Earth (Ohm)

EPR at Pole earth

EPR at POD substation

Figure 8.1 EPR at the Pole earth and the POD substation earth mat due
to a 33kV Ph-E fault at a pole midway along the line F(ci)

Figure 8.1 above shows the EPR at the pole and the POD substation for different pole
earth resistance values. It can be seen that increasing the pole earth resistance
causes reduced EPR at the POD substation. It also shows that EPR at the pole will be
very high if the POD substation earth mat resistance is very low compared to the pole
earth resistance. The EPR at the pole earth can be reduced by installing a NER at the
source substation as shown in figure 8.2 below.

Resistance of Pole Earth (Ohm)

EPR at Pole earth 20 Ohm NER

EPR at POD substation 20 Ohm NER

Figure 8.2 EPR at the Pole earth and the POD substation due to a 33kV Ph-E fault
at a pole midway along the line (F(ci)). A 20 Ohm NER is connected at the source
substation

In figure 8.3 below, the influence of the 33kV cable sheath bonding electrode
resistance on the EPR at the POD substation, zone substation and 11kV distribution
substation is shown. From this figure, it is observed that after certain maximum
threshold value of the electrode resistance, an additional increase in the cable sheath
electrode resistance has an insignificant effect on the EPR at the various locations in
the 33kV and 11kV networks.

26
Figure 8.3 EPR due to a 33kV Ph-E fault at the 33kV cable to line termination
joint (Fcii) for increasing value of the cable sheath bonding electrode
resistance. The EPR at the sheath bonding electrode, POD substation, zone
substation and distribution substation earth mats are shown

From figure 8.3, it can be observed that (for 1 Ohm POD substation earth mat
resistance) the POD substation EPR is always higher than the EPR in the rest of the
network for all values of the cable sheath bonding electrode resistance.

The benefit of using a 20 Ohm NER for reducing EPR for the above fault scenario is
shown in figure 8.4 below.

From figure 8.4 above, it can be seen that the EPR at the POD reduces from 5,300V to
850V with a 20 Ohm NER. Likewise, EPR in the rest of 33kV and 11kV networks are
reduced.

Figures 8.5a and b below show EPR in the 33kV and the 11kV networks due to a 33kV
fault at the zone substation (Fd) for various zone substation earth mat resistance
values.

27
 Figure 8.5a Figure 8.5b

Figure 8.5 EPR due to a 33kV Ph-E fault at the zone substation (Fd) for
increasing value of the zone substation earth mat resistance. The EPR at
the 33kV cable sheath bonding electrode, POD substation, zone
substation and a distribution substation earth mats are shown.
From figures 8.5a and b above, it can be observed that the EPR at the 33kV cable
sheath bonding electrode (25 Ohm) and the POD substation earth mat (1 Ohm) is
relatively very high for this particular fault for various values of the zone substation
earth mat resistance. From 8.5b it can be seen that there is very little increase in the
zone substation EPR for the earth mat resistance values greater than 1 Ohm.

Figures 8.6a, b and c below show the EPR in the 33kV and 11kV network due to a
11kV fault (Fe) at a distribution substation without a MEN connected to its earth mat.

Figure 8.6 c
Figure 8.6 EPR due to a 11kV Ph-E fault at a distribution substation (Fd) without
MEN connection, for increasing values of the distribution substation earth mat
resistance. The EPR at the 33kV cable sheath bonding electrode, zone
substation and distribution substation earth mats are shown.

28
 From figures 8.6a, b and c, it can be seen that for distribution substation earth mat
resistances greater than 10 Ohm, there is very little influence on the magnitude of EPR
in the 33kV and 11kV networks. Once again, the benefit of a 20 Ohm NER in reducing
EPR can be seen in figure 8.6b. For very low values of the distribution substation earth
mat resistance, the EPR at 33kV cable sheath bonding electrode and the zone
substation earth mat will be relatively high.

In figures 8.3 to 8.6, it was shown that there exists a maximum threshold earth mat
resistance for a given earth mat in an interconnected earthing system, beyond which
there is insignificant increase in the EPR. This is a very important observation since
reducing one substation earth mats resistance to reduce its EPR, can cause an
increase in EPR in the other parts of the network.

It was also shown that if the receiving substation earthing system impedance was lower
than the source substation, then the source substation may have highest EPR in that
network. Relatively high earthing system resistance at the receiving substation means
lower EPR at the source substation.

CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, equations for calculating positive and zero sequence impedances for an overhead
line and an underground three core, insulated metallic sheath covered cable are given.
Appropriate symmetrical component circuit models were developed to calculate the phase to
earth fault current and fault current split between the cable sheath and the earth mat.

When using the symmetrical components method of analysis of unbalanced faults in cable
networks, the zero sequence impedance model of the 3-core, insulated metallic sheath cable is
important for calculating EPR. Cables installed in different locations in a network (e.g. all cable,
cable-line, line-cable, cable-line-cable and line-cable-line) will have different zero sequence
impedance circuit models. Since EPR is caused by the zero sequence current, it is important to
use the correct zero sequence impedance model.

The fault current splits calculated by models developed in this paper were checked for their
validity against the more sophisticated Alternate Transients Program (ATP) models. The results
of this comparison show that the models presented in this paper are sufficiently accurate for
current split calculations.

Numerical examples are given to illustrate the application of the models for calculating fault
current splits and the earth potential rise for various fault locations in a typical sub-transmission
and distribution network.

The calculations show that even though 96% of the total fault current in the 11kV cable network
with bonded cable sheaths returns to the source via the sheath, the EPR for 10 Ohms earthing
system resistance can be as high as 3100 Volts (i.e. 49% of the system voltage).

The calculations show that the benefits of cable sheath bonding on EPR levels are mixed. For
the case of the 11kV cable sheath bonded to both the 33/11kV zone substation and 11kV/415V
distribution substation earthing systems, the effects of cable sheath bonding are:

(i) For an 11kV ph - E fault at the distribution substation, the EPR at both the zone and
distribution substations will be low.

(ii) For a 33kV ph-E fault at the zone substation, the resultant EPR at the zone substation
will be reduced, but at the COST of transferring almost all this EPR to the distribution
substation earthing system (which would otherwise have had no EPR). However, in an
extensively MEN system, this EPR level will be insignificant, and bonding of cable
sheaths will reduce it even further.

A neutral earthing resistor (NER) will act as a voltage divider in the fault circuit and can
substantially reduce the EPRs in the network.

29
The sequence impedance parameters (for lines and cables) and fault circuit models developed
in this paper can also be used to calculate parameters required by power system analysis
software such at PTIs PSS/U.

REFERENCES
1. Wagner C.F. and Evans R.D. SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AS APPLIED TO THE
ANALYSIS OF UNBALANCED ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

2. Skilling H.H. ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION LINES Distributed Constants, Theory and

Applications.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to acknowledge the support from NZCCPTS and the financial assistance
received from the Standards Australia for travel, accommodation and meals to present this
paper in Melbourne.

The author also wishes to acknowledge the technical advice received from Mr. T.L. Scott
(General Manager Network Services) and Mr. Stephen Hirsch (Planning Engineer - Network) of
Southpower, Mr. Alan Marshall and Dr Gordon Cameron of Telecom NZ Ltd., Dr. Don Geddey
and Stephen Boroczky of Transgrid, Sydney, Patrick Pearl SEQEB Brisbane, and Dr. Maria
Kobe of Mercury Energy, Auckland New Zealand, on the subject of cable modelling and
distribution system earthing design. Their timely advice and motivation has made this paper a
reality.

30
 APPENDIX A

CALCULATIONS OF GMR, POSITIVE AND ZERO SEQUENCE LINE AND

CABLE PARAMETERS

A.1 Calculation of Geometric Mean Radius of ASCR Conductor

The GMR of ASCR conductors are calculated by considering positions of Aluminium
strands in the conductor. It is assumed that no current flows in the steel strands and
therefore are omitted from the calculation.

For illustration, the GMR calculation for the DOG (Al - 6/4.72 mm and Fe - 7/1.57 mm)
conductor is given below.

The diameter of 7/1.57 mm strands is equal to 4.72 mm

1
36
GMR = (e 4 r ) 6 ( 2r ) 12 ( 2 3r )12 (4r ) 6

GMR = 2.3038r

GMR = (0.768)(7.1mm)

GMR = 5.453 mm

A.2 Calculation of the Line Parameters

33kV Line - Physical dimensions

Conductor type = DOG (6/4.72 Al & 7/1.57 Steel strands)

Resistance of the Conductor @ 20 deg C (ohms/km) R := 0.2722

Approximate overall diameter (mm) d := 14.2

d
Radius of the conductor mm a =
2
Spacing between lines (mm) dab := 1090 dbc := 880 dac := 1970

Deep layer soil resistivity (ohm-m) := 200 frequency (Hz) f := 50

1
[
1
GMR := a0.768 GMD := (dab.dbc.dac) 3 ] GMR3cond := [ GMR .dab .dbc .dac ) 9
3 2 2 2
]
GMR = 5.4528 GMD = 1236.3036 GMR3cond = 202.748

1
Positive sequence Impedance (ohms/km)
GMD
Z1 = R + j . 2.893.10 3. f . log Z1 = 0.2722 + 0.3407j
GMR

Zero sequence Impedance (ohms/km)

658368.
R 6 3 f
Z0 := 3. + 988.2.10 . f + j .2.893.10 . f . log Z0 = 0.4204 + 1.6545j
3 GMR3cond



A.3 Calculation of the Cable Parameters
33kV PILCA cable. Physical dimensions

Conductor type = 150 AL (37 strands) assume round conductor

Resistance of the Conductor @ 20 deg C (ohms/km) R :=0.2060

Radius of the conductor (mm) a := 6.764

Spacing between conductors (mm) S := 27.76

Resistivity of the sheath (ohm-m) sh := 21.4.10

-8

Inside radius of the sheath (mm) ri := 30.36

Outside radius of the sheath (mm) ro := 33.09

Soil resistivity (ohm-m) := 200 frequency (Hz) f := 50

1
GMR :=a.0.768
ro + ri
GMRsh :=
2
dsh := GMRsh [2
GMR3cond := (GMR.S ) 3 ]
GMR = 5.1948 GMRsh = 31.725 dsh = 31.725 GMR3cond = 15.8782

sh.10 9
Rsh :=
(
. ro 2 ri .2 ) Rsh = 0.3933

Positive sequence impedance (ohms/km)

S
Z 1 := R + j . 2.893.10 3 . f . log Z1 = 0.206 + 0.1053j
GMR

Zero sequence Self Impedance of the conductor (ohms/km)

658368.
R f
Zsc0 := 3.
6
3 + 988.2.10 . f + j .2.893.10
3
. f . log Zsc0 = 0.3542 + 2.1345j
GMR3cond

Zero sequence Self Impedance of the sheath (ohms/km)

658368.
6 3 f
Zss0 :=3. Rsh + 988.2.10 . f + j .2.893.10 . f . log Zss0 = 1.328 + 2.004j
GMR3cond

2
Zero impedance Mutual Impedance (ohms/km)

658368.
6 3 f
Zmcs0 := 3. 988.2.10 . f + j .2.893.10 . f . log dsh Zmcs0 = 0.1482 + 2.004j

Zero sequence impedance of the cable for the Model (ohms/km)

Zcond0 :=Zsc0 - Zmcs0 Zcond0 = 0.206 + 0.1304j

Rsh0 := Zss0 -Zmcs0 Rsh0 = 1.1798

Zg0 := Zmcs0 Zg0 = 0.1482 + 2.004j

3
4
 APPENDIX B
A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

No Neutral Earthing Resistors (NERs) used in this example

SYSTEM DATA

220kV SYSTEM DATA

Source Voltage (Volts) & Impedance (Ohm)

Vsl.220 := 220000 V sl.220 = 127017 V

3

220kV Positive sequence impedance Z1.220 := 2.2361 + 19.4762j

220 kV Negative sequence impedance Z2.220 := 2.3474 + 20.2022j
220kV Zero sequence impedance Z0.220 := 0.7018 + 10.8222j

33kV SYSTEM DATA

Source Voltage (Volts) and Impedance (ohms)

33000
Vsl.33 := Vsl.33 = 19053 V
3

33kV Positive sequence impedance Z1.33 := 0.0851 + 1.3500j

33kV Negative sequence impedance Z2.33 := 0.1020 + 1.3600j
33kV Zero sequence impedance Z0.33 := 0.1000 + 0.9310j

33kV Sub-Transmission Cable Impedance

Cable size and Type : 150 Al PILCA Length (km) C33 := 0.75

Cable sequence impedance (ohms/km)

33kV Cable positive sequence impedance Zcl.33 := 0.2060 + 0.1053j
33kV Cable Negative sequence impedance Zc2.33 := Zcl.33
33kV Cable conductor zero sequence impedance Zcond0.33 := 0.2060 + 0.1304j
33kV Cable sheath zero sequence impedance Rsh0.33 := 1.1798
33kV Cable ground return zero sequence impedance Zg0.33 := 0.1482 + 2.0040j
33kV Cable sheath zero sequence self impedance Zss0.33 := 1.3280 + 2.0040j

33kV Sub-Transmission Line Impedance (ohms/km)

Line size and Type: DOG Length (km) L33 := 1.5
33kV Line Positive sequence impedance ZL1.33 :=0.2722 + 0.3407j
33kV Line Negative sequence impedance ZL2.33 := ZL1.33
33kV Line zero sequence impedance ZL0.33 := 0.4204 + 1.6545j

33kV NER And Earthing Impedance (ohms)

33kV neutral earthing resistor resistance NER33 := 0
33kV source sub earth mat resistance Rmatpod := 1.0

1
33kV Cable sheath bonding earth electrode resistance RCE t := 25
33kV line to earth fault resistance (e.g. at a pole) Rearth := 50

11kV SYSTEM DATA

Source Voltage (volts) & Impedance (ohms)

11000
Vsl.11:= Vs1.11 - 6351 V
3
11kV Positive sequence impedance Z1.11 := 0.8898 + 0.6187j
11kV Negative sequence impedance Z2.11 := Z1.11
11kV Zero sequence impedance Z0.11 := 0.04261 + 0.4261j

11kV Distribution Cable Impedance

1. Cable size and Type : 300 Al PILCA Length (km) L1 := 0.75

Cable sequence impedance (ohms/km)
11kV Cable Positive sequence impedance Z c1.1 := 0.1086 + 0.0711j
11kV Cable Negative sequence impedance Zc2.1 := Z c1.1
11kV Cable conductor zero sequence impedance Z cond0.1 := 0.1001 + 0.1049j
11kV Cable sheath zero sequence impedance Rsh0.1 := 1.754
11kV Cable ground return zero sequence impedance Zg0.1 := 0.1480 + 2.0337j
11kV Cable sheath zero sequence self impedance Zss0.1 := 1.9020 + 2.0337j

2. Cable size and Type : 300 Al PILCA Length (km) L2 := 1.25

Cable sequence impedance (ohms/km)
11kV Cable Positive sequence impedance Zcl.2 := 0.1086 + 0.0711j
11kV Cable Negative sequence impedance Zc2.2 := Zc1.1
11kV Cable conductor zero sequence impedance Z cond0.2 := 0.1001 + 0.1049j
11kV Cable sheath zero sequence impedance Rsh0.2 := 1.754
11kV Cable ground return zero sequence impedance Z g0.2 := 0.1480 + 2.0337j
11kV Cable sheath zero sequence self impedance Zss0.2 := 1.9020 + 2.0337j

3. Cable size and Type : 300 A1 PILCA Length (km) L3 ;= 0.25

Cable sequence impedance (ohms/km)
11kV Cable Positive sequence impedance Zc1.3 := 0.1086 + 0.0711j
11kV Cable Negative sequence impedance Z c2.3 := Zc1.1
11kV Cable conductor zero sequence impedance Z cond0.3 := 0.1001 + 0.1049j
11kV Cable sheath zero sequence impedance R sh0.3 := 1.754
11kV Cable ground return zero sequence impedance Zg0.3 := 0.1480 + 2.0337j
11kV Cable sheath zero sequence self impedance Zss0.3 := 1.9020 + 2.0337j

2
4. Cable size and Type : 300 Al PILCA Length (km) L4 := 0.752
Cable sequence impedance (ohms/km)
11kV Cable Positive sequence impedance Z c1.4 := 0.1086 + 0.0711j
11kV Cable Negative sequence impedance Z c2.4 := Zc1.1
11kV Cable conductor zero sequence impedance Z cond0.4 := 0.1001 + 0.1049j
11kV Cable sheath zero sequence impedance Rsh0.4 := 1.754
11kV Cable ground return zero sequence impedance Zg0.4 := 0.1480 + 2.0337j
11kV Cable sheath zero sequence self impedance Zss0.4 := 1.9020 + 2.0337j

11kV NER and Earthing Impedance (ohms)

11kV Neutral earthing resistor resistance NER 11 := 0
11kV Zone substation earth mat resistance R MATzs := 1.0
11kV Cable no. 1 - distribution sub electrode res. R CE.1 := 10
11Kv Cable No. 2 - distribution sub electrode res. R CE.2 := 10
11kV Cable No. 3 - distribution sub electrode res. R CE.3 := 10
11Kv Cable No. 4 - distribution sub electrode res. R CE.4 := 10

LV Consumer Earth Electrode Resistance (ohms)

Assume each distribution substation MEN is isolated from the adjacent distribution substation
MEN. The MEN is not connected to the HV source substation. Also assume that distribution
sub No. 1 has no MEN installed at this stage. This is typical of new URD subdivision
installations.

number of consumers per MEN n : = 50

electrode resistance Re := 25

3
 CALCULATIONS
7A1 The EPR at the POD Station (Fault Fa) Refer fig. 7.1 in the text
Zero sequence fault current
V s1.220
I0.220 :=
Z1.220 + Z 2.220 + Z 0.220 + 3.R MATPOD

I 0.22 := 401.8 - 2449.2J A

I 0.220 = 2482 A

Fault current (Amps)

If 220 := 3I0.220
If 220 = 1205.5 - 7347.7J A
If 220 = 7445.9 A

EPRPOD := If 22o .RMATPOD

EPR POD = 7445.9 Ohm

7C1 Fault at the sub-transmission line pole (midway of the line) (Fci). With reference
to figure 7.3

Sequence network impedance (ohms)

L33
Zpos.33 :Z1.33 ZL1.33 . Zpos.33 = 0.2893 + 1.6055j
2
L33
Zneg.33 := Z2.33 + ZL2.33 . Zneg.33 + 0.3061 + 1.6155j
2
L33
Zzero.33 := Z0.33 + ZL0.33 . + 3.4earth + 3.RMATPOD zzero.33 = 153.4153 + 2.1719j
2
Zero sequence fault current (Amps)
V s1.33
I0:=
Z pos.33 + Z neg .33 + zero.33 + 3.NER33

I0 = 123.6 - 4.3J A
I 0 = 123.6335 A

Fault current (Amps)

If = 3.I0
If = 370.7 - 13j A
If = 370.9 A

7C1.1 The EPR of the sub-transmission line pole (Rearth)

(Volts)
EPRRearth := 3.I0 .Rearth

EPR Re arth = 18545 V

4
2C1.2 The EPR at the POD station (Volts)
EPRPOD := 3.I0 .RMATPOD
EPR POD = 370.9 V

7C2 Fault on the sub-transmission line to cable termination joint (Fcii). With
reference to figure 7.4

Sequence network impedance (Ohms)

Zpos.33 := Z1.33 = ZL2.33 .L33 Zpos.33 = 0.4934 + 1.8611j
Zneg.33 := Z2. + ZL2.33 .L33 Zneg.33 = 0.51-03 + 1.8711j
Calculate ZMATzseq (Ohms)
Zss - total self impedance of the 11kV feeder cables including their sheath bonding
electrode resistance.

1
ZMEN := ZMEN = 0.5
1
. n.

Re
The equivalent impedance of the distribution sub earthing : electrodes + MEN. MEN at
distribution sub No. 1 not installed at this stage.

1
1 1
ZdsMEN.1 := RCE.1 ZdsMEN.2 +
R
CE .2 Z MEN
1 1
1 1 1 1
ZdsMEN 3:= +
ZdsMEN.4 := +

R
CE .3 Z MEN R
CE .4 Z MEN

Zss
1


1 1 1 1
:= + + +
ss 0.1 .L1 Z ss 0.2 .L 2 Z SS 0.3 .L3 Z ss 0.4 .L 4
Z + Z dsMEN .1 + Z dsMEN .2 + Z dsMEN + Z dsMEN .4
3 3 3 3

Zss = 0.2926 + 0.1198j

1
1 1 1
ZMATzseq := +
Z +Z ZMATzseq = 0.1621 + 0.0328j
R MATzs ss MEN
1
1 1
Zsero.33 := Z0.33 + ZL0.33 .L33 + + + 3.RMATPOD
3.RCE t Z ss 0.33 .C 33 + 3.Z
MATzseq
zZERO.33 = 5.2164 + 4.9519J

5
 Zero sequence fault current (Amps
V s1.33
I0 :=
Z pos.33 + Z neg .33 + Z zero.33 + 3.NER33

I0 = 1038.6 - 1450j A
I 0 = 1783.6 A

Fault current (Amps)

If = 3.10
If = 3115.9 - 4350.1j A

I f = 5350.9 A

Zero sequence fault current returning through the cable sheath (Amps)
3.RCE t
Ish0 := I0.
3.RCE t + Z ss 0.33 .C 33 + 3.Z MATzseq

Ish0 = 988.3 - 1442.6j A

I sh 0 = 1748.7 A

Zero sequence fault current returning through earth (Amps)

Z ss 0.33 .C 33 + 3.Z MATzseq
Ig0 :=I0 .
3.RCE t + Z ss 0.33 .C +3.Z MATzseq

Ig0 = 50.3 - 7.4j

I g 0 = 50.9

7C2.1 The Earth Potential Rise (EPR) of the sub-transmission cable sheath bonding
electrode (RCEt) (Volts)

EPRRCE t = 3.1g0 .RCE t

EPRRCE t = 3775 - 555.9j V

EPR RCEt = 3815.7 V

7C2.2 The EPR at the POD station (Volts)

EPRPOD := 3.I0 .RMATPOD
EPRPOD = 3115.9 - 4350.1j V
EPR POD = 5350.9

7C2.3 The Transferred EPR at the Zone substation (Volts)

EPRzs := 3.Ish0 .ZMATzseq
EPRzs =622.4 - 604.4j
EPR zs = 867.6

6
7C2.4a The Transferred EPR at the distribution substation 1 (Volts)


Z dsMEN .1
TEPRDS.1 := EPRZS .
z SS 0.1
+ z DSmen.1
3
TEPRDS.1 = 546.8 - 603.3j
TEPR ds.1 = 814.2 V

7C2.4b The Transferred EPR at the distribution substation 2 (Volts)

z dsMEN .2
TEPRDS.2 := EPRZS .
Z ss 0.2
+ Z dsMEN .2
3
TEPRDS.2 = 79.1 - 307.6J
TEPR DS .2 = 317.6 V

7D One phase to Earth fault on the 33kV sub-transmission feeder to Zone substation
inside the zone Substation earth mat confines (Fd). With reference to figure 7.5

Sequence network impedance

Zpos.33 := Z1.33 + ZL1.33 .L33 + Zcl.33 .C33 Zpos.33 = 0.6479 + 1.94j
Zneg.33 = Z2.33 +ZL2.33 .L33 + Zc2.33 .C33 Zneg.33 = 0.6648 + 1.95j
1
1 1
Zzero.33 := Z0.33 + ZL0.33 .L33 + Zcond0.33 .C33 + +
R sh0.33 .C 33 + 3.RCE t 3.Z MATzseq + 3.Z g 0.33 .C 33

Zzero.33 = 1.966 + 8.0037j

Zero sequence fault current (Amps)

V sl .33
I0 :=
Z pos.33 + Z neg .33 + Z zero.33 + 3.R MATPOD + 3.NER33

I0 = 661.3 - 1252.8j A
I 0 = 1416.6 A

Fault current
If := 3.I0
If = 1984 - 3758.3j A

I f = 4249.9 A

7
 Zero sequence fault current returning through cable sheath (Amps)
3.Z MATzseq + 3.Z g 0.33 .C 33
Ish0 := I0 .
R sh0.33 .C 33 + 3.RCE t + 3.Z MATzseq + 3.Z g 0.33 .C 33

Ish0 = 83.6 + 21.3j A

I sh 0 = 86.3 A

Zero sequence fault current returning through ground (Amps)

R sh0.33 .C 33 + 3.RCE t
Igo := I0 .
R sh0.33 .C 33 + 3.RCE t + 3.Z MATzseq +3.z g 0.33 .C 33

Igo = 577.7 - 1274.1j

I g 0 = 1399

7D1 The Earth Potential Rise of the POD station earth mat (Volts)
EPRPOD := 3.I0 .RMATPOD
EPR POD = 4249.9 V

7D2 The Earth potential Rise of the Zone substation earth mat (Volts)
EPRzs :=3.Ig0 .ZMATzseq
EPRzs = 406.2 - 562.8j V
EPR zs = 694.1 V

7D3 The EPR of the sub-transmission cable sheath bonding electrode (Volts)
EPRRCE t := 3.Ish0 .RCE t
EPRRCE t = 6269.7 + 1598.5j V

EPR RCE t = 6470.3 V

7D4 The transferred EPR though the distribution cable sheath to the distribution
substation earthing system (no MEN at this site) (Cable 1) (Volts) Figure 7.6

Z dsMEN .1
TEPRDS.1 := EPRZS .
Z ss 0.2 .L1
+ Z dsMEN .1
3
TEPRDS.1 = 360.818 - 554.78j V TEPR DS .1 = 661.8

The TEPR at distribution sub No. 2. This sub has MEN connected
Z dsMEN .2
TEPRDS.2 = EPRZS .
Z ss 0.2 .L2
+ Z dsMEN .2
3
TEPRDS.2 = 7.8566 - 216.4946J V TEPR DS .2 = 216.6 V

7E One Phase to Earth fault on the 11kV cable feeder at the distribution substation
(Cable 1) (Fe). With reference to figure 5.7

Sequence network impedance (Ohms)

Zpos.11 := Z1.11 + Zc1.1 .L1 Zpos.11 = 0.1713 + 0.672j
Zneg.11 := Z2.11 + Zc2.1 .L1 Zneg.11 = 0.1713 + 0.672j

8
The bonded cable sheaths of the other three distribution substation also conducts ground
return current to the source in parallel with the source sub earth mat. Zss is the
equivalent impedance of 3 x 11kV cable sheaths + electrode + MEN and the 33kV cable
sheath self impedance + RCE t .MEN of each distribution sub is assumed to have no
metallic interconnection to the adjacent distribution sub MEN systems. It is also assumed
that the distribution sub under investigation has no MEN system installed at this stage.
Zss :=
1


1 1 1 1
+ + +
Z ss 0.2 .L 2 Z ss 0.3 .L3 Z ss 0.4 .L 4 Z ss 0.33
+ Z dsMEN .2 + Z dsMEN ..3 + Z dsMEN .4 + RCE t
3 3 3 3
Zss = 0.2969 + 0.1235j
1
1 1 1
ZMATzseqd := +
Z +Z ZMATzseqd = 0.1636 + 0.0333j
R MATzs ss MEN

1
1 1
Zzero.11 := Z0.11 + Zcond0.1 .L1 + +
R sh0.1 .L1 3.RCE .1 Z g 0.1 .L1 + 3.Z MATzseqd
Zzero.11 = 1.3791 + 0.5075j
Zero sequence fault current (Amps)
V s1.11
I0 :=
Z pos.11 + Z neg .11 + Z zero.11 + 3.NER11

I0 = 1710.5 - 1839.6j A
I 0 = 2511.9 A

Fault current (Amps)

If = 3.I0
If = 5131.4 - 5518.7j A

I f = 7535.7 A

Zero sequence fault current returning via 11kV cable sheath (Amps)
(3RCE.1 + Z g 0.1 + 3.Z MATzseqd )
Ish0 := I0 .
R sh 0.1 .L1 + (3.RCE .1 + Z g 0.1 .L1 + 3.Z MATzseqd )

Ish0 = 1644 - 1760.4j A

I sh 0 = 2408.7 A

Percentage of total fault current returning via sheath

I sh0
Ish (%) := . 100 I sh (%) = 95.9
I0

Zero sequence fault current returning via earth (Amps)

R sh0.1 .L1
Ig0 := I0
(
R sh0.1 .L1 + 3.RCE .1 + Z g 0.1 .L1 + 3.Z MATzseqd )
Ig0 = 66.5 - 79.2j A I g 0 = 103.4 A

9
 Percentage of total fault current returning via earth
I g0
Ig (%) := .100 I g (%) = 4.1
I0

7E1 The EPR at the Distribution substation (Volts)

EPRds := 3.Ig0 .RCE.1
EPRds = 1994 - 2376.1j V
EPR ds = 3101.9 V

7E2 The EPR at the Zone substation

EPRzs := 3.Ig0 .ZMATzseqd
EPRzs = 40.5 - 32.2j V
EPR zs = 51.8 V

10