MyEcodialL - Technical Guide

MyEcodial L 3.
4
Technical guide
May 2008
Table of Contents
Transformers .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Overview ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Transformer input parameters .................................................................................................................... 7
The voltage factor c .................................................................................................................................... 9
Protection of MV/LV transformers ............................................................................................................ 10
Fault current and equipotential connections for MV/LV transformers ...................................................... 13
Calculation of the resistance and reactance per phase for a High Voltage transformer.......................... 15
Calculation of the resistance and reactance of HV/LV transformers for NF C 15-100 ............................ 16
Calculation of the resistance and reactance of HV/LV transformers for IEC 60364 ................................ 17
Generators ................................................................................................................................................ 19
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 19
Generator input parameters ..................................................................................................................... 21
Short-circuit across ac generator terminals .............................................................................................. 23
Calculation example - Generator .............................................................................................................. 24
Any source ................................................................................................................................................ 27

Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 27
TT earthing arrangement .......................................................................................................................... 29
TN-C earthing arrangement ..................................................................................................................... 34
TN-S earthing arrangement ...................................................................................................................... 38
IT earthing arrangement ........................................................................................................................... 49
Examples .................................................................................................................................................. 53
Short-circuit power factor.......................................................................................................................... 57
Upstream project references ................................................................................................................... 59

Presentation ............................................................................................................................................. 59
Input parameters ...................................................................................................................................... 59
Capacitors ................................................................................................................................................. 61
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 61
Capacitor input parameters ...................................................................................................................... 63
Choice of capacitor bank location ............................................................................................................ 64
Choice of compensation type ................................................................................................................... 65
Harmony (detuned reactor) type capacitor banks .................................................................................... 66
Motor compensation ................................................................................................................................. 67
Thermal sizing of equipment .................................................................................................................... 68
Harmonics problems................................................................................................................................. 69
Problem of transient switching conditions ................................................................................................ 70
Installation examples ................................................................................................................................ 71
Busbars ..................................................................................................................................................... 75
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 75
Calculable busbar input parameters......................................................................................................... 76
Busbar trunking systems ........................................................................................................................ 79

Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 79
Concept of BTS decentralised distribution ............................................................................................... 81
BTSs guarantee :...................................................................................................................................... 83
Connections made using BTS .................................................................................................................. 87
BTS decentralised distribution .................................................................................................................. 90
Busbar trunking input parameters ............................................................................................................ 91
MyEcodial L Technical guide Schneider Electric 2008 Page 1

BTS sizing principle .................................................................................................................................. 93
BTS voltage drops .................................................................................................................................... 95
BTS minimum short-circuit currents ......................................................................................................... 99
Calculation of BTS max lsc .................................................................................................................... 105
BTS overload sizing ................................................................................................................................ 106
Checking the BTS in automatic and manual mode ............................................................................... 107
Cables ...................................................................................................................................................... 109

Cable input parameters .......................................................................................................................... 110
Manual choice of cables behaviour and limits of My Ecodial L ........................................................... 113
Variables used to size cables ................................................................................................................. 114
Cables installed in parallel ...................................................................................................................... 115
Correction factors in NFC 15-100, edition 2003 ..................................................................................... 116
How My Ecodial L determines cable sizes ............................................................................................. 118
Theoretical CSA of phase (standard NF C15-100) ................................................................................ 120
Theoretical CSA of phase (IEC standard 60364) ................................................................................... 121
Calculation of cable cross-sections: theoretical neutral cross-section ................................................... 122
Calculation of cable cross-sections: theoretical earth cross-section ...................................................... 123
Calculation of cable cross-section: Voltage drop requirement ............................................................... 125
Sizing for thermal stress ......................................................................................................................... 128
Calculation of maximum short-circuit currents ....................................................................................... 133
Calculation of total coefficient k (standard NF C 15-100) ....................................................................... 136
Calculation of total coefficient k (IEC standard) ..................................................................................... 139
Circuit-breakers ...................................................................................................................................... 141

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 141
Circuit-breaker parameters ..................................................................................................................... 143
Electrical protection ................................................................................................................................ 145
The fundamental characteristics of a circuit-breaker.............................................................................. 146
Limitation ................................................................................................................................................ 147
Choosing a circuit-breaker ...................................................................................................................... 148
Cascading ............................................................................................................................................... 151
Discrimination ......................................................................................................................................... 152
Magnetic setting...................................................................................................................................... 154
Switch ...................................................................................................................................................... 155
Fuse-combination units ......................................................................................................................... 157

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 157
Fuse combination-unit parameters ......................................................................................................... 158
Fuse-combination unit choices ............................................................................................................... 160
Outgoing circuits .................................................................................................................................... 161

Protection - Conductor ............................................................................................................................ 161
Protection - Conductor Conductor ....................................................................................................... 162
Coupler ................................................................................................................................................... 163
Loads ....................................................................................................................................................... 165

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 165
The socket component ........................................................................................................................... 167
Lighting ................................................................................................................................................. 169

Lighting input parameters ....................................................................................................................... 171
Lighting distribution by BTSs .................................................................................................................. 173
Motors ...................................................................................................................................................... 175

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 175
Motor input parameters .......................................................................................................................... 176
Page 2 Schneider Electric 2008 MyEcodial L Technical guide

The different types of starting ................................................................................................................. 178
Relation between electrical power and mechanical power .................................................................... 180
Motor control and protection ................................................................................................................... 182
Type 1, type 2 and total coordination ..................................................................................................... 184
Variable speed drives............................................................................................................................. 187

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 187
FAQ concerning variable speed drives .................................................................................................. 190
Sizing a circuit for a motor with a variable speed drive .......................................................................... 192
LV protection devices and variable-speed drives ................................................................................... 193
LV LV transformers ............................................................................................................................. 195

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 195
LV/LV transformer input parameters ...................................................................................................... 197
Power sum .............................................................................................................................................. 199
Miscellaneous ......................................................................................................................................... 201

My Ecodial L Certification ....................................................................................................................... 201
Field of application for UTE guides ........................................................................................................ 202
Earthing arrangements ........................................................................................................................... 203
XML export ............................................................................................................................................. 207
Diagrams accepted and refused by My Ecodial L .................................................................................. 209
Harmonic distortion (current) ............................................................................................................... 217

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 217
Origin of harmonics ................................................................................................................................ 218
Summary rules for neutral sizing ............................................................................................................ 219
Curve direct - Display of tripping curves ............................................................................................. 221

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 221
Curve direct - User manual .................................................................................................................... 223

Transformers
Transformers
Overview
Input parameters
Protection of MV/LV transformers
The role of the transformer is to create a link between the HV network and the LV part of the installation,
for installations on which the power requires use of a transformer.
Limitations
The power of the transformers proposed by MyEcodial L varies from 50 kVA to 3200 kVA.
The phase to phase voltage at the transformer secondary varies from 220 V to 690 V.
Some transformer connection configurations on the circuit are not authorised. In short, the transformers
can be used as a main or replacement sources. In each case, up to 4 transformers can be parallel-
connected. For more details, see circuits authorised and circuits refused.
Choice of technology
At present, there is a choice of two technologies:

Mineral-oil immersed transformer
Dry type cast resin transformer
To make this choice, a number of parameters must be considered:

Safety of persons, at the transformer and in its vicinity. This safety aspect is dealt with in official
recommendations and regulations (standards NF C 27-300 and NF C 17-300). Oil-immersed
transformers are forbidden in some applications (tall buildings) and imply installation restrictions due to
the fire hazard they represent.
The economic evaluation, in light of the advantages of each technique and the range of existing
devices

Transformers
Determining optimum power
Oversizing a transformer leads to:

Excessive investments and pointless no-load losses
Reduction in on-load losses
Undersizing a transformer leads to:

Full load operation (efficiency which is maximum between 50 and 70% of maximum load is no longer
optimum in this case)
Overloads, which can have serious consequences on the installation (temperature rise of windings
causing the protection devices to trip) and on the transformer (premature ageing of insulation possibly
leading to transformer malfunctions).
Definition of optimum power
To define the optimum power of a transformer, it is important to:

Sum up the installed power.
Determine the percent load of each load
Determine the cycle and load or overload duration of the installation
Compensate for reactive energy consumption if necessary to eliminate penalties and reduce
subscribed power (PkVA=PkW/cosj phi)
Choose from the available ratings, allowing for future extensions and dependability considerations.
To size a transformer, My Ecodial L first carries out a power sum for the installation, then chooses, from
the standard ratings proposed, the next highest value.
Caution: If installation total power is subsequently reduced, My Ecodial L will not

lower the transformer rating as it considers that this may be a deliberate choice on the
part of the user to oversize his installation.

Transformers
Transformer input parameters
My Ecodial L will calculate all the source characteristics from the transformer nominal power and the
short-circuit power of the HV network.
First level input parameters
Description Content
Power Rated power (SrT) of the transformer in kVA
Type Two types available: immersed or dry
Earthing arrangement of the LV installation: TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S -

Earthing arrangement
Upstream (= as defined in the general characteristics)
Distributed neutral Neutral distribution for the LV installation (1): YES-NO
Nominal phase to phase voltage of the LV installation (2): 220-230-240-380-

Un Ph-Ph(V)
400-415-440-500-525-660-690 V
Transformer short-circuit voltage. Value entered automatically but can be

Short-circuit voltage (%)
modified in manual mode.
Transformer copper losses. Value entered automatically but can be

Copper losses (W)
modified in manual mode.
HV Psc max (MVA) and Maximum and minimum values of the short-circuit power of the HV network
HV Psc min (MVA) (3). Default values (for both min and max): 500 MVA
Connection Transformer connection type: Star-Delta Star-Star Star-ZigZag
Network frequency (Hz) Network frequency: 50 - 60 Hz
Operating time of the high voltage protection device: 500 ms by default,

HV op. time (ms)
200ms or use of a fuse.
Neutral earthing electrode

Displayed only for TT systems (4)
resistance RA (ohms)
ECP earthing electrode

Displayed only for TT systems (4)
resistance RB (ohms)
Designation of the continuous insulation monitor. Characteristics accessible

only for IT system.
IMD designation Insulation monitoring devices (IMDs) in the data base are accessible via a
dropdown list with contents depending on the field of application and
network voltage

Transformers
IMD application field Field of application for IMD choice on an IT system Normal - Hospital
Ratio used for calculation of transformer resistance (see CENELEC R064-

RQ/XQ 003, 6.2). Default value: 0,1. Modification of the default value will activate
manual mode.
Ratio used for calculation of transformer reactance (see CENELEC R064-003,

XQ/ZQ 6.2). Default value: 0.995. Modification of the default value will activate manual
mode.
(1) For TN-C systems, the protective conductor (PE) and the neutral are combined, thus the neutral is
considered to be distributed.
(2) Calculation guide UTE C15-500 (CENELEC R064-003) includes two nominal voltage coefficients:
Cmax: voltage factor equal to 1.05 for HV voltage fluctuations. For more details
m: no-load factor, equal to 1.05 to allow for transformer no-load voltage for calculation of maximum
short-circuit currents.
(3) These two values make it possible to take into account the maximum number of transformers
connected to the same HV network. By default (500 MVA for both values), the transformers are
considered to be connected to different networks.
(4) TT systems have separate neutral and ECP earthing electrodes. If this is not the case (RA + RB very
low, for example < 0.5 ohm), use of a TN system is recommended. If the TT system is conserved in spite
of this recommendation, the requirements concerning separate neutral and ECP earthing electrodes are
not applied (for example the limitation of the size of the PE to 25 mm or 35 mm depending on the type of
conductor as specified in NF C 15-100).
Calculated values
Visible in the calculation traces
HV network R Ph (mOhm) Equivalent resistance per phase of the high voltage network in mOhm
HV network X Ph (mOhm) Equivalent reactance per phase of the high voltage network in mOhm
Transformer R Ph (mOhm) Resistance per phase of the transformer in mOhm
Transformer X Ph (mOhm) Reactance per phase of the transformer in mOhm
Max lsc by source (kA) Maximum short-circuit current downstream from a transformer
Ib (A) Rated current of the transformer in A
The values given must be considered per source.
See also
Calculation of the HV network resistance and reactance per phase
Calculation of the resistance and reactance: standard NF C 15-100
Calculation of the resistance and reactance: standard IEC 60364
Transformer help

Transformers
The voltage factor c
The reference parameter is the phase to neutral nominal voltage .

The factor c is introduced to allow for voltage fluctuations, which depend on time, location and setting
changes of transformers as well as other considerations. The c values correspond to the severest
conditions of the LV installation, such as given in the table below, determined from table 1 of IEC 909.
The factor c is not designed to take into account impedance faults. This report deals with solid faults.
Nominal voltage Voltage factor c
C max C min
100 V to 1000 V 1.05 0.95
My Ecodial L, which only treats voltages between 220 V and 690 V, thus takes Cmax = 1.05 and Cmin =
0.95 for all calculations

Transformers
Protection of MV/LV transformers
Designing the protection conductor between the MV/LV transformer

and the main low voltage switchboard (MLVS)
The conductors upstream of the

main LV protection device are
protected by the MV protection.
They must be sized as per tables 2A
and 2B, in the UTE C15-106 guide,
produced on the basis of NFC 15-
100.
My Ecodial L calculates only one
transformer per circuit, i.e. the
power rating taken into account is
that of the transformer.
The size is calculated as a function of:
the rated power of the MV/LV transformers
the time required to clear the short-circuit current by the MV protection
the metal of the conductors and the type of insulation.
If protection is provided by an MV fuse, the breaking time is 0.2 seconds.

Transformers
Sizing and protection of the conductor between the MV/LV

transformer and the MLVS
Traditional circuit
My Ecodial L proceeds as follows:

using the power sum, My Ecodial L determines the operational current Ib at Q4
using the maximum short-circuit current, it selects a circuit breaker with sufficient
breaking capacity, then a rating for the circuit breaker that is higher than Ib
My Ecodial L sets the thermal protection Irth for the circuit breaker such that Irth > Ib
My Ecodial L selects the conductor such that the theoretical permissible current Iz > Irth.
Conductor C4 is therefore sized taking into account the thermal setting for
circuit breaker Q4 situated just upstream. This calculation principle is
systematically applied by My Ecodial L.

Transformers
Source circuit
To protect conductor C1 between the transformer and the main incoming

device, My Ecodial L supposes that the MV protection upstream of the
transformer protects C1 downstream of the transformer.
In that My Ecodial L is unaware of the thermal setting for protection device
Q0, it proceeds as follows:
the operational current Ib at Q1 is assumed equal to the rated current
InTR of the transformer (worst case)
using the maximum short-circuit current, it selects a circuit breaker Q1
with sufficient breaking capacity, then a rating for circuit breaker Q1 that
is higher than Ib (i.e. = InTR)
My Ecodial L sets the thermal protection for circuit breaker Q1 such that
Irth > Ib (= InTR)
My Ecodial L selects conductor C1 such that Iz>Ib (= InTR).
Conductor C1 is therefore sized taking into account the rating of the

transformer, instead of the thermal setting of the MV protection device of the
transformer. C1, oversized with respect to the real operational current, can
handle increases in installation loads. The thermal protection for circuit breaker
Q1 is also set for the transformer rating. This setting can be modified manually
to adjust it to the real operational current at Q1, but this modification is the
responsibility of the user.
See also
Input parameters
Transformer help

Transformers
Fault current and equipotential connections for MV/LV

transformers
In that the main equipotential connection is made in the MLVS, it is not necessary to take into account the
impedance of the PE (or PEN in a TN-C system) between the source and the MLVS in the loop used to
calculate the fault current. In My Ecodial L, this impedance is that of the source circuit (MV/LV
transformer, generator or any other type of source).
SLT = system earthing arrangement

Guide UTEC 15-105 D.2.5.1 provides the equation for the fault current.
Where:
and are the resistance and reactance of the protection conductor from the main equipotential
connection or the local connection to the start of the circuit under consideration
Cmin = 0.95
S is the size of the phases, is the size of the protection conductor

m = 1.05
and are the number of conductors for the phase and the protection conductor, respectively
and are the resistance and reactance of the source
and are the resistance and reactance of a phase conductor from the source to the start of
the circuit under consideration
and are the resistance and reactance of the circuit upstream of the source
is equal to 1 in a TN system, 0.86 in an IT system without a neutral and 0.5 en IT in an IT system
with a neutral

Transformers
When calculating and , it is not necessary to take into account the connection between the
transformers and the MLVS at which the equipotential connection is made.
See also
Input parameters
Transformer help

Transformers
Calculation of the resistance and reactance per phase

for a High Voltage transformer
Un: Nominal phase to phase voltage downstream of the transformer
m: coefficient used to account for the transformer no-load voltage (m=1.05)
Psc: Short-circuit power of the HV network..
Zhv: Impedance of the HV network as seen from the LV network.
Rhv: Resistance of the HV network as seen from the LV network
Xhv: Reactance of the HV network as seen from the LV network.
The values of 0.1 and 0.995 are those defined by the CENELEC R064-003 report (section 6.2) but can be
modified via the RQ/XQ and XQ/ZQ characteristics. This modification causes a shift to manual mode for
the component.
See also
Input parameters
Transformer help

Transformers
Calculation of the resistance and reactance of HV/LV

transformers for NF C 15-100
This calculation depends on the operating mode:

1. automatic operation:
These values are not calculated. They are taken directly from tables CC and CD of the UTE C 15-105
guide (C.2.1.2.3 b) for a voltage of 400V. For other voltages, they must be multiplied by a coefficient
2. manual operation:
identical to standard IEC 60364, that is to say:
RT = Transformer resistance
XT = Transformer reactance
ZT = Transformer impedance
U = Network voltage
Ucc = short-circuit voltage (%)
ST = Rated power of the transformer (kVA)
Pcu = Transformer copper losses (kW)
m = No-load factor = 1.05
I = Rated current of the transformer
See also
Input parameters
Transformer help

Transformers
Calculation of the resistance and reactance of HV/LV

transformers for IEC 60364
RT = Transformer resistance
XT = Transformer reactance
ZT = Transformer impedance
U = Network voltage
Ucc = short-circuit voltage (%)
ST = Rated power of the Transformer (kVA)
Pcu = Transformer copper losses (kW)
m = No-load factor = 1.05
I = Rated current of the transformer
See also
Input parameters
Transformer help

Generators
Generators
Overview
Input parameters
Most electrical installations contain loads that must be supplied even if the public electrical distribution
system fails. This is either because they are part of a safety system (emergency lighting, booster pumps,
smoke extractors, alarms, indicators, etc.) or because they are critical in nature and an extended
shutdown would be dangerous to life and property or cause production losses.
One of the means commonly used to satisfy the need for continuous power consists of installing an
engine generator set to restore power to priority loads, via one or more source changeover switches, in
the event of a failure on the normal source.
However, use of two different sources generates an additional problem when choosing the protection
devices for the priority circuits as they must be compatible with the characteristics of both sources.
My Ecodial L solves this problem by comprehensive calculations that ensure optimum sizing of the ac
generator and the protection devices.
Some networks are supplied only by generators. This case is also treated by My Ecodial L.
Limitations
Generators can be used in My Ecodial L as main or replacement sources. However, some configurations
are prohibited.
See prohibited configurations and authorised configurations
In brief, all circuits must have at least one main source. Up to 4 parallel-connected generators can be
used, provided they are all connected to the same busbars. A generator cannot be connected to a busbar
trunking system.
As a replacement source, the generator can be connected to busbars other than the normal source
busbars. This represents a subdivision of the network into priority circuits, connected to the replacement
supply, and non-priority circuits, which are not powered during failures of the normal source. In this
configuration, up to 4 replacement generators can be parallel-connected.
Priority circuits and non-priority circuits
Power failures mean that it is often necessary to provide a replacement source. However, sizing the
replacement installation for the complete circuit can be expensive and pointless as some of the
equipment is vital for safety or production whereas other less strategic equipment can be temporarily

Generators
stopped without risk. The installation is thus divided into priority and non-priority circuits, thereby reducing
the required capacity of the replacement source.
See also
AC generator short-circuit

Generators
Generator input parameters
Description Content
Power Generator power in kVA (any value)
Earthing arrangement of the LV installation: TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S -

Upstream (= that defined in the general characteristics)
Distributed neutral Neutral distribution for the LV installation: YES-NO (1)
Nominal phase to phase voltage of the LV installation (2): 220-230-240-

Ph-Ph V (V)
380-400-415-440-500-525-660-690 V
Network frequency (Hz) Frequency of the network 50 - 60 Hz
Power factor Cos phi at genset terminals (required to calculate voltage drop)
x'o Zero-sequence reactance: 6% by default or manufacturer value
x'd Transient reactance: 30% by default or manufacturer value
x''d Subtransient reactance: 30% by default or manufacturer value
Neutral earthing electrode Value of the neutral earthing electrode resistance in Ohms (any value)
resistance RA (ohms) Displayed for TT systems
ECP earthing electrode Value of the ECP earthing electrode resistance in Ohms (any value)
resistance RB (ohms) Displayed for TT systems
Designation of the insulation monitoring device. Displayed only for IT

systems.
IMD designation
The possible IMDs can be accessed via a dropdown list with contents
depending on the field of application and network voltage.
Field of application for choice of insulation monitoring device (IMD) for IT

Field of application
systems: Normal - Hospital
(1) For TN-C systems, the protective conductor (PE) and neutral are combined, thus the neutral is
considered to be distributed.
(2) The calculation guide CENELEC R064-003 includes two nominal voltage coefficients:
Cmax equal to 1.05 to take into account the genset no-load voltage.
m equal to 1.05 for genset voltage fluctuations.
The CENELEC guide considers generators only as a replacement source for

transformers. The guide does not consider calculation of the maximum short-circuit
currents for generator applications and takes into account only the transient reactance
and zero-sequence reactance, not the subtransient reactance.

Generators
My Ecodial L uses the subtransient reactance to calculate the maximum short-circuit

currents for networks supplied only by generator.
To simulate the conditions of the CENELEC guide, the value of the subtransient
reactance must be entered as the same value as the transient reactance (this is
equivalent to not taking the subtransient reactance into account).
For a network with a main source and a replacement source, the voltages,
frequencies, earthing arrangements and neutral distribution must be identical.
Calculated values
Visible in the input grid
IMD reference Insulation monitoring device chosen for an IT system
Visible in the calculation traces
Transient positive X'd (mOhm) Transient positive reactance (in mOhm)
Zero-sequence Xo (mOhm) Zero-sequence reactance (in mOhm)
Single-phase Xd (mOhm) Single-phase reactance (in mOhm)
Max lsc per source (kA) Maximum short-circuit current downstream of generator
Ib (A) Nominal current of the generator in A
The values given must be considered by source.
See also
Generator help

Generators
Short-circuit across ac generator terminals
When a short-circuit occurs across the terminals of an ac generator, the current is first established at a
relatively high value of around 3 to 5 ln (this is the "subtransient" period lasting from 10 to 20 ms), before
decreasing (the "transient" period lasting from 100 to 300 ms) to stabilise (after 0.5 s) at a value which,
depending on the type of regulation, can vary by roughly 0.3 or 4 times the nominal current of the ac
generator.
There is a reactance corresponding to each of these three periods:

Subtransient (Xd ): thus present for 10 to 20 ms after the start of the fault, used to check withstand to
electrodynamic forces and the breaking capacity of circuit-breakers for which the breaking time is
greater than 10 or 20 ms.

Transient (Xd ): used to check withstand to conductor thermal stresses and the breaking capacity of
circuit-breakers for which the breaking time is greater than 10 or 20 ms.
Synchronous or permanent (Xd): to be considered after the transient period
Zero-sequence (Xo)
The reactances listed above can be obtained from the manufacturer. In the absence of more detailed
information and according to the recommendations of the practical guide UTE C 15-500 (CENELEC
R064-003), we shall take:

xd = 30 %, xo = 6 %

Similarly, we shall take the value of 20% for xd (value not specified in the practical guide UTE C 15-500).
My Ecodial L calculates the various short-circuit currents as per standard NFC 15-105. The fact that in
some cases a single-phase short-circuit current (Ik1) is obtained that is greater than the three-phase
short-circuit current (Ik3) is normal and complies with the standard.
More info
ac generator with serial excitation or ac generator with compound excitation
For an ac generator with serial excitation, after the transient period (0.1 to 0.3 s), the short-circuit current
is established at approximately 0.3 ln. This means that if the protection devices have not tripped during
the subtransient or transient period, then the small value of the short-circuit current will not be sufficient to
make them trip after.
To avoid this phenomenon, ac generators are used with compound excitation or over-excitation. In this
case, the value of the short-circuit current after the transient period rises to approximately 3 ln, which is
sufficient to trip the protection devices.
The large majority of ac generators are equipped with compound excitation. Consequently, the standard
recommends carrying out short-circuit current calculations with the reactance Xd: this is equivalent to
considering that short-circuit current will not drop. My Ecodial L follows the recommendations of the
standard and considers that the ac generators are equipped with compound excitation.
See also
Generator help

Generators
Calculation example - Generator
"When calculating short-circuit and fault currents, the symmetrical components should be used to
determine the characteristics of the generator (X'd transient, X''d sub-transient and Xo phase-sequence
reactances).
Given that the CENELEC R064 003 report uses the impedance calculation method, the symmetrical
components must be transformed into resistance and reactance values.
For a replacement genset, the most significant value is the minimum short-circuit current or the fault
current. This is because the maximum short-circuit current is low. The transient reactance X'd is therefore
the right choice.
The problem would be different if the gensets constituted the main source (e.g. the situation on a ship), in
which case it would be necessary to select the X"d sub-transient reactance)."
Excerpt from an article in the J3E journal published by the Union Technique de l'Electricit,
August/September 2003.
Note: My Ecodial L does not yet take into account the last point which will be included in a later version.
Equations
Maximum three-phase short-circuit current Ik3max = Cmax.m.Uo/X'd, where:

Cmax is the maximum voltage factor = 1.05
m is the no-load factor = 1.05
Uo is the phase-to-neutral voltage (230 V)
X'd (mOhms) = Un x'd / (100 P)
Un is the phase-to-phase voltage (400 V)
x'd is the transient reactance in %
P is the rated power of the generator
Maximum single-phase short-circuit current Ik1max or fault current = Cmin.m.Uo/Zo, where:
Zo = (2.X'd+Xo)/3
cmin is the minimum voltage factor = 0.95
m is the no-load factor = 1.05
Uo is the phase-to-neutral voltage (230 V)
Xo (mOhms) = Un xo / (100 P)
Un is the phase-to-phase voltage (400 V)
xo is the phase-sequence reactance in %
P is the rated power of the generator
Application
Consider a generator rated 500 kVA, where xd = 30%, xo = 6%

X'd = 96 mOhms
Xo = 19 mOhms
Zo = 70 mOhms

Generators
Therefore
Ik3max = 2.6 kA
Ik1max or If = 3.3 kA
The fault current is therefore the major value for a generator used as a replacement source.
Note that for a transformer with an equal rating, the short-circuit current is four times higher.

Any source
Any source
Overview
This component is used to model sources. To see what types of circuits My Ecodial L can model using
this component, consult types of circuits accepted and types of circuits refused.
Two selection windows must be filled in to allow the component to be treated by My Ecodial L. The main
input data are the maximum three-phase short-circuit current (Ik3max) and the minimum single-phase
short-circuit current (Ik1min).
Using these values, the characteristics of the impedances of the various supply upstream connections are
defined, i.e. the phase, neutral and PE conductors, irrespective of the earthing system.
First entry window
Description Content
Nominal phase-to-phas voltage of the LV installation (2) 220-230-240-380-400-

Un Ph-Ph(V)
415-440-500-525-660-690 V
I service connection
Value of the current provided by the energy supplier.
(A)
Earthing
TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S
arrangement
Distributed neutral Indicates whether or not the neutral is distributed
Network frequency Two choices are possible: 50 Hz and 60 Hz
Characteristics accessible only for France. Two possible choices: private

Energy supplier
substation , EDF substation.

Any source
Second window
A second window follows depending on the choices made in the first window:
TT without neutral
TT with full neutral
TT with reduced neutral
TN-C with full PEN without incoming equipotential
TN-C with reduced PEN without incoming equipotential
TN-C with incoming equipotential
TN-S with undistributed neutral and without incoming equipotential
TN-S with undistributed neutral and with incoming equipotential
TN-S with full neutral and without incoming equipotential
TN-S with full neutral and incoming equipotential
TN-S with reduced neutral and without incoming equipotential
TN-S with reduced neutral and incoming equipotential
ITSN (without neutral)
ITAN with full neutral
ITAN with reduced neutral
Examples
Short-circuit power factor

Any source
TT earthing arrangement
1. TT without neutral
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Cos PHI SC
Rs
Rm
Figure 1: diagram upstream from point A in TT without neutral
Note on the earthing connection resistances
The neutral earthing connection resistance Rs, called in My Ecodial L, has in France,
according to NFC 11 201, a total value of < 15 W.
For the earth earthing connection resistance Rm, called in My Ecodial L,

PROMOTELEC recommends a value of < 100 W.
A test can be carried out and the user informed if the values entered are higher.

Any source
2. Calculations
2. TT with full neutral
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Ik1min
Cos PHI SC
Rs
Rm
Figure 2: diagram upstream from point A in TT with full neutral

Any source
2.Checking
Check My Ecodial L warning message
"The value of the single-phase short-circuit cannot

If Ik1min < In
be less than nominal current."
"Upstream, neutral cross-section is less than phase

If cross-section. Check?"
"OK"
If
"Upstream, neutral earthing is close to the incomer.

If Check?"
"The value of the single-phase short-circuit cannot

be greater than the three-phase short-circuit. This
If data is replaced by the maximum value possible. "
3. Calculations
(1)
(1)
(1): Taking the same short-circuit power factor (cos phi) for Ik3 and Ik1 leads to these calculation
approximations.
3. TT with reduced neutral
1. Data
Uo

Any source
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Ik1min
Cos PHI SC
Rs
Rm
Figure 3: diagram upstream from point A in TT with reduced neutral
2. Checking
Check My Ecodial L warning message
"The value of the single-phase short-circuit cannot be

If less than nominal current."
"OK"
If

If Check?"

greater than the three-phase short-circuit. This data is
If replaced by the maximum value possible."
3. Calculations
(1)

Any source
approximations.
See also
Any source help

Any source
TN-C earthing arrangement
1. TN-C with full PEN without incoming equipotential
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Ik1min
Cos PHI SC
Figure 4: diagram upstream from point A in TN-C with full PEN without equipotential
2. Checking
Check Message displayed by My Ecodial L

"Upstream, PEN cross-section is less than phase

If : cross-section. Check?"
"OK"
If


Any source
3. Calculations
(1)
(1)
approximations.
2. TN-C with reduced PEN without incoming equipotential
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Ik1min
Cos PHI SC
Figure 5: diagram upstream from point A in TN-C with reduced PEN without equipotential

Any source
2. Checking
"The value of the single-phase short-circuit cannot be less than

If nominal current."
"OK"
If
"The value of the single-phase short-circuit cannot be greater than

the three-phase short-circuit. This data is replaced by the
If maximum value possible."
3. Calculations
(1)
(1)
approximations.
3. TN-C with incoming equipotential
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Cos PHI SC

Any source
Figure 6: diagram upstream from point A in TN-C with incoming equipotential
2. Calculations
See also
Any source help

Any source
TN-S earthing arrangement
1. TN-S with undistributed neutral and without incoming equipotential
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
If
Cos PHI SC
Figure 7: diagram upstream from point A in TN-S with undistributed neutral and without equipotential
2. Checking
If "The value of the fault current cannot be less than nominal current."
"OK"
If
"The value of the fault curent cannot be greater than the three-phase
If short-circuit. This data is replaced by the maximum value possible."

Any source
3. Calculations
(1)
(1)
approximations.

Any source
2. TN-S with undistributed neutral and incoming equipotential
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Cos PHI SC
Figure 8: diagram upstream from point A in TN-S with undistributed neutral and equipotential
2. Calculations

Any source
3. TN-S with full neutral and without incoming equipotential
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Ik1min
If
Cos PHI SC
Figure 9: diagram upstream from point A in TN-S with full neutral and without equipotential
2. Checking


"OK"
If

If Check?"

"The value of the fault current cannot be less than the


Any source
"OK"
If
"The value of the fault current cannot be greater than

the three-phase short-circuit. This data is replaced by
If the maximum value possible."
3. Calculations
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
approximations.

Any source
4. TN-S with full neutral and incoming equipotential
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Ik1min
Cos PHI SC
Figure 10: diagram upstream from point A in TN-S with full neutral and equipotential
2. Checking


"OK"
If

If Check?"


Any source
3. Calculations
(1)
(1)
approximations.

Any source
5. TN-S with reduced neutral and without incoming equipotential
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Ik1min
If
Cos PHI SC
Figure 11: diagram upstream from point A in TN-S with reduced neutral and without equipotential
2. Checking

"OK"
If

If Check?"

"The value of the fault current cannot be less than the

"OK"
If

Any source
"The value of the fault current cannot be greater than

the three-phase short-circuit. This data is replaced by
If the maximum value possible."
3. Calculations
(1)
(1)
(1)
approximations.

Any source
6. TN-S with reduced neutral and incoming equipotential
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Ik1min
Cos PHI SC
Figure 12: diagram upstream from point A in TN-S with reduced neutral and incoming equipotential
2. Checking

"OK"
If

If Check?"


Any source
3. Calculations
(1)
(1)
approximations.
See also
Any source help

Any source
IT earthing arrangement
1. ITSN (without neutral)
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Cos PHI SC
Figure 13: diagram upstream from point A in ITSN
2. Calculations

Any source
2. ITAN with full neutral
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Ik1min
Cos PHI SC
Figure 14: diagram upstream from point A with full ITAN
2. Checking


"OK"
If
"The upstream transformer is close to the incomer.

If Check?"


Any source
3. Calculations
(1)
(1)
approximations.
3. ITAN with reduced neutral
1. Data
Uo
In
Cos PHI
Ik3max
Ik1min
Cos PHI SC
Figure 15: diagram upstream from point A in reduced ITAN

Any source
2. Checking

Si less than nominal current."
"OK"
Si
"The upstream transformer is close to the incomer.

Si Check?"

Si replaced by the maximum value possible."
3. Calculations
(1)
(1)
approximations.
See also
Any source help

Any source
Examples
Example no. 1: LV rural utility network
Let us model an incoming utility line used with a special tariff (e.g. French blue or yellow tariff ). See:
The diagram in figure 18,
Information from NFC 11 201 relating to neutral earthing in figure 19,
Installation of the transformer in figure 20.
The exact calculation gives:
Zq = 80 mW Rq = 53 mW Xq = 59 mW Ik3max = 3.2 kA cosPHIsc3 = 0.67

Zn = 42 mW Rn = 39 mW Xn = 16 mW Ik1min = 1.9 kA cosPHIsc1 = 0.77
Rs = 10 W Rm = 80 W If = 2.6 A
The values entered in My Ecodial L are:
Ik3max = 3.2 kA Ik1min = 1.9 kA cosPHIsc = 0.8 (as per IEC 947-2)
Rs = 10 W Rm = 80 W
My Ecodial Ls estimation from the values entered is:
Zq = 80 mW Rq = 64 mW Xq = 48 mW
Zn = 40 mW Rn = 32 mW Xn = 24 mW
The estimated results are relatively close to the exact values.
Figure 18: Diagram of the LV rural utility network
The neutral of the low voltage network is not earthed at the substation itself. It is earthed elsewhere
on the LV network by one or more earth electrodes according to the recommendations of section 3.8,
chapter 3 of the present standard. The resistance of the overall LV neutral earth circuit must not
exceed 15 (*).
These two earth circuits must be electrically independent (**) so that, in the event of a fault on the
medium voltage network, the potential of the earth circuit used for the exposed conductive parts will

Any source
not rise and affect the LV network.

This is achieved by maintaining a minimum distance between the earthing point of the exposed
conductive parts and the nearest neutral earthing point. This minimum distance is 15 metres for soil
with an average resistivity of less than 300 m and 30 metres for ground with higher resistivity
values.
3.8.1 LV lines
The neutral conductor of overhead lines exceeding a length of 100 m must be earthed at more than
one point and the average number of earthing points must be at least one per 200 m. Each earth
electrode must have a maximum resistance of 100 . The total resistance of the earth electrodes is
indicated in section 5.2.1.1.
Figure 19: Neutral earthing information from NFC 11 201
Figure 20: 160 kVA transformer for LV rural utility network

Any source
Example no. 2: LV urban utility network
Let us model an incoming utility line used with a special tariff (e.g. French blue or yellow tariff ),
relatively close to the transformer. Refer to the diagram in figure 21.
The exact calculation gives:
Zq = 75 mW Rq = 30 mW Xq = 68 mW Ik3max = 3.4 kA cosPHIsc3 = 0.41

Zn = 11 mW Rn = 10 mW Xn = 4 mW Ik1min = 2.8 kA cosPHIsc1 = 0.49
Rs = 5 W Rm = 40 W If = 5.12 A
The values entered in My Ecodial L are:
Ik3max = 3.4 kA Ik1min = 2.8 kA cosPHIsc = 0.8 (as per IEC 947-2)
Rs = 5 W Rm = 40 W
My Ecodial Ls estimation from the values entered is:
Zq = 75 mW Rq = 60 mW Xq = 45 mW
Zn = 8 mW Rn = 6 mW Xn = 5 mW
The estimates are relatively close to the exact values, with the exception of R/X distribution due to an
incorrect estimation of cosPHIsc.
Alternative concerning cosPHIsc:
cosPHIsc = 0.4 (data)

Any source
My Ecodial Ls estimation is then:
Zq = 75 mW Rq = 30 mW Xq = 68 mW
Zn = 8 mW Rn = 3 mW Xn = 7 mW
The estimates are relatively close to the exact values.
Figure 21: Diagram of the LV urban utility network
See also
Any source help

Any source
Short-circuit power factor
What if I don't know it ?
The user may not know the value of the short-circuit power factor at the point of connection. My Ecodial
L can then choose the value defined in the circuit breaker short-circuit tests of standard IEC 947-2.
Section 8.3.4 defines the value of the test circuit power factor as a function of the short-circuit level. For
instance, for a short-circuit protective device such as a circuit breaker with an ultimate breaking capacity
of 50 kA, the power factor under which the test is carried out is 0.2.
By using these very conservative values, My Ecodial L is sure to cover the worst case.
The user can use the values of this table as lower limits for the calculation assumptions.
Values of power factors corresponding to circuit breaker short-circuit test currents:

Table 16, IEC 947-2 :
Test current (A) Power factor
I<=1500 0.95
1500 < I <= 3000 0.9
3000 < I <= 4500 0.8
4500 < I <= 6000 0.7
6000 < I <= 10 000 0.5
10 000 < I <= 20 000 0.3
20 000 < I <= 50 000 0.25
50 000 < I 0.2
Effect induced by the discrete values of the short-circuit power factor
The values of table 16 are non-continuous. For instance, the power factor changes from 0.8 to 0.7 for a
protective device designed for a short-circuit current of 4.5 to 5 kA.
However, the power factor is related to the calculation of the short-circuit current, indicating a possible
edge effect.
This is demonstrated by:
where Z is more globally the impedance upstream of the point considered, i.e. upstream of the supply
point of "any source".

Any source
Calculation of the upstream impedances as a function of the short-circuit level show that the values of Z
are continuous. The method used by My Ecodial L now gives continuous and consistent results.
Graph 17 : Upstream impedances as a function of Ik3max
See also
Any source help

Upstream project
Upstream project references
Presentation
Upstream project references are used to connect together two networks. In this configuration, the
upstream network, represented by the upstream project reference circuit, is considered to be the normal
source of the downstream network to which it forwards the following characteristics:
voltage
earthing arrangement
type of network (single-phase or three-phase, with or without neutral)
impedances
voltage drop
However, the selected protection devices are not forwarded to the downstream project. Consequence: no
cascading or discrimination is possible between the two networks.
Moreover the busbars to which the upstream project reference circuit are connected are considered to be
the mains LV switchboard (MLVS). It is therefore possible to connect a capacitor bank.
Note:
This component was introduced to overcome the limitation of My Ecodial L to 75 circuits. This limit was
eliminated with version 3.3 but the component was conserved to maintain compatibility with older
versions.
Input parameters
Description Content
Name of file containing the upstream network. This file must be in the same
Upstream project directory as the current project. The project must be completely calculated with
the same software version as the downstream project.
Name of the upstream network circuit to which the downstream network is

Upstream circuit
connected.
Two choices are possible:

No, to retrieve the characteristics of the upstream project.
Yes, to conserve the values entered in the downstream project.
Retrieve upstream Notes:

calculations - If either of the two input parameters above is modified, this parameter is
automatically set to Yes.
- If one of the characteristics of the upstream project transmitted to the
downstream project has been modified, the downstream project is
automatically updated when the calculation is run..

Capacitors
Capacitors
Overview
Input parameters
Limitations
First of all, My Ecodial L only deals with 3-phase capacitor banks, which corresponds to most power
factor correction (or reactive energy compensation) applications.
With respect to earthing arrangements, My Ecodial L does not deal with TN-C arrangements or IT with
neutral arrangements. It therefore imposes a TN-S arrangement if the user requests a TN-C arrangement
and an IT arrangement without neutral if the user requests an IT arrangement with neutral. Note that
since most capacitors operate with three phases and no neutral, the TN-S arrangement represents a
viable and more economical solution than a TN-S arrangement.
Finally, with respect to the location of capacitor banks, My Ecodial L only deals with overall reactive
energy compensation in which capacitor banks are installed at head of the installation, and not with local
or individual compensation. See location of banks
Reactive energy
Electrical energy consists of active energy and reactive energy. Active energy (kWh) results from the
active power P (kW) of the loads. It is fully converted into mechanical power (work) and heat (losses). The
reactive energy consumed (kvarh) is used to supply the magnetic circuits of the electrical machines. It
corresponds to the reactive power Q (kvar) of the loads.
Apparent energy (kVAh) is the vector sum of the two energies mentioned above. It corresponds to the
apparent power S (kVA) of the loads.
Reactive energy consumers are inductive devices (asynchronous motors, fluorescent light ballasts, static
inverters, etc.)
Circulation of reactive energy has major technical and economic consequences. This is because the
greater the reactive power, the more apparent power and thus current must be supplied for the same
reactive power. This greater drawn current results in overloads at transformer level, supply cable
temperature rise, additional losses, large voltage drops and, for the electricity producer, more current to
be supplied.

Capacitors
The graph shows that for the same useful or active power, the greater the reactive energy drawn (case
corresponding to Q2), the greater the apparent power S2. To reduce the apparent power drawn from the
network from S2 to S1, we must connect a capacitor bank to supply reactive energy Qc, such that: Qc =
P * (tan phi2 - tan phi).
To encourage compensation of reactive energy consumption and avoid oversizing the network, the
electrical utility applies penalties to consumers who overrun a certain threshold of reactive energy
consumption.
Capacitors sizing
Capacitors are sized according to the required power factor (cos phi) and to network voltage and
frequency. This is because the reactive energy supplied by the capacitor is equal to:
2
Q=wxCxU
where Q = reactive energy (kvar)
C = Capacitor capacitance (Farads)
w = angular frequency in radians per second (w = 2p f where f is the frequency in Hertz)
U = voltage across capacitor terminals
See also
Location of banks
Choice of compensation type
SAH type banks
Harmonics problems
Examples of installations with harmonic pollution
Problem of transient switching conditions

Capacitors
Capacitor input parameters
Input parameters
Description Content
Pre-compensation power Value of overall cosphi of the installation before power factor correction
factor Value calculated and entered automatically from the power sum
Required global power Value of cosphi after power factor correction

factor Value entered in the general characteristics of the network
Harmonics power Sum of the powers in kVA of all non-linear loads (free value)
Resonance frequency of the L-C assembly. It must be chosen in such a

Reactor turning order
way that remote control frequencies are not disturbed.
Earthing arrangement TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S - Upstream (=upstream earthing system)
Calculated values
Visible in the input grid
Power (kvar) Power of the capacitor bank to be installed in kvar
Ib (A) Nominal current in A
Compensation type Type of bank to be used: Classic - Comfort - Harmony
Number of compensation steps x unit power of each

Regulation (kvar)
step
See also
Capacitor help

Capacitors
Choice of capacitor bank location
There are three possible locations. My Ecodial L only treats overall compensation, which is why
capacitor banks must be installed at the head of the installation.
Overall compensation
The bank is connected at the incoming end of the installation and ensures reactive energy compensation
for all loads. It is suitable when the main aim is to eliminate penalties and relieve the transformer
substation.
2 other locations, not treated by My Ecodial L, however exist:
Local or sector compensation
The bank is installed at the head of the installation sector to be corrected. It is suitable when the
installation is large and contains workshops with different load conditions.
Individual compensation
The bank is connected directly to the terminals of each inductive load (in particular, motors). It must be
considered when motor power is a major part of the subscribed power. This compensation is technically
ideal as it produces reactive energy at the very point where it is consumed, and in quantities adjusted to
the demand. Economically speaking, this solution requires a greater initial investment.
See also
Example of motor compensation
Capacitor help

Capacitors
Fixed compensation
The capacitor bank is either on or off. This compensation type is used when reactive power is low (< 15%
of transformer power) and the load relatively stable.
Automatic or stepped compensation
The capacitor bank is divided into steps, with the possibility of switching in the required number of steps,
normally automatically. This compensation type is usually installed on the incoming end of the LV
distribution network or of a large sector. It allows step by step regulation of reactive energy.
Choice according to network harmonic pollution level
Choice table according to harmonic level
Gh/Sn <= 15% Standard network installation type Classic capacitors
15% < Gh/Sn <= 25% polluted network installation with type Comfort capacitors
25% < Gh/Sn <= 50% highly polluted network installation with type Harmony capacitors
Gh/Sn > 50% highly polluted network Filters
Sn= transformer power kVA

Gh= total power of harmonic generators kVA
The Classic type is suitable for networks with low levels of harmonics.
The Comfort type satisfies polluted network criteria.
The Harmony type (association of a capacitor and a detuning reactor) will withstand very polluted
networks..
My Ecodial L handles all 3 of the above cases.
For even higher power values of harmonic generators, special treatment of harmonics is normally
required. The appropriate device (harmonic filter) performs both reactive energy compensation and
harmonic filtering functions. My Ecodial L does not handle this last case.
My Ecodial L automatically imposes a type of bank (Classic, Comfort, or Harmony) according to network
pollution level. If network pollution is too great and requires use of filters, My Ecodial L returns a warning
message and stops the calculation.
See also
SAH type banks
Harmonics problems
Examples of installations with harmonic pollution
Capacitor help

Capacitors
Harmony (detuned reactor) type capacitor banks
Harmony bank (principle)
For severely polluted networks, the use of Harmony type capacitor banks is recommended. They are
made up of detuned reactors combined with oversized capacitors.
See also
Capacitor help

Capacitors
Motor compensation
The power factor (cos phi) of a motor is normally:

extremely low on no-load and on small load
and low in normal operation.
It is thus a good idea to install capacitors for this type of load to compensate for reactive power
consumption and increase the power factor of the installation.
When a motor drives a load with high inertia, it may, after interruption of the supply voltage, continue to
run using its kinetic energy and be self-excited by a capacitor bank installed at its terminals.
The capacitors supply the motor with the reactive energy it needs to operate as an asynchronous
generator. This self-excitation maintains voltage and can lead to high overvoltages.
To prevent dangerous overvoltages due to self-excitation phenomena, you must ensure that capacitor
bank power satisfies the following equation:
Io: motor no-load current.

Io can be estimated by the following expression: Io = 2 In ( 1 - cos n ), where n is the nominal cos
Un: nominal phase-to-phase voltage
Qc: capacitor bank power
See also
Capacitor bank location

Capacitors
Thermal sizing of equipment
The permissible variations in the value of fundamental voltage and harmonic components may lead to a
30 to 45% current increase in the capacitors. Variations due to tolerances on capacitor capacitance can
result in an additional 15% increase (as per standard NFC 15-104). For Rectiphase capacitors, this
additional increase is limited to 5 %.
The cumulated effect of these two phenomena means that equipment must be sized for the following
currents:
1.36 times the rated current for standard capacitor banks (Classic type)
1.5 times the rated current for Rectiphase reinforced capacitor banks (Comfort type)
1.12 times the rated current for Rectiphase capacitor banks protected by reactors (Harmony type) with
a tuning order of 2.7
See also
Capacitor help

Capacitors
Harmonics problems
Some non-linear devices are responsible for the circulation of harmonics on the network. For example,
power electronics equipment (variable speed drives, diode rectifier bridges, thyristors or transistors,
inverters or switch mode power supplies), loads using electric arcs (arc furnaces, welding machines),
lighting (discharge lamp ballasts, fluorescent lights and, finally, to a lesser extent, equipment with
magnetic circuits such as AC generators and transformers.
These harmonics disturb the operation of many electronic devices and machines. In particular, capacitors
are extremely sensitive to them as their impedance decreases in proportion to the harmonic number of
the harmonics present. If the natural frequency of the capacitor-network assembly is close to a harmonic
number, resonance will occur, amplifying the corresponding harmonic. In this particular case, the resulting
current will cause temperature rise and then disruptive breakdown of the capacitor. Solutions are
available to limit these risks and ensure proper operation of the capacitors.
To deal with this phenomenon, a variety of capacitor bank types are used (see the table on choice of
compensation type): Classic, Comfort, Harmony (with detuning reactors), or if the network has an
extremely high level of harmonic pollution, filters. My Ecodial L takes harmonics problems into account.
According to the network pollution rate, it imposes a type of capacitor (Classic, Comfort, or Harmony).
However, My Ecodial L does not handle filters.
For more details on harmonics problems, see Merlin Gerin Cahier Technique
publication no. 152.
See also
Capacitor help

Capacitors
Switching of a capacitor bank is accompanied by transient current and voltage conditions. Overcurrents
and overvoltages appear, the amplitude and frequency of which depend on the characteristics of the
upstream network and the number of capacitor banks (fixed or stepped banks). As a rule, pre-insertion
resistances, used to limit the switching inrush current, are installed by the manufacturer.
My Ecodial L does not take into account problems relating to transient conditions for
capacitor banks.
In this matter, you can also consult The Low Voltage Expert Guide no. 6 p. 8 to 12.
See also
Capacitor help

Capacitors
Installation examples
Example of an installation with a low level of harmonics:
Classic capacitors can be used for compensation.
GH / Sn = 15%
Harmonic voltages on 400 V busbar
Total harmonic distortion THD(U) = 3%
RMS voltage at capacitor terminals = 432 V
Choice of bank:
Classic capacitors.
Voltage Un = 400 V given that capacitor limit = 1.1 Un = 440 V.
Results

Capacitors
Example of a polluted installation:
Comfort type capacitors can be used for compensation.
GH / Sn = 20 %
Harmonic voltages on 400 V busbars
Choice of bank:
Comfort type capacitors.
Voltage Un = 440 V given that capacitor limit = 1.1 Un = 484 V.
Results

Capacitors
Example of a very polluted installation:
Harmony type capacitors can be used for compensation.
GH / Sn = 50%
Harmonic voltages on 400 V busbars
Choice of bank:
Harmony type capacitors
voltage Un = 440 V given that capacitor limit = 1.1 Un = 517 V
combined with a 190 Hz tuned detuning reactor.
Results
Total harmonic distortion THD(U) = 3.4%
See also
Capacitor help

Busbars
Busbars
Overview
The switchboard houses the switchgear, controlgear and other distribution components of the electrical
installation. It consists of a number of parts known as functional units. Each functional unit includes all the
mechanical and electrical parts required to carry out a given function. The switchboard has a major
influence on the overall dependability of the installation. Consequently, the type of switchboard must be
perfectly suited to its application. It must be designed and manufactured in compliance with applicable
standards and standard working practice.
The switchboard enclosure offers two types of protection:
Protection of the enclosed devices against vibrations, mechanical shocks and other external factors
Protection of people against electric shocks
The reference standards for switchboards in France are NFC 61 - 910, NF C63 - 410 and NF C 63 - 412.
The reference standard from the international viewpoint is IEC 439-1, which defines the conditions for
producing Type Tested Assemblies (TTA) and Partially Type Tested Assemblies (PTTA).
My Ecodial L distinguishes between two types of busbars:
Uncalculated (fictitious) busbars
Uncalculated busbars (zero impedance) are used to represent tap-offs under a given circuit. These
busbars are fictitious and are simply a means to represent a number of outgoers on a given tap-off.
To place uncalculated busbars, position a "busbar" circuit on the diagram, then modify the circuit if
necessary to transform the calculated busbars into a tap-off.
Calculated busbars
These busbars represent all types of switchboard (main LV board, secondary boards, final distribution
boards, control and monitoring boards).

Cables
Calculable busbar input parameters
Description Content
Busbar range:
Prisma Linergy: Linergy range busbars for Prisma switchboard
Prisma on edge - Prisma flat: Busbars for Prisma switchboard
Standard on edge - Standard flat: Copper with standard dimensions
Busbar type
Customised on edge - Customised flat: dimensions to be completed by
the user
Okken
For more details on the busbars of the Merlin Gerin Prisma range, consult the
catalogue.
Nominal current of the busbar. If the value is zero, My Ecodial L will look for
the thermal setting of the upstream protection device. If the value is entered
In(A)
by the user, My Ecodial L will check consistency with the thermal setting of
the upstream protection device.
Length Busbar length
Number of bars in
Number of parallel-connected busbars
parallel
Thickness (mm) Busbar thickness in mm (5 mm as standard)
Width (mm) Busbar width in mm
Power factor Power factor at busbar level
Polarity of busbars: 3P + N or 3P or 2P or 1P or Upstream (= same as

Circuit polarity
upstream circuit)
Ambient temperature Ambient temperature outside the switchboard
Max permitted TC on
Maximum temperature accepted for Isc
Isc
Protection level Degree of protection of enclosure: <= IP30 or >IP30
Earthing arrangement TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S - Upstream (= that defined for the upstream circuit)
Type of metal: Copper or Aluminium (Aluminium for a customised busbars

Metal
only)
Standards stipulates a breaking time such that the fault is eliminated in less
Phase to earth fault
than 5s. In some cases a 5s breaking time is permitted, particularly for
max. breaking time
primary networks.

Busbars
Calculated values
Description Content
Available l (A) Busbar nominal current
R (mOhm) Resistance per phase
X (mOhm) Reactance per phase
Peak lsc (kA) Peak short-circuit current
Max lsc (kA) Maximum short-circuit current
Connection dU (%) Voltage drop in the busbars

Busbar trunking systems
Overview
Input parameters
Busbar trunking systems (BTS) offer easy implementation, flexibility and a number of possible connection
points.
Busbar trunking systems require special treatment from My Ecodial L and some configurations cannot be
dealt with. For more details, consult accepted circuits with BTSs and refused circuits with BTSs.
With cables, the cost of modifications varies considerably according to the distance between the
switchboard and the point of use. When modifications are likely to be frequent, busbar trunking systems
offer a number of advantages.
Busbar trunking systems are dealt with in standard NF C 63-411. Guide UTE C 15-107 gives the
conditions for determining the characteristics of busbar trunking systems and choosing the protection
devices. For more details
Due to their diversity, busbar trunking systems can be used to distribute electrical power from the output
of the HV/LV transformers right on through to the loads.
There are three main categories:
Busbar trunking systems for the transformer / main LV switchboard connection: This connection is
designed for the transformer power rating and its installation is virtually permanent and unchangeable.
It has no tap-offs. Extensively used for short connections, it is widespread beyond ratings of 2000 /
2500 A. Standard NF C 15-100 (523.6) requires use of busbar trunking systems for cases involving
more than 4 parallel-connected cables ( B 5.2). For more details
Busbar trunking systems for distribution: these can be very variable in size and are used to:
Perform distribution along a main line.
Supply other subdistribution or final distribution conductors, which require a high degree of
flexibility.
Supply load points directly.
For more details!
Prefabricated installation systems for final distribution (NF C 61-306): These trunking systems
comprise the conductors allowing rapid connection of 10/16 A socket outlets at specific points. They
ensure horizontal and vertical distribution by means of plinths or columns and can convey energy as
close as possible to the installation thanks to a functional and attractive design. They can include other
circuits with the corresponding outlets (telephone, computer network, bus, etc.). Flexibility of use
combined with great adaptability to changing needs justifies their use in final distribution.

See also
BTS sizing principles
BTS overload sizing
BTS voltage drops
BTS minimum short-circuit currents
Checking the BTS in automatic and manual mode
Calculation of BTS max lsc

Concept of BTS decentralised distribution
2 electrical distribution architectures can be identified:
Centralised distribution
The cable and load protection equipment is centralised in a few cubicles spread out over the building.
Decentralised distribution
The cable and load protection equipment is distributed throughout the installation thanks to coverage of
the building surface by BTS lines.
The protection devices can be disconnected with power on without disturbing either the other protective
devices or the loads around them. Continuous operation of building systems is thus ensured.
Moreover, as the BTS lines provide full coverage of the building surface, loads can be relocated quickly
and easily.

Advantages of BTSs: conformity of the installation as it changes
"Assemble, disassembleavec Canalis, your installation changes but the initial quality is conserved"
"With Canalis, your installation continues to conform whatever the modifications made"
"With Canalis, performance does not depend on implementation"
Comments of customers using Canalis, the Schneider Electric busbar trunking range.
Influence of installation changes
Centralised distribution
Addition or displacement of a circuit in a cable tray affects the sizing of the circuits close to it.
Modification of the characteristics of the existing circuits which then cease to

conform to installation standards (IEC 364, NF C 15-100, etc.)
Decentralised distribution
Addition of loads on a BTS line, according to manufacturer recommendations, does not involve any
changes in BTS characteristics.
No deterioration of the BTS construction characteristics. The BTS continues to

conform to installation standards (IEC 364, NF C 15-100, etc.)
See also
A demonstration
BTS help contents

BTSs guarantee :
complete control of installation

conformity and
quality when changes are made!
An important value: permissible current (or current carrying capacity)
Conductors are always sized on the basis of a permissible current value

This is the maximum value of the current that can permanently flow through the conductor
Beyond this value, the insulating qualities are affected
premature ageing (a conductor subjected to an overcurrent of 10% will have its

lifetime halved)
Determining permissible current (principle)
The permissible current of a conductor is:
Cable Iz = (K x In) / (f1 x f2 x f3 x f4 x f5 x n x fs)
BTS Inc = (K x In) / (f1 x f3)
where:
In: Circuit nominal current
K: Type of protection
f1: Ambient temperature
f2: Number of conductors loaded in a circuit
f3: Reference method and installation mode
n: Number of parallel-connected cables
fs: Symmetry factor
f4: Number of layers
f5: Grouping a number of circuits (touching cables)

Example 1: Supplying five 9 kW machines
(Cos phi = 0.87 then Ib = 15 A)
Iz = (K x In) / (f1 x f2 x f3 x f4 x f5 x fs x n)
Protection by circuit-breaker: K = 1
Ambient temperature of 30C: f1 = 1
Neutral not loaded: f2 = 1
Cable with three conductors (Method E) + Cable laid on horizontally routed cable trays (Mode 13): f3 =
1
1 layer: f4 = 1
5 circuits but not touching: f5 = 1
No parallel-connected cables: n and fs = 1
Iz = (1 x 15) / (1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1) = 15 A
Stheoretical = 1.08 mm => S chosen = 1.5 mm

Example: Supplying nine 9 kW machines
(Cos phi = 0.87 then Ib = 15 A)
Iz = (K x In) / (f1 x f2 x f3 x f4 x f5 x fs x n)
Protection by circuit-breaker: K = 1
Ambient temperature of 30C: f1 = 1
Neutral not loaded: f2 = 1
Cable with three conductors (Method E) + Cable laid on horizontally routed cable trays (Mode 13): f3 =
1
1 layer: f4 = 1
9 circuits: f5 = 0,72
No parallel-connected cables: n and fs = 1
Iz = (1 x 15)/(1 x 1 x 1 x 0.8 x 0.72 x 1 x 1 ) = 21 A
Stheoretical = 1.83 mm => S chosen = 2.5 mm
Change from 5 to 9 machines
Wiring of initial 5 machines:

5 non-touching circuits: f5 = 1
Sz0 = 1.5 mm

Wiring after addition of 4 machines:

9 touching circuits: f5 = 0.72
Sz1 = 2.5 mm
Result:
After adding the 4 machines, the wiring of the initial 5 machines no longer
conforms with installation standards (2.5 mm conductors are now required).
Consequences:
The cables of the 5 initial circuits must be replaced by 2.5 mm cables:
Equipment and labour costs, production downtime, etc.
If the installation remains as it is, cable lifetime will be considerably reduced:
Risk of fire, etc.
See also
BTS help contents

Connections made using BTS
Use of busbar trunking is recommended by standard NFC 15 100

523.6
"Generally speaking, the recommendation is to use as few parallel cables as possible. In all cases, no
more than four must be used. Beyond this number, a busbar trunking system should be implemented.
This is because parallel-connection of many cables results in poor current sharing that could lead to
abnormal temperature rise"
Determination of permissible currents in several parallel-connected conductors assumes that the currents
are shared evenly. This implies that:
The impedance of each conductor is identical,
The layout of the conductors of the various phases is as symmetrical as possible.
If these conditions are not fulfilled, the circuit may be subjected to abnormal temperature rises. However,
current balance is theoretically possible only with 2 parallel-connected conductors. Beyond this number,
unbalance increases markedly and is hard to evaluate.
The use of a busbar trunking system is thus essential for the transmission of very high currents.

Parallel cable installation
The following arrangements are recommended:
2 cables per phase
Without neutral cable
Trefoil formation
Flat formation
With neutral cable
Trefoil formation
Flat formation
4 cables per phase
Without neutral cable
Trefoil formation
Flat formation
With neutral cable
Trefoil formation
Flat formation

Example
Transformer switchboard connection using a BTS.

BTS decentralised distribution
BTS decentralized distribution is often an excellent alternative to parallel installation of cables.

Busbar trunking input parameters
Description Content
distribution - rising main - standard lighting - strip lighting. This

Application
characteristic is not displayed if the BTS is of the feeder or final distribution.
Does it support the yes - no Displayed for standard lighting applications. It is used to orient the
luminaires? search toward a flexible BTS (KDP range)
1 -2 Orients the choice towards a BTS offering two circuits or ribbon cables
Number of circuits
(KBB range)
Bolt-on tap-off units - Plug-in tap-off units Displayed for rising main
Type of tap-off
and distribution applications
Load calculation method: Uniform distribution - Non-uniform

Load distribution
distribution Displayed for rising main and distribution applications
Isc max for chosen break. Head end - The tap off. Displayed for rising main and distribution
cap. applications
Designation Busbar trunking model
Ib (A) Busbar trunking operational current
Length (m) Length of busbar trunking in metres
Required IP Degree of protection: IP20 - IP31 IP54 IP55 IP66
Distance between luminaire centres. Displayed for standard lighting or strip

Spacing
lighting applications. Two possible choices: <= 3m or > 3m
Conductor metal Copper - aluminium
PE type standard - isolated - reinforced
User-defined K User-defined coefficient
Line max. Delta U (%) Maximum voltage drop authorised for the busbar trunking
Earthing arrangement TN-C TN-S TT IT Upstream
Total harmonic distortion of the current.

THDI (%)
More info
Installation Installation method: Standard - On the side - Vertical
Ambient temperature (C) Ambient temperature around the busbar trunking

Description Content
Downstream circuit
Circuit polarity 3P + N 3P 2P 1P upstream
polarity
See also
BTS help contents

BTS sizing principle
Parameters used to calculate the BTS
Retrieval of all upstream characteristics:
Short-circuit current at start of connection

Permissible maximum current
Voltage
Voltage drop
Neutral protection level
Entering user parameters
Type of load: uniform or non-uniform distribution or feeder / transmission

Installation method
Calculation method
Length
Conductor metal
PE type
Degree of protection

Choice of the most unfavourable case
According to the type of circuit (main or replacement), the most restrictive values are used in the
calculations.
See also
BTS help contents

BTS voltage drops
Consideration of voltage drop on start-up
In the event of a final connection with a motor, My Ecodial L treats the transient case of voltage drop on
start-up. My Ecodial L calculates the voltage drop on start-up and compares it to the maximum voltage
drop stipulated by the standard. In automatic mode, if the voltage drop threshold is overrun, My Ecodial L
will choose another BTS so as to comply with the requirement of the standard. In manual mode, the
calculation will be stopped and the user must choose another BTS.
The calculation method used by My Ecodial L 3 is described below.

Variables Comments
dUDemarrage Total voltage drop on motor start-up
dUAmont Voltage drop for the upstream circuit
dU Voltage drop of the connection on start-up
SEUIL Upper limit of the voltage drop on start-up
DU(i) Voltage drop on tap-off number i of the BTS with any load
Idem Starting current
I(i) Tap-off current of the BTS with any load
Uo Voltage
L Length of the BTS with distributed load
L(i) Length of the BTS with any load
Cos Cos phi on start-up
Sin Sin phi on start-up
r Linear resistance given by the standard
x Linear reactance given by the standard
K = Kpoldu x Kcharge where Kpoldu is a coefficient depending on polarity and

K
Kcharge =
Consideration of the connection voltage drop
The standard stipulates that the total voltage drop from the source up to the point furthest from the
installation must be less than a given threshold. My Ecodial L allows the user to distribute voltage drop
over all the connections by entering a user threshold.
In the automatic mode, My Ecodial L calculates the connection voltage drop and compares it to the
maximum voltage drop stipulated by the user. According to the result, My Ecodial L may have to choose
another BTS in order to comply with this requirement.
My Ecodial L calculates total voltage drop and compares it to the standard threshold.

Variables Comments
dUCumule Total voltage drop
dUAmont Voltage drop for the upstream circuit
dU Voltage drop of the connection on start-up
SEUILLIAS Upper limit of the voltage drop
SEUILCUMUL Upper limit of the total voltage drop
DU(i) Voltage drop on tap-off number i of the BTS with any load

Variables Comments
IB Operational current
I(i) Tap-off current of the BTS with any load
Uo Voltage
L Length of the BTS with distributed load
L(i) Length of the BTS with any load
Cos Cosine phi on start-up
Sin Sine phi on start-up
r Linear resistance given by the standard
x Linear reactance given by the standard
K = Kpoldu x Kcharge where Kpoldu is a coefficient depending on polarity and

K
Kcharge = if any load, else 0.5.
See also
BTS help contents

BTS minimum short-circuit currents
Consideration of the Phase to Phase min lsc
When a short-circuit occurs, a strong current passes through the conductors, bringing them to a high
temperature. The operating time of the protection device must be compatible with the permissible thermal
stresses of the upstream circuit conductors.
My Ecodial L calculates the minimum short-circuit currents and ensures compliance with these
requirements according to the standard.
Compliance with the requirements laid down in the standard for protection may lead to another choice of
busbar trunking.
The details of the method used by My Ecodial L 3 are given below:

Variables Comments
Iccminph Phase to phase minimum short-circuit current
Tf Blowing time of the fuse (if applicable) or of the protection device in general
Cmin Constant = 0.95
Uo Voltage
Minimum phase to phase loop resistance. This is the sum of the minimum upstream
RbPhMin phase resistance and of the resistance derived from the manufacturer table
corresponding to the chosen BTS
minimum phase to phase loop reactance. This is the sum of the minimum upstream
XbPhMin phase reactance and of the reactance derived from the manufacturer table
Coef Fuse blowing loop coefficient
Expo Fuse blowing loop coefficient
Thermal stress
Permissible thermal stress. Characteristic of the chosen BTS
Irm Magnetic setting
Irth Thermal setting current
If My Ecodial L does not find a busbar trunking system quickly enough, it will stop
searching and display an error message in the calculation screen.
Another busbar trunking system is chosen by imposing a lower impedance.

Consequently, the short-circuit current is lower and the requirements are easier to
comply with.

Consideration of the Phase to Neutral min lsc
My Ecodial L 3 calculates the minimum short-circuit currents and ensures full compliance with these
busbar trunking.
If there is a neutral

Variables Comments
Iccminne Phase to neutral minimum short-circuit current
Uo Voltage
Minimum phase to neutral loop resistance. This is the sum of the minimum upstream
RbNeMin neutral resistance and of the resistance derived from the manufacturer table
Minimum phase to neutral loop reactance. This is the sum of the minimum upstream
XbNeMin neutral reactance and of the reactance derived from the manufacturer table
Thermal stress
searching and display an error message in the calculation screen.

comply with.

Consideration of the Phase to Earth min lsc
My Ecodial L 3 calculates the minimum short-circuit currents and ensures full compliance with these
Circuit-breaker magnetic settings guarantee breaking of a minimum current on a short-circuit in order to
guarantee protection of persons.
busbar trunking.

Variables Comments
Idfaut Phase to earth minimum short-circuit current, also known as fault current
Earthing arrangement alpha
IT with neutral 0.5
alpha
IT without neutral
TT, TN-C and TN-S 1
Uo Voltage
Minimum phase to earth loop resistance. This is the sum of the minimum upstream
RbPeMin earth resistance and of the resistance derived from the manufacturer table
Minimum phase to earth loop reactance. This is the sum of the minimum upstream
XbPeMin earth reactance and of the reactance derived from the manufacturer table
Thermal stress
searching and display an error message in the calculation screen

comply with.
See also
BTS help contents

Calculation of BTS max lsc
My Ecodial L calculates the maximum short-circuit currents

three-phase: IK3MAX
two-phase: IK2MAX
single-phase: IK1MAX
using the following formulas:
Uo:Voltage
Cmax: Constant = 1.05
RKMAX = Upstream resistance + Resistance
characteristic of the BTS (taken from the
manufacturer table)
XKMAX = Upstream reactance + Reactance
characteristic of the BTS (taken from the
manufacturer table)
This calculation is not directly used for choosing a busbar trunking system, but is
performed in this case on the connection so that it can be considered for the sizing of
downstream circuits.
See also
BTS help contents

BTS overload sizing
My Ecodial L chooses a busbar trunking system that satisfies the overload condition:
Its rated current or thermal setting current lr must be at least equal to circuit operational current Ib:
The rated current of the busbar trunking must be at least equal to:
where f is a coefficient based on the ambient temperature and installation method
and k is a factor depending on the protection device.
BTS search criteria:
Conductor metal
In according to installation method: horizontal, edgewise, vertical
Ambient temperature
Level of neutral protection
The application (lighting, motor, high density distribution, etc.)
When My Ecodial L has chosen a BTS, it retrieves all its characteristics via a table from
the standard:
Permissible thermal stress for each conductor.

Loop, phase, neutral and earth resistivities and reactances.
Part numbers of the busbar trunking.
Thus, at the end of this BTS calculation, My Ecodial L has chosen the first
busbar trunking complying with the overload requirement.
See also
BTS help contents

Checking the BTS in automatic and manual mode
Checking BTS overloads
For manual and automatic calculation alike, My Ecodial L makes no modifications in this part of the
program; it only carries out a check.
My Ecodial L checks that:
the chosen BTS exists
the BTS accepts a TN-C earthing arrangement"
the BTS accepts a half neutral
the permissible ambient temperature is correct
the busbar trunking rating is sufficient
and warns the user if the requirements of the standard are not complied with
Checking BTS min lsc
Just as in the "calculation of minimum ISC magnetic setting and thermal stress", My Ecodial L calculates
the minimum short-circuit currents, protection times and thermal stresses that can be accepted for the
chosen busbar trunking. My Ecodial L checks the requirements stipulated by the standard. If they are not
complied with, My Ecodial L warns the user in the calculation page but does not choose another BTS .
My Ecodial L checks all the requirements linked to minimum phase to phase, phase to neutral and phase
to earth short-circuit currents.
Checking BTS voltage drops
My Ecodial L recalculates the voltage drops calculated in the voltage drop section for the busbar
trunking chosen at this stage and compares it to the thresholds laid down by the standard and by the
user.
If the test shows that the requirements of the standard are not complied with, a message is displayed in
the calculation page (the trace).
Checking BTS electrodynamic forces
To ensure that the busbar trunking withstands the electrodynamic forces, the standard stipulates that the
peak short-circuit current must be at least equal to the maximum current that can flow through the
conductors multiplied by a peak factor for which the values are given by the standard according to the
current considered. My Ecodial L takes this requirement into account.

Cables
Cables
Input parameters
Cable cross-section calculation principle
Variables used to size a cable
Phase cable cross-section calculation method (IEC standard)
Phase cable cross-section calculation method (NFC standard)
Neutral cross-section calculation method
PE cross-section calculation method
Calculation of total coefficient k (IEC standard)
Calculation of total coefficient k (NFC standard)
Calculation of voltage drops
Calculation of minimum short-circuit currents and verification of thermal stress
Calculation of maximum short-circuit currents and verification of magnetic stress

Cable input parameters
Description Content
Length (m) Cable length in metres
Cable laying method as per standard. Access to selection guide by double-

Installation method
clicking the data entry cell.
Conductor insulation family:

PR family: elastomer insulated cables
Insulation
PVC family: polyvinyl chloride insulated cables
Rubber family: rubber insulated cables
Conductor type Type of conductor: Multi-pole - single-pole - Insulated conductor
Total harmonic distortion of the current.

THDI (%)
More info
Conductor arrangement:
Trefoil
Flat touching
Conductor arrangement Flat spaced (spacing > than 1 cable diameter)
This characteristic is used to set the linear reactance value (between 0.08
and 0.13).
It is displayed only for multi-conductor cables.
Type of protective conductor (separate PE - included PE - bare PE)

PE type
"Included PE" is proposed only for multi-conductor cables.
Thermal resistivity of the ground. This characteristic is only visible for buried
Thermal resistivity of the
installation methods. The values proposed are those of the installation
ground (Km/W)
standard.
No. of additional touching Number of additional touching circuits (not counting the circuit being
circuits calculated)
No. of layers Number of layers (NF C 15-500, table 52O)
No. of trays Number of trays (IEC 60364, table A.52-20 and A.52-21)
User-defined K User coefficient, between 0.01 and 1
Ambient temperature (C) Ambient temperature (C)

Cables
Description Content
Line max. Delta U (%) Maximum voltage drop authorised for the circuit being calculated
Maximum voltage drop authorised during motor starting. This characteristic

Start-up U max. is only visible for cables upstream of a motor with a starting system other
than a variable speed drive (direct-on-line, star-delta, smooth).
Designation Designation of the cable used
No. of Ph conductors Number of conductors per phase
Ph conductor S (mm) Standardised cross-section of a phase conductor in mm
No. of N conductors Number of neutral conductors (N)
N conductor S (mm) Standardised cross-section of a neutral conductor in mm
No. of PE conductors Number of protective conductors (PE)
PE conductor S (mm) Standardised cross-section of a protective conductor in mm
Ph conductor metal Phase conductor core metal (Copper - Aluminium)
Neutral conductor metal Neutral conductor core metal (Copper - Aluminium)
PE conductor metal PE conductor core metal (Copper - Aluminium)
The user coefficient (user-defined K) is used to modify the k coefficient derived from the
installation method and the environment of the calculated circuit. This parameter can for example
be used to oversize cable cross-sectional area in order to allow for subsequent circuit extensions or an
explosion hazard. In this case, the K will be set at a value between 0.01 and 1. It will be multiplied by the
coefficient derived from the installation method and the environment of the circuit considered, thus
increasing the resulting cross-sectional area by the same amount. For more details
Examples of use:
10% power reserve : K= 0.9
Remarks and Ecodial behaviour
The cross-sections and number of conductors can be overridden by the user. For more details on limits of
use of the manual mode see " limits in manual mode".
The cross-section of the neutral conductor depends, among other factors, on the choice made by the user
in the general characteristics.
If choice of N cross-section = Ph cross-section is YES, neutral cross-section will be equal to phase cross-
section. Otherwise, the neutral conductor cross-section will be calculated as half that of the phase.
For a network with undistributed neutral, the neutral conductor cells of the table are filled with the symbol
"-" to indicate "not applicable".

For a TN-C earthing arrangement, the neutral (N) and protective conductor (PE) are combined: My
Ecodial L will indicate PE(N) in the neutral conductor cell of the table.
Standard NFC15-100 (2003 version) no longer uses the notion of a loaded neutral. This case is now dealt
with by the level of harmonic distortion (THDI) entered elsewhere.

Cables
Manual choice of cables behaviour and limits of My

Ecodial L
General behaviour
In automatic mode, My Ecodial L chooses the cross-section and the number of conductors according to
an algorithm which is optimum in most cases
In some cases, the user may wish to override one or more characteristics: the number of conductors by
phase, the type of metal or insulation, etc. My Ecodial L then changes to manual mode.
Always remember, when manual override values are set, My Ecodial L checks for conformity with
indirect contact protections rules (for the protection of persons) and checks the voltage drop.
My Ecodial L chooses the protection devices and sets them accordingly. This version of My Ecodial L
does not optimise conductor size when the number of conductors is imposed. For example, My Ecodial L
cannot currently choose the best possible cable size when 2 cables per phase is imposed.
For this reason, when using manual mode, the user must ensure that his choice is optimum from the
economic viewpoint, while My Ecodial L takes charge of checking conformity with the safety rules.
This principle is the same for all other manual choice options.

Variables used to size cables
Network characteristics:
Operational current equal to the thermal setting of the upstream protection device
Upstream short-circuit current
Upstream network impedance
Voltage
Upstream network voltage drop
Circuit polarity
The characteristics of the relevant circuit and cable
Maximum permissible current lz equal to the current setting of the upstream protection device
Type of conductor
Type of insulation
Installation method
Ambient temperature
User coefficient
Type of protection device (circuit-breaker or fuse)
Standardised cross-sections
Cable length
Circuit layout
Duct spacing
D U max of circuit
Number of layers
Number of additional touching circuits
Output variables calculated by My Ecodial L
Theoretical number of phase conductors

Theoretical cross-section of a phase conductor
Theoretical number of neutral conductors
Theoretical cross-section of a neutral conductor
Theoretical number of earth conductors
Theoretical cross-section of an earth conductor

Cables
Cables installed in parallel
In general, it is advised to install the lowest number possible of cables in parallel. Parallel installation of
a large number of cables results in poor current distribution that can lead to abnormal temperature rise.
A correction factor, called the symmetry factor, for permissible currents is contained in the standards NFC
15 - 100 - Ed 2003.
Symmetrical installation of cables as indicated below is the means to maintain the symmetry factor fs =
1.
Single-core cables
Two cables per phase, with or without a neutral
Delta arrangement
/=
Flat arrangement
/
Four cables per phase, with a neutral
Delta arrangement
Flat arrangement
When symmetry conditions are not observed or when there are three cables per phase, the symmetry
factor drops to 0.8.
Multi-core cables
Only one multi-core cable per circuit. Symmetry conditions are considered met. The symmetry factor is
equal to 1.
If there is more than one multi-core cable per circuit, symmetry conditions are considered impossible and
the symmetry factor drops to 0.8.

Correction factors in NFC 15-100, edition 2003
My Ecodial L is certified by UTE and therefore applies the rules in edition 2003 of standard NFC 15-100.
The following correction factors are taken into account:
f1 is the temperature correction factor (the reference TC is 30C for ambient conditions, 20C for
buried cables)
f2 is the grouping factor, of which there are two types:
grouping of multi-core cables or circuits (table 52N in standard NFC 15-100)
grouping of conduits depending on the type of environment
table 52P for conduits in air
table 52Q for conduits in concrete
tables 52R and 52S for buried conduits
f3 is the product of a number of factors including:
the reference-method factor (table 52G),
the symmetry factor (1 or 0.8),
the neutral-load factor (1 or 0.84),
the factor for installations where there is a risk of explosion (table BE3),
the soil thermal-resistivity factor (table 52M).
Correspondence between NFC 15-100 and the UTE C 15-105 guide
NFC 15- UTE C

Title
100 15-105
Insulated cables and conductors 52A BB
52C, 52G,
Determining permissible currents depending on the installation method BC
52H, 52J
Permissible currents and overload protection for the B, C, E and F reference

52H BD
methods in the absence of correction factors
Permissible currents (in amperes) in buried conduits (D reference method) 52J BE
Correction factors for ambient temperatures other than 30C 52K BF1
Correction factors for soil temperatures other than 20C 52L BF2
Correction factors for grouping of a number of circuits or multi-core cables 52N BG1
Correction factors for installation in layers 52O BG2
Correction factors depending on the number of conduits in air and the layout 52P BH
Correction factors depending on the number of conduits in concrete and the

52Q BJ
layout

Cables
NFC 15- UTE C

Title
100 15-105
Correction factors for grouping of a number of cables installed directly in soil.

52R BK1
Single-core and multi-core cables installed horizontally or vertically
Correction factors for buried conduits, horizontal or vertical, with one cable or group of
52S BK2
three single-core cables per conduit
Correction factors for a number of circuits or cables in a single buried conduit 52T BK3
Correction factors for buried cables, depending on the soil thermal resistivity 53M BL
A54 A
K factor values for calculation of conductor thermal constraints EA
A54F
See also
Help on cables

How My Ecodial L determines cable sizes
The cables are sized to satisfy a number of conditions that guarantee installation dependability. They
must:
Carry the steady-state operational current and its normal transient peaks
Prevent generation of voltage drops that could interfere with the operation of certain loads, such as
motors on starting, and result in costly line losses.
Detailed calculation steps
Voltage drop
The standard stipulates a total voltage drop less than a given threshold (according to the circuit
considered). My Ecodial L nevertheless lets the user distribute voltage drop on each circuit by
entering a maximum voltage drop per circuit
In automatic calculation mode, My Ecodial L calculates the voltage drop on the circuit studied and
compares it to the maximum voltage drop stipulated by the user. If necessary, My Ecodial L will
increase cable dimensions.
My Ecodial L calculates the voltage drop on start-up and compares it to the maximum voltage drop
stipulated by the standard. If necessary, My Ecodial L will increase cable size.

Cables
In manual calculation mode, My Ecodial L checks that the choices made by the user fully comply with
the standard.
Protection of persons and thermal stress limitations are calclated by the short-circuit current calculation.
Short-circuit current
When a short-circuit occurs, a strong current passes through the conductors bringing them to a high
temperature. The conductors and insulators must not be damaged before the protection device has
time to break this current. This is the thermal stress.
My Ecodial L calculates the maximum and minimum short-circuit currents and ensures compliance
with standard requirements.
For fuse protection, compliance with these requirements can lead to increased cable sizes.
The standard states that the thermal stress need not be checked when the cable is protected by a
circuit-breaker and the circuit-breaker is not time-delayed.
Checking
This step is common to both calculation modes: automatic and manual.

The cross-sections and numbers of cable conductors calculated or imposed at this stage are governed
by requirements concerning voltage drops and minimum short-circuit currents. If standard compliance
is total in all aspects, the values are validated. Otherwise, the calculation is interrupted and the user
informed of the problem.

Theoretical CSA of phase (standard NF C15-100)
This calculation is carried out in 3 steps:
1. Determination of the current Idim to be taken into account for cable sizing:
Three possibilities:
protective-device rated current or setting,
design current if the circuit is not protected,
rated current of the source for the cable located between the source and the incoming protective
device
2. Determination of the permissible current Iz:
The permissible current is calculated using the equation below (UTE C 15-105 guide, sections B.1.2
and B.6.1) :
where:
K3 = correction factor associated with the type of overload-protective device
Idim = current value used for conductor sizing
N = number of conductors in parallel
f = correction factor for wiring-system erection. more information
3. Calculation of the theoretical size
The theoretical size is calculated using the following equation (UTE C 15-105 guide, table A5):
where:
e and K = coefficients used in the guide
Nth = the number of parallel conductors required to obtain a CSA less than the maximum permissible
value

Cables
Theoretical CSA of phase (IEC standard 60364)
This calculation is carried out in 3 steps:
1. Determination of the current Idim to be taken into account for cable sizing:
protective-device rated current or setting,
design current if the circuit is not protected,
nominal current of the source for the cable located between the source and the incoming protective
device
2. Determination of the permissible current Iz:
The permissible current is calculated using the following equation:
where:
K3 = correction factor associated with the type of overload-protective device
Idim = current value used for conductor sizing
N = number of conductors in parallel
f = correction factor for wiring-system erection. more information
3. Calculation of the theoretical size
The theoretical size is calculated using the following equation (IEC standard 60364, part 5-52 Annex C):
where:
m and A = coefficients used in the standard
Nth = the number of parallel conductors required to obtain a CSA less than the maximum permissible
value

Calculation of cable cross-sections: theoretical

neutral cross-section
Variables Comments
Sne Theoretical cross-section of a neutral conductor
Nne Theoretical number of neutral conductors
Sph Phase cross-section according to standards
Nph Number of conductors per phase
Sminine Neutral minimum cross-section
Sminphnepe Minimum cross-section authorised, initialised at 25
SMAX Maximum cross-section authorised

Cables
Calculation of cable cross-sections: theoretical earth

cross-section
Variables Comments
Spe Cross-section of an earth conductor
Npe Number of earth conductors
Sph Standardised phase cross-section
Nph Number of conductors per phase
Sne Cross-section of a neutral conductor
Nne Number of neutral conductors

Variables Comments
SPEMIN Minimum cross-section authorised, initialised at 16
SMAXDEMIPE Maximum cross-section authorised, initialised at 35
SMINPHNEPE Minimum cross-section authorised, initialised at 25
SMAX Maximum cross-section authorised
Remarks
Table 54-F:
Cross-section of installation phase Minimum cross-section of protective

conductors conductors
Sph 16 Sph
16 < Sph 35 16
Sph 35 Sph / 2

Cables
Calculation of cable cross-section: Voltage drop

requirement
The standard stipulates a total voltage drop less than a given threshold (according to the circuit
considered). My Ecodial L nevertheless lets the user distribute voltage drop on each circuit by entering
a maximum voltage drop per circuit
In automatic calculation mode, My Ecodial L calculates the voltage drop on the circuit studied and
compares it to the maximum voltage drop stipulated by the user. If necessary, My Ecodial L will
increase cable size.
My Ecodial L calculates the voltage drop on start-up and compares it to the maximum voltage drop
stipulated by the standard. If necessary, My Ecodial L will increase cable size.
Warning: My Ecodial L proceeds by iteration, starting from the source. The cumulated
voltage drop is the sum of the voltage drops of each stage. This means that if the
cumulated voltage drop rises above the standard recommendations, My Ecodial L will
only increase cable cross-section of the last stage and will not modify the cables of the
previous stages, which is not always the best solution. In this case, you should change
to manual mode and increase the cross-section of the upstream cable.
Calculation of the voltage drop over the circuit
Glossary of variables:
dU Voltage drop over the circuit.
dUCumule Cumulated voltage drop of the upstream circuit.
Nph Number of phase conductors.
Sph Cross-section of a phase conductor.
Phase linear resistance, taken from tables according to metal type, insulation type and
R
conductor cross-section.
Phase linear reactance, taken the tables according to the number of touching cables.
L Cable length.

IB Nominal current.
Uo Voltage.
k Coefficient depending on polarity, taken from tables.
cos Cosine phi.
sin Sine phi.
dUAmont Upstream circuit voltage drop (Value updated at end of calculation.
Calculation of voltage drop on motor start-up
R Phase resistance, according to metal type, insulation type and conductor cross-section.
X Phase reactance, according to number of touching cables.
L Cable length.
Idem Inrush current on start-up.
Uo Voltage.

Cables
Coefficient depending on polarity:
Polarity Coefficient
3P + N 1
k
2P
1Ph 2
cosdem phi Cos phi on start-up.
sindem phi Sin phi on start-up.
dUDemAmont Voltage drop on start-up of the upstream circuit.

Sizing for thermal stress
Calculation of minimum short-circuit currents
temperature. The conductors and insulation must not be damaged before the protection device has
time to break this current. This is the thermal stress limit.
My Ecodial L calculates the minimum short-circuit currents and ensures that the requirements of the
standards are complied with.
For a phase to earth fault, a touch voltage is created on the exposed conductive parts of the
equipment. Protection of people against indirect contact defined in the standard stipulates that the
faulty circuit must be broken within a time depending on this touch voltage.
For a TN arrangement, we check that Ph/Earth min lsc is greater than the circuit-breaker magnetic
threshold. Compliance with this requirement may lead to increased cable sizes or to the installation of
a residual current relay.
For a TT arrangement, a residual current device is placed at the head of the installation.
For an IT arrangement, on the first phase to earth fault, the fault current is not dangerous and does not
trip the protection device (tripping only occurs on the second fault). On the second fault, the short-
circuit is phase to phase. Thus the phase to earth fault short-circuit current is not used for cable sizing.
Calculation of Phase to Phase min lsc
Consideration of the Phase to Phase min lsc current
circuit-breaker.
Calculation of Phase to Phase min lsc:

Cables
Icc min Minimum short-circuit current.
Rphamont Upstream phase resistance.
Upstream phase reactance.

The choice between the normal variable set and the replacement variable set is made
as follows:
Xphamont If the circuit is a normal circuit, the Normal source values are used.
If the circuit is a replacement circuit, the Replacement source values are used.
If the circuit is supplied by a Normal and Replacement source, the values with the
greatest impedance are taken:
Roph Phase resistance (depends on metal, insulation and conductor cross-section)
X Phase reactance (depends on number of touching cables)
L Cable length.
Uo Voltage.
CMIN Constant set for min lsc.
Calculation of Phase to Neutral min lsc
Consideration of the Phase to Neutral min lsc current
circuit-breaker.
Calculation of Phase to Neutral min lsc:

Icc min Minimum short-circuit current.
Rneamont Upstream neutral resistance.
Upstream phase reactance.

The choice between the normal variable set and the replacement variable set is made
as follows:
Xneamont If the circuit is a normal circuit, the Normal source values are used.
If the circuit is a replacement circuit, the Replacement source values are used.
If the circuit is supplied by a Normal and Replacement source, the values with the
greatest impedance are taken:
Neutral linear resistance taken from the tables depending on metal type, insulation
Rone
type and conductor cross-section.
Phase linear resistance taken from the tables depending on metal type, insulation
Roph
Phase linear reactance taken from the tables depending on number of touching
X
cables.
Sne Cross-section of a neutral conductor.
Nne Number of neutral conductors.
L Cable length.
Uo Voltage.
CMIN Constant set for min lsc.
Calculation of Phase to Earth min lsc
Consideration of the Phase to Earth min lsc current

Cables
For a phase to earth fault, a touch voltage is created on the exposed conductive parts of the
equipment. Protection of people against indirect contacts defined in the standard stipulates that the
faulty circuit must be broken within a time depending on this touch voltage.
In the TN arrangement, we check that Ph/Earth min lsc is greater than the circuit-breaker magnetic
threshold. Compliance with this requirement may lead to increased cable sizes or to the installation of
a residual current relay.
In the TT arrangement, a residual current device is placed at the head of the installation.
Icc min Minimum short-circuit current
Rpeamont Upstream earth resistance.
Upstream earth reactance. To calculate this reactance:
Type of source Values used
Normal Values derived from the Normal source

Xpeamont
Replacement Values derived from the Replacement source
Normal / Replacement Values with the greatest impedance
Earth linear resistance taken from the tables depending on metal type, insulation type
Rope
and conductor cross-section.
Phase linear resistance taken from the tables depending on metal type, insulation
Roph
Phase linear reactance taken from the tables depending on number of touching
X
cables.
Spe Cross-section of a neutral conductor.

Npe Number of neutral conductors.
Coefficient depending on earthing arrangement:
Earthing arrangement Alpha
IT with neutral 0.5

Alpha
IT without neutral
TT, TN-C and TN-S 1
L Cable length.
Uo Voltage.
CMIN Constant fixed for min lsc.

Cables
Calculation of maximum short-circuit currents
The maximum short-circuit currents are used to ensure that circuit-breaker breaking capacity is properly
sized.
Calculation of single-phase max lsc
RboN = RphAmont + RneAmont + RphLiais + RneLias

XbN = XphAmont + XneAmont + XphLiais + XneLiais
RneAmont Upstream circuit neutral resistance.
XneAmont Upstream circuit neutral reactance.
RphLiais
Connection phase resistance:
Phase resistance, depending on metal type, insulation type and conductor cross-
RhoPh
section.
XphLiais
Connection phase reactance:
RneLiais
Connection neutral resistance:
Neutral resistance, depending on metal type, insulation type and conductor cross-
RhoNe
section.
XneLiais
Connection neutral reactance:
X Phase reactance, depending on number of touching cables.
Nne Number of neutral conductors.
Sne Cross-section of a neutral conductor.

L Cable length.
Uo Voltage.
CMAX Constant fixed for max lsc.
Calculation of two-phase max lsc
RboPhPh = 2xRphAmont + 2xRphLiais

XbPhPh = 2xXphAmont + 2xXphLiais
RphAmont Upstream circuit phase resistance.
XphAmont Upstream circuit phase reactance.
RphLiais
RhoPh
section.
XphLiais
X Phase linear reactance, depending on number of touching cables.
L Cable length.
Uo Voltage.
Calculation of three-phase max lsc
RboPh = RphAmont + RphLiais

XbPh = XphAmont + XphLiais

Cables
RphAmont Upstream circuit phase resistance.
XphAmont Upstream circuit phase reactance.
RphLiais
RhoPh
section.
XphLiais
X Phase reactance, depending on number of touching cables.
L Cable length.
Uo Voltage.

Calculation of total coefficient k (standard NF C 15-

100)
This coefficient k results from the influences of the installation method, circuit grouping and ambient
temperature. It is used to determine the fictitious current Iz that can flow in the conductor without danger (
Iz = Iz/k, where Iz is the permissible current of the conductor).
Calculation of total coefficient k:
k = (ktemp x kdiv x Kame x kcouche x Kgroupe x Ksymtrie x Krthsol x kutil) / kprot

where:
ktemp correction factor depending on temperature
kdiv correction factor depending on installation method
kame correction factor depending on neutral load
kcouche correction factor depending on number of layers
kgroupe correction factor depending on grouping of several cables
Ksymtrie Symmetry coefficient
krthsol correction factor depending on the thermal resisitivity of the ground
kutil user-defined coefficient
kprot coefficient depending on protection
ktemp
where:
maximum operating temperature for insulation: table 52F or 52L (70 if PVC, 90 if
Tisolant
PRC)
Tambiante ambient temperature
reference temperature as per installation method: chapter 523.2 (20 for buried
Treference
cables, 30 for cables in air)

Cables
kdiv
Value taken from table 52-G of the standard.
Kame
For 3-phase applications, if the neutral conductor carries a current without any corresponding reduction in
the load on the phase conductors, the neutral must be taken into account when determining the number
of live conductors. Such currents may be due, for example, to the presence of high harmonic currents in
3-phase circuits. In this case, a coefficient equal to 0.84 is applied (524.2.4).
kcouche
Value taken from tables 52N, 52O, 52R, 52S, 52T of the standard.
kgroupe
based on the installation method, the arrangement of the cirucits and the spacing of the conduits, My
Ecodial L looks in the appropriate tables (52N, 52O, 52P, 52Q, 52R, 52S, 52T) of the standard for the
reduction to be applied.
Ksymtrie
for an odd number of conductors (greater than 1), this coefficient is equal to 0.8. Otherwise it is
1 (523.6).
krthsol
Value taken from table 52M
kutil
This coefficient is used to take a special factor known by the user (e.g. explosion hazard, etc.) into
account in the cable cross-section calculation.
kprot
The 1999 version of standard NFC15-100 introduced a protection coefficient k3 specifically for gG fuses.
The coefficient depends on the rated current :
In<= 10A k3=1.31
10A <= In <= 25A k3=1.21
In >= 25A k3=1.1

The 2003 version of standard NFC15 -100 modified the values of this coefficient :
In<= 16A k3=1.31
In >= 16A k3=1.1

Cables
Calculation of total coefficient k (IEC standard)
This coefficient k results from the influences of the installation method, circuit grouping and ambient
temperature. It is used to determine the fictitious current Iz that can flow through the conductor without
danger ( Iz = Iz/k, where Iz is the permissible current of the conductor).
Calculation of total coefficient k
k = (ktemp x kame x kjointif x kutil x krthsol) / kprot

where:
ktemp correction factor depending on temperature
krthsol correction factor depending on the thermal resisitivity of the ground
kame correction factor depending on circuit core
kjointif correction factor depending on number of touching cables
kutil user-defined coefficient
kprot coefficient depending on protection
ktemp
For cables in air, My Ecodial L applies the correction factor of table 52-D1 from the IEC364-5-523
depending on the material and ambient temperature.
For buried cables, My Ecodial L applies the correction factor of table 52-D2 from the IEC364-5-523
depending on the material and ambient temperature.
krthsol
Value taken from table A.52-16
kame
For 3-phase applications, if the neutral conductor carries a current without any corresponding reduction in
the load on the phase conductors, the neutral must be taken into account when determining the number
of live conductors. Such currents may be due, for example, to the presence of high harmonic currents in
3-phase circuits. In this case, a coefficient equal to 0.84 is applied (table D.52-1).
kjointif
For groups of more than one circuit or more than one multi-core cable, My Ecodial L applies the
correction factors of table 52-E1.
For groups of more than one circuit with cables laid directly in the ground, My Ecodial L applies the

For groups of more than one circuit with cables laid in ducts in the ground, My Ecodial L applies the
For groups of more than one circuit with other installation methods, My Ecodial L applies the correction
factors of table 52-E4 and table 52-E5.
kutil
This coefficient is used to take a special factor known by the user (e.g. explosion hazard, etc.) into
account in the cable cross-section calculation.
kprot
This coefficient assumes the value of 1.21 for circuits protected by a fuse (otherwise it is equal to 1).

Circuit-breakers
Circuit-breakers
Overview
Input parameters
Limitations
My Ecodial L does not take temperature into account in calculations nor does it consider derating
problems when circuit breakers are exposed to temperatures greater than their reference temperature.
Therefore, My Ecodial L does not apply any temperature derating that may be required due to the
mounting of a number of circuit breakers in a switchboard.
General
The circuit-breaker performs all the basic functions required in an electrical installation, namely:
disconnection
control
current interruption and emergency power off (possible via a release for remote tripping)
isolation for mechanical servicing
protection against:
overloads
short-circuits
insulation faults (depending on the earthing arrangement, a residual-current relay may be
necessary)
voltage drops (via an undervoltage release)
remote control (via motor mechanism or electrically operated circuit breaker)
measurement / indication (normally an option with electronic control units)
This property makes it the basic device for all electrical distribution.
Fundamental characteristics of a circuit-breaker

Circuit-breaker limiting capacity
Choosing a circuit-breaker

Circuit-breakers
Co-ordination between circuit-breakers
Cascading
Discrimination

Circuit-breakers
Circuit-breaker parameters
Description Content
Range Circuit-breaker range: Multi 9 - Compact - Masterpact
Trip unit / curve Circuit-breaker protection curve or trip unit type
Number of poles interrupted (xP) and protected (xd)

4P4d 4 poles interrupted and protected
4P3d+OSN 4 poles interrupted and 3 poles protected plus
oversized neutral protection (option Over Sized Neutral)
No. of poles protected 4P3d+Nr 4 poles interrupted and 3 poles protected plus half neutral
protection
1P1d 1 pole interrupted and protected
Fire protection Yes - No

If yes, residual current protection will have a threshold < 500 mA and a
Fire protection
time delay of 50ms or 90 ms
This parameter is not displayed if the load is a power socket.
This parameter is displayed only if the load is a power socket. It is used

Addit. prot. against direct
to take into account section 411.3.3 of installation standards IEC 60364
contacts
and NF C 15-100
Residual current protection YES
Selection of type of RCD integration.

Integration with the - module integrated in the protection device, i.e. in the circuit
protection device breaker or trip unit.
- add-on module (separate)
Two Classes are available: A and AC, that can be associated with
two types:
Class
si : super immunised
siE : special external influence
Designation of the residual

Designation of the chosen RCD
current device
Sensitivity Tripping threshold on earth leakage current
Time delay interval RCD time delay setting
Thermal setting l (A) Setting of the thermal protection (according to the load to be protected)

Circuit-breakers
Description Content
Magnetic setting l (A) Setting of the magnetic protection
Value of the maximum rating of the type of circuit-breaker chosen.

Nominal rating
Commonly referred to as the frame size.
Rating Rating of protection device
Im setting Value of the setting on the front panel of the magnetic protection
Ir setting Value of the setting on the front panel of the thermal protection
I0 setting Value of the setting on the front panel of the thermal protection
Remote control Choice of remote control Without - With
Cascading requested Choice of equipment using the cascading technique YES - NO
Discrimination requested Determination of the discrimination limit YES - NO
Installation Type of installation Fixed Draw-out
Time delay interval Trip unit time delay setting
See Magnetic setting

Circuit-breakers
Electrical protection
Where:
Ib operational current of loads
Iz permissible current in the conductor
In nominal current or current setting of the protection device
I2 conventional operating current of the protection device
Isc 3Ph maximum short-circuit current (Ik3max)

Circuit-breakers
The fundamental characteristics of a circuit-breaker
Rated operational current Ue:
The voltage(s) at which the device can be used.
Rated current In:
The maximum value of the uninterrupted current that can be withstood by a circuit-breaker equipped with
a trip unit at an ambient temperature specified by the manufacturer, complying with the specified
temperature rise limits. For example, a NS160N equipped with a TM-D125 trip unit has a rated current ln
of 125 A.
Circuit-breaker frame size:
When a circuit-breaker can be equipped with several trip units of different rated currents, the frame size
corresponds to the highest rated current of the trip units with which it may be equipped. For example, a
NS250N can accommodate the trip units TM-D32 (In = 32 A), TM-D160 (In = 160 A), TM-D200 (In = 200
A). The frame size is 250 A.
Current setting (Irth or Ir) of overload releases:
Except for Multi 9 circuit-breakers that are easily interchangeable, industrial circuit-breakers are equipped
with removable trip units. Moreover, to adapt the circuit-breaker to circuit characteristics and avoid
oversizing the cables, the trip units are in turn normally adjustable.
The current setting lr (or lrth) is the current used to determine the protection conditions provided by the
circuit-breaker. It also represents the maximum current that the circuit-breaker can withstand without
tripping.
This value must be greater than the operational current lb and less than the permissible current in the
conductors lz.
Thermal releases are normally adjustable from 0.7 to 1 x ln, whereas electronic releases generally offer a
wider range (commonly from 0.4 to 1 x In).
Operating current (Im) of short-circuit releases
The role of a short-circuit release (magnetic or short time) is to ensure fast opening of the circuit-breaker
for high overcurrents.
Breaking capacity (Icu or Icn)
The breaking capacity is the highest short-circuit current (prospective current) that a circuit-breaker can
break at a given voltage. It is normally expressed in symmetrical kA RMS and is referred to by lcu
(ultimate breaking capacity for industrial circuit-breakers) and lcn (rated breaking capacity) for domestic or
similar circuit-breakers .
Circuit-breaker polarity
The number of poles interrupted during tripping and the number of poles monitored by a thermal relay.
For example, if circuit-breaker polarity is 4P3D, 4 poles will be interrputed when the circuit-breaker is
tripped, but only 3 are equipped with a thermal relay, thus the neutral is not monitored. Consult the
selection table for neutral conductor protection on page H1-37 of the Electrical Installation Guide.

Circuit-breakers
Limitation
Circuit-breaker limiting capacity
The limiting capacity of a circuit-breaker expresses the extent to which it can let only a current lower than
the prospective fault current through on a short-circuit. This characteristic is supplied by the manufacturer
through the limitation curves, representing the limited peak lsc short-circuit current and the limited thermal
stress according to the prospective RMS short-circuit current.
This forms the basis of the cascading technique.
For more details, see page 13 of the" Low Voltage Expert Guide" no. 5
Advantages of limitation
Implementation of limiting circuit-breakers offers many advantages:

Enhanced network protection: limiting circuit-breakers greatly attenuate all the harmful effects of short-
circuit currents on an installation.
Reduction of thermal effects: less temperature rise in the conductors, thus increased service life for
cables.
Reduction of mechanical effects: reduced electrodynamic repulsion forces, thus less risk of
deformation or breakage, particularly for the electrical contacts.
Reduction of electromagnetic effects: less disturbance to the measurement instruments placed near
an electric circuit
These circuit-breakers thus help enhance the protection of cables, busbar trunking systems and electrical
switchgear, thereby slowing down installation ageing.

Circuit-breakers
Choosing a circuit-breaker
A circuit-breaker is chosen according to:

The electrical characteristics of the installation on which it is installed.
The environment in which it is found, ambient temperature, installation inside an enclosure, climatic
conditions.
Operating requirements: discrimination, possible need of auxiliary functions such as remote control,
rotary handle, auxiliary contacts, MN or MX releases, insertion in a local or supervisory communication
network, etc.
Installation rules, in particular for the protection of persons.
Characteristics of the loads, such as motors, fluorescent lighting, LV/LV transformer, etc.
Choosing a circuit-breaker according to breaking capacity
Installation of a circuit-breaker in LV distribution must satisfy one of the two conditions below, as per the
specifications of standard NF C 15-100:
Either it must have a breaking capacity at least equal to the prospective short-circuit current at its
installation point
Or, if this is not the case, it must be associated with another breaking device placed upstream having
the necessary breaking capacity. In the latter case, the characteristics of both devices must be
coordinated so that the energy flowing through the device placed upstream is not greater than the
energy that the downstream device and the busbar trunking protected by these devices can withstand
without damage. This possibility is advantageously used in fuse/circuit-breaker and circuit-
breaker/circuit-breaker combinations known as cascading, which uses the high limiting capacity of
circuit-breakers.
My Ecodial L selects the most suitable circuit-breaker on the basis of a number of parameters covering
the characteristics defined in the first paragraph. This choice complies with the specifications of standard
NF C 15-100.
How My Ecodial L chooses
In automatic calculation mode, My Ecodial L takes into account the equipment to be protected by the
circuit-breaker. Circuit-breakers protecting a motor and those protecting an LV/LV transformer are treated
differently by My Ecodial L, due to the specific features of these two components.
My Ecodial L then considers cascading. If cascading is not requested, My Ecodial L makes its choice
according to many parameters, such as rated current, voltage, discrimination request, circuit-breaker
polarity, i.e. the number of poles interrupted and the number of poles protected, the application (the
equipment located downstream of the circuit-breaker), the chosen standard and the protection type. This
choice is based on tables supplied by the manufacturer that give the most suitable circuit-breaker for
each configuration.
If cascading is requested, then the choice is made with the addition of two new parameters: the upstream
and downstream circuit-breakers, if they exist. My Ecodial L uses the cascading tables given by the
manufacturer to make its choice. These tables are found in the catalogues.
Once it has chosen the circuit-breaker, My Ecodial L selects a suitable trip unit, then determines the
thermal current setting of the circuit-breaker according to the rated current of the circuit, followed by the
magnetic protection current of the circuit-breaker taking into account the values of the various short-circuit
currents and cable cross-sections.

Circuit-breakers
In manual calculation mode, My Ecodial L checks that the users choices are both satisfactory and in
compliance with the standard. The differences for motor circuit-breakers or circuit-breakers protecting an
LV/LV transformer and for cascading apply as for automatic calculation mode. If it is not possible to find a
circuit-breaker satisfying both the users choices and the standard, My Ecodial L displays a warning
message. In manual mode, My Ecodial L does not automatically modify the users choices.
Standard operating curve of a thermal-magnetic circuit-breaker

Circuit-breakers
Standard operating curve of an electronic circuit-breaker

Circuit-breakers
Cascading
Definition of cascading
Cascading uses the limiting capacity of a circuit-breaker to allow installation of a downstream circuit-
breaker of lower performance. The upstream circuit-breaker acts as a barrier for high short-circuit
currents, allowing the use of a downstream circuit-breaker with a breaking capacity that is far lower than
the prospective short-circuit current.
Implementation conditions
Standard NF C 15-100 allows this type of association provided that the energy flowing through the
upstream circuit-breaker is not greater than the energy that can be withstood without damage by the
downstream circuit-breaker(s) benefiting from the cascading capacity of the upstream circuit-breaker.
The cascading possibilities are checked by laboratory tests, then supplied by the manufacturer.
Advantage of cascading
As the current is limited all along the circuits controlled by the limiting circuit-breaker, cascading concerns
all the installed placed downstream of this circuit-breaker.
It is thus not limited to two consecutive devices and can be applied even between circuit-breakers located
in different switchboards. The result is that installation of a single limiting circuit-breaker can lead to
simplifications and major savings for the entire downstream installation:
Simplification of downstream short-circuit current calculations, as these currents are extremely limited
Simplification of choice of device
Savings on these devices as short-circuit current limitation allows use of devices with lower
performance and therefore lower in cost.
Savings on enclosures as the devices with lower performance are generally smaller.
If you have chosen cascading in the general circuit characteristics, My Ecodial L will use cascading to
reduce the size of the downstream circuit-breakers as per standard NF C 15-100 and based on
manufacturer data.
For more details on cascading, see page 17 of the "Low Voltage Expert Guide" no. 5.

Circuit-breakers
Discrimination
Principle
According to 1.4 of standard IEC 60947-2:

Discrimination consists of ensuring co-ordination between the operating characteristics of serial-
connected circuit-breakers so that if a fault occurs downstream, only the circuit-breaker placed
immediately upstream of the fault trips.
Total or partial discrimination
Discrimination between two circuit-breakers A and B is total if B operates alone for all short-circuit values
up to the three-phase solid short-circuit current lscB at the point at which it is placed.
Discrimination is partial if B operates alone only up to a prospective short-circuit current lc less than lscB.
Beyond this value, A and B operate simultaneously.
Discrimination techniques
Current discrimination
This type of discrimination is based on the current shift between the protection curves. It is total if the
short-circuit current lscB downstream of B is less than the magnetic tripping threshold lrmA. Otherwise it
is partial.
Current discrimination is particularly used when the ratings of the upstream and downstream circuit-
breakers are different. Implemented with fast-acting circuit-breakers, it is often partial and its level is only
IrmA.

Circuit-breakers
Time discrimination
This type of discrimination is based on the time shift of the tripping curves and is determined graphically.
It requires the addition of time delay units in the circuit-breaker tripping systems and circuit-breakers that
are able to withstand the thermal and electrodynamic effects of the current during the delay time.
If you have chosen discrimination in the general circuit characteristics, My Ecodial L will choose and set
the various circuit-breakers in the circuit to obtain discrimination.
CAUTION: use of circuit-breakers with delayed tripping means that My Ecodial L must
check the thermal requirement, in other words that the cable downstream of the
delayed circuit-breaker can withstand the energy flowing through it during this short
delay.
For more details on discrimination, see page 19 of the "Low Voltage Expert Guide" no.
5.

Circuit-breakers
Magnetic setting
When checking the protection function against direct and indirect contacts, My Ecodial L can
automatically reduce the magnetic setting to a value under the applicable fault current, depending on the
earthing arrangement.
If that is not sufficient or if the magnetic setting is not adjustable, My Ecodial L increases the size of the
conductors. In the calculation results, an optimisation message requests that the magnetic setting be
reduced or an RCD be installed.
Is it possible to reduce the magnetic setting manually?
Compact range
It is possible to manually adjust the magnetic setting by modifying the corresponding field in the step-by-
step calculation window accessed via the Calculation menu (or F5). Caution, manual modifications of
settings are not possible for certain trip units.
Multi 9 range
It is not possible to manually adjust the magnetic setting. This modular range of circuit breakers offers
different tripping curves identified by letters. The C curve is the most common and corresponds to a
magnetic setting from 5-7 to 10 In.
My Ecodial L also includes a display module for tripping curves (More information).
See also
Input parameters

Switch
Switch
Description Content
Residual current protection Presence of a residual current device
No. of poles Number of poles interrupted
Switch Switch reference
The switch is chosen in coordination with the circuit-breaker.

Fuse-combination units
Overview
General presentation
My Ecodial L proposes two types of protection under the fuse-combination unit heading: true fuse-
combination units and fuses alone. The choice is made using the Range input parameter.
As for circuit breakers, earth-leakage protection can be associated with these devices. However, given
that fuse-combination units cannot be controlled, an AC4 (or AC1 if associated with a motor) type
contactor is also proposed.
A fuse-combination unit is a protection device made up of two parts:

a fuse, representing the actual protection device. It is characterised by:
its rating
its breaking capacity
its form, which is in turn defined by a type (or standard) and size
a fuse carrier characterised by:
its type: disconnector or switch-disconnector
its rating
number of poles
Fuse alone
My Ecodial L maintains the possibility of choosing a fuse without a fuse carrier, as was the case in My
Ecodial L versions prior to version 3.4. In this case the fuse is characterised by:
its rating
its breaking capacity
However, its form is not taken into account.

Fuse combination-unit parameters
Fuse-combination units without earth-leakage protection
Description Content
Fuse-combination unit range or fuse model if a fuse alone is selected.
Range Available fuse-combination unit ranges: Multi 9, Fupact, GK1, GS1, LS1,
Diazed
Available fuse models: aM, gG, gM
Contains the fuse-combination unit type. Two possible choices: disconnector or

FCU type switch-disconnector.
If the Diazed range is chosen or a fuse alone, this field contains: -
For ranges other than Diazed, there are 3 possible choices: DIN(NH), NFC, BS
Fuse type (standard) If the Diazed range is chosen, there is only one possible choice: Diazed
If the range chosen is a fuse alone, this field contains: -
No. of poles interrupted (xP) and protected (xf)

4P4f = 4 poles interrupted and protected
No. of poles
protected
1P1f = 1 pole interrupted and protected
FCU designation This field is empty if the Diazed range or a fuse alone is chosen
FCU rating (A) This field is not visible if the Diazed range or a fuse alone is chosen
Model of fuses used by the fuse-combination unit. Four choices are possible:
Fuse model
gG, aM, gM, Diazed
Fuse rating (A) Rating of fuses protecting the phases
Rating of the fuse protecting the neutral. This field is not visible if the value is
Rating of neutral greater than that of the fuses protecting the phases. This is the case when the
fuse (A) third-order harmonics (included in the THDI characteristic associated with the
cable component) is greater than 33%.
The available values depend on the fuse type (standard):

DIN (NH): NH0, NH00, NH000, NH1 to NH4
NFC: 8.5x31.5, 10x38, 14x51, 22x58
Fuse size
BS: A1 to A4, B1 to B4, C1 to C3, D1, F1
Diazed: DI, DII, DIII, DIV
For fuses alone, this field contains the fuse model.
Earth leakage
No
protection:

Description Content
If the neutral is protected by a fuse (number of poles protected = 4P4f), the

Contactor installation standard (431.3) indicates that it cannot be interrupted before the
designation phases. Given that fuse-combination units cannot be controlled, My Ecodial L
proposes a type AC1 contactor.
Contactor rating Rating of type AC1 contactor.
Discrimination
Selection of devices implementing discrimination YES - NO
requested
Fuse-combination units with earth-leakage protection
In addition to the above parameters, the following parameters are displayed.
Description Content
Earth leakage protection: YES
Integration with the Only a separate residual current device (RCD) can be associated with a
protective device fuse-combination unit. Therefore only one choice is possible: Separate
Two available classes: A and AC which can be associated with two types:
Class si : super immunised
siE : special for external influence
Earth-leakage protection
Designation of selected RCD
designation
Sensitivity Earth leakage tripping threshold
Time delay setting Time-delay setting for the RCD
Given that fuse-combination units cannot be controlled, My Ecodial L

Contactor designation associates a type AC1 contactor with the RCD. If the protected circuit is a
motor circuit, the associated contactor (type AC4) is used.
Rating of type AC1 contactor. This characteristic is not displayed if the

Contactor rating
contactor is type AC4 (motor control)

Fuse-combination unit choices
My Ecodial L choice method
Automatic mode
In automatic calculation mode, My Ecodial L looks at the type of circuit to be protected. Fuse-
combination units protecting a motor are treated differently by My Ecodial L.
General case
To choose a fuse-combination unit, My Ecodial L takes into account two types of parameters:
1. Electrical parameters
Circuit voltage
Rated current and possibly the current flowing in the neutral (if the third-order harmonics exceed
33%)
The maximum short-circuit current at the point of connection
The type of network (single-phase or three-phase, with or without neutral)
2. User defined parameters

Range
FCU type
Fuse type (standard)
Fuse model
Fuse size
No. of poles protected
If no solution is available, My Ecodial L expands its search, no longer taking into account the user-defined
parameters except for the Range and the Number of poles protected.
Motor protection
The search is carried out in two phases:
1. Search for the fuse that can be associated with the motor. It is based on two characteristics:
Model
Rating
2. Search for the fuse-combination unit capable of housing the fuse and satisfying the conditions
indicated in the general case.
Manual mode
In manual calculation mode, My Ecodial L checks that the user's choice is compatible with the
characteristics of the network and the standard. If the choice is refused, an alert is displayed. In manual
mode, My Ecodial L does not automatically modify the user's choices.

Outgoing circuits
Outgoing circuits
Protection - Conductor
Definition of any load in final distribution
Description Content
Length (m) - C1 Length of cable in metres
No. of identical circuits Number of identical circuits
Ib (A) Circuit nominal current
Circuit polarity 3P+N 3P 2P 1P - Upstream (= upstream circuit

Circuit polarity
polarity)
Earthing arrangement TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S - Upstream (= upstream earthing arrangement)
Power (kW) Nominal circuit power
Power factor Circuit cos
Remarks
Circuit polarity is determined by the load:

3P+N Three-phase network with distributed neutral
Imposed in TN-C (PE and N combined)
3P Three-phase network with undistributed neutral
2P Two-phase network
1P Single-phase network
Protection, sizing of conductors, etc. depends on this polarity.
As circuit power and current (lb) are interdependent, the user must only enter one of them. My Ecodial L
will then calculate the other value according to the circuit polarity and power factor.
Earthing arrangement: allows change from TN-C to TN-S.

Outgoing circuits
Protection - Conductor Conductor
Definition of any load in final distribution.
Description Content
Length (m) C7 Length of cable in metres
Length (m) D7 Length of busbar trunking in metres
Circuit polarity 3P+N 3P 2P 1P - Upstream (= upstream circuit

Circuit polarity
polarity)
Earthing arrangement TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S - Upstream (= upstream earthing arrangement)
Remarks

Protection, sizing of conductors, etc. depends on this polarity.

Outgoing circuits
Coupler
Description Content
Circuit polarity: 3P+N 3P 2P 1P - Upstream (= polarity of the

Downstream circuit polarity
upstream circuit)
Earthing arrangement TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S - Upstream (= upstream earthing system)
Power (kW) Circuit nominal power
Power factor Circuit cos phi value
Remarks
Circuit polarity is fixed by the load:

Value imposed in TN-C (PE and N combined)
Protection, sizing of conductors, etc. depend on this polarity.
Circuit power and current (lb) are interdependent: the user must only enter one of them. My Ecodial L will
calculate the other value according to circuit polarity and cos phi.
CAUTION
- The coupler component must not be used for any purposes other than coupling.
- The coupler component cannot be placed on the diagram like a cable or load
protection device.

Loads
Loads
Overview
This component is used to represent loads other than motors (with or without variable speed drives),
power sockets and lighting. Once certain load characteristics have been entered, My Ecodial L can
simulate the load during the calculation.
Definition of any load in final distribution
Description Content
Length (m) Length of cable in metres
Ib (A) Nominal circuit current
Circuit polarity 3P+N 3P 2P 1P - Upstream ( = upstream circuit

Circuit polarity
polarity)
Earthing arrangement TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S - Upstream ( = upstream earthing arrangement)
My Ecodial L offers you a variety of choices: standard, corresponding to

the general case, or certain special cases: heating floor
Type of load
Instrumentation/measurement Public lighting luminous signs
Loads that do not require residual current protection.
Environment Various choices are proposed.
Ph/Earth fault max break

Maximum interruption time of a phase to earth fault: 5s - <5s
time

Loads
Remarks

Protection, sizing of conductors, etc. depends on this polarity
Earthing arrangement: some earthing arrangement changes are possible, such as the change from TN-C
to TN-S.
Special loads (heating floor, etc.) refer to special standards. My Ecodial L ensures compliance with these
special standards.
The various types of environment (housing premises, etc.) also lead to application of special standards,
used by My Ecodial L for calculations if applicable.

Loads
The socket component
This component allows power socket distribution in an LV electrical installation.
Operation
In an installation block diagram, it is important not to describe the installation in excessive detail as this
could complicate the representation.
The socket macro-component consists of a protection device, a cable and one or more power sockets.
The user does not enter the number of sockets.
My Ecodial L considers that the power sockets are parallel-connected. The user must thus enter the sum
of the currents for all the sockets.
Input parameters
Description Content
Ib (A) Sum of the currents drawn by all the devices connected to the power sockets
Downstream circuit Circuit polarity 3P+N 3P 2P 1P - Upstream ( = upstream circuit

polarity polarity)
Earthing arrangement TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S - Upstream ( = upstream earthing system)
Power (kW) Nominal circuit power. This is not input data
Power factor Circuit cosine phi
My Ecodial Loffers a variety of choices: Others, corresponding to general

Load type cases, and certain special cases: Instrumentation/measurement
Computing and Office Automation
A variety of choices are proposed: Others, corresponding to general cases,

Environment
and certain special cases.

Lighting
Lighting
Normal incandescent or halogen lamps
The power drawn by these lamps is equal to the nominal power indicated by the manufacturer. The
corresponding currents drawn are:
for three-phase and
for single-phase applications.

For a lamp, the presence of halogen gas ensures a more concentrated source. Efficiency is greater and
service life is doubled.
When energised, the cold filament causes short but high current peaks.
Conventional fluorescent and HF tubes
To operate, a fluorescent tube needs a ballast and an ignition device (or starter):
The ballast, which is a reactor, is necessary to limit the preheating current, produce the ignition
voltage and stabilise the current.
The presence of the ballast gives these lighting circuits a low power factor (around 0.6). If left
uncorrected, this would result in a high consumption of reactive energy, overloading the network and
often penalties billed by the utility.
For this reason, fluorescent tubes are mounted with an individual universal capacitor and are said to
be corrected. My Ecodial L only considers the case of corrected tubes.
The purpose of the ignition device (starter) is to generate an overvoltage used to switch on the tube.
Fluorescent tubes with HF ballast offer a number of advantages over conventional tubes: energy savings
of around 25%, rapid, direct ignition, no stroboscopic or flicker effect.
The power Pn (W) indicated on a fluorescent tube does not include the power drawn by the ballast.
Total starting current in A
My Ecodial L proposes standard ballast power values according to the type of lamp (some types do not
need ballast, in which case My Ecodial L sets the ballast value to zero) and its power. My Ecodial L also
proposes a standard power factor. It is possible to change these values by clicking on the relevant box.

Lighting
Disturbances
The ballast, the capacitor and the actual operation of the tube generate disturbances on switch-on:
For conventional fluorescent tubes, there is a moderate overload when the operating current is
established (1.1 to 1.5 ln according to starter type for 1 s)
Tubes with electronic ballast may generate a current peak when switched on for the first time, as well
as 30 kHz earth leakage currents due to the electronic components.
Furthermore, under steady state conditions, harmonic currents are present (sinusoidal currents with
frequencies equal to whole-number multiples of 50 Hz). The total harmonic current may reach 70 to 80%
of the nominal load current of the phases. It is therefore important to provide a neutral cross-section equal
to the phase cross-section, which is exactly what My Ecodial L does.
Discharge lamps
These are:
High pressure sodium vapour lamps
Low pressure sodium vapour lamps
Metal iodide lamps (mercury vapour + metal halide)
High-pressure fluorescent lamps (mercury vapour + fluorescent substance)
These lamps use the principle of electrical discharge in an impervious enclosure filled with gas or vapour
from a metal component, at a specific pressure.
Moreover, these lamps have long ignition times during which they consume a current la greater than their
nominal current ln. My Ecodial L provides the power, nominal current and start-up current for the various
types of lamps.
See also
Lighting distribution by BTSs

Lighting
Lighting input parameters
Description Content
Length (m) C1 Length in metres of cable
Length (m) D1 Length in metres of the busbar trunking
Type of lamp.
Light source Fluo tube Lighting with electronic ballast Fluocompact - HP fluo
LP sodium HP sodium Metal iodide Incandescent - Halogen
Lamp unit P (W) Unit power in Watts of each light fitting
No. of lamps / fixture Number of lamps per lighting fixture
No. of fixtures Number of lighting fixtures
Ib (A) Total nominal current of the circuit
Ballast power, to be added to lamp power depending on type of lamp;

Ballast power (W)
entered automatically by My Ecodial L and adjustable manually
Polarity of circuit supplying the lighting line: 3Ph+N 3Ph 2Ph 1Ph -
Downstream circuit polarity
Upstream (identical to upstream circuit)
Earthing arrangement TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S - Upstream (=upstream earthing system)
Power (kW) Total power of the lighting circuit
Power factor Lighting circuit total cos phi
Ph/Earth fault max break Maximum interruption time of a phase to earth fault for a TN-C/TN-S
time system: 5s - <5s
Environment Various choices are proposed.
When the "Light source" input field us double-clicked and a light source is selected along with its power,
My Ecodial L proposes typical values for the power factor and ballast power. These values can be
modified manually if required.

Lighting
Special case for lighting fixtures (luminaires) connected to a strip lighting type BTS:
The strip lighting application is used only with the Protection - Conductor - Conductor - Lighting circuit, in
which the first conductor is a cable and the second a BTS. In this case, the following constraints apply to
the lighting:
only one type of luminaire is authorised: 58 W fluorescent tube with compensated inductive ballast
number of lamps per luminaire = 2
number of luminaires authorised: 1 every 1.55 m

Lighting
Lighting distribution by BTSs
Example of distribution by double fluorescent lights
Advantages
Twice as fast to install compared to cables.

Lighting
Minimum downtime: only the faulty lighting fixture needs to be replaced, the other lights continue to
operate.
Quick to modify: replacement and addition of lighting fixtures is made easier by simple live plug-in!
An easy to balance network: for single-phase lighting fixtures, an identification system allows quick
phase balancing.
See also
BTS help contents

Motors
Motors
Overview
Motor input parameters
Limitations
My Ecodial L only treats three-phase asynchronous motors. This means therefore that DC motors,
synchronous motors and single-phase asynchronous motors are not dealt with.
Furthermore, the software is limited to a three-phase polarity without neutral and thus cannot deal with
single-phase, two-phase or four-phase (three-phase with neutral) polarities. However, most motors are
supplied with three-phase power and are balanced, which means that the neutral is not used. There are
some very rare cases, not treated by My Ecodial L, in which the neutral is useful for a three-phase motor
(when the motor control circuit uses the phase to neutral voltage, in which case the neutral is distributed).
My Ecodial L does not treat the TN-C or IT with neutral arrangement and thus stipulates TN-S if the user
requests a TN-C arrangement and IT without neutral if the user requests an IT with neutral arrangement.
Once again, as most motors operate on three phases and without a neutral, it is economical to convert a
TN-C into a TN-S arrangement when the neutral is not distributed.
Problems related to motor starting
When a motor is energised, a high current peak appears which presents a number of problems. First of
all, this high current can cause nuisance tripping of the protection devices. Furthermore, as voltage drop
at the motor terminals is equal to the product of the upstream resistances (cables, transformer, etc.) and
the motor supply current, a large voltage drop occurs. As a result, voltage may drop at motor terminals to
such an extent that the motor can no longer start or the operation of other loads is affected. In some
cases, this voltage drop is such that it is perceptible on lighting devices.
To limit the harmful effects of motor starting, a number of systems are used to reduce this current peak by
limiting voltage at the motor winding terminals on starting.
There are 7 major types of starting. My Ecodial L deals with 3 of them: direct on-line starting, star-delta
starting and soft starting. For more details on these starting types.
4 types of starting are not dealt with: part-winding starting, resistance stator starting, starting by
autotransformer and resistance rotor starting of slip-ring motors. For more details on these starting types,
see page 78 to 86 of the Diagram library: Industrial Control Technologies.
Moreover, some applications require speed control which is implemented by variable speed drives. In this
case, the variable speed drive is used for starting. For more details.

Motors
Description Content
No. of identical
Number of identical circuits
circuits
Motor power
Rated mechanical power output of motor in kW
output(kW)
Rated current drawn by the motor. This value is not calculated; it comes from
Ib (A) the data base. The user has the possibility of modifying the value using the
advanced parameters of the selection guide.
Motor on-load power Rated cos phi of motor on load. Value given as a general indication and that
factor can be modified using the advanced parameters of the selection guide.
Ratio of mechanical power output to electrical power drawn. Value given as a

Motor efficiency general indication and that can be modified using the advanced parameters of
the selection guide.
Motor starting mode Direct on-line Star Delta - Soft - Variable speed drive
Start-up type
for more details
Type of coordination of switchgear and controlgear {Type1 - Type2 Total} for

Coordination type
more details
The class of the switchgear and controlgear is taken into account in the
Tripping class selection of components.
Possible values: 5,10A (similar to 5), 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
My Ecodial L only deals with three-phase motors with no neutral

Circuit polarity
(imposed)
TT - IT without neutral - TN-S - Upstream (=upstream earthing arrangement,

Earthing arrangement except if TN-C or IT with neutral, in which case My Ecodial L stipulates TN-S
or IT without neutral, respectively see limitations)
Ratio of the starting current to the nominal current of the motor under steady
Istart/In
state operating conditions.
Ratio of the subtransient current generated by the motor when starting to the
nominal current. This information indicates whether the motor is of the classic
or high-efficiency type, which influences the selection of the protection device.
Id"/In Two possible choices:
<= 19: classic motor
> 19: high-efficiency motor

Motors
All these parameters (with the exception of the number of identical circuits, the system earthing
arrangement and the polarity) can be modified via a setting window opened by double-clicking or by
clicking on the button in the entry zone. This window presents all the information required for the
motor feeder settings classed per component. Among this information, two items are not included in the
grid and are therefore not defined above:
Designation Contents
Manual : the motor is started by the circuit breaker that is used as a control
device
Motor control
Automatic: the motor is started remotely; the control device is either a
contactor or a circuit breaker
This zone is used to define how the three motor feeder functions are integrated.
1 product: the three functions are integrated in a single device (Tesys Model
U, Integral)
2 products: the three functions are integrated in two products that depend on
the type of motor control:
Motor feeder Automatic control: the thermal relay is included in the circuit breaker
architecture (examples: Tesys Model U, Integral, GV2ME, GV7, NS100L STR22ME,
NS400L STR43ME, NS800N Micrologic, P25M)
Manual control: the thermal relay is external with respect to the GV
(examples: GV2, GV3)
3 products: the three functions are provided by three separate products
(examples: all fusegear, GV2L, NS800N Micrologic): circuit breaker or fuse +
thermal relay + contactor
The values entered above are not all independent. Thus, if you change one of them
you may well change the values of other characteristics.
See also
Motor help

Motors
The different types of starting
When a motor is energised, the current inrush is high and may, particularly if the supply line cross-section
is insufficient, result in a voltage drop that could affect load operation. There are several types of starters
used to reduce peak currents on starting.
My Ecodial L proposes 3 types of starter:
The direct on-line starter
Possible only with a squirrel-cage motor. This is the simplest starting mode in which the motor stator is
directly coupled to the network.
Starting current = 5 to 8 times rated current
This type of starter is simple, gives the motor a high starting torque and allows rapid starting, but is not
suitable in all cases. The motor power must be low compared to the network power to limit disturbances
on the network, the machine must not require gradual starting and it must contain a mechanical device to
prevent excessively abrupt starting. If there is a danger for users, this type of starter must be not be used
and a system to reduce inrush current or starting torque must be implemented. The system most
commonly used is to start the motor at a reduced voltage.
KM1: contactor

Motors
The star-delta starter
In this case, both ends of each of the three stator windings of the motor must be run to the terminal plate.
The principle consists of starting the motor by star-connecting the windings at the mains voltage, thereby
decreasing the peak current by a factor of 3.
KM: contactor
Starting current = 1.5 to 2.6 In

Then, when motor speed has stabilised, the windings are delta-connected. This type of starting is ideal for
machines with a low load torque or that start off-load.
However, for this type of starting, the contactors must have higher ratings than direct starting contactors
as they operate during the starting phase and thus at currents greater than the nominal current.
The soft starter
The motor is started with a gradually increasing supply voltage, thus allowing smooth starting and
reducing the peak current. This type of starter controls the operating characteristics, particularly during
the starting and stopping phases, provides thermal protection of the motor and starter and mechanical
protection of the driven machine. The inrush current can be set from 2 to 5 ln. This system can be used to
start all asynchronous. In addition to controlled starting, it allows gradual deceleration and braked
stopping.
My Ecodial L also proposes starting with a variable speed drive, in the Protection-Cable-Variable speed
drive-Cable-Motor component. Consult the variable speed drive online help for this component for further
details.
See also
Motor help

Motors
Relation between electrical power and mechanical

power
Equations
The following equation is applicable:
Where:
Pelec electrical power drawn by the motor
Pmeca mechanical power output of the motor
motor efficiency
In general, a motor manufacturer indicates in the power column of tables the mechanical power of the
motor. Other parameters include:
power factor during motor operation
efficiency
current drawn
rated operational voltage
All these parameters are related by the classic equation:
Where:
Pmeca mechanical output power of the motor
U rated phase-to-phase voltage
I current drawn
motor power factor
motor efficiency
This means that the electrical power effectively drawn is greater than the mechanical power indicated in
manufacturer catalogues.

Motors
How does My Ecodial L operate?
For the mechanical power output entered, My Ecodial L draws from a table the efficiency and the power-
factor (during motor operation) parameters.
My Ecodial L then calculates:
the electrical power Pelec
the Ib of the motor, i.e. the drawn operational current
Note that though it is not possible to modify the efficiency and power-factor
parameters in the selection guide, it is possible in the window for step-by-step
calculation.
See also

Motors
Motor control and protection
Level-1 parameters
Parameter Value
Range Circuit-breaker range (Compact, GV or TESYS) or FCU range
Designation Technical name of the circuit breaker or of the FCU
Circuit-breaker protection: tripping curve of the circuit breaker or type of

Trip unit / curve trip unit
FCU protection fuse model
Contactor designation Name of the contactor
Thermal relay Catalogue number of the thermal relay.
Protection against fire - Yes or No

Protection against fire If yes, the earth-leakage protection threshold is < 500 mA with a 50 ms or
90 ms time delay
Earth-leakage protection Yes or no
Number of interrupted poles (xP) and protected poles (xd)

4P3d+Nr 4 poles interrupted and 3 poles protected, plus neutral
protection at 0.5 In
Number of protected poles
1P1d 1 pole interrupted and protected
See table H1-37 in the electrical installation guide
Thermal setting I (A) Value set for the thermal protection (according to protected load)
Magnetic setting I (A) Value set for the magnetic protection
Trip-unit rating Protection rating
Maximum rating for the selected type of circuit breaker, often simply
Frame rating
called the frame size or frame rating.
Dial setting for magnetic protection on front of device

Im (Isd) setting Magnetic setting = factor between magnetic and thermal thresholds
Typical value for Im (Isd) = 6.00 x Ir

Motors
Parameter Value
Dial setting for thermal protection on front of device

Ir setting
Thermal setting = factor between Ir and Io
Dial setting for thermal protection on front of device

Io setting
Thermal setting as a percentage of the rated current
Motor mechanism Motor mechanism - With or Without
Installation Type of installation - Fixed or Withdrawable
Cascading requested Equipment selection for cascading - Yes or No
Discrimination requested Verification of discrimination - Yes or No
Installation Type of installation Fixed - Draw-out
Short-time setting Time-delay setting for the RCD
See also
Motor help

Motors
Type 1, type 2 and total coordination
Definitions
Type 1 and type 2 coordination are defined in standards IEC 947-4 and reflect the degree of damage to
the device that is considered acceptable after a short-circuit.
Type 1 coordination
In the event of a short-circuit, the device (contactor or starter) must not endanger life or property. Once
the short-circuit has disappeared, it cannot operate without repair or replacement parts.
Type 2 coordination
In the event of a short-circuit, the device (contactor or starter) must not endanger life or property. It must
be able to operate following a short-circuit. The possibility of contact welding is acceptable; in this case,
the manufacturer must indicate measures to be taken in terms of equipment maintenance.
This type of coordination increases continuity of service.
Total coordination
With this solution, no damage or misadjustment is acceptable, guaranteeing continuity of service.
No coordination
This can represent a serious danger to life and property.

The absence of coordination is not authorised by the following standards:
- NF C 15-100 and IEC 60364-1, article 133-1 (installation rules),
- EN/IEC 60204-1, article 7 (electrical equipment and machines),
- IEC 60947-4-1, article 8.2.5. (starters)
Uses
Type 1 coordination
This is the most commonly used solution.

- The cost of protection devices is reduced.
- Continuity of service is not required.
- Before restarting, it may be necessary to service the motor feeder.
Consequences:
- non-negligible machine downtime,
- qualified maintenance personnel is required to carry out repairs or purchase new equipment and check
after servicing.
Example. air-conditioning in commercial premises.

Motors
Type 2 coordination
This type of coordination improves continuity of service.

Consequences:
- reduced machine downtime,
- less servicing required after a short-circuit.
Example. escalators.
Total coordination
With this solution, no damage or misadjustment is acceptable, guaranteeing continuity of service.

Consequences:
- machines are put back into operation immediately,
- no precautions or servicing are required.
Examples. smoke extractors and fire pumps.
For more details, we invite you to consult page 36 of the "Diagram Library: Industrial
Control Technologies" booklet.
Return to input parameters

Variable speed drives
Overview
A variable speed drive is used in specific applications to control electric motors. It is necessary for
installations requiring continuous speed control, with the possibility of overspeeds for a limited period of
time, for installations requiring accurate control of acceleration and deceleration and installations requiring
high starting and stopping torques. Such applications include pumps, fans, compressors, conveyors,
machines with a high load torque and machines with high inertia.
It also allows another type of motor starting over and above those traditionally proposed.
Description Content
Length Length of cable between the circuit-breaker and the variable speed drive
Permissible transient over- Used to define the over-torque level required by the application: high
torque -V1 torque - standard (more info)
Motor power output (kW) Nominal mechanical power output of motor in kW
Start-up type Variable speed drive
Motor efficiency Ratio of mechanical power over electrical power drawn
Ib of the motor (A) Current drawn by the motor
On-load power factor Nominal cos phi of the motor on-load
Circuit polarity The polarity of the variable speed drive which can be 3-Ph ou 1-Ph.
TT - IT without neutral - TN-S - Upstream (=upstream earthing

Earthing arrangement arrangement, except if it is TN-C or IT with neutral, in which case My
Ecodial L imposes a TN-S or IT without neutral, respectively)

Permissible transient over-torque
Standard torque: the over-torque and the associated overcurrent are limited by the variable speed drive
to a typical value of 1.2 to 1 x the nominal current of the variable speed drive for 60 s. This choice
optimises the variable speed drive with respect to applications that do not require a high transient torque:
centrifugal pumps, fans, conveyors.
High torque: the over-torque and the associated overcurrent are limited by the variable speed drive to a
typical value of 1.5 to 1.7 times the nominal current of the variable speed drive for 60 s. This choice
allows selection of a variable speed drive adapted to applications requiring a high transient over-torque:
handling equipment, crushing mills, pumps with high starting torque.
Values entered or calculated during step-by-step calculations
Visible in the variable speed drive input grid
Designation Designation of the variable speed drive selected by My Ecodial L
Permissible transient Used to define the over-torque level required by the application: high torque
over-torque - standard (more info)
Transient over-torque The value of the transient over-torque results from the above choice and is
value (%) expressed as a percent of the nominal torque.
VSD losses (W) Power drawn by the variable speed drive
VSD power drawn (kW) Nominal power of the variable speed drive
Ib consumed by the VSD

Variable speed drive nominal input current
(including losses) (A)
Maximum deliverable
Output current of the variable speed drive under steady state conditions (A)
nominal current (A)
This is the maximum current in amps that a variable speed drive can supply
Maximum transient for 60 seconds per 10 minute period. The current is automatically limited to
current for 60s / 10 min this value by the drive. If the thermal capacity is exceeded, the drive is
automatically protected by a thermal fault lockout function.
TT - IT without neutral - TN-S - Upstream (=upstream earthing arrangement,

Earthing arrangement except if it is TN-C or IT with neutral, in which case My Ecodial L imposes a
TN-S or IT without neutral, respectively)
Circuit polarity Three-phase or single-phase
Line inductor Presence of a line inductor upstream of the variable speed drive
Value of the short-circuit current that the variable speed drive can withstand
Permissible line Isc(kA) without a line inductor upstream. If a line inductor is present upstream, this
value is meaningless and is not displayed.
Cable size downstream This value now comes from the installation manual and is no longer
of VSD (mm) calculated.

Designation Designation of the variable speed drive selected by My Ecodial L
IP Degree of protection
My Ecodial L is used to size a motor feeder circuit containing a variable speed drive for standard
asynchronous motor.
The variable speed drives of the ALTIVAR, ATV38E, ATV 58E and ATV68E ranges are particularly well
suited to the requirements of installations, building equipment and infrastructures.
This ready-to-use solution comes in a wall mounted or floor standing enclosure, incorporating the
standard features for these installations:
Harmonic compensation
Compliance with EMC standards and recommendations
Energy savings
PI controller incorporated for flow rate or temperature regulation
Remote control
The calculations made are also valid for the standard ranges, provided the catalogue reactor is used with
them.
See also
Sizing a circuit for a motor with a variable speed drive
FAQ concerning variable speed drives
Motor help

FAQ concerning variable speed drives
What is a frequency converter?
A frequency converter is a device used to make the speed of a standard asynchronous motor vary by
varying the frequency of the voltages and currents applied to the motor.
Thanks to power electronics, this principle is used in variable speed drives and is suitable for applications
in which the need to control the motion of an object or a fluid is essential.
How does a frequency converter work?
The principle is to convert the distributed utility AC power at 50 or 60 Hz into DC power by means of a
rectifier assembly and then convert this DC voltage into AC frequency and voltage components, variable
thanks to an inverter.
Speed regulation and torque regulation are used to control the speed according to the needs and on-load
variations of the motor.
This regulation is performed without need for a sensor on the motor: a standard asynchronous motor is
used.
Numerical control performed using increasingly high-performance micro-controllers incorporates
algorithms of the vector flow control without sensor type.
What is the power factor of a motor supplied by a frequency converter?
Upstream of the converter, current is in phase with voltage and thus the power factor of the assembly is
equal to 1.
Note that the power drawn will also depend on the motor rotation speed, given that P=Cw where P is
mechanical power, C torque and w the motor shaft speed
Furthermore, given that the input stage is not linear, the converter, although corrected, generates 5th, 7th
and 11th order harmonics, etc. The effect is characterised by the form factor.
Why standard torque and high torque?
Some applications require an over-torque during transients, accelerations and decelerations. In this case,
a high-torque variable speed drive must be used.
For other applications such as centrifugal pumps and fans for example, a standard torque variable speed
drive is sufficient.
What calculation principle is used?
The calculation formulas are mainly based on an evaluation of powers consumed.

First, the software calculates electrical power according to the mechanical power of the motor chosen and
adds to it the various losses of the components making up the installation.
The downstream current is the current flowing in the motor. The circuit is sized for the most unfavourable
case, with the motor supplied at its nominal peak power, torque and speed.
Upstream current is calculated assuming that the motor is supplied at its nominal peak power and
allowing for the form factor of the variable speed drive

How is motor thermal protection provided?
The thermal protection of the motor is provided by the variable speed drive.
The variable speed drive permanently calculates the thermal state of the motor according to the current
drawn and the efficiency of motor ventilation that depends on speed.
The setting parameter for this protection is lth and must be set to the value of the continuous output
current.
How is short-circuit protection provided downstream of the variable speed drive?
The variable speed drive includes a phase to phase and phase to earth short-circuit protection device.
This protection device is designed to protect the variable speed drive against destruction in the event of
an accidental short-circuit. However, its very high speed means it also protects the downstream
installation.
This guarantees a very high degree of availability of the installation as it is sufficient to eliminate the fault
to restart the installation.
How is short-circuit protection provided upstream of the variable speed drive?
In this case, protection is provided by the distribution circuit-breaker in the event of an accidental short-
circuit.
Return to variable speed drive help

Sizing a circuit for a motor with a variable speed drive
The following algorithm is used:
See also
Variable speed drives help

LV protection devices and variable-speed drives
Protection built into drives
Motor overload protection
Modern variable-speed drives protect motors against overloads.

By instantaneous limiting of the rms current to approximately 1.5 times the rated current.
By continuously calculating It, taking into account the speed (because most motors are self ventilated,
i.e. cooling is less effective at low speeds).
My Ecodial L takes into account only the situation where for a given feeder, there is one variable-speed
drive and one motor. In this case, the motor overload protection of the drive simultaneously provides
overload protection for the devices and the cables.
Protection against motor or line short-circuits downstream of the drive
If a phase-to-phase short-circuit occurs at the drive output (or across the motor terminals or at any point
on the line between the drive and the motor), the overcurrent is detected in the drive and a locking order
is issued very quickly. The short-circuit current is interrupted in a few microseconds, thus protecting the
drive. This very short current is essentially supplied by the filtering capacitor for the rectifier and is thus
produces no effect on the supply line.
Other protection functions in drives
Variable-speed drives have other self-protection functions against:

Excessive component temperature rise
Dips in network voltage
Overvoltages at the network power frequency
Loss of a phase (three-phase drives)
In the event of a fault, these built-in protection functions provoke drive locking and the motor turns to a
stop. The break in supply is ensured by the line contactor which is opened by a relay in the drive.
See also
Variable-speed drives - Sizing a circuit for a motor with a variable speed drive

LV LV transformers
LV LV transformers
Overview
My Ecodial L incorporates the power sum of the loads downstream of the LV/LV transformer.
Functions
These transformers, with power ratings from a few hundred VA to a few hundred kVA, are often used to:
Change voltage: in auxiliary control and monitoring circuits, in lighting circuits (to obtain 230 V when
the neutral is not distributed).
Change the earthing arrangement of some loads with high leakage currents or minimum insulation
(computers, electric furnaces, heating tools, equipment in industrial kitchens, etc.) Isolation
transformers can also be used in zones requiring high energy availability or where there is an
explosion risk. They are extensively used to supply operating rooms in hospitals: continuity of supply
is vital and the nitrogen monoxide used in these rooms is explosive.
They normally come with the essential internal protection devices (consult the supplier). An overcurrent
protection device must be provided at the primary. Their implementation requires knowledge of their
specific operating characteristics.
Switching inrush currents
When energised, very strong current inrushes occur (known as switching inrush currents), which must be
taken into account when defining the overcurrent protection devices. Amplitude depends on when the
voltage is applied, residual induction in the magnetic circuit and the transformer characteristics and load.
The first current peak frequently reaches 10 to 15 times the rated RMS current of the transformer and
may even, for small powers (< 50 kVA) reach values 20 to 25 times the nominal current. This inrush
current is very quickly damped with a time constant of around a few ms to a few dozen ms.
Choice of protection of a feeder supplying an LV LV transformer
The protection device placed on a feeder supplying an LV LV transformer must not be subject to
nuisance tripping when the transformer is energised. Consequently the following are used:
Selective circuit-breakers (thus time-delayed)
Circuit-breakers with a high tripping threshold

LV LV transformers
My Ecodial L chooses circuit-breakers adapted to protection of LV/LV transformers.
The primary is sometimes protected using aM type fuses. This solution has two
drawbacks: the fuses must be very highly overrated (at least 4 times transformer
nominal current) and to perform the control and isolation functions at the primary, they
must be combined with a switch or contactor which must also be very highly overrated.

LV LV transformers
LV/LV transformer input parameters
Caution: in the input field, the sign indicates that My Ecodial L will look for values in
its LV/LV transformer database.
These values cannot be modified subsequently.
Description Content
LV/LV transformer polarity My Ecodial L proposes three-phase or single-phase transformers.
Transformer nominal power

Transformer power in kVA. Choose from the list proposed
(KVA)
Phase to phase nominal voltage at the secondary of the LV/LV

Secondary Ph-Ph V (V)
transformer
Short-circuit voltage (%) Transformer short-circuit voltage.
Downstream circuit polarity 3Ph+N 3Ph 2Ph 1Ph - Upstream
Earthing arrangement at the secondary of the LV/LV transformer TT - IT -

TN-C - TN-S - Upstream (= as defined in the general characteristics)
Allows for transformer derating. My Ecodial L does not handle values

LV/LV transformer ambient
greater than 40C. If necessary, contact your Schneider Electric
temperature (C)
representative.
Reminder of the connection designation for the transformer chosen. Also

Connection
visible in the choice guide.
Copper losses (W) copper losses values.
Reminder of the value of the LV/LV transformer inrush current peak.

Inrush current (x In) Value read in the LV/LV transformer database and used for calculation.
This field cannot therefore be modified. Also visible in the choice guide.
Neutral electrode Value of the neutral electrode resistance in Ohm (any value). Displayed
resistance Rs (Ohm) depending on the earthing system.
Earth electrode resistance Value of the earth electrode resistance in Ohm (any value). Displayed
(Ohm) depending on the earthing system.

Power sum
Power sum
General presentation
Objectives
1. size the source

2. calculate the current flowing in the distribution circuits (feeder circuits not used for final loads)
3. initialise the data required for the selection of the capacitor bank
Method
The power sum is in fact a current sum. It is the algebraic sum of the currents and the apparent powers
that is carried out, covering each piece of equipment right up to the source. This method is approximate
compared to a sum of the active an reactive powers, or a load flow calculation, however it has an
advantage in that it oversizes the installation. In this type of calculation, accuracy is not of critical
importance given the application of highly approximate correction factors (Ks and Ku).
Description of the correction factors
Use factor (Ku):
the use factor expresses the proportion of time that a load is in operation. It is used to determine the
current flowing in the upstream circuits and to size the source. It is however not taken into account for
the selection of circuit protection devices.
Load factor (Kch):
the load factor expresses the proportion of full rated load at which the load operates. This factor is not
used in My Ecodial L but it is always possible to indicate the estimated value of the load current or
power rather than the full rated load current or power.
Diversity factor (Ks):
the diversity factor expresses the level of use of the installation, in particular for motors and power
sockets. It therefore requires detailed knowledge of the installation in question. It is used to select the
busbar assembly or BTS to which it is assigned, to determine the current flowing in the upstream
circuits and to size the source.
Future extension factor
this factor takes into account the predicted evolution of the installation. It does not exist in My Ecodial
L.

Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
My Ecodial L Certification
Calculation standards
My Ecodial L 3 complies in all aspects with the European CENELEC R064-003 report, used in France in
drafting the UTE C 15-500 guide.
This report serves as the reference document in sizing many components in electrical installations. My
Ecodial L respects all applicable rules in calculating the sizes of conductors and in selecting the suitable
protection devices, whatever the type of conductor or protection device.
Field of application
My Ecodial L 3 may be used exclusively for low-voltage installations where the circuits are made up of
insulated conductors, cables or busbar trunking systems.
My Ecodial L 3 takes into account all the parameters required to meet the installation standard, the main
parameters being:
Operational currents (taking into account harmonics)

Permissible currents for conductors
Protection-device characteristics for overload protection
Thermal constraints for conductors during short-circuits or a fault
Protection against indirect contacts
Reduction in the voltage drop
Short-circuit currents and fault currents
My Ecodial L certification
The parameters in the UTE C15-500 guide are specifically designed to enable checks on calculation
software for insulated conductors, cables and the selection characteristics for busbar trunking systems.
My Ecodial L 3.35 passed the certification tests organised by UTE, an independent certification
organisation.
The certification number is 15L-602A / 15L-602 (click the number to display a copy of the UTE certifications,
Acrobat reader is required).

Miscellaneous
Field of application for UTE guides
UTE has successively published two guides, UTE C 15-500 and UTE C 15-105
Guide UTE C 15-500 is intended to serve as a basis for writing software. It provides complete
equations and in-depth information on calculations. The guide for 2003 changed names and became
"Dtermination des sections des conducteurs et choix des dispositifs de protection l'aide de logiciel
de calcul" (Determining conductor sizes and selection of protection devices using calculation
software).
Guide UTE C 15-105 provides one very rigorous method and two rough calculation methods.
The two rough calculation methods are:
the composition method
the conventional method.
The rigorous method calculates the impedances.
"Application of guide UTE C 15-500 produces results that differ from those obtained using the methods in
guide UTE C 15-105. These differences in the calculation results between the old and new software do
not mean that installations calculated using the old rules are not satisfactory. Though guide UTE C 15-
500 takes into account certain parameters more accurately, others remain highly arbitrary, such as the
factor c, or equiavalent, such as the resistance of connections, the impedance of switchgear, arc
impedances in maximum short-circuits, the real length of circuits, etc." J3E Review, August/September
2003.
See also
Correction factors in NFC 15-100, edition 2003

Miscellaneous
Earthing arrangements
The notion of indirect contact
Diagram A1
Definition:
Contacts between people and accidentally energised exposed conductive parts (insulation fault).
Effect:
Passage of current in the body of the person Risk of electrocution
Protection:
The installation standards (IEC 364, NF C 15-100, etc.) define three earthing arrangements, TN, IT and
TT, and the relevant installation and protection rules.
Earthing arrangements
The 1st letter describes neutral earthing

The 2nd letter describes exposed conductive part earthing

Miscellaneous
Diagram A2
TN system - exposed conductive parts connected to earthed neutral
Diagram A3
A "phase to earth" insulation fault causes a high fault current (only limited by Zph-PE)
A short-circuit protection device (SCPD) must then be used to de-energise the circuit:
Circuit-breaker: Magnetic tripping threshold (Im) < If
Fuse: Elimination of lf within a time shorter than that given by the safety curves
Use of a residual current device
If = 0.8 U0 / (Rph + RPE)

Miscellaneous
IT system - isolated or impedance-earthed neutral
Diagram A4
First insulation fault. No risk If 0 A

Second insulation fault: If = 0.8 U0 / 2(Rph + RPE)
High "phase to phase" or "phase to neutral" fault current (only limited by Zph-PE and Zn - PE)
A SCPD must then be used to de-energise the circuit:
Circuit-breaker: Im < If
Fuse: Elimination of lf within a time shorter than that given by the safety curves
Use of a residual current device
The TT arrangement Earthed neutral
Diagram A5

Miscellaneous
A "phase to earth" insulation fault causes a weak fault current (extremely limited by the earth
resistances Rb and Ra)
The fault resembles an overload, but the circuit-breakers thermal protection tripping time is too long (a
few seconds):
A Residual Current Device (RCD) should be used.
If = U0 /(Ra + Rb)
Earthing arrangement selection
Criteria TT TN IT
Economic solution
Ease of detection and elimination of an insulation fault
Low stresses on equipment during faults
No specially trained personnel
Safety against the risk of fire
Continuity of supply
Safety of persons

Miscellaneous
XML export
My Ecodial L now offers a new export format, XML, accessible via the File menu.
This command can be used to export:
All the characteristics of the devices in the installation
The detailed structure of the electrical diagram.
Schneider Electric has joined forces with its partner Algotech Informatique to
ensure that this information can be used to automatically generate an electrical
diagram that is much more useful when the designer transmits the file to the
installers. Automation saves considerable time when preparing the file. What is
more, certain diagrams are pre-formatted, thus ensuring additional time savings.
Algotech Informatique offers a range of professional drafting software.
Web site www.algotech.fr
Information [email protected]
Address Espace entreprises Izarbel1, Technopole Izarbel, 64210 Bidart

Miscellaneous
Example of automatic generation
My Ecodial L project
The export command automatically produces the following.

Miscellaneous
Diagrams accepted and refused by My Ecodial L
Simple accepted networks

Miscellaneous
Accepted normal/replacement networks
N: Normal
R: Replacement
You can also reverse the positions of the transformers or generators with any source in the diagram, or
reverse the normal and replacement roles.
In this last diagram, the role of the normal or replacement source can be reversed. Moreover, you can
place up to 4 generators and 4 transformers.

Miscellaneous

Miscellaneous
Refused networks
2 parallel-connected branches with a circuit between the main LV board and the source circuit.
5 transformers on the same busbasr:

Miscellaneous
Direct connection between two busbars:
Dual replacement level:

Miscellaneous
Accepted networks with decentralised type BTS
Refused networks with decentralised type BTS
With several sources, the network is always refused:

Miscellaneous
Supply of a decentralised type BTS by a generator is prohibited:
Supply of the BTS by a replacement supply source is impossible
See also
Generator help
Transformer help
Any source help
BTS help

Harmonic distortion (current)
Overview
Definition
Standard NFC15-100 introduces the notion of THDI, i.e. Total Harmonic Distortion of Current.
In a three-phase system with a neutral, the odd multiples of the third-order harmonic H3 (H3, H9, H15,
etc.) do not cancel each other out in the neutral. There is therefore a flow of current in the neutral greater
than that in the phases. Depending on the level of harmonic distortion, it may be necessary to modify the
size of the neutral conductors.
This stipulation replaces the notion of the loaded neutral in the previous versions of the standard.
For current harmonics, harmonic distortion is calculated using the equation below.
THDI measurement
The THDI characterises the deformation of the current wave. The disturbing device is located by
measuring the THDI on the incomer and each outgoer of all the various circuits in order to detect the
source of the problem.
Typical THDI values and their impact on the electrical installation
A value under 15% is considered normal. Malfunctions are not a risk. The neutral conductor is not
considered loaded.
A value between 15% and 33% signals significant harmonic pollution. There is a risk of temperature
rise, which requires oversizing of the cables and sources. The neutral conductor is considered loaded.
A value above 33% reveals major harmonic pollution. Malfunctions are probable. An in-depth analysis
and the use of special protection devices are required or, in some cases, harmonic-attenuation
systems may be the best solution.
See also
Summary of NFC15-100 rules for calculation of the neutral
Origin of harmonics

Origin of harmonics
Harmonics are created by non-linear loads that draw current in the form of impulses and not a sinusoidal
wave. Non-linear loads come from rectifier-type and diode-bridge power supplies or from the ballast of
fluorescent lamps.
Definition of non-linear loads
A load is said to be non-linear when the current drawn does not have the same waveform as the
supply voltage.
Typical examples are loads comprising power electronics. They are increasingly numerous in low-
voltage networks, not only in office buildings, but in industry as well.
Examples are:
industrial equipment (welding machines, arc furnaces, induction furnaces, rectifiers, etc.)
variable-speed drives for asynchronous motors
office machines (computers, photocopy machines, etc.)
household appliances
UPSs
Voir aussi
Definition of harmonic distortion of current (THDI)

Summary rules for neutral sizing
NF C 15-100 (S = cross-sectional area)
THDI <= 15% 15% < THDI 33% THDI >= 33%
Single-phase circuits Sneutral <= Sphase Sneutral <= Sphase Sneutral = Sphase
Three-phase circuits + neutral Sneutral = Sphase

Multicore cables Sneutral decisive
Sneutral = Sphase
Sphase <= Sneutral = Sphase Ibneutral=1.45 x
Factor 0.84
Ibphase
16 mm Cu or
25 mm Al Factor 0.84
Three-phase circuits + neutral Sneutral = Sphase

Multicore cables Sneutral = Sphase/2 Sneutral decisive
Sneutral = Sphase
is permissible
Sphase > Ibneutral=1.45 x
Factor 0.84
Neutral protected Ibphase
16 mm Cu or
Three-phase circuits + neutral Sneutral > Sphase

Single-core cables Sneutral = Sphase/2 Sneutral decisive
Sneutral = Sphase
is permissible
Sphase > Ibneutral=1.45 x
Factor 0.84
Neutral protected Ibphase
16 mm Cu or
IEC 60364
15% < THDI 33% < THDI

THDI <= 15% THDI >= 45%
<= 33% <= 45%
Sneutral <= Sneutral <= Sneutral = Sneutral =

Single-phase circuits
Sphase Sphase Sphase Sphase
Sneutral =
Three-phase circuits + Sneutral =
Sphase
neutral Sphase
Sneutral = Sneutral
Multicore cables Sneutral = Sneutral
Sphase decisive
Sphase<= Sphase decisive
Factor 0.86 Ibneutral=3xTH
16mm Cu or DIxIbphase Ibneutral=3xTH
DIxIbphase
25mm Al Factor 0.86

15% < THDI 33% < THDI

THDI <= 15% THDI >= 45%
<= 33% <= 45%
Sneutral =
Three-phase circuits + Sneutral =
Sphase
neutral Sphase
Sneutral = Sneutral = Sneutral
Multicore cables Sneutral
Sphase/2 admis Sphase decisive
Sphase > decisive
Protected neutral Factor 0.86 Ibneutral=3xTH
DIxIbphase
25mm Al Factor 0.86
Sneutral >
Three-phase circuits + Sneutral >
Sphase
neutral Sphase
Sneutral = Sneutral = Sneutral
Single-core cables Sneutral
Sphase/2 admis Sphase decisive
Sphase > decisive
Protected neutral Factor 0.86 Ibneutral=3xTH
DIxIbphase
25mm Al Factor 0.86
But what if the level of harmonic distortion is not known?
For sites other than residential, with three-phase circuits + neutral and when the level of harmonic
distortion is not supplied by the user, the designer should adopt the rules below.
The size of the neutral conductor must be equal to that of each phase (taking into account the factor of
0.84).
The neutral conductor must be protected against overcurrents and be interrupted.
In the absence of the necessary information, this rule must be strictly applied.
See also
Origin of harmonics
Harmonic distortion of current

Curve direct - Display of tripping curves
Curve direct - Display of tripping

curves
Overview
Click the button in My Ecodial L to launch the independent Curve Direct module.
This module displays all the devices upstream of the device selected in the diagram.
Display the tripping curves of the devices selected by My Ecodial L

Procedure
1. Select the most downstream device in the diagram.
2. Click to launch the Curve Direct module.
It is also possible to select in the circuit-breaker database the devices for which you
wish to see the tripping curves (More information).
See also
Input parameters

Curve direct - User manual
Select a device
1. Click the Plus button.
2. Select a device in the list.

The operating and non-operating curves are displayed (tripping curves).

3. Adjust the dial settings, the curves are automatically updated.
Shift from one curve to another
When a number of devices have been selected, it is possible to shift from one device to another by
clicking the button.

Select the device to make its curve active.
Modify the device or a trip unit
Click the button to display the characteristics of the active device.

It is then possible to modify the device or the trip unit as needed.

Print the active curves
Click the button to open the standard printing window.
Delete a device
Click the button to display the list of devices for which the tripping curves are displayed.
It is then possible to delete a device.
Quit the module
Click the button to close the window and the Curve Direct module.
Caution
When Curve Direct is used independently, no data is saved and no message requests
confirmation of closing. Check that all data has been printed before closing the
module.
When Curve Direct is launched from My Ecodial L, the program asks if you wish to
save any modifications made using Curve Direct.
If you decide to save any modifications, My Ecodial L saves the settings and shifts
to manual mode. When the installation is recalculated, My Ecodial L will check that the
modifications are compatible with all rules and standards on protection against direct
and indirect contacts.
If you decide not to save the modifications made using Curve Direct, no changes
are made in My Ecodial L. The modifications made using Curve Direct are lost.

If you exit Curve Direct by clicking the Close button , the program does not
request confirmation before closing and any modifications made using Curve Direct
are not saved.
See also
Display of tripping curves

MyEcodialL - Technical Guide

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MyEcodial L 3.

Any source ................................................................................................................................................ 27

Upstream project references ................................................................................................................... 59

Busbar trunking systems ........................................................................................................................ 79

MyEcodial L Technical guide Schneider Electric 2008 Page 1

Cables ...................................................................................................................................................... 109

Circuit-breakers ...................................................................................................................................... 141

Switch ...................................................................................................................................................... 155

Fuse-combination units ......................................................................................................................... 157

Outgoing circuits .................................................................................................................................... 161

Loads ....................................................................................................................................................... 165

Lighting ................................................................................................................................................. 169

Motors ...................................................................................................................................................... 175

Page 2 Schneider Electric 2008 MyEcodial L Technical guide

Variable speed drives............................................................................................................................. 187

LV LV transformers ............................................................................................................................. 195

Power sum .............................................................................................................................................. 199

Miscellaneous ......................................................................................................................................... 201

Harmonic distortion (current) ............................................................................................................... 217

Curve direct - Display of tripping curves ............................................................................................. 221

MyEcodial L Technical guide Schneider Electric 2008 Page 3

At present, there is a choice of two technologies:

To make this choice, a number of parameters must be considered:

MyEcodial L Technical guide Schneider Electric 2008 Page 5

Determining optimum power

Oversizing a transformer leads to:

Undersizing a transformer leads to:

Definition of optimum power

To define the optimum power of a transformer, it is important to:

Caution: If installation total power is subsequently reduced, My Ecodial L will not

Page 6 Schneider Electric 2008 MyEcodial L Technical guide

Transformer input parameters

First level input parameters

Power Rated power (SrT) of the transformer in kVA

Type Two types available: immersed or dry

Earthing arrangement of the LV installation: TT - IT - TN-C - TN-S -

Distributed neutral Neutral distribution for the LV installation (1): YES-NO

Nominal phase to phase voltage of the LV installation (2): 220-230-240-380-

Transformer short-circuit voltage. Value entered automatically but can be

Transformer copper losses. Value entered automatically but can be

Connection Transformer connection type: Star-Delta Star-Star Star-ZigZag

Network frequency (Hz) Network frequency: 50 - 60 Hz

Operating time of the high voltage protection device: 500 ms by default,

Neutral earthing electrode

ECP earthing electrode

Designation of the continuous insulation monitor. Characteristics accessible

MyEcodial L Technical guide Schneider Electric 2008 Page 7

Ratio used for calculation of transformer resistance (see CENELEC R064-

Ratio used for calculation of transformer reactance (see CENELEC R064-003,

Visible in the calculation traces

Transformer R Ph (mOhm) Resistance per phase of the transformer in mOhm

Transformer X Ph (mOhm) Reactance per phase of the transformer in mOhm

Ib (A) Rated current of the transformer in A

The values given must be considered per source.

Page 8 Schneider Electric 2008 MyEcodial L Technical guide

The voltage factor c

The reference parameter is the phase to neutral nominal voltage .

Nominal voltage Voltage factor c

100 V to 1000 V 1.05 0.95

MyEcodial L Technical guide Schneider Electric 2008 Page 9