Select Instrum Transfmer

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Selecting Instrument Transformers
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Chapter : Electrical For additional information on this subject, contact

File Reference: EEX10404 W. A. Roussel on 874-1320
Engineering Encyclopedia Electrical
CONTENTS PAGES
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: CONSTRUCTION TYPES .................2

Current Transformers (CTs) .................................................................2
Bushing-Type CT......................................................................2
Bar-Type CT .............................................................................2
Window-Type CT .....................................................................4
Wound-Type CT .......................................................................4
Core Balance (Zero-Sequence) CT ...........................................5
Auxiliary CTs............................................................................6
Voltage Transformers (VTs).................................................................7
Standard (Inductively Coupled) VTs ........................................8
Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CCVTs)................9
Control Power Transformers (CPTs) ......................................10
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: CONSTRUCTION

CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................................................12
Marked Ratios ....................................................................................12
Single-Ratios...........................................................................12
Multiratios...............................................................................16
Polarity and Terminal Markings.........................................................18
Polarity Markings ...................................................................18
Terminal Markings..................................................................19
Instrument Transformer Connections .................................................20
Current Transformers..............................................................20
Voltage Transformers (VTs) ...................................................22
SELECTING CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (CTs) ....................................24

Introduction ........................................................................................25
Ratings................................................................................................25
Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL).....................................25
Voltage....................................................................................25

Frequency ...............................................................................25
Primary and Secondary Currents ............................................27
Accuracy Classes ....................................................................27
Continuous Current.................................................................31
Short-Time Current.................................................................31
Selection Factors ................................................................................32
Currents...................................................................................32
CT Burden...............................................................................33
Relay Energy Requirements....................................................35
Saturation (Excitation Curve) .................................................37
ANSI/IEEE Accuracy and Voltage Class ...............................41
Improving CT Accuracy .........................................................45
Altitude ...................................................................................45
Temperature ............................................................................46
SELECTING VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS (VTs)....................................48

Introduction ........................................................................................48
Ratings................................................................................................48
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels (BIL) ...................................48
Voltages ..................................................................................49
Frequency ...............................................................................49
Thermal Burden ......................................................................50
Accuracy Classes ....................................................................52
VT Fusing...........................................................................................52
Selection Factors ................................................................................53
System Voltage .......................................................................53
VT Data...................................................................................53
Accuracy Class and Burden Designation Requirements.........53
Secondary Circuit Load in Voltamperes (VA)........................54
Temperature ............................................................................54
Altitude ...................................................................................54

WORK AID 1: RESOURCES USED TO SELECT CURRENT

TRANSFORMERS (CTS) .............................................................................55
Work Aid 1A: ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13-1978, Standard
Requirements for Instrument Transformers........................................55
Work Aid 1B: Vendors Data, OEM Instrument Transformer
Reference Guide, SA-11374A............................................................55
Work Aid 1C: Vendors Data, BYZ CT Saturation (Excitation)
Curve ..................................................................................................55
Work Aid 1D: Vendors Data, Multiratio CT (1200:5) Saturation
(Excitation) Curve ..............................................................................56
Work Aid 1E: Vendors Data, IL41-100I, Type CO-11
Time/Overcurrent Relay Energy Requirements..................................57
Work Aid 1F: Vendors Data, DB41-081, Type IT Instantaneous
Trip Overcurrent Relay Energy Requirements ...................................59
Work Aid 1G: Applicable Selection Procedures ................................59
WORK AID 2: RESOURCES USED TO SELECT VOLTAGE

TRANSFORMERS (VTs)..............................................................................62
Work Aid 2A: ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13-1978, Standard
Requirements for Instrument Transformers........................................62
Work Aid 2B: Vendors Data, OEM Instrument Transformer
Reference Guide, SA-11374A............................................................62
Work Aid 2C: Applicable Selection Procedures ................................62
GLOSAARY..................................................................................................65

Figure 1. Instrument Transformer Diagram
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 1

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: CONSTRUCTION TYPES
Current Transformers (CTs)
A CT is designed to connect in series with the line and transform the line current to the
standard 5-ampere coil rating of a meter, relay, or other device. This Information Sheet will
describe briefly the four most common types of CTs (bushing, bar, window, and wound-
types) as well as two other types of CTs (core balance and auxiliary types) that are commonly
used in industrial and commercial power systems.
Bushing-Type CT
The bushing-type CT (Figure 2) is almost invariably used for transformers and circuit
breakers. This type CT is chosen for relaying in higher voltage circuits because it is less
expensive than any other types of CTs. Bushing-type CTs are not used in circuits below 5
kV. The bushing-type CT consists only of an annular-shaped core with a secondary winding.
This CT is built into the equipment such as circuit breakers, power transformers, generators,
or switchgear, with the core being arranged to encircle an insulating bushing through which a
power conductor passes. Most of the bushing-type CTs have a well or area that is constructed
for the CT to set in. The well area is below the area of the transformer liquid. Therefore, the
liquid acts as an insulation factor for the CT.
Because the internal diameter of the bushing-type CT core has to be large to accommodate the
main device bushing, the mean length of the magnetic path is greater than in other CTs. To
compensate for this mean length, and also the fact that there is only one primary turn, the
cross section of the core is made larger. Because there is less saturation in a core of greater
cross section, a bushing-type CT tends to be more accurate than other CTs at high multiples of
the primary current rating. At low currents, a bushing-type CT is generally less accurate
because of its larger exciting current.
Bar-Type CT
A bar-type CT (Figure 3) has a piece of bar as a primary turn with ends developed for ease of
termination with bus or cable. It has a fixed insulation over the bar to insulate the primary or
bar from the secondary windings. This bar primary provides the magnetic field for the
secondary winding. The secondary windings are wound around a metal core that the bar
passes through. This type of CT is used on indoor switchgear, motor starters, switchboards,
and any other equipment or device that has a bus bar current conductor.

Figure 2. Bushing-Type CT
Figure 3. Bar-Type CT

Window-Type CT
A window-type CT (Figure 4) is the most popularly used CT. The CT has a window or hole
in the center that can be round or square. The hole is formed (surrounded) by a metal which
serves as a type of core. The secondary windings are wound around this core material. The
secondary windings are insulated from, and permanently assembled on, the core. The
window-type CT has no primary winding constructed as an integral part of the structure. The
complete or partial insulation is provided for a primary conductor or winding to pass through
the window. This primary conductor provides the current and voltage that generate the
magnetic field that is induced into the secondary windings. Window-type CTs are used for
numerous types of application. This type of CT can be used for measuring the magnetic field
of a single conductor.
Figure 4. Window-Type CT
Wound-Type CT
A wound-type CT (Figure 5) has a primary winding that consists of one or more turns that are
mechanically encircling the core or cores. The primary and secondary windings are insulated
from each other and from the core, and they also are constructed as an integral structure.
Wound-type CTs can be used in switchboard, switchgear, motor starters, and other indoor and
outdoor applications. The outdoor wound-type CTs have different types of insulation as
weatherproofing.

Figure 5. Wound-Type CT
Core Balance (Zero-Sequence) CT
The core balance method of transformation is based on the principle of primary current vector
addition or flux summation. A core balance CT is often called a zero-sequence, ring or
window-type CT, but core balance is the IEEE preferred term because it more specifically
describes the CT function. Figure 6 illustrates non-shielded conductors running through the
window of a core balance CT and Figure 7 illustrates a similar configuration, except that the
conductor (cable) is shielded.
Figure 6. Core Balance CT (Non-Shielded Conductors)

File Name : 10404-7.AI

Title : (10404-7.AI)
Creator : Adobe Illustrator(TM) 3.0.1
CreationDate : (8/14/95) (10:23 AM)
Figure 7. Core Balance CT (Shielded Cable)
Auxiliary CTs
An auxiliary CT is a second CT installed in a circuit where the primary winding of the

auxiliary CT is connected to the secondary winding of the first (existing) CT. Auxiliary CTs
are used to change the ratio of an existing CT. For example, Figure 8a illustrates an auxiliary
CT that is being used in a residual ground fault scheme to improve the relays (ANSI Devices
50/51N) sensitivity. Figure 8b illustrates an auxiliary CT that is being used in a power
transformer differential relaying scheme (ANSI Device 87T) to correct the secondary current
mismatch between the source side (wye-connected) CTs and the load side (delta-connected)
CTs.

Figure 8. Auxiliary CT Applications
Voltage Transformers (VTs)
Voltage transformers (VTs), which were formerly called potential transformers (PTs), are
connected between the lines whose potential difference is to be determined, and they are used
to step the voltage down (usually to 120 V) to supply the voltage circuits of the connected
instrument burden. A VTs basic construction is similar to that of a power transformer
operating at the same input voltage, except that it is designed for optimum performance with
the high-impedance secondary loads of the connected instruments. The VT core is operated
at high flux density, and the insulation must be appropriate for the line-to-ground voltage.

Standard (Inductively Coupled) VTs
Inductively coupled VTs are nothing more than small step-down transformers. Since an
inductively coupled voltage transformer is simply a small step-down transformer, the basic
construction of an inductively coupled VT is the same as any voltage transformer.
Inductively coupled VTs are designed for use in relaying, indication, metering, and control
circuits. Inductively coupled VTs may be mounted indoors or outdoors. For indoor use, the
inductively coupled VT preferably should be a dry-type. For outdoor use, either oil-immersed
or dry- types are acceptable. An inductively coupled VT may form an integral part of a
switchgear assembly or be a separate item of equipment. Figure 9a illustrates a 480 to 120-
volt (4:1) VT and Figure 9b illustrates a 12,000 to 120-volt (35:1) VT.
Figure 9. Standard Voltage Transformers

Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CCVTs)
Coupling capacitor voltage transformers (CCVT) are used in applications where the input
voltage is too high for conventional inductively coupled VTs. An example of an input
voltage that is too high for a conventional inductively coupled VT is a transmission line
voltage. CCVTs are designed for use in relaying, metering, indication, and control circuits
that are associated with high voltage transmission lines. Figure 10 illustrates the schematic
diagram of a CCVT that uses a capacitive divider circuit to reduce high voltage V1 ( 115-230
kV) to a lower voltage V2 ( 10-20 kV). The voltage transformer itself further reduces the
voltage to a relay or metering voltage Vm ( 120 V).
Figure 10. CCVT Schematic Diagram

Control Power Transformers (CPTs)
The voltage needed to operate a control circuit is normally taken from the main power circuit
of, for example, the motor starter shown in Figure 11. To connect the power circuit to the
control circuit, a control power transformer (CPT) is used. The transformer is a standard
single-phase design consisting of two windings wound on a common core. Power is
transformed from the primary winding to the secondary winding in accordance with the
principles of magnetic induction. The CPT is selected and sized according to the voltage
rating and voltampere capacity of its windings.
Control circuits are designed to operate at relatively low voltage levels (110 to 120 volts ac)
in order to provide safety for operating personnel. Motor starter power circuits, however,
operate typically at one of several higher voltage levels. For this reason, CPTs are available
in a variety of voltage ratings and voltage ratio combinations. When sizing a CPT to the
power circuit, the winding voltage ratings must be selected to match the voltages of the
control and power circuits. More commonly, the CPT is sized and provided by the
manufacturer as an integral part of the controller.
In addition to the voltage rating of the windings, the CPT is also rated in accordance with its
voltampere capacity. With the voltage rating of the windings identified, the voltampere rating
determines the maximum current that the winding can carry without overheating. Typical
voltampere ratings available for CPTs range from 50 VA to 2000 VA. Similar to the voltage
rating of the windings, the voltampere rating of the CPT is commonly determined by the
manufacturer when the CPT is supplied as part of the controller. Figure 11 illustrates a CPT
that is providing power to the control circuit of a non-reversing motor starter.

Figure 11. Control Circuit Supplied by a CPT

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS
Marked Ratios
The marked ratio of an instrument transformer is the ratio of the rated primary value to the
rated secondary value as stated (marked) on the instrument transformer. Both CTs and VTs
are commercially available as single-ratio or multiratio CTs/VTs.
Single-Ratios
Current Transformers (CTs) - The ratio of the primary current to the secondary current is a
constant and is called the CT current ratio. Note: The CT current ratio is more commonly
called the CT ratio. A standard single-ratio CT has a single primary turn (i.e., the conductor
in a window-type CT) and multiple secondary turns or windings (Figure 12). The CT current
ratio and turns ratio are represented by the following formulas:
CT Current Ratio = Primary Current (Ip)/Secondary Current (Is)
CT Turns Ratio = No. of Primary Turns (Np)/No. of Secondary

Turns (Ns)
= Is/Ip
Figure 12. Single-Ratio CT

CT secondary ratings should normally be 5 A but, secondary ratings of 5/3 A are required if
delta connected secondary windings are used, for example, when phase correcting in
transformer differential protection schemes. Secondary ratings of 1 A may also be required,
for example, for use with solid state relays.
10:5 100:5 800:5 4000:5
15:5 200:5 1200:5 5000:5
25:5 300:5 1500:5 6000:5
40:5 400:5 2000:5 8000:5
50:5 600:5 3000:5 12000:5
75:5
Source: C57.13
Figure 13. Standard Ratios of Single-Ratio CTs
Example A: A standard single-ratio CT is marked 1200:5. What is the primary current

flowing in the circuit if an ammeter measured 3.75 amperes flowing in the
secondary circuit?
Answer: 1. CT Ratio = Ip/Is = 1200:5
2. Ip = Is x CT Ratio
= 3.75 x 1200/5 = 900 A
Example B: If the CT identified in Example A has a single primary turn, how many turns
are there in the secondary winding?

Answer: Is/Ip = Np/Ns
= Ns = Np (Is/Ip)
= Ns = (1)(1200/5) = 240 turns
Voltage Transformers VTs - The ratio of the primary voltage to the secondary voltage is a
constant and is called the VT voltage ratio. The VT voltage ratio is more commonly called
the VT ratio and it is represented by the following formula:
VT Ratio = Primary Voltage (Vp)/Secondary Voltage (Vs)
The standard secondary voltages for VTs manufactured in the United States are 120 V and
69.3 V. Secondary voltages of 115 V and 66.4 V are also available. Figure 14 lists several of
the standard VT ratios that are specified in ADP-P-121.
Aramco
Rated
Nominal
ANSI Primary Voltage
System Voltage
Group (kV rms) Marked Ratio
(kV rms)
2.4 2 2.4 20:1
4.16 1 4.2 35:1
13.8 2 14.4 120:1
34.5 3 20.125 175 and 300:1
Figure 14. ADP-P-121 VT Ratios

Example C: The marked ratios of the Group I VTs shown in Figure 15 are 35:1 (4200:120).
What reading should the voltmeters (V) indicate if the actual primary voltage is
4.16 kV?
Figure 15. Example C Circuit Diagram

Answer: 1. Voltage Ratio = Vp/Vs = 35:1
2. Vs = 4160/35 118.9 V
Multiratios
Current Transformers (CTs) - Multiratio CTs have a single primary winding and a tapped
secondary winding (Figure 16). Similar to single-ratio CTs, the secondary current is also 5 A.
Figure 17 lists the standard ratios of multiratio CTs.

Figure 16. Multi- Secondary Current Secondary Current Secondary

Ratio CT
Connection Taps Rating Taps Ratings Taps
DiagramCurrent
Rating
600:5 2000:5 4000:5
50:5 X2-X3 300:5 X3-X4 500:5 X1-X2

100:5 X1-X2 400:5 X1-X2 1000:5 X3-X4
150:5 X1-X3 500:5 X4-X5 1500:5 X2-X3
200:5 X4-X5 800:5 X2-X3 2000:5 X1-X3
250:5 X3-X4 1100:5 X2-X4 2500:5 X2-X4
300:5 X2-X4 1200:5 X2-X5 3000:5 X1-X4
400:5 X1-X4 1500:5 X1-X4 3500:5 X2-X5
450:5 X3-X5 1600:5 X2-X5 4000:5 X1-X5
500:5 X2-X5 2000:5 X1-X5
600:5 X1-X5
1200:5 3000:5 5000:5

100:5 X2-X3 300:5 X3-X4 500:5 X2-X3
200:5 X1-X2 500:5 X4-X5 1000:5 X4-X5
300:5 X1-X3 800:5 X3-X5 1500:5 X1-X2
400:5 X4-X5 1000:5 X1-X2 2000:5 X3-X4
500:5 X3-X4 1200:5 X2-X3 2500:5 X2-X4
600:5 X2-X4 1500:5 X2-X4 3000:5 X3-X5
800:5 X1-X4 2000:5 X2-X5 3500:5 X2-X5
900:5 X3-X5 2200:5 X1-X3 4000:5 X1-X4
1000:5 X2-X5 2500:5 X1-X4 5000:5 X1-X5
1200:5 X1-X5 3000:5 X1-X5
Source: C57.13
Figure 17. Standard Ratios of Multi-Ratio CTs

oltage Transformer (VTs) - Although not as commonly used as multiratio CTs, VTs are also
manufactured with taps in the secondary winding for additional (different) ratio connections.
For example, a 8400/12000/14000 VT that has a ratio of 70/100/120:1 is a multiratio VT.
Polarity and Terminal Markings
Polarity Markings
Polarity is the designation of the relative instantaneous directions of the current entering the
primary terminals and leaving the secondary terminals during most of each half-cycle. The
primary and secondary terminals of an instrument transformer are said to have the same
polarity when, at a given instant during most of each half-cycle, the current enters the
identified, similarly marked primary terminal and leaves the identified, similarly marked
secondary terminal in the same direction as though the two terminals formed a continuous
circuit. Proper polarity means the secondary current is substantially in phase with the
primary current (Figure 18). For single-input (voltage or current) actuated relays, polarity has
no significance; correct operation of dual-input relays (current-current, voltage-voltage,
current-voltage) usually depends on the relative instantaneous direction.
Figure 18. CT Subtractive Polarity

Subtractive Polarity implies that the current flowing into primary terminal H1 is substantially in
phase with current flowing out of the secondary terminal X1. The term substantially in phase
allows for the small phase angle error. Virtually all medium voltage transformers are
subtractive polarity.
Additive Polarity implies that current flowing into primary terminal H1 is substantially in phase
with the current flowing out of the secondary terminal X2. Additive polarity is seldom used
except for pole-mounted distribution transformers (physical location of terminals) and several
other instances for directional applications on VTs.
Terminal Markings
All instrument transformer vendors must clearly indicate polarity by permanent markings on
the CT or VT. For example, a particular vendor may paint a white dot on an instrument
transformer to indicate polarity. Figure 19 shows 3 typical means of marking polarity on a
one-line diagram, with the square marking being the most common marking.
Figure 19. Polarity Terminal Markings on a One-Line Diagram

Primary Terminals (Hn) - Where polarity is also indicated by letters; the letter H is used to
distinguish the primary side terminals from the secondary side terminals. Each lead must be
numbered as well, for example, H1, H2, ..., Hn or H1, H2, ..., Hn.
Secondary Terminals (Xn) - Where polarity is also indicated by letters, the letter X is used to
distinguish the low side terminals from the primary side terminals, for example, X1, X2, ..., Xn
or X1, X2, ..., Xn.
Instrument Transformer Connections
Current Transformers
CTs are connected in wye for most applications; however, they are also, for special
applications, connected in vee (open-delta) or delta.
Wye Connection - In the wye connection (Figure 20), a CT is placed in each phase with phase
relays in two or three of the secondaries to detect phase faults. On grounded systems, a relay
in the CT common wire detects any ground or neutral currents. Wye-connected CTs
reproduce positive, negative, and zero-sequence currents as they are in the CT primary, and
the secondary currents are in phase with primary currents.
Figure 20. Wye-Connected CTs

Vee or Open-Delta Connection - This vee CT connection (Figure 21), which uses only two CTs
(economical reasons), is basically a wye connection with one leg omitted. This vee
connection provides protection against phase-to-phase faults on all phases of a three-phase
system, but will only protect against those phase-to-ground faults that are above the relay
settings on the phases in which the CTs are installed. Since there is no way of sensing zero-
sequence currents with this connection, it is rarely used as the only means of protection in a
circuit. The vee connection is, however, frequently applied with the addition of a zero-
sequence CT, as shown in Figure 21.
Delta Connection - The delta connection (Figure 22) uses three CTs with the secondaries
connected in delta before the connections are made to the relays. The delta connection is only
used for power transformer differential relay protection schemes where the power transformer
has delta-wye connected windings. The CTs on the delta side of the power transformer are
connected in wye, and the CTs on the wye side of the power transformer are connected in
delta. These wye-delta and delta-wye connection arrangements compensate for the 30o phase
angle shift introduced by the wye-delta bank, and they also block the zero-sequence current
from the differential circuit on external ground faults.
Figure 21. Vee or Open-Delta Connection

Figure 22. Delta-Connected CTs
Voltage Transformers (VTs)
Voltage transformer (VT) primary connections are distinguished by Group. Although there
are 5 ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13 groups, this Information Sheet will limit discussion to
Groups 1, 2, and 3.
Group 1 voltage transformers are for application with 100 percent of rated primary voltage
across the primary winding when connected line-to-line or line-to-ground. For typical Group
1 VT connections, see Figures 23a and 23b.
Group 2 voltage transformers are primarily for line-to-line service, and they may be applied
line-to-ground or line-to-neutral at a winding voltage equal to the primary voltage rating
divided by 3 . For typical Group 2 VT connections, see Figures 24a and 24b.
Group 3 voltage transformers are for line-to-ground connection only and they have two
secondaries. They may be insulated-neutral- or grounded-neutral-terminal type VTs. For a
typical Group 3 VT connection, see Figure 24c.

Figure 23. Group 1 VT Connections

Figure 24. Groups 2 and 3 VT Connections
SELECTING CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (CTs)
Note: Work Aid 1 has been developed to teach the Participant procedures to select current
transformers.

Introduction
The major criteria for selecting a current transformer ratio are the continuous current ratings
of the connected equipment (relays, auxiliary current transformers, instruments, etc.) and of
the secondary winding of the current transformer itself. In practice, with load current
normally flowing through the phase relays or devices, the ratio is selected so that the
secondary output is around 5 amperes at maximum primary load current. Where delta-
connected current transformers are used, the square root of three ( 3 ) factor must be
included.
Although the performance required of current transformers varies with the relay application,
high quality transformers should always be used. The better quality transformers reduce
application problems, they present fewer hazards, and they generally provide better relaying.
The quality of the current transformers is most critical for differential schemes, where the
performance of all the transformers must match. In differential schemes, relay performance is
a function of the accuracy of reproduction, not only at load currents, but at all fault current
levels as well.
Ratings
Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL)
The BIL rating levels of CTs are in terms of full-wave test voltage, as listed in Figure 25.
Voltage
Voltage rating levels are based on the nominal system or maximum voltages, which are also
listed in Figure 25.
Frequency
All CT ratings are based on a system frequency of 60 Hz.

Nominal System Maximum Line-to- BIL and Full
Voltage (kV) Ground Voltage (kV) Wave Crest kV
0.6 0.38 10
2.4 1.53 45
4.8 3.06 60
8.32 5.29 75
13.8 8.9 110 or 95
25.0 16.0 150 or 125
34.5 22.0 200 or 150
46.0 29.0 250
69.0 44.0 350
115.0 73.0 550 or 450
138.0 88.0 650 or 550
161.0 102.0 750 or 650
230.0 146.0 1050 or 900
Figure 25. Standard BIL Ratings

Primary and Secondary Currents
The primary current that is selected for the basis of performance specifications of a CT is
called the rated primary current. Figure 13 listed the rated primary currents of standard
single-ratio CTs and Figure 17 listed the rated primary currents of standard multiratio CTs.
The rated primary current of a CT divided by the marked ratio of a CT is called the rated
secondary current of a CT. As previously mentioned, the rated secondary current of most
CTs manufactured in the United States is 5 A.
Accuracy Classes
The accuracy classes of CTs are based on standard burdens, which are the loads (wires,
relays, meters, etc.) that are connected to the CT secondary. CTs are assigned accuracy
classifications for either metering service or relaying service. Accuracy up to one times rated
current is important for metering, whereas accuracy at up to 20 times rated current is
important for relaying. The difference being that meters must operate under normal
conditions, whereas relays must properly operate under both normal and abnormal (overload
and fault) conditions. Some CTs are assigned accuracy classifications for both metering and
relaying; however, it is preferable to use separate CTs for metering and relaying where
possible.
Metering Accuracy - Calculating, or even defining accuracy class for metering, is beyond the
scope of this Module; however, the following criteria, which is copied from ADP-P-121, is
presented for the Participants information.
Accuracy classes should be specified either to ANSI C57.13 or to IEC 185 convention.
The two conventions are different and a comparison is shown in Figure 26. In the
comparison shown, the IEC class is equal to or better than the ANSI class.
ANSI C57.13 IEC 185
0.3 0.2
0.6 0.5
1.2 1.0
Source: ADP-P-121
Figure 26. Metering CT Accuracy Class

For revenue metering, ANSI CT accuracy class 0.3 should be used, and for indication or
auxiliary purposes, ANSI CT accuracy class 1.2 should be used.
Relaying Accuracy - Relays commonly operate at currents of several times the rated current of
the CT and performance up to 20 times normal (100 A) is the basis of accuracy specification.
At the same time there is usually little need to limit the ratio error to less than 10% and hardly
any need to limit the phase angle. Accordingly, the basis for classification of performance for
relaying is an error limit of 10% at any current from 1.0 to 20 times the normal current. The
accuracy classification is not really a description of accuracy, but turns out to be a
description of how much voltage the transformer can supply to the output circuit or burden.
The performance of CTs is specified in terms of the secondary voltage that can be supplied by
the CT at 20 times normal current (20 x 5A) without exceeding the error limit of 10%. For
instance, the accuracy class is specified as 200 if the CT can supply a 2 ohm burden at 100 A
(20 times normal) without exceeding 10% error.
Standard values which may be assigned for the voltage that a transformer can deliver are
listed in ADP-P-121 (Figure 27).
ANSI C57.13 IEC
C 10 or T 10 2.5 VA 10P20
C 20 or T 20 5 VA 10P20
C 50 or T 50 15 VA 10P20
C 100 or T 100 30 VA 10P20
C 200 or T 200 50 VA 10P20
C 400 or T 400 100 VA 10P20
C 800 or T 800 200 VA 10P20
Source: ADP-P-121
Figure 27. Relaying CT Accuracy Class

This form of definition of accuracy has other uses. For example, if the error is 10% at 20
times normal current or 100 A secondary output, it must be that the exciting current which is
by-passed by the exciting branch is not over 10 A. It also follows that if the current is lower,
the burden can be higher in proportion without exceeding the output voltage limit, and the
exciting current bypassed can still not exceed 10 A. If the transformer will carry 2 at 100 A
and deliver 200 V, it can also carry 4 at 50 A, and deliver 200 V, losing not more than the
same 10 A through the exciting branch.
It does not follow, however, that the transformer can carry 1 burden at 200 A, because the
total real burden includes the internal impedance of the transformer (Figure 28b) and the
voltage applied to the exciting branch will actually include the drop in the internal impedance,
which may be significant in comparison to 1.0 .

Figure 28. Typical Instrument Transformer and Circuit Diagram

Continuous Current
The continuous current thermal ratings of CTs are based on an average 30 oC ambient
temperature. CTs may be operated at temperatures above 30 oC, however, they must be
derated in accordance with Figure 1 of ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13. As a general rule of
thumb, at temperatures over the standard 30 oC daily average ambient temperature, CTs
should be derated 1% for each degree over 30 oC (up to 55 oC ambient).
Thermal current rating factors (RF) at 30 oC ambient air temperatures are 1.0, 1.33, 2.0, 3.0
and 4.0, with a 1.33 RF being the most common rating. Note: ADP-P-121 specifies that the
continuous thermal rating factor for Saudi Aramco installations should be 1.0. At 30 oC
ambient, a 55 oC average winding temperature rise is standard and a hottest-spot winding
temperature rise of 65 oC is also standard. CTs that are used in switchgear are based on a 55
o
C ambient temperature and a 30 oC temperature rise.
Short-Time Current
Mechanical Current Rating is the RMS value of the ac component of a completely displaced
(asymmetrical) primary current wave that the CT is capable of withstanding with the
secondary short-circuited. Withstanding means no damage and it is capable of meeting all
other requirements of ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13. In switchgear, a typical mechanical
rating for CTs is 180 times rated primary current for 10 cycles.
Thermal Current Rating is the RMS symmetrical primary current that the CT can carry for 1-
second with the secondary winding short-circuited without exceeding the limiting temperature
in any winding. For 55 oC transformers, the limiting temperature is 250 oC.
The short-time thermal current rating up to 5 seconds may be determined by dividing the
current for the 1-second rating by the square root of the specified number of seconds. A
typical short-time thermal rating is 100 times rated primary current for 1-second.
Example D: What is the 3-second short-time thermal rating for a 200:5 CT where the 1-
second rating is 20 kA (100 x 200)?
Answer: Short-time rating for t = 3 sec = 1-second rating/(t)1/2
= 20000/
= 11.6 KA

Selection Factors
The proper selection of CTs involves consideration of the following factors:
Currents
CT Data (Burden)
Relay Data
Accuracy and ANSI Voltage Class
Saturation Excitation Curve
Altitude and Temperature
A CT is designed to meet or exceed an ANSI/IEEE classification standard. In most

applications, the performance of CTs that are supplied as standard CTs in the switchgear will
be adequate, even though several relays are energized from the same set of CTs.
Currents
Continuous Load - Generally, the selection of the CT ratio is based on the continuous maximum
circuit load current. The secondary current of the CT at maximum load should not exceed
rated secondary current, and, because most relays have a wide range of taps, the CT ratio is
not critical for relay operation; therefore, the CT ratio is usually chosen based on the criteria
to provide secondary full load current that would deflect an ammeter pointer to approximately
1/2 (2.5 A) to 2/3 (3.33 A) of full scale. This criteria (1/2 to 2/3 deflection) implies sizing
CTs at 150% [1 (2/3)] to 200% [1 (1/2)] of full-load. For differential relaying
applications, CTs are usually sized as close as possible to the actual full-load amperes, which
improves the differential relays sensitivity for detecting faults. For grounding resistance
applications, CTs are typically sized at 50% of the current rating of the resistor. For example,
for a 400-ampere grounding resistor inserted into the neutral conductor, the CT is sized at
200:5 (50% x 400 A).

Short Circuits - Another criterion for the CT ratio is determined by the maximum system fault
current. Devices connected to the CT secondary have a published one-second rating.
Therefore, the maximum fault current should be divided by the one-second current rating of
the connected devices, and this number should be less than the CT ratio; otherwise, a further
check is necessary that would necessitate calculating the total time any device would
experience a maximum fault. This time would be determined by the trip time of the
protective relays involved and it would normally be less than one second. The thermal
capacity for the shorter time is calculated on the basis of allowable fault time being inversely
proportional to the square of the fault current (for example, I2t = K, where K is the square of
the 1-second current rating). The result of the maximum fault current divided by the short
time thermal rating should be less than the CT ratio; otherwise, a more refined calculation is
necessary. See Example D.
CT Burden
The equivalent circuit for a CT is shown in Figure 29, where Rs is the burden or ohmic
resistance of the CT itself and ZB is the burden of the relays, meters, etc.
ANSI/IEEE Standard C57 defines burden as that property of the circuit connected to the
secondary winding that determines the active and reactive power at the secondary terminals.
The burden is expressed either as total ohms impedance with the effective resistance and
reactance components, or as the total voltamperes and power factor at the specified value of
current or voltage, and frequency.

Figure 29. CT Equivalent Circuit Diagram

Relay Energy Requirements
The energy requirements of a relay, at the different tap values, include the following:
continuous rating in amperes, one-second rating in amperes, and the burden (impedance) in
voltamperes.
Figure 30 lists the typical ratings of a Westinghouse/ABB Type CO-11 time/overcurrent

induction disc relay. It is important to note in Figure 30 that the burden (impedance) of the
relay, expressed in voltamperes, changes as the tap setting changes (e.g., 2.0 A.T., 3.0 A.T.,
etc.) and as the current magnitude flowing through the relay changes (e.g., 1 times tap value,
3 times tap value, 10 times tap value, etc.). The burden (impedance) of a relay, where the
current flowing through the relay exceeds 20 times the tap value, is the same as the 20 times
tap value burden (impedance) rating.

60 HERTZ VOLT AMPERES (xD FOR

50 Hz)
At At At At
One Power Tap 3 Times 10 Times 20

Times
Continuou Second Factor Value Tap Tap
s Rating Rating Current Tap
Amper Tap Angle f Value Value
e (Amperes) (Amperer) (D Value
=0.86) Current Current
Range Curre
(D = 0.88) (D = 0.9) nt
(D =
0.91)
1.7 56 36 0.72 6.54 71.8 250

0.5
1.9 56 34 0.75 6.80 75.0 267
0.6 2.2 56 30 0.81 7.46 84.0 298
0.5/2.5 2.5 56 27 0.89 8.30 93.1 330

0.8
3.0 56 22 1.13 10.04 115.5 411
1.0 3.5 56 17 1.30 11.95 136.3 502
3.8 56 16 1.48 13.95 160.0 610

1.5
2.0
2.5

15.0 230 29 0.94 8.7 96 366

4.0
17.0 230 25 1.10 10.0 110 435
5.0 18.5 460 22 1.25 11.5 120 478
4/12 20.0 460 20 1.40 12.3 135 560

6.0
21.5 460 19 1.50 14.0 160 648
7.0 25.0 460 14 1.9 18.3 210 900
28.0 460 10 2.4 23.8 276 120

8.0
10.0
12.0
Figure 30. Energy Requirements of a Type CO-11 Relay
Saturation (Excitation Curve)
A CT characteristic is best illustrated by the CT excitation curve (Figure 31). This curve
defines the relationship of the secondary exciting current (Ie) to the secondary voltage (Es).
The unsaturated slope is determined by the magnetic core material. When the CT core is
unsaturated, the error due to exciting current is normally negligible. When the secondary
voltage is above the knee of the excitation curve, the CT is said to be operating in its saturated
region. The knee of the excitation curve, as defined in ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13
(Requirement for Instrument Transformers), is shown in Figure 31 as the solid line, which has
a 45 degree slope and it is tangent to the excitation curve. The knee represents the voltage
magnitude where the exciting current increases much more rapidly than the secondary
voltage, and, therefore, the ratio error of the CT becomes much greater beyond the knee, and
this area is referred to as the saturated region.

The dashed lines in Figure 31 represent the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
method of determining the knee of the excitation curve. The two dashed lines are an
extension of the unsaturated slope and the saturated, or air core, slope. This voltage
magnitude is always greater than the knee voltage defined by ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13.
The knee for a particular turns ratio is determined by the quantity of steel in the core. As the
core becomes saturated, the excitation curve approaches a zero slope such that a very large
change in exciting current is required for a very small increase in excitation voltage. At very
large multiples of rated current, normally greater than 20 times, the CT will produce a voltage
due to its air-core effect (i.e., the steel is completely saturated).
Figure 31. ANSI/IEEE Class 200 CT

Example E: Referring to the one-line diagram and system and CT data that are shown in
Figure 32, evaluate the CT for saturation at the given tap-value amperes (Part I)
and at the maximum fault level of 6 kA
(Part II).
Figure 32. One-Line Diagram and Excitation Curve (Example E)

Answer (Part I):
Note: See Steps 6 and 7 of Work Aid 1.
1. RCT = 0.053 (Figure 32b) = Rs
2. RL = 0.05 (Figure 32a) = Rwire
3. RCO @ A.T. = 4: RCO = VA/A2 = .94/42 = 0.0588 (Figure 45) = Rrelay
4. RT = RCT + RL + RCO = 0.053 + 0.05 + 0.0588 = 0.1618 (Figure 45) = ZT
5. Es = IsRT (assuming Ie = 0) = (4)(.1618) = 0.6472 V
6. Ie 0.04 A @ Es = 0.6472 V (Figure 32b)
7. Conclusion: IST = 4.0 + 0.04 = 4.04 A
Ip = (4.04)(100/5) = 80.8 A required to trip the relay
Answer (Part II):
1. Is = 6000/(100/5) = 300 A, 300/4 = 75 multiples
2. VA @ 75 multiples = VA @ 20 multiples = 366 VA (Figure 45)
3. RCO = VA/A2, VA = 366 VA, A = 20 x 4 = 80 A = Rrelay
= 366/(20 x 4)2 = 0.0572
4. RT = RCT + RL + RCO = 0.053 + 0.05 + 0.0572 = 0.1602 (Figure 33) = ZT
5. Es = IsRT = (300)(.1602) = 48.06 V
6. Ie 1.5 A @ ES = 48.06 V (Figure 32b)
7. Conclusion: IST = 300 + 1.5 = 301.5 A
Ip = (301.5)(100/5) = 6030 A which means that a fault level of

6000 A will produce a relay current of approximately
298.5 A [300(6000/6030)], which is more than enough to
operate the relay.

Figure 33. Example E Solution Set
ANSI/IEEE Accuracy and Voltage Class
Relaying accuracy is defined in ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13 as a shorthand method of

describing CT performance. Relay accuracy classification is defined by a letter, either C or
T, and a number. An example of a C200 classification CT is shown in Figure 31. The
letter C means that the effective ratio for that particular CT can be calculated (hence, the
letter C) from the equivalent circuit, as shown in Figure 29. For these types of CTs, the
leakage flux in the core does not have an appreciable effect on the ratio of the CT within its
limits of current and burden. The letter T identifies a classification of CTs where the
leakage flux has an appreciable effect on the ratio. These types of CTs do not lend
themselves to simple calculations for demonstrating their accuracy. Therefore, the effective
ratio can only be determined by test (hence, the letter T). The integer designation
represents the secondary voltage that the CT can develop at its secondary terminals for 20
times rated secondary current, which is usually 100 A (20 x 5) with standard burden as listed
in Figure 34.

ANSI CURRENT SECONDARY STANDARD
CLASS TRANSFORMER TERMINAL BURDEN
RATIOS VOLTAGE (VT) @ .50 p.f.
MC Switchgear
C or T10 50:5, 75:5, 100:5 10 V B-0.1
C or T20 150:5, 200:5, 300:5 20 V B-0.2
C or T50 400:5, 600:5, 800:5 50 V B-0.5
C100 1200:5, 1500:5, 2000:5 100 V B-1.0
3000:5, 4000:5
SC Switchgear
C or T100 300:5, 400:5 100 V B-1.0
C or T200 600:5, 800:5 200 V B-2.0
C200 1200:5 200 V B-2.0
C400 1500:5, 2000:5 400 V B-4.0
3000:5, 4000:5
5000:5, 6000:5
Source: C37.20.2
Note: ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13 lists an additional standard burden of B8.0 with a
secondary terminal voltage of 800 V.
Figure 34. CT Accuracy Class Ratings

With the standard burden or any lower value burden, the ratio error will not exceed 10 percent
for 1 to 20 times rated secondary current. The ohmic burden for any relaying CT is
determined by dividing the numerical voltage classification by 20 times the rated secondary
current. The relay accuracy class ratings apply only to the full winding in the case of
multiratio CTs. CT standard voltage classes and their associated burdens are also listed in
Figure 34.
Example F: What is the burden of a C100 relaying CT?
Answer:
Burden (B) = Voltage Class/(20 x 5)
= 100/(20 x 5) = 1.0
Because CT accuracy classes have definite voltage values (Vcl), for example 10, 20, 50, 100,
200, 400, and 800 volts, a judgment of CT accuracy should not be based on accuracy class
alone. CTs are classified at the nearest standard voltage below the calculated value of VT
(Figure 34), as represented by the following formula:
VT = ES - ISRCT
where: VT = CT terminal voltage in volts (V)
ES = CT excitation voltage in volts (V)
Is = CT secondary current in amperes (A)
RCT = CT resistance in ohms ()
The burden rating on a current transformer is also based on the use of the whole winding.
When fewer turns are used, as in a multiratio CT, only a portion of the burden can be supplied
without exceeding the 10 percent error. The permissible burden of a multiratio CT can be
determined by using the following formula:
Ztotal = (Np x Vcl)/100
where: Ztotal = Permissible burden on the CT
Np = Turns in use divided by total turns or tap current

divided by rated current
Vcl = Current transformer voltage class

Example G: A multiratio CT is rated at 1200:5 and it is being used on the 800:5 tap. Its
accuracy class is C200. The total circuit burden is 2.4 ohms (burden of the
relays). Note: Ignore RCT. The available fault current is 12 kA. Will the error
of the CT exceed the 10 percent limit?
Answer: 1. Is = Ip/CT Ratio

= 12000/(800/5) = 75 A < 100 A
2. Ztotal = (Np x Vcl)/100

= [(800/1200)(200)]/100 = (0.667)(200)/100
= 1.33 < 2.4
3. Conclusion: Although Is is less than 100 A, the circuit burden of 2.4 is

greater than the calculated permissible burden of 1.33 , and, therefore, the
error will exceed 10%. The circuit burden must be reduced to less than
1.33 or a higher voltage accuracy class CT must be used. For example, a
C400 accuracy class CT, used on the 800:5 tap, permits a burden of 2.67
(0.667 x 400 100).
Figure 35. CT Test Circuit
Example H: What is the voltage class (Vcl) of a CT where Ie = 10 A, Es = 600 V, and RCT =
1 .
Answer: 1. VT = Es - Is RCT
= 600 - [(20 x 5)(1)] = 500 V
2. Per Figure 34, Vcl = C400

Example I: Repeat Example G where Ie and RCT are the same and Es = 495 V.
1. VT = 495 - [(20 x 5)(1)] = 395 V
2. Per Figure 34, Vcl = C200
Improving CT Accuracy
CT relaying accuracy can be improved by connecting two CTs in series. Series-connected

CTs are an appropriate solution to avoid operating in the saturated region. Connecting two
CTs in series is equivalent to doubling the core area of a single CT. With the CT secondaries
connected in series, each CT must develop only 1/2 of the secondary voltage necessary for the
connected burden.
When low ratios are required, standard CTs may not be available to supply the required
burden (Figure 34). It is sometimes possible to apply two standard higher ratio CTs that have
a higher relaying accuracy classification voltage (with the primaries connected in series and
the secondaries connected in parallel) to supply this burden. The desired overall low ratio is
achieved with a substantially improved accuracy.
If the circuit burden exceeds the calculated permissible burden, it may be necessary to reduce
the burden (a different relay, larger lead wires, etc.), or to use a higher CT ratio or a CT with a
higher voltage class to reduce saturation and to improve accuracy.
Altitude
CTs may be operated at altitudes greater than 1000 meters without exceeding established
temperature limits provided that the current is reduced below rated current, or below rated
current times the continuous thermal current rating factor (RF), by 0.3 percent for each 100
meters that the operating altitude exceeds 1000 m.
Example J: What is the continuous current rating of a 1.0 RF, 400:5 CT that is being
operated at 1400 m?
Answer: Continuous current rating = [1.0 - (4)(.003)](400)
= 395.2 A

Temperature
CTs that are designed for a 55 oC temperature rise above 30 oC ambient air temperatures may
be loaded in accordance with the curves of Figure 36 for any given average cooling air
temperature and continuous-thermal current rating factor (RF). The percent of rated primary
current that can be carried continuously without causing established temperature limitations to
be exceeded is shown by the curves in Figure 36.
Example K: A particular CT has an RF of 2.0 at a 30 oC ambient temperature. What is the

CTs rating at an ambient temperature of 55 oC?
Answer: Per Figure 36, The CT can be used at approximately 150% of rated current at
55 oC ambient temperatures.

Figure 36. 55 oC Rise CT Basic Loading Characteristics

SELECTING VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS (VTs)
Note: Work Aid 2 has been developed to teach the Participant procedures to select voltage
transformers (VTs).
Introduction
Voltage transformers (VTs), which were formerly called potential transformers (PTs), are
primarily selected according to two criteria: the system voltage level and the basic impulse
insulation level that is required by the system on which they are to be used. Two nominal
secondary voltages of 115 and 120 volts are allowed for voltage transformers and the
corresponding line-to-neutral values are 115/ and 120/ . The applicable voltage depends
on the primary voltage rating as listed in ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13.
Ratings
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels (BIL)
The BIL rating is the full-wave test voltage that the VT should be able to withstand without
failure. These BIL ratings typically indicate how well a VT can withstand a surge in voltage
caused by a lightning strike, switching transients, etc. ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13 (Work
Aid 2A, Handout 1) lists all of the BIL ratings for the 3 groups (1, 2, and 3) of VTs that are
manufactured in the United States. Figure 37 summarizes the BIL ranges for the same 3
groups of VTs.
Group Number BIL Ranges
1 10 - 110 kV
2 10 - 250 kV
3 125 - 2050 kV
Figure 37. Voltage Transformer BIL Ratings (Ranges)

Voltages
VTs, according to ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13, are capable of operating continuously, and of
maintaining their accuracy at 110% of rated voltage. Group 2 transformers need do no more
than this (110%), Group 1 transformers must be able to operate (but not necessarily maintain
accuracy) at 125% voltage during emergencies, while Group 3 transformers must be able to
operate for one minute at line-to-line voltage, which is the times their rating.
Primary - The primary voltage that may be applied to a VT is limited not only by the
permissible voltage to ground, as it is in a CT, but by the insulation between turns, between
layers, and between coil sections, and by the ability of the core to carry enough magnetic flux
to induce the voltage. The VT is somewhat different from the distribution transformer, and
certainly from the power transformer, in that it has a very limited capacity to store energy.
ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13 (Work Aid 2A, Handout 1) lists the primary voltages for the 3
groups of VTs. Figure 38 summarizes the voltage ranges for the same 3 groups.
Group Rated Primary Voltage for Rated Voltage Line-To-Line (Volts)
Number Lower Range Upper Range
1 120 for 208Y 8400 for 14,560Y
2 120 for 120Y 69,000 for 69,000Y
3 14,400 for 25,000 Gnd Y 431,250 for 800,000 Gnd Y
Figure 38. VT Voltage Ratings (Ranges)
Secondary - When connected line-to-line, the nominal secondary voltage ratings of VTs are
120 V and 115 V, and when connected line-to-neutral, the nominal secondary voltages of VTs
are 69.3 (120/ ) and 66.4 V (115/ ).
Frequency
All ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13 VT ratings are based on a system frequency of 60 Hz.

Thermal Burden
The thermal burden rating of a VT shall be specified in terms of the maximum burden in
voltamperes that the transformer can carry at rated secondary voltage without exceeding the
temperature rise, as listed in Figure 39.
30 oC Ambient 44 oC Ambient
Type of VT Average Temperature Rise Average Temperature Rise
55 oC Rise 55 oC 30 oC
80 oC Rise o
80 C
o
55 C
(Dry Type)
Figure 39. VT Limits of Temperature Rise
If no thermal burden in voltamperes rating is specified, the thermal burden rating in

voltamperes shall be the same as the maximum standard burden for which an accuracy rating
is given. Each winding, including the primary winding, of a multiple-secondary transformer
shall be given a thermal burden rating. If only one thermal burden rating is specified, it must
be applicable to any distribution of secondary voltamperes, including the use of taps.
Establishment of standard burdens to be used for testing and comparing VTs must take into
account the two standard secondary voltage ratings of 69.3 and 120 volts. Actually,
inspection of standard VT ratings will show that there are really two voltages, 115 and 120
volts in the 120-volt class, and several voltages from 65 to 70 in the 69.3-volt class. The
standard burdens to be used for testing are rated at 120 volts and at 69.3 volts, and
ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13 specifies that the 120-volt rated burden will be used for any
transformer with the secondary voltage in the range of 115 to 120, while the 69.3-volt burden
will be used for any transformer with the secondary voltage in the range of 65 to 72 volts.
This means that the actual voltamperes in the burden in a given test may be somewhat
different than the nominal value of the burden in voltamperes. For example, if the standard
burden is 25 voltamperes, the actual burden, when it is used for testing a transformer with a
115-volt secondary, is (115/120)2 or .918 times the nominal value of 25.

It should be noted that the burdens that are rated 69.3 volts have an impedance only 1/3 of
that of burdens rated 120 volts, and that they should not be used in testing or rating
transformers that are rated at 115 to 120 volts. Transformers rated at 115 or 120 volts should
be treated as 115-volt or 120-volt transformers, and, if they are actually used at reduced
voltage the performance will not actually be different if the 120 volt burden is used as a basis
for performance. This is because the performance of a transformer down to voltages of about
5% of its rating is not significantly different from the performance at 100% voltage.
Figure 40 lists the standard burdens for VTs.
Burden Power Burden Impedance (W)
Designation Voltampere Factor 120 V Burden

s 69.3 V Burden
W 12.5 0.10 1152 384
X 25 0.70 576 192
M 35 0.20 412 137
Y 75 0.85 192 64
Z 200 0.85 72 24
Z 400 0.85 36 12
Z
Figure 40. VT Standard Burdens (C57.13)

Accuracy Classes
Accuracy of a VT is expressed as a percentage of the nominal ratio. This percentage is based

on a standard burden and power factor, as listed in Figure 40. The VT will provide rated
secondary voltage if the burden of the meters, relays, instruments, and leads are equal to or
less than the burden rating of the VT. Unlike current transformers, voltage transformer
classes do not differentiate between metering and relaying applications. Standard accuracy
classes are plus or minus 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 percent, which means that the secondary voltage
will not vary more than the selected percentage from zero burden to full-rated burden on the
VT circuit.
Saudi Aramco standards state that the accuracy class for VTs that are used on 13.8 kV
systems and below should be 0.3% for burden classifications W, X, Y, and Z, and the
accuracy class for VTs that are used on 34.5 kV systems and above should be 0.3% for
standard burdens W, X, Y, Z, and ZZ.
VT Fusing
Primary fuses are used with VTs primarily to take the transformer off the line in the event of
an internal failure. Although modern VTs are much less liable to fail than older ones, and
fuses therefore may never be operated due to internal transformer failure, transformer failure
may still be caused by overload or short circuit on the secondary. If such failure does occur,
it may involve other apparatus and perhaps cause an outage.
Modern fuses are much more substantial and reliable than older fuses and the chance of fuse
failure is now much smaller. Only the exceptional installation will be so dependent on
continuity of voltage that the transformer must be connected solidly to the primary circuit.
With modern fuses, the principal disadvantages are the cost of fuses and mounting and the
space required to install the fuses.
Primary fuses may be mounted on indoor transformers at the factory, or they may be in
separate mountings, which in general would increase the cost and the space that is required
for installation.
Whether to use fuses or not is determined by the operators established practice, but it appears
that operation without fuses has proven satisfactory in the majority of installations. Note:
ADP-P-121 specifies that VTs rated 13.8 kV or less shall be fused.
For outdoor VTs the same considerations apply, as to whether or not to use fuses and the fuse
rating, but separately mounted fuses in outdoor mountings must be used because the fuses are
not mounted on outdoor VTs.

The use of secondary fuses (or circuit breakers) is relatively rare and is a matter of personal
choice with the operator. Such fuses should be rated so that they will carry the secondary
current indicated by the thermal VA rating of the transformer, but should blow in a short time
at any higher current to protect the transformer. Obviously, if blowing or mechanical failure
of a fuse occurs and is not quickly detected, a considerable loss of protection may occur.
Selection Factors
System Voltage
The rated primary voltage selected for the VT depends on the nominal system voltage as well
as the ANSI Group. Work Aid 2 lists the rated primary voltages of VTs based on the Saudi
Aramco installation nominal system voltages.
Example L: Using Work Aid 2 procedures, what is the standard VT rated primary voltage
for a Saudi Aramco installation where the nominal system voltage is 34.5 kV?
Answer: Per Figure 48, the rated primary voltage of the VT should be 20.125 kV using
an ANSI Group 3 connection.
VT Data
As a minimum, the vendors VT data should include the following:
Ratio Ratings - 7200:120, 20125:115, etc.
Voltage Ratings - 600 V, 14400 V, etc.
BIL Rating - 60 kV, 75 kV, 110 kV, etc.
ANSI Accuracy Class - 0.3 thru Burden Y, 0.3 thru Burden Z, etc.
Thermal Rating @ 30 oC or 55 oC Ambient - 750 VA, 1200 VA, etc.
Accuracy Class and Burden Designation Requirements
Although ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13 specifies accuracy classes of 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 percent,
Saudi Aramco standards only permit 0.3 percent accuracy class VTs.

The accuracy class for VTs that are used on 13.8 kV systems and below should be ANSI 0.3
for ANSI standard burdens W, X, Y and Z (Ref. ADP-P-121), and the accuracy class for VTs
that are used on 34.5 kV systems and above should be ANSI 0.3 for ANSI Standard burdens
W, X, Y, Z and ZZ (Ref. ADP-P-121).
Secondary Circuit Load in Voltamperes (VA)
The secondary circuit load is the impedance, measured or listed in voltamperes (VA), that is
connected to the secondary side of the VT. For the purposes of this Module, the secondary
circuit load is a known (given) quantity. The standard burdens for VTs for accuracy rating
purposes are listed in Figure 40.
The thermal burden rating of the VT should be specified as the maximum possible burden that
it would be expected to carry when installed under specified ambient temperature conditions.
If the vendors descriptive literature does not state a thermal burden rating, then the thermal
burden rating should be assumed to be equal to the maximum standard burden for which an
accuracy rating is given.
Temperature
VTs should be thermally rated for direct application in Saudi Arabia (Ref: ADP-P-121). The
temperature rise requirements for VTs are listed in Figure 39.
Altitude
ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13 states that VTs may be applied at higher altitudes than 1000
meters (m), but the performance may be affected and special consideration (e.g., vendor
consultation) should be given to these higher altitude applications.

WORK AID 1: RESOURCES USED TO SELECT CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

(CTS)
Work Aid 1A: ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13-1978, Standard Requirements for

Instrument Transformers
For the contents of Work Aid 1A, refer to Handout 1.
Work Aid 1B: Vendors Data, OEM Instrument Transformer Reference Guide, SA-
11374A
For the contents of Work Aid 1B, refer to Handout 2.
Work Aid 1C: Vendors Data, BYZ CT Saturation (Excitation) Curve
Figure 43. BYZ CT (50:5) Saturation Curve

Work Aid 1D: Vendors Data, Multiratio CT (1200:5) Saturation (Excitation) Curve
Figure 44. Multiratio CT (1200:5) Saturation Curve

Work Aid 1E: Vendors Data, IL41-100I, Type CO-11 Time/Overcurrent Relay
Energy Requirements
60 HERTZ VOLT AMPERES (xD FOR 50 Hz)
At At At At
ONE Power Tap 3 Times 10 Times 20 Times
CONTINUOUS SECOND
Factor Value Tap Tap Tap
RATING RATING
Current
Amper Tap (AMPERES) (AMPERES) Angle f Value Value Value
e (D =0.86)
Current Current Current
Range
(D = 0.88) (D = 0.9) (D =
0.91)
0.5 1.7 56 36 0.72 6.54 71.8 250
0.6 1.9 56 34 0.75 6.80 75.0 267
0.8 2.2 56 30 0.81 7.46 84.0 298
0.5/2.5 1.0 2.5 56 27 0.89 8.30 93.1 330
1.5 3.0 56 22 1.13 10.04 115.5 411
2.0 3.5 56 17 1.30 11.95 136.3 502
2.5 3.8 56 16 1.48 13.95 160.0 610

4.0 15.0 230 29 0.94 8.7 96 366
5.0 17.0 230 25 1.10 10.0 110 435
6.0 18.5 460 22 1.25 11.5 120 478
4/12 7.0 20.0 460 20 1.40 12.3 135 560
8.0 21.5 460 19 1.50 14.0 160 648
10. 25.0 460 14 1.9 18.3 210 900

0
28.0 460 10 2.4 23.8 276 120
12.
0
Figure 45. Energy Requirements for a Type CO-11 Relay

Work Aid 1F: Vendors Data, DB41-081, Type IT Instantaneous Trip Overcurrent
Relay Energy Requirements
Unit Rating Burden in VA Thermal Capacity (amperes)
Type (amperes) Min Setting Max Setting 1 sec Continuous
.25-.50 0.44 1.3 11.5 0.4
.50-1.0 0.44 1.3 23 0.8
1-2 0.44 1.3 44 1.6

IT
2-4 0.44 1.3 88 3.2
4-8 0.44 1.3 185 6.4
Figure 46. Energy Requirements of a Type IT Relay
Work Aid 1G: Applicable Selection Procedures
Step 1. Calculate the load current.
IL = kVA/( x kV) or
IL = kW/( x kV x p.f.)
Step 2. Size the continuous current rating of the CT at 150 to 200% of the load current.
Ic = 1.5 IL or 2.0 IL
Step 3. Select the next standard size window-type CT from Work Aid 1B (Handout 2),
pages 50 and 51.
Step 4. Evaluate the loading capability [Rating Factor (RF)] of the selected CT either from
Work Aid 1A (Figure 1, page 13, Handout 1) or from Work Aid 1B (Handout 2,
pages 50 and 51) at an ambient temperature of 55 oC.

Step 5. Evaluate the mechanical (short circuit) current rating (Imech). The mechanical
rating (Imech) of the selected CT must be greater than or equal to the available RMS
asymmetrical short circuit current (Iasy).
Imech > Iasy
Step 6. Sketch and label the CT equivalent circuit diagram (Figure 47).
Figure 47. CT Equivalent Circuit Diagram
Step 7. Evaluate the selected CT for saturation.
a. Prepare a one-line sketch.
b. Collect the required data.

System voltage -
Fault current available -
CT data: ratio, accuracy class, Rs -
Relay data: Work Aids 1E and 1F -
c. Determine IST for a maximum fault (assumes that Ie = 0).
IST = IF/CT ratio IS
d. Calculate the total CT burden (ZT).
ZT = RS + ZB
ZB = Rwire + Rrelay
Rwire is known (given) data
RRelay = VA/A2 where VA is determined from Work Aids 1E or

1F. Note: The VA rating of a relay for a greater than
20 times tap value (20x) is the same as the VA rating
at 20x, and A = 100 A (20 x 5) whenever A 100 A.
e. Calculate the CT secondary voltage.
Es = IsZT
f. Determine the excitation current (Ie) from the saturation curves (Work Aids 1C
and 1D).
g. Calculate percent excitation current (%Ie).
%Ie = 100 (Ie/IST)
h. Evaluate the results. Note: This criteria is usually a judgment call; if in doubt,
pick another CT and re-evaluate the CT for saturation.
IST = IS + Ie
%Ie significant or negligible?
Sufficient current to operate the relay?

WORK AID 2: RESOURCES USED TO SELECT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

(VTs)
Work Aid 2A: ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.13-1978, Standard Requirements for

Instrument Transformers
For the contents of Work Aid 1A, refer to Handout 1.
Work Aid 2B: Vendors Data, OEM Instrument Transformer Reference Guide, SA-
11374A
For the contents of Work Aid 1B, refer to Handout 2.
Work Aid 2C: Applicable Selection Procedures
Step 1. Determine the Saudi Aramco nominal system voltage.
Step 2. Select a VT standard ratio from Figure 48 based on the Saudi Aramco nominal
system voltage determined from Step 1.
Aramco
Rated
Nominal
ANSI Primary Voltage
System Voltage
Group (kV RMS) Marked Ratio
(kV RMS)
2.4 2 2.4 20:1
4.16 1 4.2 35:1
13.8 2 14.4 120:1
34.5 3 20.125 175 and 300:1
Figure 48. Standard VT Ratios (ADP-P-121)

Step 3. Calculate the circuit voltampere (VA) load.
IL = E/R = 120/R or 115/R
Note: R is known (given) data for purposes of this Work Aid.
VA = EIL = 120 x IL or 115 x IL
Step 4. Select a burden designation from Figure 40 based on the voltamperes (VA)
calculated in Step 3.
Burden Power Burden Impedance (W)
Designation Voltamperes Factor 120 V Burden 69.3 V

Burden
W 12.5 0.10 1152 384
X 25 0.70 576 192
M 35 0.20 412 137
Y 75 0.85 192 64
Z 200 0.85 72 24
ZZ 400 0.85 36 12
Figure 49. VT Standard Burdens
Step 5. Select an accuracy class of 0.3% based on Saudi Aramco requirements (ADP-P-
121).
Step 6. Select a VT from Work Aid 2B (Handout 2). Note: ADP-P-121 requires fused
type VTs for system voltages 13.8 kV.
a. Select a VT from pages 62 and 63 or 64 and 65 for nominal system

voltages of 2.4 and 4.16 kV.
b. Select a VT from pages 64 and 65 or pages 66 and 67 for a

nominal system voltage of 13.8 kV.
c. Select a VT from pages 68 and 69 or pages 72 and 73 for a

nominal system voltage of 34.5 kV.

Step 7. Sketch and label a VT primary circuit connection diagram in

accordance with Work Aid 2A (Handout 1, page 27) for the proper
VT group.

GLOSAARY
accuracy class A term that describes the accuracy ratings of

instrument transformers. There are 3 standard
accuracy class ratings: 0.3%, 0.6%, and 1.2%.
additive polarity A term that implies that the current flowing into the
H1 primary terminal is substantially in phase with the
current flowing out of the secondary X2 terminal.
ANSI American National Standards Institute
auxiliary CT A CT that is often used to change the ratio of another

CT.
bar-type CT A CT that has a fixed, insulated straight conductor in

the form of a bar, rod, or tube that has a single
primary turn passing through the magnetic circuit, and
that is assembled to the secondary, core, and winding.
basic impulse level A factor test that shows how well an insulation system
can withstand a high voltage surge. Usually
abbreviated as BIL.
BIL Basic Impulse Level
burden (instrument That property of the circuit connected to the

transformer) secondary winding that determines the active and
reactive power at the secondary terminals. The
burden is expressed either as total ohms impedance
with the effective resistance and reactance
components, or as the total voltamperes and power
factor at the specified value of current or voltage, and
frequency.
bushing-type CT A CT that has an annular core and a secondary

winding insulated from and permanently assembled
on the core but has no primary winding or insulation
for a primary winding. This type of CT is for use
with a fully insulated conductor as the primary
winding. A bushing-type CT usually is used in
equipment where the primary conductor is a
component part of other apparatus.
CCVT Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer

continuous current rating The amount of current that a device can allow to pass
through it without causing excessively high
temperature or equipment failure.
continuous-thermal- The specified factor by which the rated primary

current rating factor (RF) current of a CT can be multiplied to obtain the
maximum primary current that can be carried
continuously without exceeding the limiting
temperature rise from a 30 oC ambient air
temperature. Note: When CTs are incorporated
internally as parts of larger transformers or power
circuit breakers, they shall meet allowable average
winding and hot spot temperatures under the specific
conditions and requirements of the larger apparatus.
core balance CT A special window-type CT that uses the principle of

primary current vector addition or flux summation to
detect line-to-ground faults on power systems. A core
balance CT is often called a zero-sequence CT.
coupling capacitor voltage A special VT that is used in applications where the

transformer input system voltage is too high for standard
inductively coupled VTs. Usually abbreviated CCVT.
CPT Control Power Transformer
current limiting fuse A type of fuse that interrupts a fault current, but limits
it to some value usually well below the peak current
and it operates in one-half cycle (.008 sec) or less.
current transformer (CT) An instrument transformer that has its primary

winding connected in series with the conductor
carrying the current to be measured or controlled.
double-secondary CT A CT that has two secondary coils each on a separate

magnetic circuit with both magnetic circuits excited
by the same primary winding.
double-secondary VT A VT that has two secondary windings on the same

magnetic circuit insulated from each other and the
primary.
excitation curve (CT) See saturation curve.

excitation losses The watts that are required to supply the energy
(instrument transformer) necessary to excite the transformer, which include the
dielectric watts, the core watts, and the watts in the
excited winding due to the excitation current.
fuse An electrical device that is designed to interrupt a

circuit on an overload or fault.
fused-type VT A VT that is provided with means for mounting one

or more fuses as integral parts of the transformer in
series with the primary winding.
grounded-neutral A VT that has the neutral end of the high voltage

terminal type VT winding connected to the case or mounting base.
group An ANSI/IEEE term that describes the typical

primary connections for VTs. There are 5 ANSI/IEEE
groups and Saudi Aramco specifies 3 of the groups
(1, 2, and 3) for use on Saudi Aramco installations.
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
induction disc relay A form of relay armature in the shape of a disc that
usually serves the combined function of providing an
operating torque by its location within the fields of an
electromagnet excited by the input quantities, and a
restraining force by motion within the field of a
permanent magnet.
inductively coupled VT A term that is used to describe a standard step-down

voltage transformer (VT) that is used for relaying,
metering, etc.
instantaneous relay A qualifying term that is applied to a relay or other

device to indicate that no delay is purposely
introduced in its action.
instrument transformer A transformer that is intended to reproduce in its

secondary circuit, in a definite and known proportion,
the current or voltage of its primary circuit, with its
phase relations substantially preserved.

insulated-neutral terminal A VT that has the neutral end of the high-voltage

type VT winding insulated from the case or base and
connected to a terminal that provides insulation for a
lower voltage than that required for the line terminal.
inverse time relay A relay in which the input quantity and operating
time are inversely related throughout at least a
substantial portion of the performance range.
knee (saturation curve) The knee of a saturation curve represents the point of
voltage magnitude where the exciting current (Ie)
increases much more rapidly than the secondary
voltage (Es).
marked ratio The ratio of the rated primary value to the rated
secondary value as stated on the nameplate of an
instrument transformer.
multiple-secondary CT A CT that has three or more secondary coils each on a

separate magnetic circuit with all magnetic circuits
excited by the same primary winding.
phase angle (instrument The phase displacement, in minutes, between the

transformer) primary and seconary values.
polarity (marks) The identifications (markings) that are used to

indicate the relative instantaneous polarities of the
primary and secondary current and voltages. Notes:
(1) On voltage transformers during most of each half-
cycle in which the identified primary terminal is
positive with respect to the unidentified primary
terminal, the identified secondary terminal is also
positive with respect to the unidentified secondary
terminal. (2) The polarity marks are so placed on
current transformers that during most of each half-
cycle, when the direction of the instantaneous current
is into the identified primary terminal, the direction of
the instantaneous secondary current is out of the
correspondingly identified secondary terminal. (3)
This convention is in accord with that by which
standard terminal markings H1, X1, etc., are
correlated.

potential transformer (PT) See voltage transformer.
rated current The primary current selected for the basis of

performance specifications of a current transformer.
rated secondary current The rated current of a current transformer divided by

the marked ratio.
rated secondary voltage The rated voltage of a voltage transformer divided by

the marked ratio.
rated voltage (voltage The primary voltage selected for the basis of
transformer) performance specifications of a voltage transformer.
rating factor (RF) A term that describes the loading capability of a CT.
relay (general) An electric device that is designed to interpret input

conditions in a prescribed manner and after specified
conditions are met to respond to cause contact
operation or similar abrupt change in associated
electric control circuits. Relay inputs are usually
electric, but may be mechanical, thermal, or other
quantities.
RF Rating Factor
saturation curve (CT) A CT curve that describes the relationship between

the secondary exciting current (Ie) and the secondary
voltage (Es). A saturation curve is sometimes called
an excitation curve.
secondary winding The winding that is intended to be connected to the

(instrument transformer) measuring or control devices.
subtractive polarity A term that implies that the current flowing into the
H1 primary terminal is substantially in phase with the
current flowing out of the secondary X1 terminal.

switchgear A general term covering switching and interrupting

devices and their combination with associated control,
instrumentation, metering, protective and regulating
devices. It is also assemblies of these devices with
associated interconnections, accessories, and
supporting structures that are used primarily in
connection with the generation, transmission,
distribution, and conversion of electric power.
thermal burden rating The voltampere output that the transformer will
(voltage transformer) supply continuously at rated secondary voltage
without causing the specified temperature limitations
to be exceeded.
true ratio The ratio of the root-mean-square (RMS) primary

value to the RMS secondary value under specified
conditions.
turn ratio (current The ratio of the secondary winding turns to the
transformer) primary winding turns.
turn ratio (voltage The ratio of the primary winding turns to the
transformer) secondary winding turns.
voltage transformer (VT) An instrument transformer that is intended to have its

primary winding connected in shunt with a power-
supply circuit, the voltage of which is to be measured
or controlled.
window-type CT A CT that has a secondary winding insulated from

and permanently assembled on the core, but has no
primary winding as an integral part of the structure.
Complete insulation is provided for a primary
winding in the window through which one turn of the
line conductor can be passed to provide the primary
winding.
wound-type CT A CT that has a primary winding consisting of one or

more turns mechanically encircling the core or cores.
The primary and secondary windings are insulated
from each other and from the core(s) and are
assembled as an integral structure.

zero-sequence CT See core balance CT.

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Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Selecting Instrument Transformers

Chapter : Electrical For additional information on this subject, contact

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: CONSTRUCTION TYPES .................2

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: CONSTRUCTION

SELECTING CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (CTs) ....................................24

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

SELECTING VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS (VTs)....................................48

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

WORK AID 1: RESOURCES USED TO SELECT CURRENT

WORK AID 2: RESOURCES USED TO SELECT VOLTAGE

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 1. Instrument Transformer Diagram

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 1

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: CONSTRUCTION TYPES

Current Transformers (CTs)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 2

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 3

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 4

Core Balance (Zero-Sequence) CT

Figure 6. Core Balance CT (Non-Shielded Conductors)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 5

File Name : 10404-7.AI

Figure 7. Core Balance CT (Shielded Cable)

An auxiliary CT is a second CT installed in a circuit where the primary winding of the

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 6

Figure 8. Auxiliary CT Applications

Voltage Transformers (VTs)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 7

Standard (Inductively Coupled) VTs

Figure 9. Standard Voltage Transformers

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 8

Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CCVTs)

Figure 10. CCVT Schematic Diagram

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 9

Control Power Transformers (CPTs)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 10

Figure 11. Control Circuit Supplied by a CPT

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 11

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS

CT Current Ratio = Primary Current (Ip)/Secondary Current (Is)

CT Turns Ratio = No. of Primary Turns (Np)/No. of Secondary

Figure 12. Single-Ratio CT

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 12

10:5 100:5 800:5 4000:5

15:5 200:5 1200:5 5000:5

25:5 300:5 1500:5 6000:5

40:5 400:5 2000:5 8000:5

50:5 600:5 3000:5 12000:5

Figure 13. Standard Ratios of Single-Ratio CTs

Example A: A standard single-ratio CT is marked 1200:5. What is the primary current

Answer: 1. CT Ratio = Ip/Is = 1200:5

= 3.75 x 1200/5 = 900 A

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 13

Answer: Is/Ip = Np/Ns

= Ns = (1)(1200/5) = 240 turns

VT Ratio = Primary Voltage (Vp)/Secondary Voltage (Vs)

2.4 2 2.4 20:1