3/13/2015 WaterBorneandWaterInducedDiseases(Noteswithtables)

WaterBorneandWaterInduced
Diseases(Noteswithtables)
byPujaMondalDiseases

NotesonWaterBorneandWaterInducedDiseases!

1.WaterInducedDisease:
Variousdisorderscanberelatedtowaterqualityproblems.
Deteriorationinwaterqualitywillaffecttheentireaquarium
population,resultinginrapidfishmortalities.

ImageCourtesy:farm9.staticflickr.com/8018/7189666201_c811bf5706_h.jpg

Waterqualityproblemsarestillthemajorcauseofdeathoffishin
aquariums.Variouscategoriesofcommontoxicconditionswillbe
discussedbelowinrelationtowaterqualitydeteriorationinthe
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aquarium.

I.NitrogenCompounds:
Ammonia,nitrite,andnitrateformedduringtheprocessof
nitrificationcanallhaveseriousconsequencesforthehealthoffish.

Asammonia,nitrates,nitritesaccumulateinthebloodstreamandin
thetissues:

i.Affectedorganismsareunabletotransportoxygenproperly.

ii.Decreasethenormaluptakeofoxygen

Fishaffectedbyammoniapoisoningwillappearlistless,willshowan
increasedrespirationrate,andcandevelopotheropportunistic
bacterialinfections.Anammoniatestmustbeperformedifanyof
thesesignsareobservedintheaquarium.

Intheeventofabnormalconcentrations,youshouldmakean
immediatewaterchangetoreducetheammoniaconcentration.Ifthe
sourceisovercrowding,youshouldmovesomeofthefishtoanother
holdingaquarium.

Althoughnitriteislesstoxicthanammonia,fishcanstillbeharmedby
theaccumulationofthistoxin.Sensitivefishsuchasbutterflyfishwill
nottoleratenitrite.

Nitrateionspresentinthewaterareharmfultohumanhealth.From
nitrogenfertilizers,nitrateionsseepintowaterbodiesfromwhere
thesemaybioaccumulateinthebodiesoftheconsumers.Inthe
stomachnitrateisreducedtonitriteandisresponsibleforbluebaby

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syndromeandstomachcancer.

II.ChlorineandChloramines:

Allmunicipalwatersuppliesaretreatedeitherwithchlorineor
chloraminestopurifythewaterforhumanconsumption.Chlorinehas
beenthemostwidelyusedforwaterpurification,butinrecentyears
chlorinationhasbeenreplacingchlorination.

Detoxifyingtapwatertodestroychlorinehasbeeneasilyaccomplished
bysimplyaddingachlorineremoverormultipurposewater
conditioners.Whentheseareadded,chlorineisdestroyedandthe
watercanbeusedsafelyfortheaquarium.

However,thesituationismorecomplicatedwhenmunicipalwateris
treatedwithchloramine.Bothchlorineandchloraminearetoxicto
fish,butchloraminesdifferinmanyrespectsfromchlorine.
Chloraminescanbethoughtofasacombinationofammoniaand
chlorine.

Chemically,theyareverystableinwater.Inaddition,theypassreadily
throughthegillsoffish,comparedwithchlorine,whichdoesnoteasily
enterthebloodstream.Whenawaterconditionerisaddedtowater
containingchloramines,thechloramineisdestroyed,butwhatisleftis
ammonia,alsotoxictofish.

Fishaffectedwithchloraminepoisoningwillshowabnormal
swimmingbehaviour.Theytendtoremainmotionlessorrockina
sidetosidemotion.Somefishwillalsorestonthebottomofthe
aquariumandceasefeeding.Deathfromchloramineorchlorine
toxicityisrapid.Toavoidpoisoningbyeitherchlorineorchloramine,
alwaysuseawaterconditionertopreparethewaterforuse.
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Generallyactivatedcarbon&ammoniaremovingchemicalsareusedto
overcomethisproblem.

III.HeavyMetals:

Copper,lead,aluminiumandothersareverytoxictofish.Heavy
metalscanbeintroducedtotheaquariumbytheuseofcontaminated
water,theintroductionofdecorativeitemsthatcontainheavymetals,
ortheadditionofchemicals.

Municipalwatersuppliescanalsobeasourceofcopper(some
municipalitiesaddcoppertotheirreservoirstocontrolthegrowthof
algae).Copperandothermetalscanalsobeintroducedwhenwateris
passedthroughmetalpipingorstoredingalvanizedbuckets.

Fishaffectedbyheavymetalpoisoninggenerallyshowsimilarsignsof
poisoningwithothertoxinsinthewater.Thefishwillbecome
lethargic,developincreasedrespiration,ceaseeating,anddierapidly.
Inordertopreventmetalpoisoningofaquariumfish,alwaysusewater
conditionersthatcontainspecialchemicalstorenderheavymetals
nontoxic.

IV.Pesticides:

Apesticideisanysubstanceormixtureofsubstancesintendedfor
preventing,destroying,repellingormitigatinganypest.Apesticide
maybeachemicalsubstance,biologicalagent(suchasavirusor
bacterium),antimicrobial,disinfectantordeviceusedagainstanypest.
Pestsincludeinsects,plantpathogens,weeds,molluscs,birds,
mammals,fish,nematodes(roundworms),andmicrobesthatdestroy
property

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Apesticidepoisoningoccurswhenchemicalsintendedtocontrolapest
affectnontargetorganismssuchashumans,wildlife,orbees.Pesticide
useraisesanumberofenvironmental
concerns.Over98%ofsprayedinsecticidesand95%ofherbicides
reachadestinationotherthantheirtargetspecies,includingnon
targetspecies,air,waterandsoil.

Pesticidedriftoccurswhenpesticidessuspendedintheairasparticles
arecarriedbywindtootherareas,potentiallycontaminatingthem.
Pesticidesareoneofthecausesofwaterpollution,andsomepesticides
arepersistentorganicpollutantsandcontributetosoilcontamination.

Inaddition,pesticideusereducesbiodiversity,reducesnitrogen
fixation,contributestodecline,destroyshabitat(especiallyforbirds),
andthreatensendangeredspecies.

2.WaterborneDiseases:
Waterbornediseasesarecausedbypathogenicmicroorganismswhich
aredirectlytransmittedwhencontaminatedfreshwaterisconsumed.
Contaminatedfreshwater,usedinthepreparationoffood,canbethe
sourceoffoodbornediseasethroughconsumptionofthesame
microorganisms.Waterbornediseasecanbecausedbyprotozoa,
viruses,orbacteria,manyofwhichareintestinalparasites.

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