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 WRATTEN
LIGHT FILTERS

A book of reference for photographers,

industrial and scientific laboratory technicians
and others who require information
concerning the selective
absorption of light

FIRST EDITION 1953

Errata
Page 32. The Kodak Filter CK.3 is available as a glass filter only.
Page 47. 'Wratten' Filter No. 70. Transmission at 700miA. should
read 79.0%.
Page 49. 'Wratten' Filter No. 75. Transmission at 700m^. should
read 0.14%.
Page 55. *Wratten' Filter No. 86C. Transmission at 510m|x. should
read 81.9%.
Page 81. The visible spectrum extends from 400m[x. to 700m(x.
Page 82. Infra-red radiations start at approximately 700m|a..

KODAK LIMITED LONDON

 CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION
GENERAL INFORMATION page 3
'Wratten' been recognised as occupying a
light filters have, since 1909,
Availability of 'Wrattcn' Filters 4
Identification of Filters 4 unique position in photographic, technical, and scientific work. This
'Kodak' Non-Photographic Filters 5 their exact
5
has been due, in part, to the wide range of filters available, to
Ordering Filters
Dimensional Tolerances of 'Wratten' Filters 6 adjustment for the purpose for which they were designed, and to the great
The Care of Filters 6 The standardization for each filter for
care exercised in their preparation.
Selection of Filters for Black-and- White Photography . . 7
Multiplying Factors of Filters 9 colour and spectral transmission has been carefully worked out and the
standards adopted have been rigidly adhered to.
FILTERS FOR TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC USES ... 11

'Wratten' Technical Set of 8 Filters 11 In addition to the wide range of 'Wratten' filters available, a series of
'Wratten' Laboratory Set of 50 Filters 'Kodak' filters is now offered. 'Wratten' filters are prepared from organic
'Wratten' Small Laboratory Set of 24 Filters 11
'Wratten' Set of 8 Spectroscopic Filters 12 dyes, of which a large number have been investigated in the Kodak
'Wratten' M Set of 9 Filters 12
Research Laboratories. The dyes are obtained from a number of sources,
'Wratten' Visual M
Set of 9 Filters 13
14 and many have been specially synthesized. Thorough study of the dyes
'Wratten' Set of 7 Monochromatic Filters
'Wratten' Mercury Monochromatic Set of 3 Filters ... 14
has resulted in a series of filters of great purity and brightness. The
'Wratten' Special Mercury Monochromatic Filters ....
.

14
15 niters are made by incorporating dyes in gelatine, and coating the proper
'Wratten' Photometric Filters
'Wratten' Neutral Density Filters 16
amount on to prepared glass. After the coating is dry, it is stripped from

the glass, and gelatine film filter results. Each filter is standardized, by
MISCELLANEOUS FILTERS 17

'Kodak' Filters 17 comparison with a permanent standard, in special instruments which apply
'Cine-Kodak' Filter CK.3 17
limit gauge to its colour.
18 an optical form of
Kodak 'Pola'-Screens
Monochromatic Viewing Filters 19 in the book, special sets of
There will be found included in the fists later
'Kodak' or 'Wratten' Compound Filters 19
filters suitable for experimental work, contrast photography of coloured
FILTERS FOR COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY 20
objects, colour photography and cinematography, photomicrography,
Exposing 'Ektachrome' and 'Kodachrome' film 20
20 spectroscopy, photometry and many other applications in fields of both
Filters for Use in Daylight
Filters for Use in Artificial Light 21 photographic and non-photographic science.
Practical Filter Recommendations 23
Filters for Colour Separation Processes ... ..... 24
24
Kodak Limited will always be glad to offer suggestions as to niters for
Filters for Three-Colour Photomechanical Reproductions any special purpose, and to put their experience and the resources of their
Filters for the 'Kodak' Dye Transfer Process 25
'Wratten' Analysis Set for Screen Plate 26 laboratories as far as possible at the service of investigators.
'Wratten' Complementary Filter Set 26
Filters for Two-Colour Separation 26 The data given in this book are representative of standard samples of
the materials in question. They are intended only for the information of
NUMERICAL LIST OF FILTERS 27
users in choosing filters which will meet their requirements. Values read
'WRATTEN' FILTER SETS 33
from the tables of data should not be used by research workers as representing
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ABSORPTION CURVES AND DATA 35
precisely the absorption characteristics of a particular filter. If such precise
COLOUR SPECIFICATION 71
data are needed, they should be determined for the particular filter being
COLOUR TEMPERATURE CORRECTION 79
Mired Shift Values 79 used. If facilities are available, this can be done by the user of the filter.
If not, such calibrations can be readily obtained from the National Physical
TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS 81
Density/Per Cent. Transmission Tables 84 Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex.
APPENDIX Information regarding the use of niters in general amateur, professional
'Kodak' Combination Lens Attachments 86
and commercial photography can be found in the publication Kodak and
Wratten Filters. For information on the application of niters to micro-
Product titles appearing thus 'Kodak'are trade marks scopy, the publication Photomicrography should be consulted.
 discouraged ; however, for the convenience of those who are more
Availability of 'Wratten' Filters familiar with the obsolescent codes, they are given in parentheses after
'Wratten' are supplied in the form of gelatine film, or of gelatine
filters the Wratten filter number in the list of filters on pages 27 to 32.
film cemented between optical glasses which are available in four standards
Filter Names. Some 'Wratten' niters, particularly the tri-colour and
of surface accuracy. Filters in "B" glass are cemented between sheets of
complementary filters are occasionally referred to by names such as Tri-
plane-parallel glass, which is surfaced in quantity and is of sufficient
colour Red and Minus Green, etc. Where these names are of some value,
accuracy for general photographic work and for many scientific purposes,
they are also included in the list.
such as spectrography or photomicrography. This glass is not sufficiently
accurately surfaced for use in photography with large-aperture lenses of
long focal length. For this purpose filters are supplied in "A" glass, which 'Kodak' Non-Photographic Filters
is in the form of optical flats of the highest quality. Occasionally filters having absorption characteristics different from any
Filters used for cinematography must have a very high standard of found in the range of 'Kodak' or 'Wratten' filters are required for non-
optical accuracy owing to the high resolution of normal cine lenses, and photographic purposes. Kodak Limited will undertake to design and
the enormous magnification of the projected image. For this purpose, manufacture such niters to individual specifications, provided, of course,
filters are supplied mounted in specially selected "Cine"
quality glass. that the order is for an economic quantity. Such filters are allotted a
These filters are of a higher standard of accuracy than "B" glass filters, code number consisting of the first two figures of the dominant trans-
without the inevitable bulk and expense of an "A" quality optical flat. mission wavelength in millimicrons prefixed by the figure 5. Further
Filters mounted in "D" quality glass are for visual use only. They are variations of the same filter are indicated by a progressive figure following
sufficiently accurate for visual photometry, microscopy and work of an oblique stroke. For example, a specification resulting in a filter
similar nature, but are not suitable for use over a camera lens. possessing a transmission the dominant wavelength of which is 570 m,u
forms : would be referred to as a 'Kodak' Filter No. 557. Further variations of
Briefly, 'Wratten' filters are available in the following
the same filter would be denoted thus 557/1, 557/2, etc.
:

GELATINE FILTERS Can be cut to any shape, easily replaced if damaged. Save under specified circumstances, filters manufactured for non-
They are, however, easily damaged by fingermarks photographic purposes are not prepared to such fine limits as are 'Wratten'
and cannot be effectively cleaned.
filters; they are, however, adequate for the purpose for which they are
A" QUALITY GLASS Optical flats of the finest quality, suitable for use
designed.
with the highest quality lenses.
Kodak Limited will always be glad to advise enquirers on the use and
CINE" QUALITY GLASS Plane-parallel glass of the highest quality, suitable
selection of filters for non-photographic purposes.
for use with long-focus lenses and cine lenses.

"B" QUALITY GLASS Suitable for most applications of photography using

standard lenses.
Ordering Filters

"D" QUALITY GLASS Plain glass free from blemishes suitable for When filters number of the filter, whether it should be
are ordered, the
visual use only. circular or square, and the size should be given. A statement should also
be made as to whether it is wanted in the form of gelatine film (squares
Identification of Filters only) or cemented in A, Cine, B or D glass. (Note that certain filters are
only available as cemented niters.)
Filters mounted in metal rims for use in 'Kodak' Lens Attachments,
have the filter code number machine-engraved on the rim. Unmounted Where filters are listed in sets of a regular size, those sizes will generally
be in stock, but it is not possible to keep in stock cemented filters of all
niters, both circular and square, carry the same information on a transfer
which is affixed to the edge of the filter. These transfers are not easily possible sizes ; therefore, when an unusual filter, compound filter, or a
special size is ordered, it may have to be specially cemented ; this will
damaged, but care should be taken not to scratch them in use.
involve some delay information regarding delivery can be obtained on
;

Filter code numbers. Each filter is identified by a code consisting of a request. When ordering filters with metal rims to fit 'Kodak' Lens
number, or a combination of a number and a letter, e.g., 'Wratten' No. 22, Attachments, the code number of the attachment should be quoted (see
or 'Wratten' Filter No. 23A. The letter in this case denotes a modifica- page 86). When ordering cemented filters complete with mounts, it is
tion or variation of the original filter specification which may or may not important to quote the outside diameter of the lens mount (preferably in
be also in current use. millimetres) to enable us to supply the correct combination of filter and
Some of the niters which have been in common use for many years have lens attachment.
been identified by a code letter, in some cases followed by a single figure Filters are normally available in a range of standard sizes up to a maxi-
denoting a modified specification. For instance, the standard tri-colour mum of 4 in. square ; sizes larger than this are usually the subject of
set of filters consisting of 'Wratten' filters Nos. 25, 58 and 47 are often special negotiations.
called the A, B2 and C5 filters. The latter style of identification is being
 .

that the liquid does not come in contact with the cemented edge of the
Dimensional Tolerances for 'Wratten' Filters
filter. Before attempting to clean a filter, it is well to make sure that the
'Wratten' light filters are subject to a small manufacturing tolerance on surfaces of the glass and the tissue or cloth are free from grit
which may
all dimensions. These are kept to the minimum practicable figure. The scratch the glass.
tolerance on thickness is governed by the quality of glass in which the filter Normal filters should never be subjected to undue heat. Temperatures
is mounted. Lateral dimensions, such as the diameter of a filter, are above about 100 F. tend to soften the cement and to cause the gelatine
subject only to a negative tolerance ; this ensures that a filter of a stated to contract. As far as possible, filters should always be protected from
size will always fit a mount of corresponding specification. heat. For special purposes, such as in optical instruments employing
Tolerance for diameter, height or width high-intensity light sources, filters can be specially produced using a

for all sizes and qualities of 'Wratten' Filters cement which will withstand much greater extremes of temperature.
+0.000 in. -0.0 1 5 in. These filters are usually the subject of special negotiations. In photo-
micrography and similar work, the image of a high-intensity light source,
Thickness of 'B' 'Cine' and 'D' quality filters such as an arc, should never be focused on the filter.
Size Circles Squares
When used under tropical conditions, filters should be treated with the
up to and including lft in. 2.2 mm. to 3.5 mm. 2.2 mm. to 3.3 mm. utmost care. They should be cleaned frequently to prevent damage from
2 3.5 mm. to 4.5 mm. 3.5 mm. to 4.5 mm. Dry storage conditions
the growth of fungi on glass surfaces and edges.
in.
2* in. 5.0 mm. to 6.5 mm. 5.0 mm. to 6.5 mm. usually
3 in. 5.0 mm. to 6.0 mm. 7.0 mm. to 8.0 mm. are very desirable ; a desiccated, hermetically sealed container is

4 in. 6.0 mm. to 7.0 mm. 8.0 mm. to 10.0 mm. satisfactory.

Thickness of A' quality (optical flat) filters

Photography
Selection of Filters for Black-and-White
Size Circles and Squares
As an elementary aid to the selection of filters toproduce a desired
up to and including If in. 7.0 mm. to 8.0 mm.
4 in. 13.0 mm. to 14.0 mm. photographic the information given below may prove of value. In
effect,
referring to this information, however, it cannot be assumed that
all filters

The Care of Filters which bear a similar colour description have the same effect. For
example, deep-coloured filters, at their point of minimum transmission,
simplest form, gelatine film, a filter requires a considerable
In its
may have nearly one hundred per cent, absorption, showing an almost
amount of care in handling. If it is used in front of or behind the lens in complete cut-off at that particular wave-length. Filters of similar colour
any form of carrier, it should be removed after use and placed, in clean but lower density, on the other hand, may only have a maximum absorption
paper, between the leaves of a book, where it will keep flat and dry. of twenty per cent, or less, and transmit all colours of the spectrum to
Moisture tends to cloud gelatine film filters. The fingers are invariably varying degrees.
moist and, to a certain extent, greasy hence in handling gelatine films
;

From this it may be seen that for specialized work the specific absorption
care must be taken to hold them by the extreme edges only.
characteristicsof each filter must be taken into consideration. For
If it is necessary to cut the filter, it should be placed between the leaves general photographic work, however, it is usually sufficient to assume that
of a folded sheet of paper, on which the exact size has been marked, then the absorption of a filter is confined to the primary and complementary
cut paper and filter together with a sharp pair of scissors (the card packed colours only, as follows :

with each sheet of 'Wratten' gelatine filter is printed with a series of

standard circles and is a handy guide for cutting circular shapes).
Red . absorbs green and blue
Cemented filters should be treated with care equal to that accorded to Primary colours Green absorbs red and blue
lenses. They should be kept in their cases, and on no account allowed to Blue . absorbs red and green
get damp or dirty. A filter should never be washed with water in any
circumstances, because if water comes in contact with the gelatine at the (Red green = yellow
+ . . . absorbs . blue
Complementary colours Red blue = magenta
+ absorbs green
edges of the filter, it will cause it to swell and separate the glasses, so that
.

(Green + blue = cyan. . absorbs . red

air can enter between the gelatine and the glass. Even if the swelling does
not cause air to enter in this manner, the filter will be strained and the
definition spoiled.
It should be borne in mind that the photographic result obtained by the
Filters are cleaned when packed for distribution and with reasonable use of a filter depends very much on the spectral sensitivity of the material
care they can be used indefinitely. If, for any reason, a cemented filter
used in the camera ; panchromatic emulsions should, in general, be used,
becomes so dirty that it cannot be cleaned by simply polishing after but orthochromatic emulsions may be used in certain limited
breathing on it, a piece of soft cloth or lens tissue moistened with 'Kodak' circumstances.
Lens Cleaning Fluid can be used special care should be taken to ensure
:
 taken The reference table below shows the filters by means of which some of
A coloured object will appear dark in a print if the photograph is
through a filter which absorbs the colour of the light reflected from or the more common colours may be reproduced in light or dark tones.
transmitted through the object. This is because the filter allows only a
little of this light to reach the sensitized material, so that the object seems To reproduce To reproduce
to be a dark one. For example, when photographing a blueprint the
Subject
Colour
Subject
Examples lighter use darker use
greenish-blue ground should be made as dark as possible compared with
the white lines. A red filter absorbs green and blue light and the greatest 25 or 29 47 or 58
Red Buses, post boxes, flowers, etc. 15,
contrast would be obtained by the use of a filter of this colour. In this
case, the combination of the 'Wratten' No. 25 or No. 29 filter and panchro- Orange Bricks, furniture etc. 15 or 25 1 1 or 47
matic material would be found most suitable. If the blueprint were
Magenta Clothing, flowers, etc. 32 58
a pure primary blue, a yellow or green filter would do just as well, but as it
is, in fact, a very greenish blue, the resulting contrast would
not be 38 or 47
Yellow Sand, old documents, 8 or 12
as high. flowers, clothing, etc.
Green Foliage, buses, etc. 1 1 or 58 15. 25 or 47
Conversely, a coloured object will appear light in the final print, if the
photograph is taken through a filter which transmits the colour of the light Blue-Green Flowers, clothing, etc. 44 15 or 25
reflected from or transmitted by the object. For this reason a document
Sea, sky, flowers, clothing, etc. 38 or 47 8, 12 or 25
Blue
yellowed with age, or bearing a yellow stain, should be photographed
through a medium yellow filter such as the 'Wratten' No. 9 (K3), when it is
required that this background shall be all of one even density. This
accentuates the contrast between the print and the background and
MULTIPLYING FACTORS OF FILTERS
eliminates the contrast between the stain and the background.
Since a filter absorbs part of the light, its use in photography involves an
These same principles should, in general, be applied in the selection of
increase in exposure corresponding to the proportion of effective light
filters for other coloured subjects. Green foliage will, for instance, be
absorbed.
lightened, and will thus show the optimum detail of light and shade when
the negative is made on panchromatic material exposed through a green The number of times by which the basic " no filter " exposure must be
such as the 'Wratten' No. 11 (XI) or, more drastically, through the
filter, increased to compensate for a given filter, used with a given sensitive
tri-colour green filter 'Wratten' No. 58 (B2). In this instance the desired material, is called the multiplying factor of the filter, i.e., the filter factory
effectcan equally be obtained with an orthochromatic material exposed and this will depend both on the colour sensitivity of the photographic
material and on the light-source used. red filter, for instance, may
A
through a medium yellow filter such as the 'Wratten' No. 9 (K3).
increase the exposure some hundreds of times with a material having very
Selection of the proper filter for multi-coloured subjects demands material it may
little sensitivity to red, while with a very red sensitive
judgment of the circumstances. No single rule can be applied, and the increase the exposure only five times. The same conditions apply to the
problem may call for careful consideration. The subject should first be use of different light-sources. It is meaningless, therefore, to refer to
examined closely to determine how the various colours are required to be filters (other than Neutral Density filters), as
" two times " or " four
rendered in order to show a particular pattern or texture, or in order to times " filters.
make an object either appear prominent against, or merge with, surround-
ing objects or the background. It may be obvious that certain colours
To determine filter factor values in the laboratory, exposures arc made
on various 'Kodak' sensitized materials on an intensity-scale sensitometer
should be lightened, and others darkened, to achieve the desired effect. If
for l/25th sec, both to standard tungsten and to standard daylight
so, the best method of selecting the appropriate filter is usually that of
illumination. From the resulting strips the characteristic curve for the
exarnining the subject visually through various filters ; but, as the
material can be plotted and the filter factor then measured at a density of
sensitivity of the human eye is slightly different from that of a photographic
1.0 above fog. The values so found therefore represent standard samples
emulsion, it is as well to make photographic tests as a check. If it is not
of niters and sensitive material exposed to a standard light-source. In
evident which of the colours should be rendered lighter or darker than
practice, where the quality of light may be entirely different, a quite
normal, the subject should be photographed on a panchromatic material,
different factor may apply, and exact exposures must therefore be found
using, in daylight, a 'Wratten' No. 8 (K2) filter or, in tungsten light, a
by trial under the actual conditions of use.
'Wratten' No. 11 (XI) filter. The resultant print will reproduce, approx-
imately, the relative visual brightness values of the subject. If, however, The following procedure can be used to determine the filter factor that
this normal rendering is not entirely suitable, the choice of a more applies to actual working conditions and to specific photographic equip-
appropriate filter for a second negative will then have been greatly ment and materials. Select a scene containing a neutral-grey area and
simplified.
make one exposure without the filter. Then, with the filter in position,
make a series of exposures of the same scene. Start the series with a lens
opening one-half stop larger than the one used without the filter. Progress
FILTERS FOR TECHNICAL AND
by half-stops through a range of 2-3 stops. Match the density of the SCIENTIFIC USES
neutral area in the unfiltered negative with the density of the same area
in one of the filtered negatives. The factor for that particular filter can specially
'Wratten' filter sets contain a selection of 'Wratten' niters
then be calculated from the difference in exposure between the two for which they
chosen as being the most useful elements for the purpose
negatives.
are intended. Where a set contains a tricolour set of filters (Nos. 25, 58
It isimportant that, when matching the density of the neutral area, the and 47 or 29, 61 and 49) these are specially matched for
optical perform-
gamma values of the two negatives must be roughly equal ; a 25 per cent, ance to ensure accurate registration. All sets are supplied in cases.
increase in development is recommended for negatives made through a
dark blue filter to compensate for the loss of contrast.
For very work, tests should be carried out using shutter speeds
critical
Wratten' Technical Set of 8 Filters

similar to thosewhich are to be used in practice. Nos. 3, 8, 11, 15,25,29,47,58.

As a guide, the table below suggests approximate factors for some of the the
The 'Wratten' Technical Set of 8 Filters is designed to provide for
more popular 'Wratten' light filters for both average daylight and tungsten photography.
majority of subjects arising in technical and commercial
illumination. For filter factors relating to specific sensitized materials filters in the
This set represents a selection of the most generally used
reference should be made to the instruction sheets which are included in
Wratten range. These are as follows :

each pack.
Nos. 3, 8 and 11, which arc normal correction filters, No. 15, a
for contrast work, Nos. 25, 58 and 47,
the
deep yellow filter
set, and No. 29 a deep-red filter for special
work.
APPROXIMATE FILTER FACTORS standard tri-colour
filters are
For those who do not require this full set, Nos. 8, 15 and 25
than
PANCHROMATIC ORTHOCHROMATIC recommended. Occasions may arise, however, when other niters
commercial work is done,
COLOUR OF FILTER these will be required. When much technical or

a full set of technical filters will be found most

useful.
Daylight Tungsten Daylight Tungsten

Yellow (No. 8) 2to2 \{ to 2 2 to 4 2 to2 Wratten' Laboratory Set of 50 Filters

4 to 6 4 to 6 4 to 5 3 to 4
1A, 2B, 3, 8, 11, 12, 15, 18A 22 23A, 25 29 ,30,32 35
Yellow-green (No. II) 36,
Nos.
Orange (No. 15) 2to2 \i to 2 3 to 5 2to3 38, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 58, 59, 61, 66, 70, 72B, 73, 74,
75, 76, 77,
Red (No. 25) 5 to 8 3 to 4 78A,78C; 81, 81EF, 82, 8^ 85B, 86A, 86C, 87, 88A, ND.0.1,
Green (No. 58) 7 to 15 5 to II ND.0.2, ND.0.5, ND.0.8, CC-20Y, CC-05M.
Deep blue (No. 47) 6 to 7 7 to 16
The Laboratory Set of 50 Filters has been selected for use in laboratories,
the behaviour
schools, universities, research stations and other places where
Deep red (No. 29) 7 to 16 7 to 8
Deep green (No. 61) 10 to 15 observed or employed. By the appropriate
of light is demonstrated,
to 80 the spectrum
choice of niters or combinations of filters various parts of
Very deep blue (No. 49) 25

absorbed or suppressed to suit most requirements of

can be isolated,
experiment or demonstration.

'Wratten' Small Laboratory Set of 24 Filters

Nos. 2B, 8, 11, 12, 15,22, 25, 29, 32, 35, 44, 45,
47, 50, 58, 59, 61, 70, 72B, 73, 74, 75, 76, 88A.

of 50 filters this smaller set is

For those who do not require the full set

available.

Other niters (except those filters bearing special prices)

can be substi-
tuted if required.Both Laboratory Sets, which are normally supplied in a
fitted mahogany case, include matched tri-colour filters,
filters for M
microscopy, complementary and monochromatic sets.

10
 'Wratten' Set of 8 Spectroscopic Filters
are especially useful with achromats since they transmit the proper green
No. Characteristics
2B High absorption to 410 mji. light (given in the order of decreasing breadth of transmission band) :

8 High absorption to 470 my Nos. 11, 58, 58 plus 15, 61, 15 plus 45.
15 High absorption to 510 m\i The spherical aberration of achromatic objectives is best corrected for
25 High absorption to 590 m(x
29 High absorption to 610 mn die region of the spectrum transmitted by the 58 -f 1 5 filters Hence, when .

70 High absorption to 650 m|x the specimen is colourless, as it frequently is in metallography, the
36 (plus No. 15) High absorption to 680 mn illumination is restricted by these filters, or their equivalent, in order to
18A Absorbs visual violet for
use achromatic objectives most efficiently. Apochromatic objectives
photography of ultra-violet
also give better definition when the illumination is restricted by a colour
These filters represent a progressive colour absorption from 410 mn to
filter.
680 my, the need for which may arise in scientific work, as for example for
the suppression of short wavelength flare light in spectrography. For a detailed account of the use of the 'Wratten' M
Set of 9 Filters,
the reader is referred to the 'Kodak' publication Photomicrography.
'Wratten' M Set of 9 Filters
Nos. 11, 15, 22, 25, 29, 35, 45, 47, 58. Wratten' Visual M Set of 9 Filters
To enable the microscopist to control accurately the contrast and Nos. 38A, 45, 58, 66, 78A, and ND.1.0.
15, 22, 25,
definition of his photomicrographs the 'Wratten' M
Set of 9 Filters is A of special filters intended for visual work with the microscope.
set
supplied. These filters have been specially selected for their great purity The set consists of nine circular filters cemented in "D" quality glass and is
and brightness of colour and their sharp absorption characteristics. supplied complete in a case. They are intended for use in the sub-stage
Besides their use singly they can be used in pairs, when the spectrum can be condenser ring of the microscope and are made from special thin glass to
resolved into substantially monochromatic divisions. (See curves for certain allow their use in pairs if required.
pairs of filterspages 57 to 60.) They are intended for use interposed
Their use enables microscopists to examine specimens under the most
between the light source and the sub-stage condenser; some microscopes
convenient and favourable conditions. The use of the blue filter 'Wratten'
make provision for such filters in a fitting attached to the sub-stage of the
No. 78 A for example, converts tungsten illumination to the approximate
instrument. Spectral transmissions of these filters are given below:
equivalent of daylight, and thus creates the effect of viewing by daylight
Filter No. Visual Colour Spectral Transmission illumination. By choosing other niters in this set, selective increase in
25 Red From 590 my to red end
58 Green the effective contrast between different colours of the specimen, separation
From 480 my. to 620 my.
47 Deep blue From 370 my. to 510 my. of the specimen from the background, and an increase in the resolution of
35 Deep magenta J From 320 m\x to 470 m^ fine detail can be achieved.
\ From 650 my. to red end No. Colour Use
22 Deep orange From 550 mix to red end
29 Deep red From 610 my. to red end 78A Light blue A photometric filter made to convert the illumination quality
15 Very deep yellow From 510 my to red end of light from incandescent tungsten lamps of the common
45 Blue-green From 430 my to 540 m^ type to that which is visually equivalent to daylight. Such
11 Light yellow-green Correction filter for use a filter is often employed for viewing coloured specimens
in tungsten light
with their commonly accepted standard daylight appearance.
38A Blue A filter for increasing the apparent contrast in faintly stained
When selecting a must always be taken that too much
filter, care yellow or orange preparations. Helps in the resolution of
contrast is not obtained, or the result will be a choking of shadows and loss fine detail.
of detail. It can be seen from the following table that a considerable 45 Blue-green Especially useful when the highest resolving power visually
possible is required, as in the study of diatom structure. It
choice of dominant wavelengths is available.
has no red transmission and its dominant wave length is at
Filters Dom. Wjlgth. Colour about 480 my.
35 plus 45 445 Violet 66 Very light A contrast filter for use with pink and red-stained prepara-
47 plus 45 460 Blue green tions. Preferred by some v/orkers for general use in place of
58 plus 45 510 Bluish-green No. 78A.
15 plus 45 525 Pure green 58 Green A contrast filter for use with faintly stained pink or red
58 plus 15 540 Yellowish-green preparations.
58 plus 22 575 Greenish-yellow 15 Very deep For increasing the contrast in blue preparations and for
25 600 Red yellow helping in the observation of detail in insect mounts by
29 625 Deep red reducing the contrast between the preparation and the back-
25 plus 35 670 Very deep red
22 Deep orange ground.
25 Red Contrast filter for use with preparations stained with methy-
The morenearly monochromatic the illumination, the better will be lene blue, methyl green, etc.
the image from an achromatic objective. The following 'Wratten' filters ND 1.0 Neutral A filter for moderating the intensity of the illumination. The
density density supplied transmits one-tenth of the incident light.
12
13
'Wratten' Set of 7 Monochromatic Filters 'Wratten' Photometric Filters

70 Very deep red 75 Very deep blue-green Nos. 78A, 78C, 86A, 86C.
72B Very deep orange-red 76 Very deep violet
73 Very deep yellow-green 88A Visually Opaque When light-sources of different colour temperatures are compared by
74 Very deep green (infra-red)
means of a photometer, the colour difference introduces difficulty in
A set of seven filters embracing the range of 320 my. to the red end of the making an accurate balance. This difficulty can be eliminated, or at least
spectrum, for isolating light of narrow wavelength bands for the determina- lessened considerably, if a selectively absorbing filter is placed on one side
tion of colour absorption factors, colour sensitivity, and similar data.
of the photometer head. The difference in colour between the two parts
of the photometric field can then be eliminated, or reduced to such an
'Wratten' Mercury Monochromatic Set of 3 Filters
extent that it no longer interferes with the precise judgment of brightness
Nos. 22, 50, 74. equality. The transmission of the filter for light of the spectral quality
The chief lines of mercury- vapour illumination occur at these positions : which incident upon it in the photometer must, of course, be deter-
is

Yellow, 577 and 579 m^i mined. This calibration can, however, be made by taking a sufficiently
Green, 546 mix large number of observations to obtain the desired precision.
Blue-violet, 436 mu.
Deep-violet, 405 and 408 mu. 'Wratten' Photometric filters are designed for the elimination of these
Ultra-violet, 365 and 398 my. disturbing colour differences in all types of photometric work. In present-
The wide separation of these lines and the great intensity of mercury- day photometric practice, the standard of luminous intensity is almost
vapour lighting make it very suitable for use as a source of monochromatic invariably an electric incandescent lamp standardized for candle power.
illumination. For the isolation of the most generally used lines, the In order that this standard shall have a satisfactorily long life, it is neces-
sary that it be operated at a relatively low filament temperature. This
following three mercury monochromats have been prepared :

No. 22 (yellow monochromat)

Transmits yellow lines (577 and 579 m^) and means that the light emitted by such standards is usually much more yellow
longer wavelengths.
all than the illumination with which it is to be compared, which may come
No. 50 (violet monochromat) Transmits of wavelength 436 mu, and, to
lines from commercial tungsten incandescent lamps operating at much higher
extent, 398 mu. and 408 mu.
a lesser
temperatures, arc lamps of various kinds, or from natural sources, such as
No. 74 (green monochromat) Transmits approximately 10 per cent, of green at
the sun or sky.
546 my. and about 0.2 per cent, of yellow lines.

Two series of photometric filters are provided. The No. 78 series

'Wratten' Special Mercury Monochromatic Filters
consists of bluish niters designed, in general, to be placed on the standard
Nos. 18A, 18B, 77, 77A.
lamp side of the photometer or illuminator. The No. 86 series consists of
In addition to the standard set of mercury monochromats, four special yellowish niters, designed to be placed on the test or comparison side of the
niters are available. To isolate the green (546 my.) line of the mercury- photometric instrument.
vapour lamp and to suppress the powerful neighbouring band of yellow,
the No. 77 filter has been prepared. This filter transmits 74 per cent, of In the following tables the colour differences which can be compensated
the green line and about 0.2 per cent, of the yellow lines. Where the for by the various photometric filters are shown in terms of colour tempera-
yellow lines must be suppressed still further, the No. 77A is recom- ture differences. Standard lamps are normally operated at a colour
mended. This filter transmits approximately 68 per cent, of the green temperature of approximately 2360 K. This value, therefore, is taken as
546 m\i line and only a negligible amount at 577 my. Where the red lines the reference point in listing the colour difference for which each filter (or
of the quartz lamp are objectionable and must be eliminated, a No. 58 filter filter combination) will compensate.
should be superimposed on either a No. 77 or a No. 77A.
For the isolation of the mercury line at 365 mu. in the ultra-violet, filter
No. 18A is available. This filter transmits approximately 65 per cent, of No. 78 SERIES (BLUISH) No. 86 SERIES (YELLOWISH)
the 365 my line, and, when it is used with a light-source giving a continuous For increasing colour temperature For decreasing colour temperature
spectrum, it affords a means of obtaining ultra-violet radiation of a fairly
narrow band having its maximum at 363 my.. 78A+78A raises 2360 K to 5000 K 86A+86A reduces 5000 K to 2360

For those who require a filter having a higher transmission factor than 78A+78C+78C. 2360K to 4400K
78 A 2360 K to 3200 K 86A ,. 3200 K to 2360*
afforded by the No. 18A filter, the 'Wratten' No. 18B filter is recom-
78C+78C 2360 K to 2666 K 86C+86C .. 2666 K to 2360" K
mended. This filter has a transmission of approximately 78 per cent, ,.

78C 2360K to 2500K 86C 2500 K to 2360 'K

from 290 my. to 370 mu and provides an ample source of near-mono-
..
.,

chromatic illumination for micrographic, microscopic and photographic

investigation by ultra-violet light. * For visual use only.

15
14
Note: These filters are subject to the limitations of commercial produc-
tion, though the tolerances have been reduced to the minimum TRANSMISSION
DENSITY MULTIPLYING
practical values ; if they are to be used under circumstances where FACTOR
high precision is required, they should be individually calibrated. Fraction Per cent.

should be emphasised that the photometric filters are designed prim-

It
arily for visual use to reduce the colour differences between illuminants 0.1 4/5 80 'i
operating at different colour temperatures. They can, however, be used 0.2 7/H 63 1*
to introduce slight colour correction to the light-source when exposing 0.3 1/2 50 2
colour films, provided that their limitations are realised and allowed for. 0.4 2/5 40 2*
0.5 1/3 32 3
As a guide to the selection of photometric niters for various types of
work, the following table is given which shows the approximate colour 0.6 1/4 25 4
0.7 1/5 20 5
temperature of light from various sources used in practice.
0.8 1/6 16 6
0.9 1/8 13 8
1.0 1/10 10 10
PRACTICAL SOURCES OF ILLUMINATION
2.0 1/100 1 100

Source Colour Temperature

Skylight 12000 -18000K
High-intensity carbon arc (sun arc) 5500K
Sunlight (mean noon) 5400K MISCELLANEOUS FILTERS
White-flame carbon arc 5000K
Crater of carbon arc (ordinary hard-cored) 4000K Under this heading are listed single filters which are not included in sets,
Incandescent tungsten 27.3 lumens /watt 3220K yet are of interest and value for general photographic work. These are
Incandescent tungsten 24.2 lumens /watt 3175K available only as glass filters and are not supplied in gelatine form.
Incandescent tungsten 20.3 lumens /watt 2985K
Incandescent tungsten 10.0 lumens /watt 2500K
Kodak' Filters
Nos. 4, 11, 15, 25

'Wratten' Neutral Density Filters In addition to the series of 'Wratten' filters listed in this book a popular
range of 'Kodak' filters for general photography is also available.
Neutral-density filters are of use in many branches of optical work since
they permit the reduction of light intensity in a known and definite manner, These filters have absorption which approximate
characteristics

Those made by Kodak Limited are for use in the visual region of the sufficiently closely to filters in the 'Wratten'range for the data on one to
spectrum. Both the spectral neutrality and the stability are of a high apply, for most practical purposes, to the other also.
order. The neutral-density filters are made to have certain definite values No. 4: yellow No. 15: very deep yellow
of optical density, which are measured in terms of diffuse illumination No. 1 1 light yellow-green
: No. 25: red
upon approved types of photometers.
These filters are specially designed for use with the 'Kodak'
Experience has shown that the transmission of a neutral-density filter
Combination Lens Attachment System (see pages 86 to 92) and are fitted
depends, to the extent of two to three per cent., on the optical system with
with a thin metal rim which facilitates their use interchangeably and
which it is used. This is the result of slight scattering of the transmitted
ensures accurate fitting in the lens attachment.
light and inter-reflections. Neutral-density filters are therefore supplied
only within an accuracy of five per cent, of the stated diffuse contact opal
'Cine-Kodak' Filter CK.3
density value. It is recommended that for special work they be calibrated
by direct measurement under the conditions of use. This filter, medium yellow in colour, is intended for use with 'Cine-
Kodak' cameras and, except when a non-standard size is ordered, is
Special neutral-density filters, calibrated in diffuse contact opal density supplied in a mount to fit the 'Cine-Kodak' lens. It is important therefore
values, can be furnished to order. Requests for quotations on such filters to state, when ordering, the type of 'Cine-Kodak* lens for which the filter is
should be accompanied by complete statements of size, precision required,
required.
and conditions under which the filters are to be used.
The CK.3 filter is manufactured from the highest optical quality pot
Neutral density filters are regularly supplied in gelatine film or cemented metal glass, and is worked and tested to ensure the finest optical
m glass in the following eleven standard densities performance.
16
17
 .

Kodak 'Pola'-Screen Monochromatic Viewing Filters

Kodak 'Pola'-screens are essentially different from colour filters in so far Nos. 90, 557/1.
as the primary photographic effect is not that of colour absorption but of It is, of course, impossible to construct a filter which will remove all
selective control over reflections. appearance of colour from a subject and at the same time strictly retain the
The Tola' -screen may be likened to an optical slit which transmits only relative luminosities. These filters which we have produced are, it is
light vibrating in the plane of that slit. The intensity of light already believed, the best compromise which can be obtained. Whilst it is just
polarised can be controlled by rotation of a 'Pola'-screen in its path. The possible to distinguish between a bright red and a bright green viewed
beam is entirely cut off when the vibration plane of the light and that of the through these filters, the difference between the colours is so dulled that
'Pola'-screen are "crossed," and wholly transmitted when the vibration they no longer materially affect judgment as to their relative luminosity.
planes are parallel. This appearance enables workers who are in the habit of using mono-
There are two common sources of polarised light in nature : chromatic methods for the reproduction of coloured objects, to study the
relative tonal brightnesses in the subject as a guide to the control of
1. Light reflected from a non-metallic surface such as polished wood,
lighting effects, as for example in motion picture and commercial studio sets.
glass, water or paint. The maximum degree of polarisation occurs
when the incident light makes an angle of approximately 35 with the No. 90 Monochromatic Viewing Filter for use in daylight.
plane of the reflector ; at greater or lesser angles the effect diminishes,
No. 557/1 Monochromatic Viewing Filter for use with tungsten studio
until it disappears entirely at 0 and 90. (compound) lighting.
2. Light from a clear blue sky at right angles to the direction of the sun
'Kodak' Monochromatic Viewing Filter No. 557/1 is normally supplied in
is also strongly polarised ; at other angles polarisation is incomplete,
lf-inch diameter circles. Other sizes can be made to special order.
and vanishes at 0 and 180 from the sun.
By rotating a Kodak 'Pola'-screen in front of the camera lens, reflections
'Kodak' or 'Wratten' Compound Filters
can be diminished or eliminated entirely, according to the degree of rota-
tion of the screen and the angle at which light is being reflected to the In many instances, when a single filter does not have the desired effect,
camera. the use of two filters together is indicated. Separate filters, either in
gelatine form or cemented in " A," "Cine" or "B" glass, are quite satis-
The can be judged by viewing the scene through a 'Pola'-screen,
effect
factory when used in pairs, but under certain circumstances the extra
rotating it maximum or the desired effect is obtained, then
until the
air-to-glass surfaces may cause troublesome inter-reflections. These can
placing it over the camera lens with the same orientation.
be avoided by cementing the two gelatine films between glass as a single
filter. Kodak Limited will cement any combination of filters to special
Application of Kodak 'Pola'-Screens
order. The cementing of more than two separate filters in combination is
1 A blue sky can be darkened to about the same degree as by the use of not recommended.
a 'Wratten' No. 25 filter, without affecting the colour rendering of the The manufacture of compound filters to special order usually involves
landscape.
extra delay of approximately one week over that normally required for
2. 'Pola'-screens offer the only known means of modifying sky bright- single filters, owing to the extra drying time required.
ness in colour photography.

3. Reflections on glass or water can be subdued to show detail beyond or

below the surface.
4. Reflections from non-metallic light or high-key backgrounds can be
effectively subdued to show surface detail and texture.

5. and the camera lens give complete

'Pola'-screens over both the lights
control of reflections when copying paintings, prints or murals,
posters and when photographing surfaces showing specular or other
troublesome reflections.
Kodak 'Pola'-screens are physically similar to 'Wratten' filters ; they
may be used in standard filter holders which permit the 'Pola'-screen to be
rotated in front of the camera lens through an angle of 180.
The colour of the Kodak 'Pola'-screen is a neutral grey having a density
of approximately 0.4, necessitating an exposure increase of 1$ stops.

18 19
 These conversion filters, of course, can only ensure correct colour
FILTERS FOR COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY reproduction within the limitations of the materials and the precise
circumstances under which they are used. Under abnormal or extreme
conditions, such as may be encountered at early morning or late evening,
Exposing 'Ektachrome' and 'Kodachrome' film other colour-compensating filters may be required (see page 22).

FILTERS FOR USE IN DAYLIGHT FILTERS FOR USE IN ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

Haze-Cutting Filter 'Wratten* Light-Balancing Filters

No. 1A. 81, 81A, 81B, 81C, 81EF

82, 82A, 82B, 82C.
When photographing landscapes and outdoor scenes, particularly at
This series consists of eight different niters for the fine adjustment of the
high altitudes, the light invariably contains a high proportion of ultra-
colour temperature of the light-source when exposing colour materials such
violet rays. On black-and-white film this usually records as mist or, as it is
as 'Ektachrome' or 'Kodachrome' film, or for the fine control of colour
commonly called, " distance haze." Colour materials, however, record
reproduction. These filters have an absorption affecting two primary*
this as a blue haze, which may extend over the entire picture area, giving a
colours and fall into two distinct groups as follows :

particularly "cold" result.

Blue Series : 82, 82A, 82B, 82C for bluer ("cooler") rendering.
The 'Wratten' No. 1A filter is which absorbs ultra-
a faintly pink filter
Yellow Series : 81, 81A, 81B, 81C, 81EF for yellower ("warmer") rendering.
violet radiations up to approximately 380 my. and, when used over the
camera lens, reduces the effect of haze, and affords a certain measure of These filters are intended for use over the camera lens to increase or
penetration. decrease respectively the colour temperature of the studio lighting when
this cannot be conveniently done by regulating the mains voltage. The
When exposing colour films under conditions when the percentage of
depth of colour, hence the change in colour temperature obtained,
ultra-violet is notabove average, the use of this filter may result in a
progresses throughout the series.
slightly warmer-than-normal colour rendering.
At 3200 K. the changes effected by each set of filters (with the excep-
tion ofNo. 81EF) are in steps of approximately 100 K., for example, the
Correcting Filters
Nos. 80A, 85, 85B.
No. 81 filter converts 3300 K. tungsten light to 3200 K. and the No. 81A
converts 3400 K. light (Photoflood) to 3200 K. At other colour
The colour sensitivity of 'Kodak' colour materials is adjusted to re- temperatures the changes may be more or less than this, according to the
produce the colours of the subject correctly under certain conditions of conditions of use the correct filter should then be found by experiment.
:

fighting. Owing to the widely varying colour quality of both daylight and The appropriate choice of filter under these conditions is best made by
artificial light, it is only practicable to balance the colour sensitivity of means of a colour-temperature meter, or by photographic trial. The table
'Ektachrome' and 'Kodachrome' film to the quality of the light most used below shows the change effected by each filter in relation to a standard
under practical conditions. light-source of 3200 K.

'Ektachrome' and 'Kodachrome' Films (daylight type) are balanced to give

correct colour rendering when exposed to light equivalent in colour quality
BLUISH FILTERS YELLOWISH FILTERS
to average sunlight plus skylight.

'Kodachome' Type 'A' Film is balanced for light of approximately 3400 K, 'Wratten'
'Wratten' Colour
this being the average colour temperature of standard Photoflood lamps. Colour
Exposure Light- Exposure
Light temperature
temperature Balancing increase
Balancing increase
'Ektachrome' Type'B' Film, intended for use in studios equipped with high-
is raised from lowered from
Filter
efficiency tungsten illumination having a colour temperature of 3100 to 3200" K. Filter

Whilst it is preferable to expose colour films by light of the colour stop 81 3300"K to 3200K 3 stop
82 3I00K to 3200 1/3 1

quality to which they are balanced, not always practicable. When it

this is U
K
82A 3000K to 3200K 1/3 stop 8IA 3400 to 3200* 1 /3 stop
is found necessary for films intended for use in artificial light to be used in stop
82B 2900K to 3200K 2/3 stop 8IB 3500K to 3200 1/3
daylight or vice versa, three special filters are available to provide the 8IC 3600 K to 3200 stop
82C 280CTK to 3200K 2/3 stop 1/3
necessary colour temperature shift. The 'Wratten' No. 80A is a pale blue 8IEF 3850 K to 3200 2/3 stop
filter which effectively corrects the colour balance of daylight type colour
materials for use by Photoflood light, the 'Wratten' No. 85 filter corrects
the colour balance of Type 'A' materials for use in daylight and the No. * By "primary" colour in this connection is meant a colour whose spectral composition comprises
85B allows the use of Type 'B' films in daylight. approximately one-third of the visible spectrum red, green and blue respectively.

21
20
'Kodak' Colour-Compensating Filters The red niters contain the same dyes as are used the yellow and m
magenta niters, and in similar amounts similarly, the green filters combine
These filters are used to make changes
in the overall colour balance of ;

photographic results obtained with colour films or to compensate for the yellow and cyan dyes, and blue filters the cyan and magenta dyes.
deficiencies in the spectral quality of the light by which colour films may Hence, a CC-05R gives much the same result as a CC-05Y and CC-05M
sometimes be exposed. used together; there is a similar relationship between other corresponding
when they are of the same density.
filters

FILTERS SUPPRESSING ONE PRIMARY COLOUR The approximate increase in exposure entailed by using these niters is
of the order of one-third of a stop in all cases except when using the
Yellow Series Magenta Series Cyan Series CC-05Y which requires no increase, and the CC-20B which requires an
(suppressing blue) (suppressing green) (suppressing red) increase of two-thirds of a stop.

CC-05Y CC-05M CC-05C

CC-IOY CC-IOM
PRACTICAL FILTER RECOMMENDATIONS
CC-IOC
CC-20Y CC-20M CC-20C The following table summarises the recommendations which apply
when an 'Ektachrome' or 'Kodachrome' film intended for one type of
illumination has to be used with a different kind of lighting. Owing to
FILTERS SUPPRESSING TWO PRIMARY COLOURS variations in conditions between one studio and another, the filter indicated
in this table may not necessarily be the best possible in every case;
but
Red Series Green Series Blue Series the recommendations given will provide the best basis for further selection.
(suppressing blue and green) (suppressing blue and red) (suppressing green and red)

'Kodachrome' 'Kodachrome' 'Ektachrome' 'Ektachrome'

CC-05R CC-05G Illumination
Type A Daylight Type TypeB
CC-05B Daylight type

CC-IOR CC-IOG CC-IOB

CC-20R CC-20G CC-20B Daylight No filter 'Wratten' No filter 'Wratten'
required* No. 85 required* No. 85B

Clear Not Wratten' Not 'Wratten'

Another purpose to which these filters may be put is to introduce slight
recommended No. 8IC
flash-bulbs recommended No. 8IC
making 'Kodachrome' duplicates
colour-correction in light-sources used in
from 'Ektachrome' or 'Kodachrome' originals. For example, if the dupli- Photoflood 'Wratten' No filter 'Wratten' 'Wratten'
cate appears greenish, one of the pale magenta niters (CC-05M or lamps No. 80Af required No. 80A No. 8IA
CC-IOM) can be used over the camera lens; if too pink, one of the green No
High efficiency Not 'Wratten' 'Wratten' filter
(CC-05G or CC-IOG) may prove suitable. The only satisfactory
filters
tungsten recommended No. 82A No. 80A plus required
method is to select appropriate filters by experiment. Undesirable (3200 K) studio No. 82A
overall tints of colour in transparencies which are to be duplicated or lamps ('Photo -
colour-printed can also be corrected in this manner. pearl' or Pearl
Photographic)
In submarine photography with 'Ektachrome' or 'Kodachrome' film one
of the red series may prove very useful in compensating for the strong red Electronic flash 'Wratten' Not See film 'Wratten'
tubes No. 81 recommended instructions No. 85B plus
absorption of the water. It is not possible to make specific recommenda-
('Kodatron') CC-05M
tions regarding the use of these filters under conditions of this sort, as the
colour of the water varies according to the location, depth, etc. Daylight CC-20B Not CC-IOM plus Not
recommended CC-05B recommended
The range consists of six series, each of three filters, comprising yellow, fluorescent
lamps
magenta and cyan, and red, green and blue as listed above. These filters are
spaced according to density and corresponding niters in different series are Natural white Not CC-IOY plus Not CC-20R plus
roughly comparable. The peak density of the niters is indicated by the fluorescent recommended CC-20M recommended CC-05R
two digits following the hyphen in the filter designation, and the colour lamps
is indicated by the final letter. Peak density is measured at the wave-
White-flame CC-20Y plus Not CC-20Y plus Not
length of maximum absorption, for example, the peak density of a yellow recommended CC-20Y recommended
carbon arcs CC-20Y
filter is given for blue light. The density values do not include the
gelatine in which the filter dye is suspended, nor the glass in which filters * Exceptions are when an ultra-violet-absorbing (hare cutting) filter or a 'Pola' -screen is advisable,

may be mounted. f With this combination an exposure about eight times that with Type A film is required.

22 23
 The contrast-reducing, colour-correcting masks are applied, in turn,
Filters for Colour Separation Processes direct to the original transparency, thus enabling a set of colour-corrected
colour-separation negatives to be prepared straight from the transparency
FILTERS FOR THREE-COLOUR PHOTOMECHANICAL REPRODUCTIONS by either contact or enlargement.
Single-mask method (with additional masking)
Nos. 25, 58, 47, 9, 0, 29, 61, 49, 33.
Separation negatives Nos. 29, 58* and 47
Reproducing from flat copy or coloured originals Masking No. 33
Thestandard 'Wratten' set of tri-colour filters consists of a No. 25 (A), When it is found more convenient to introduce the photographic colour-
a No. 58 (B2), and a No. 47 (C5) filter these filters are generally referred
: correction at the separation negative stage, the single-mask method may be
to in colour work as the A, B and C filters. used. The 'Wratten' Filter No. 33 is used primarily for making the
The trichromatic inks used for letterpress colour printing cannot contrast-reducing mask, the colour-correcting masks being made by
themselves give a perfect reproduction of a coloured original because these contact from the red and green filter separation negatives.
inks do not reflect and absorb different colours just as the theoretical ideal Single-mask method (without additional masking)
requires. To reduce the resulting imperfections it is usual to prepare a Separation negatives Nos. 29, 61 and 49
Masking No. 33
fourth printing block from which is printed a grey or black image in exact
register with the colour image; this " black printer," as it is called, is In certain instances, as when the original transparency contains broad
prepared from a negative of the coloured original which has been exposed expanses of colour with little significant detail, full photographic colour-
through a yellow " correction " filter. For this purpose the 'Wratten' correction may not be considered necessary. In these cases the No. 33
filter is used primarily for making the contrast-reducing mask and
the
No. 9 (K3) filter is supplied and is included in the 'Wratten' Sets of 4 and
5 Tri-colour Filters (see below). Nos. 29, 61 and 49 filters to provide the necessary colour separation.
The use of glass filters over a camera lens inevitably introduces a slight
focus shift, particularly so when using 'A' quality filters, owing to the FILTERS FOR THE 'KODAK' DYE TRANSFER PROCESS
extra thickness of glass through which the light must pass. Nos. 25, 58, 47, 29, 61, 49, 33, 2B.
This error,
however, is of consequence in normal photographic work, when it
little Reproducing from copy or coloured originals
flat
usually falls within the depth of focus of the lens. When an extremely For the preparation of three-colour separation negatives from flat copy
accurate focus is required, however, as when preparing tri-colour negatives or coloured originals for reproduction by the 'Kodak' Dye Transfer
for photo-mechanical reproduction, the camera must be focused with a Process, the standard set of 'Wratten' tri-colour filters is recommended.
'Wratten Filter No. in front of the lens. This allows adjustment to be When supplied as a set, these filters are matched for identical optical
made to overcome the effect of the slight focus shift introduced by the use performance to ensure accurate registration.
of the 'Wratten' Tri-colour Filters. This filter is colourless and in no
way interferes with judgment of colour values or contrasts. The 'Wratten' Reproducing from 'Ektachrome' transparencies
Filter No. is included in the 'Wratten' Set of 5 Tri-colour Filters. For the reproduction of 'Ektachrome' transparencies by the 'Kodak'
'Wratten' Set of 3 Tri-colour Filters : Nos. 25, 58, 47. Dye Transfer Process, the two-mask method is recommended for prepar-
'Wratten' Set of 4 Tri-colour Filters : Nos. 25, 58, 47, 9. ing the separation negatives.
'Wratten' Set of 5 Tri-colour Filters : Nos. 25, 58, 47, 9, 0. Two-mask method
'Wratten' tri-colour filters, when supplied as a set or when contained Separation negatives 29, 61, 49 and 2B
in a larger set, are matched optically to ensure accurate registration. Masking 29,61
'Wratten' filters Nos. 29, 61 and 49 plus 2B are recommended for making
Reproducing from 'Ektachrome' and 'Kodachrome' transparencies
the red, green and blue filter negatives, the Nos. 29 and 61 being also used
For the preparation of colour separation negatives from 'Ektachrome' for preparing the magenta and yellow contrast masks.
and 'Kodachrome' transparencies for reproduction by photomechanical
methods, the following filters are recommended. Reproducing from 'Kodachrome' transparencies
Two-mask method For making three-colour separation negatives from 'Kodachrome'
Separation negatives Nos. 29, 58* and 47 transparencies for reproduction by the 'Kodak' Dye Transfer Process the
Masking Nos. 33 and 58 'Wratten' Narrow-cut Tri-colour filters are again recommended.
This method is recommended for use when it is desirable to keep to a Two-mask method
minimum the amount of hand-work necessary at later stages in the Separation negatives Nos. 29, 61 and 49
reproduction process. It is particularly suitable for use when the trans- Masking Nos. 29 and 61
parency contains much fine detail and when it is essential to retain the * When the tendency is to over-saturation of reds and magentas in the warm-yellows, the use of a

photographic quality of the original transparency during reproduction. 'Wratten' No. 15 filter is recommended for use in combination with the No. 58 when making the
green separation negative.

24 25
 In most circumstances when it is desired to reproduce accurately the

relative brightness values, colour saturation and hues of the original

transparency, the two-mask method of making colour separation negatives
NUMERICAL LIST OF FILTERS
should be employed. Filters Nos. 29, 61 and 49 provide the necessary
The niters in the following list are arranged in numerical order to facilitate
colour separation, the Nos. 29 and 61 also being used for preparing the
colour-correcting masks. reference. In the column are shown the numbers and names by
first

which the niters are known. In the second column is stated the visual
Single-mask method
Separation negatives Nos. 29, 61 and 49 colour of the filter, and in the third column, the purpose for which they
Masking Nos. 33 or 29 are generally used. Most niters are available in all qualities of glass (see
On occasions when a slight shift of hue is considered permissible, the page 4) but where there are exceptions, these are referred to at the foot
single-mask method may be used. 'Wratten' niters Nos. 29, 61 and 49 of the appropriate page. The page reference shown in the last column
are again used for the colour separation negatives, the No. 33 or the shows where else in this book further information can be found.
No. 29 being used to make the mask.

Wratten Number Page
Visual Colour Use
'Wratten' Analysis Set for Screen Plates and Name Reference

Nos. 29 (F), 61 (N), 50 (L).

Colourless For focusing 24,36
A
specially prepared set of three tri-colour niters for the preparation of
Very faint pink Haze filter. Absorbs 11,20,
1A
three-colour negatives from additive screen colour transparencies. ultra-violet light. Is of 36,82
particular use outdoors
with colour films, pre-
'Wratten* Complementary Filter Set
venting excess blue
Nos. 44, 32, 12 caused by aerial haze.
2B Colourless Haze filter. Absorbs 11, 12,
These three niters, because of their primary absorption, are most useful
ultra-violet light strongly 25, 37,
for the visual analysis of additive colour prints and transparencies. By For use with black - 82
their use, any one of the three colour printings will appear to be completely and white film when
-

removed, leaving the other two for inspection. used at high alti-
tudes, or at other times
The 'Wratten' No. 12 (Minus Blue) and the 'Wratten' No. 32 (Minus when an excess of ultra-
Green) niters may also be used with advantage in one-shot or repeating- violet light is present.
back cameras in tungsten light if, with the use of the normal tri-colour Very light yellow Aerial photography. 11,37
3
filter set, the exposures through the green and blue filters are found to 37
5 Light yellow Aerial photography.
be rather longer than the red. Instead of the tri-colour green filter, the No.
8(K2) Yellow Correction Absorbs
filter. 1L 12,
12 (Minus Blue) filter can be used with a high-speed orthochromatic ultra - violetand some 26,38
material (O.800 plate) ; and instead of the tri-colour blue, the No. 32 blue. Reproduces colours
(Minus Green) filter can be used with the same material. The red in their correct relation-
ship when photograph-
separation can be made as usual using a tri-colour red filter (No. 25) with a
ing in daylight.
panchromatic material (P. 1200 plate). In this way the exposures may be
9(K3) Medium yellow Correction filter.Absorbs 24,38
more evenly balanced. ultra - violet and some
blue. Tends to over-
correct tones.
Filters for Two-Colour Separation
U (XI) Light yellow-green Correction filter. Absorbs 11,12,
No. 29 No. 22 No. 15 No. 25 No. 15 No. ultra-violet, some blue 38
No. 44 No. 58 No. 49 No. 58 No. 45 No. 50 and slightly more red.
For the photomechanical reproduction of illustrations that have been Gives correct rendering
of colours when photo-
made in two colours complementary to each other (so that when the colours graphing by tungsten
overlap a grey or black is obtained), special filters are sometimes required. illumination. Reproduces
For this purpose six different pairs of niters, complementary to each other, greens slightly lighter in
are provided. daylight.

These filters enable photo-engravers to cope with any such two-colour

originals which may arise.

26 27
 Wratten Number Page Page
Visual Colour Use Wratten Number Use Reference
and Name Reference and Name
Visual Colour

12 (Minus blue) Deep yellow Complementary filter. 11,26, Complementary filter. 11,26,
32 (Minus green) Magenta
Absorbs ultra-violet and 39 Absorbs green. 42
blue. Strong over- Contrast filter. Absorbs 24, 25,
correction when 33 Magenta
used green. For making colour 26,42
out-of-doors. Renders masks for colour repro-
blue in very dark tones. duction processes.
Strong haze penetration. 11,12,
35(D) Deep magenta Contrast filter. Absorbs
15(G) Very deep yellow Contrast filter. Absorbs 11, 12, green and some red and 42, 57,
ultra-violet, blue and a 13, 26, blue. Photomicrography. 59
small amount of green. 39, 57, Contrast filter. Absorbs 11, 12,
Gives moderate over- 59 36 Very deep violet
all green, much red and 43
correction to sky when Photomicro-
less blue.
used in daylight and en-
graphy.
hances detail in brick 11,43
Light blue Contrast filter. Absorbs
buildings, furniture, etc. 38
some ultra-violet and red.
18A* Visually opaque Ultra - violet work. 11, 12, Corrects the tendency for
Absorbs blue, green and 14,39, reds to reproduce too
allcolours except a very 61,82 light when photograph-
small amount of extreme ing in tungsten illumina-
red. tion using panchromatic
18B* Very deep Ultra materials.
violet - violet work. 14, 40,
Absorbs blue, green and 61 Contrast filter. Absorbs 13,43
38A Blue
all colours except some a large amount of ultra-
extreme red. and red and some
violet

22 Deep orange green. Photomicro-

Contrast filter. Absorbs 11, 12,
graphy.
ultra - violet, blue and 13, 14,
some green. Complementary filter. 11,26,
26, 40, 44 (Minus red) Light blue-green
58 Absorbs red and some 44
ultra- violet. Photomicro-
23A Reddish orange Contrast filter. Absorbs 11,40, graphy.
ultra - violet, blue and 59
Contrast Absorbs 11, 12,
some green. 45 Blue-green filter.
red, some green and blue 13, 26,
25(A) Red Standard tri-colour filter 11,12, and much ultra - violet. 44,57,
for colour separation. 13, 24, Photomicrography. 58, 59,
Absorbs ultra-violet, blue 26, 41, 62
and green. Gives very 57,60
Standard tri-colour filter 11, 12,
strong over-correction to 47 (C5) Deep blue
for colour separation. 24, 25,
sky when used out-of-
Absorbs red and most 44,57,
doors.
green and ultra-violet. 60,62
29(F) Deep red Narrow - cut colour
tri - 11,12,
Narrow -cut tri-colour 11,24,
filter for colour separa- 24, 25, 49 (C4) Very deep blue
filterfor colour separa- 25, 26,
tion. Absorbs ultra- 26, 41, 45,58
violet, blue and green. 60 tion. Absorbs red, green
Used for making separa- and much ultra-violet.
tion negatives from col- Used for making colour
our transparencies. separation negatives from
colour transparencies.
30 Light magenta Contrast filter. Absorbs 11,41
Contrast filter. Absorbs 11,14,
green. Photomicro- 50 Very deep blue
red, green and much 26,45
graphy.
ultra-violet. Photo-
* Available as a glass filter only. Not in gelatine form. micrography.

28 29
 Page
Wratten Number Visual Colour Use Page Wratten Number Visual Colour Use Reference
and Name Reference and Name

54 Very deep green Contrast filter. Absorbs 45 81

|
Used to lower the effec- 11,21,
ultra - violet, blue and 81A 51-52,
red and some green. tive colour-temperature
blu Pale yellowish 70,79
of a light-source.
Photomicrography. f Balancing
81C
58 (B2) Green Standard tri-colour filter 11,12, 81EF /
for colour separation. 13, 24,
Absorbs ultra-violet, blue 25, 26, 82 \
and red. Used to raise the effec- 11,21,
46,57, 82A | Light- 53-54,
58,60 Bluish tive colour-temperature
82B Balancing of a light-source. 70,79
59 Light green Contrast filter. Absorbs
j

11,46
some red and blue. 82CJ
For 11,20,
61 (N) Deep green Narrow - cut tri - colour 1 1, 24,
85 Type A 'Koda- Amber Correction filter.
54,79
filter for colour separa- chrome' filter for using 'Kodachrome'
25, 26,
tion. Absorbs ultra- 46,59, daylight Type 'A' film in daylight.
violet, blue and red. 60 11,20,
Used 85B Amber Correction filter. For
for making separa- 54,79
tion negatives from col- using 'Ektachrome' Type
our transparencies. 'B' films in daylight.

66 Very light green Contrast filter. Absorbs 11, 13,

some red, blue and ultra- 47 86A Photometric Yellowish
11,15,
violet. yellowish
For photometric work. 55,79
70 Very deep red
86C Photometric Yellowish
72A Very deep
yellowish
orange-red
72B Very deep 11,63,
87 Visually opaque For specialized infra-red
orange-red work. 82
11,12,
73 Very deep Monochromats. 14, 11, 14,
yellow-green Visually opaque For general infra-red
49-47, 88A 63,82
74 Very deep green work.
62
75 Very deep 19,56
90 Dark grey-green Monochromatic viewing
blue-green
visual use in day-
filter for
76* Very deep violet
light. Reduces the bright-
77* Deep orange-red Mercury - vapour lamp ness of colours to assist
11, 14,
monochromat. 49 judging of tone values.
77A* Deep orange-red Mercury - vapour lamp 14,50 ND.0.1
monochromat
ND.0.2
78A Light blue 11,13,
Photometric bluish ND.0.3
15, 50,
For photometric work. ND.0.4
78C 79 11,13,
Photometric bluish Very light blue
ND.0.5 'Wratten' Neutral Den- 16, 17,
ND.0.6 Neutral sity Filters, used for the 56,61
80A Light blue Correction filter. For 20,51 ND.0.7 controlled reduction of
using Ektachrome ' or
'
ND.0.8 light intensity.
'Kodachrome* (Daylight-
Type) film in Photoflood ND.0.9
light. ND.1.0
* Available as a glass filter only. Not in gelatine form. ND.2.0

30 31
 Wralten Number
Visual Colour Page
'WRATTEN FILTER SETS 9

and Name Use

Referenct
Because 'Wratten' filters are listed in sets it does not necessarily imply
that all components are immediately available from stock. Certain
'WRATTEN' COMPOUND FILTERS may have to be specially cemented. 'Wratten' filter
specialized niters
78A + 78A Photo- Light blue For photometric work. one of each of the filters named. Standard sizes and
metric bluish* sets consist of
qualities are shown against each set. Sets of glass niters are normally
78C + 78C Photo- Light blue For photometric work. supplied in 2-inch squares except where otherwise stated. Other sizes
metric bluish*
up to a maximum of 4 inches can usually be supplied to special order.
86A + 86A Photo- Light yellow For photometric work. and 50 niters are supplied in finely polished
metric yellowish* The Laboratory Sets of 24
19
mahogany cases complete with lock and key: other sets of filters cemented
86C + 86C Photo- Light yellow For photometric work.
metric yellowish* in "B", "Cine" or "D" quality glass, are supplied complete in stiff,

covered, card cases.

'KODAK' FILTERS
All filter sets supplied in "A" quality glass are supplied in leather
557/1 Monochro- Dark yellow-green Monochromatic viewing
matic viewing filter* covered cases lined with silk and velvet.
for visual use with
filter
average tungsten studio
fighting.
4t Yellow Correction Wratten' Technical Set Nos. 3, 8, 11, 15, 25, 29, 47, 58.
filter. 17,89
11 t Light yellow-green Correction filter. 17,89 of 8 Filters Normally supplied in "B" quality glass.
15 t Very deep yellow Contrast filter. 17,90 Other qualities available to special order.
25 f Red Contrast filter. 17,90
CK.3 Yellow Correction filter 17,90
CC-05Y 'Wratten* Set of Nos. 78A+78A, 78A, 78C+78C, 78C,
CC-10Y Yellow 11,22, 86A + 86A, 86A, 86C+86C, 86C.
CC-20Y Photometric Filters
68-69
Normally supplied in "B" quality glass.
CC-05M
CC-10M Magenta Other qualities available to special order.
11,22,
CC-20M 66-67
CC-05C
'Wratten' Laboratory Set Nos. 1A, 2B, 3, 8, 11, 12, 15, 18A, 22, 23A, 25,
CC-10C Cyan 22, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36, 38, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50,
CC-20C Colour-compensating 64-65 of 50 Filters
58, 59, 61, 66, 70, 72B, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77,
filters for use in colour 78A, 78C, 81, 81EF, 82, 85, 85B, 86A, 86C,
CC-05R photography. 88A, CC-20Y, CC-05M, ND.0.1,
87,
CC-10R Red 22, ND.0.2, ND.0.5, ND.0.8.
CC-20R 64-65
Normally supplied in "B" quality glass
CC-05G
CC-10G Green (except 18A). Available in "A" or "Cine"
22,
CC-20G 66-67 quality glass to special order. Supplied

CC-05B complete in fitted mahogany case.

CC-10B Blue 22,
CC-20B 68-69
Pola-screen* Nos. 2B, 8, 11, 12, 15, 22, 25, 29, 32, 35, 44, 45,
Neutral grey For
* Available as a glass filter only. Not in gelatine form.
reflection control. 18 'Wratten' Laboratory Set * 58 > 59 > 70 > 72B > 73 > 74 > 75 ' 76 '
0T24
t Supplied only as a glass filter with metal rim for use in 'Kodak* Lens
Attachments.
Fitters
ft*
Normally supplied in "B" quality glass.

Other qualities available to special order.

Supplied complete in fitted mahogany case.
32
33
Wratten' M Set of 9 Filters Nos.
for Microscopy
1

Available in
1, 15, 22, 25, 29, 35, 45, 47, 58.

"D" quality glass only.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ABSORPTION
CURVES AND DATA
Wratten* Visual M Set Nos. 15, 22, 25, 38A, 45, 58, 66, 78 A, ND.1.0.
The absorption curves, as determined by spectrophotometric measure-
of 9 Filters Normally supplied in If in. diameter circles
ments, are plotted as curves of density against wavelengths, all wavelengths
in "D" quality glass only.
being expressed in terms of millimicrons (ma), one ma being equal to
0.000001 millimetre. Where the spectrum extends into the ultra-violet,

'Wratten' Spectroscopic Nos. 2B, 8, 15, 18A, 25, 29, 36, 70. the absorption has been determined either photographically or photo-
Set of 8 Filters Normally supplied in "B" quality electrically in a quartz spectrophotometer. On referring to these curves
glass
the transmission of light of any colour can be determined. For the filter
(except 18A). "D" quality glass available
No. 58 for instance, it will be seen that at the bottom of the curve, that
to special order only.
is, at wavelength 530 ma, this filter has a density of slightly less than 0.3,
indicating that the filter transmits rather more than one-half of the incident
'Wratten' Mercury Mono- Nos. 22, 50, 74.
light of this colour. In the table, the transmission at 530 ma is also
chromatic Set of 3 Filters Available in "D" quality glass only. given as 53.6 per cent. At a wavelength of 579 ma the filter has a density of
1 and therefore transmits 10 per cent of the light of this colour (and also
of the colour indicated by the wavelength 495 ma, as shown at the other
'Wratten' Monochromatic Nos. 70, 72B, 73, 74, 75, 76, 88A.
Set of 7 Filters side of its transmission curve); similarly, the transmission drops to
Normally supplied in "B" quality glass.
approximately 1 per cent, at wavelengths 479 and 605 ma.
Other qualities available to special order.
Transmission in the ultra-violet at wavelengths less than 330 ma will
be eliminated in the case of cemented niters, as glass absorbs ultra-violet
'Wratten' Analysis Set Nos. 29, 50, 61. radiation of wavelengths shorter than 330 ma, as shown in the first
for Screen Plate Normally supplied "B"
in quality glass. absorption curve on page 36.
Other qualities, except "D" quality, avail- In addition to the percentage transmission at each wavelength, the
able to special order.
tables give for each filter in the 'Wratten' range, the total visual transmis-
sion factor V, and the chromaticity co-ordinates x and jy, based on the

'Wratten' Complementary Nos. 12, 32, 44.

data for the Standard Observer, adopted by the Commission Internationale

Filter Set Normally supplied in "B" quality glass. de l'Eclairage (CLE.) in 1931. The chapter on "Colour Specification" on

Other qualities available to special order. page 71 gives an explanation of the CLE. system and the meaning of the
terms employed. The values YA , * A , and v A are for the CLE. standard
illuminant "A", which has a colour temperature of 2854 K; the values
'Wratten' Standard Nos. 25, 58, 47. yc x c andy c are for the CLE. standard illuminant "C", which represents
,
Tri-colour Sets of 3, 4 and gos. 25, 58, 47, 9.
Nos 25 ' 58, 47, 9 ' 0l a mixture of sunlight and skylight and is approximately similar to the light
5 Filters '

Supplied either in gelatine form or cemented from a source of colour temperature 6,500 K. The positions of the
filters in the 1931 CLE. chromaticity chart are shown for these two
in "B" quality glass. Other qualities to
special order. illuminants on pages 74 to 77.

These values of Y, x and y given in the tables were determined for

the Kodak standard filter gelatines but, owing un-
to certain small
'Wratten* Narrow-Cut Nos. 29, 61, 49.
avoidable variations, the figures given may vary slightly for particular
Tri-colour Set of 3 Filters Normally supplied in gelatine form. Avail-
samples. If, therefore, niters are required for extremely accurate work,
able cemented in glass to special order.
they should be calibrated individually.
34 35
 88.0
IA
59.0 400 "400
2B
19.0



1
lllllllll
1

L
88.5 76.0 10 10 48.0 BBBBBBBBI
88.9

89.3
82.0

84.6
20

30
20

30
67.0

75.3

0.36


Bill
9BHMHH1
89.6 86.0 40 "40 80.0 1.78 iHIISBHHM
89.8 86.8 50 50 83.0 11.5 BCHtfB
i

ibL 89.9 87.2 60 60 85.2 33.0 Kant laafll

Mt
IllUUk
i

90.1 87.5 70 70 86.7 68.0 1.60

90.3 87.3 80 80 88.1 80.8 12.0

Two "B" glasses cemented together
90.4 86.8 90 90 88.8 85.2 32.3 2B
90.5 86.3 500 500 89.5 86.9 56.5

90.6 85.5 10 72.0

III!
10 89.9 87.8

90.7 84.8 20 20 90.3 88.4 81.0

90.7 84.3 30 30 90.5 89.0 84.6

BHI

.
J
ia

'
i
90.8

90.8

90.9

90.9
84.0

83.9

84.1

84.8
40

50

60

70
40

50

60

70
90.6

90.7

90.8

90.9
89.5

89.8

90.1

90.4
86.4

87.4

88.0

88.5
*! tk^ftfBBBB
H1B!
!!
^HHKi
1 ! !
.

a
i 90.9 86.0 80 80 90.9 90.6 88.9 inilKilflilHHBWBl!

i
91.0 87.4 90 90 91.0 90.7 89.1

&
91.0 88.5 600 600

*
91.1 90.8 89.4

i

91.0 89.5 10 10 91.2 90.9 89.7

imr 91.0 90.2 20 20 91.3 91.0 90.1

BBBBBBBBBBBBBI 01*
91.0 90.6 30 30 91.3 91.0 90.3
lit 91.1 90.8 40 40 91.4
[.][
I
91.1 90.5

liij
91.1

91.1

91.1

91.1
91.0

91.1

91.1

91.1
50

60

70

80
50

60

70

80
91.4

91.5

91.5

91.6
91.2

91.3

91.4

91.5
90.7

90.9

91.1

91.3
! 1 ^ !
91.1 91.1 90 90 91.7 91.6 91.4
h*" IfiBlBBBBI
::::::::::
LB** i

91.1 91.1 700 700 91.8 91.7 91.5 BBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1

.4484 .4524
IA .4080 .4042
*A .4526 .4803 .517

>A .4126 .4470 .462

.909 .865 Ya .908

J*A .897 .835

The tables show percentage transmittance values for

.3112 .3132 xc .3178 .3752 .443
wavelengths from 400 (o 700 m\i. The total visual .3117 .3147 .3298 .4382 .512
The tables show percentage transmittance values for
wavelengths from 400 to 700 m\j.. The total visual
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
light) and the Yc value {daylight). .908 .859 Yc m
Yc .905 .883 .809 light) and the Yc value (daylight).

36
37
se
Bill
8


9

II

46<r ~400
10

12

15


I8A

i
10
0.16 20 20
0.29 30 30
0.56 40 - 40
1.32 50 50

!
0.25 4.00 60 60

I
5.50 1.78 12.0 70 70
:: MO TOO
MO 700
400 SOO

I
100 100 503
19.0 8.31 26.0 80 80
12

!
8 41.0 20.7 43.7 90 90
63.5 34.5 55.0 SOO 1.50
78.0 48.8 60.0 10 10 17.3 1.00

84.1 62.0 60.2 20 20 55.0 16.0

86.5 76.0 57.8 30 30 77.8 52.1

87.7 83.8 54.2 40 40 86.0 70.7
1HBHHHBHBI 88.4 87.0 50.0 50 50 88.4 84.3
1
M
10-:
88.8 88.3 44.8 60 89.4 87.5
! * I
ox

IM
400 500 MO 700
89.2 70

80

90
89.7

90.1

90.3
88.7

89.3

89.7



!
HUUI tHI
MP**
300 400
IUMJ 500 400 7N
300

600 90.4 90.0 15

10 90.5 90.1
20 90.7 90.2
! ! 30 90.8 90.3
ii 40

50
90.9

91.0
90.4

90.5


60 91.1 90.6
2 70 91.2 90.6
10*
80 91.2 90.7
90 91.2 90.7 0.25

700 91.3 90.8 1.20

400 SOO MO 2W 300 400 SOO MO 700
100 100

.5331 .5494
II Va .4610 .4473 I8A
*4 .812 .752
The tables show percentage transmittance values for *c .4825 .5058
.5083 .4895 The tables show percentage transmittance values for
wavelengths from 400 to 700 m\x. The total visual wavelengths from 400 to 700 mu.. The total visual
transmittance is provided by the Ya value {artificial
light) and the Yc value (daylight). Yc .
.738 .662 transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
light) and the Yc value (daylight).

38 39
 I
!
_ I8B 22 23A 25 29 30
I

I
aI
in 39.9

10.5

4.00






400
10

20
400
10

20






48.6

47.4

48.5
JBBBBBBBBBI
BBBI
IBBBBBBBBBBI

I
IBB 1.00 30 30 50.1 IBBBBBBBBBBI
IBBBBBBBBBBI
IBBBBBBBI 40 - 40 49.4 IBBBBBBBBBBI
8BBBBBBBBBBBBI 50 50 43.0

a
60 60 26.5

00 500 600 70
70 70 13.8
400 500 MO 700
100
80 80 5.00
100

90 90 0.63 25
500 500
10 10 OIX

20 20
30 30
40 40
0.25 50 50
19.0 60 60 0.10

:::::::::::::::ue 60.0 11.0 70 70 10.0

SKSiBMSiiKiBBk. 100*
81.0 47.0 80 80 45.0

87.0 69.6 90 90 12.6 76.0

22 88.5 82.7 600 600 50.0 87.4

89.0 85.8 10 10 75.0 10.0 89.5

89.5 87.2 20 20 82.6 45.3 90.2

89.8 87.9 30 30 85.5 71.4 90.5

90.0 88.5 40 40 86.7 82.7 90.7

90.1 89.0 50 50 87.6 86.6 90.8

0.10 90.2 89.4 60 60 88.2 88.4 90,9

0.70 90.3 89.6 70 70 88.5 89.4 91.0

5.30 90.4 89.8 80 80 89.0 90.0 91.1

17.8 90.5 90.0 90 90 89.3 90.3 91.1

33.1 90.6 90.2 700 700 89.5 90.4 91.1

.6850 .7116 .6023

23A
.6214
.3780
.6498
.3498
*A
-y A .3147 .2883 .3175
:yA

.482 .363 YA Ya .225 .110 .378

.6030 .6386 .6808 .7102 .4520

The tables show percentage transmittance values for The tables show percentage transmittance values for
.3964 .3610 .3190 .2898 .2270 The total visual
wavelengths from 400 to 700 my.. The total visual wavelengths from 400 to 700 my..
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
light) and the Yc value (daylight).
.358 .250 Yc l'c .140 .630 .266
light) and the Yc value (daylight).

40 41
 32 33 35 36 38 38A
38.0 0.85 48.0 400 400 36.5 60.5 33.4

37.9 0.71 57.0 10 10 45.5 66.5 41.2

40.0

43.0

55.5

66.0
1.17

1.69

5.36

14.3
57.6

47.5

29.5

12.3
20
30

40

50
20

30

40

50
45.5

32.7

15.2

3.70
72.5

75.3

76.2

75.9
53.0

58.0

58.8

57.6
!
66.0 12.4 3.50 60 60 0.35 74.8 55.2

57.0 5.00 0.25 70 70 73.4 51.9 SHUttUUt

40.0 0.50 80 80 71.6 48.5

32 21.0 90 90 69.5 44.6

9.56 500 500 66.7 40.2

2.51 10 10 63.9 35.8

0.13 20 20 60.8 31.7

30 30 57.0 27.2

k
40 40 52.6 22.3
50 50 48.0 17.6
** s H aK At' h l_ 60 60 42.8 12.9

70 70 37.0 8.78
:s:e;;sss:;s: mnzl 80
t
90
80

90
30.6

25.5
5.65

3.48
lMM
200 300
imnn
400 500 400 TOO

33 6.04 600 600 20.9 2.09 38

41.0 0.80 10 10 16.8 1.15

75.0 24.9 20 20 12.9 0.59

86.1 60.8 30 30 10.0 0.28

89.0 78.0 40 40 7.79 0.13

90.0 85.0 0.10 50 50 6.68

90.6 87.5 3.00 60 60 0.21 6.20
90.7 88.7 19.0 70 70 7.50 5.91
90.8 89.4 43.5 80 80 29.0 5.41
90.9 89.8 66.0 90 90 55.0 4.90
91.0 90.0 77.7 700 700 70.3 5.00
.5410 .6733 .300 XA .316 .3062 .1934
35 .2281 .2641 .071
3A
.076 .4038 .3263

.169 .088 .0053 YA Ya .0034 .361 .126

.3079 .5198 .1818 xc *c .1862 .2122 .1606

The tables show percentage transmittance values for The tables show percentage transmittance values for
wavelengths from 400 to 700 m^. .1179 .1947 .0174 yc yc .0165 .2583 .1796
The total visual wavelengths from 400 to 700 mjx. The total visual
transmittance is provided by the Va value (artificial transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
light) and the Yc value (daylight). .125 .052 .0045 yc Yc .0025 .425 .173 light) and the Yc value (daylight).

42 43
 44 45 47 49 50 54

* ^r-
0.44 7.80 400 "loo 3.30 0.45
IB
0.36

0.63


17.4

34.0
10

20
10

20
4.28

6.93
0.39

0.59

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mi
3.63 47.0 30 30 11.2 2.63
ku* t*M

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13.1 5.00 50.3 40 40 18.9 8.90

25.4 19.0 48.3 50 50 25.6 14.0 8

36.5 29.5 43.4 60 60 24.0 12.3
46.5 34.4 36.2 70 70 15.7 5.36 ]S0 300 tOO 500 M0 '00

53.6 35.7 28.5 80 80 6.93 1.55

49

I
44

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56.8 90 2.14 0.10

!
34.5 19.6 90

I
I
55.8 29.7 11.3 500 500 0.46

j
50.9 21.5 5.64 10 10 0.10

42.1 11.5 1.91 20 20 0.31

30.5 3.80 0.36 30 0.64

!!
30

18.6 0.85

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0.89

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60 :::::::::=:::::::::
3.59 60 0.62

0.80 70 70 0.21
4ffiW
80 80 1UUIU1IIU1III1I

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200 300 400 S00 600 700

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90 90

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200 100 400 500 600 700 1.60 1.00 700 700 J00
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300 100 50fl

.1236 .0998 .1371 .1457 .1488 .2829

47 .4126 .2451 .0724 3-a

.0353 .0279 .6997
54
.103 .028 .012 Ya YA .0022 .00079 .00027

.1200 .1108 .1451 *c .1491 .1509 .2746

The tables show percentage transmittance values for The tables show percentage transmittance values for
wavelengths from 400 to 700 m\j.. .2807 .1692 .0485 .0299 .0254 .7060
The total visual wavelengths from 400 to 700 m\x. The total visual
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
light) and the Yc value (daylight). .156 .052 .028 YC Yc .0069 .0026 .00032
light) and the Yc value (daylight).

44 45
 58 59 61 66 70 72A
4<HT 400 12.3
10 10 13.0
20 20 15.0

a
!
30 30 18.4

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40 ^ 40 23.2
0.40 50 50 31.2
1.90 60 60 42.2
0.23 7.70 70 70 55.5 500

!.38 21.3 0.33 80 80 68.4 100 300 00

58 4.90 41.5 4.00 90 90 77.6 66

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17.7 59.0 16.6 500 500 82.7

FBI
38.8 67.7 32.3 10 10 84.6

S2.2 69.8 40.0 20 20 84.0

53.6 67.2 39.6 30 30 82.6
47.6 61.5 34.5 40 40 79.1 iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii
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1.66
70

80

90
70

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58.8

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5.75 300 300
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400
lUUIIUIllli
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59 1.50 7.95 0.38 600 600 24.4 16.2 70

::::::::::::::
::::::::::::::
0.41

4.90

2.70

1.00

0.17

10

20

30

40

50
10

20

30

-10

50
18.5

13.7

7.70

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18.5

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ft:::::::::::::::::
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60 60 1.91 10.5 4.18
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12.0 90 90 42.6 70.0 60.0

200 300 SOO too 0.53 22.6

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700 700 63.1

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300 400
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.2693 *A *A
61 .6831 .6118 .6989 ^A -Va .5050 .2668 .335 72A
.198 .326 .137 ** ^A .506 .0068 .0431

.2425 .2507 .2213 xc XC .2486 .7328 .658

The tables show percentage transmittance values for The tables show percentage transmittance values for
wavelengths from 400 to 700 my. The total visual
.6923 .6023 .7053 yc yc .4169 .2672 .341
wavelengths from 400 to 700 my. The total visual
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
light) and the Yc value (daylight).
.237 .387 .168 Yc_ .583 .0031 .028
light) and the Yc value (daylight).
*ff

46 47
 r
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73 74







400
10

20

30

40

50
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400
10

20

30

40

50
75






76
0.22

0.18

0.29

1.33

3.50

3.50
77






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70
200 300 400 500 600 700

70 10.0 0.51
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80 80 17.4
72B 90 90 18.0 75
500 500 13.0
! pnran

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0.96

7.95

14.6
.0

20

30
10

20

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7.35

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VERSES
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2.24 3.06 60 to 75.8

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5.97 0.83 70 70 8.00

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4.56 0.12 80 30 1.00
!
200 300 400 500 600 700 1.26 2.00 90 90 0.32 00 300 400 S00 600 7M

6
73 5.89 0.56 600 600 16.2

5.25 0.10 10 76

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10 52.1

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20 20



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200 300 400 500 600 700

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700
70

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85.5

76.1

75.0

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100 400 500 6O0
.6506 .4853 .2301 *A *A .0732 .1628 .5715
74 .3490 .5134 .7421
-Va .3139 .0220 .4254 77
.0109 .0141 .0334 Y> Y* .0101 .000146 .368
.6481 .4780 .2227 xc .1578
The tables show percentage transmittance values for .0801 .5099
.3515 .5208 The tables show percentage transmittance values for
wavelengths from 400 to 700 my.. The total visual .7473 yc .2542 .0181 .4854
-V'c
wavelengths from 400 to 700 my.. The total visual
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
light) and the Yc value (daylight). .0074 .013 .040 *V ^c .019 .00046 .323
light) and the Yc value (daylight).

48 49
 B
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78A
56.0

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61.8

61.8

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78C
74.9

76.6

77.9

78.9

79.4

79.5

79.3

78.6
4o<r
10

20

30

40

50

60

70
400

*"
10

20
30

40
50

60

70
80A
67.6

73.1

76.8

77.7

76.5

73.0

69.0

63.6
81
77.7

78.1

79.0

80.5

81.9

83.0

83.7

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77A 47.1 76.7 90 90 51.3 84.9 78.3 80A

43.5 75.5 500 500 45.2 85.3 78.6

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BBBBI
5.35 36.9 73.0 20 20 34.2 35.5 79.5 BBBBI
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BBBBI BBBBI
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Note density scale extends only to 0.75.

78A 1.60 26.0 78.0 600 600 23.7 87.6 84.0
A graph of the 81 series is on page 70.
32.1 24.1 66.1 10 10 23.2 88.1 85.0

78.0 21.8 65.0 20 20 21.0 88.8 86.1 7$

|

79.5 19.7 63.8 30 30 IS.2 89.2 87.0 IBBBI

IBBBI
86.5 18.6 63.0 40 40 15.3 89.4 87.4 BBBI
BBBI
It
89.2

89.0
18.4

18.5
62.7

63.0
50

60
50

60
14.5

13.8
89.5

89.8
87.7

88.0
o-s

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IT
IBBBI
IBBBI
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2 79.5 18.7 63.3 70 70 13.4 90.0 88.2 SSSKi
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90 90 1888888! !' teSSmwl3

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62.4

83.0
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11.7

11.5
90.3

90.5
89.0

89.2
(BBBBflflUU
500 600
.5832 .3715 .4330 *A .352 .4522 .4573

78C .4143 .3736 .4044 y* 3>A .336 .4089 .4102

Note density scale extends only to 0.75.
A graph of the 81 series is on page 70. 8IA
.294 .291 .692 Y* *M .250 .872 .829

.5208 .2418 .2954 XC .2229 .3154 .3213

The tables show percentage transmittance values for The tables show percentage transmittance values for
wavelengths from 400 to 700 my.. The total visual .4753 .2406 .3039 yc yc .2014 .3218 .3275
wavelengths from 400 to 700 m\i. The total visual
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
light) and the Yc value (daylight). .255 .308 .316 Yc Yc .284 .868 .820
light) and the Yc value (daylight).

50 51
 82 82A 82B
8IB 8IC 8IEF
ibbbt
_
m 55.1 46.1 30.7 400
400 83.0 80.1 76.7
BBBi

p
i
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55.8

57.7

61.0
46.6

49.0

52.5
31.5

34.3

38.6
10

20
10

20

30
83.7

84.6

85.1
80.8

81.6

82.2
78.0

79.2

79.7
Bflfll
BBBI
BBBI
BBBI
BBBI
30
^40 85.4 82.4 79.7
a 9M 64.5 57.2 43.2 40 k.

79.2
-**** B
iL 50 85.4 82.4
ff

abb * dJ_ ^ 67.2

69.1
60.5

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47.4

50.2
50

60
60 85.0 81.7 78.0
BBBBBBfc
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liC 9191
BB!
BBBBBBBBBB
BB
!iiiiL. 70.6 64.2 52.0 70
70 84.6 80.7 76.3
00 300 400 S00 600 700

200 300 400 500 600 00 80 84.0 79.3 74.4

71.3 65.0 53.0 80
90 83.3 78.0 72.1 Note density scale extends only to 0.75.
Note density scale extends only to 0.75. 71.8 65.7 54.0 90 A graph of the 82 series is on page 70.
8IB

a
A graph of the 81 scries is on page 70.
500 82.6 76.6 70.2
72.6 66.4 55.4 500

nn 10 82.0 75.3 68.3

pmrr
>K '
72.9 66.5 56.2 10
BBBI

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20 81.4 74.0 663
73.2 67.0 57.0 20 BBBI
Pi in 30 81.0 73.1 653 BBBI
1

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ill
B
74.5 68.8 59.5 30
40 80.8 72.7 65.0 BBBI
sitllf 76.0 71.0 62.7 40 1
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50 80.6 72.4 64.5
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o BBflBL
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77.6 72.5 65.3 60
60 80.4 71.8 63.8 0-25
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k 70 80.2 71.5 63.2
''-Bill 77.8 72.7 65.8 70
BBBBlffl Rl -,IBBI 80 80.2 71.5 63.2

1
!

Si 78.0 73.0 66.0 80

UI1UI1IIIIIIIII
00 100 400 s .
I ii
00 78.2 74.0 66.5 90
90 80.3 71.7 63.4

600 80.2 71.5 63.0

Note density scale extends only to 0.75.
Note density scale extends only to 0.75.
79.1 75.6 68.1 600
10 79.3 70.3 61.5 A graph of the 82 series is on page 70. 82A
A graph of the 81 series is on page 70. 81.0 78.5 71.6 10
20 78.4 68.5 59.0
83.1 80.8 74.7 20

BBBI
nam
ieibu
84.2

85.1
82.1

83.0
77.0

78.4
30

40
30

40
773
76.8
66.9

65.5
56.9

55.0
!
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IBBBB ,J
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85.6

86.0
83.5

84.1
79.2

80.1
50

60
60 76.2 64.6 53.7
|
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cbbbi:*bbbb 86.5 84.8 80.9 70
70 76.1 64.5 53.7 O BBBI,
BBBB lIISiiSl||l
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87.0

87.5
85.5

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81.8

82.9
80

90
80

90
76.1

76.2
64.4

64.2
53.5

53.4
025

BBB BBBBPBBttU
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IBBBI
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IV IB

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II 1

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200 300
1IBB B 88.0

.4620
86.8

.472
84.0

.482
700
*A .446 .439 .431 200 300 400 500 600 n
*A .401 .398 .395
Va Note density scale extends only to 0.75.
Note density scale extends only to 0.75.
.4108 .406 .408
YA .701 .620
A graph of the 82 series is on page 70. 82B
8IEF A graph of the 81 series is on page 70.
.781 .722 .648 Y*
.785

xc .3040 .2970 .2893

.3266 .3330 .3473 The tables show percentage transmittance values for
The tables show percentage transmittance values for Vc .3104 .3026 .2937 wavelengths from 400 to 700 my.. The total visual
wavelengths from 400 to 700 mu.. .3322 .3365 .3500 yc
The total visual transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial Yc .807 .725 .646 light) and the Yc value (daylight).
light) and the Yc value (daylight). .769 .720 .640 Yc
53
52
 *

L
^ <!
82C
73.4

75.0
85
6.0

18.0
85B
1.59

9.32
400
10
400
10
86A
8.00

12.2
86C
44.0

55.0



I
J
I
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. I1

i

! !I
* 76.4 28.4 15.5 20 16.7 62.0
20
I

, 1 * 77.2 33.4 19.0 30 30 21.5 66.6

&
1BI
40 27.8 70.8

!!
77.2 36.2 20.8 40 10%

^ 76.6 38.1 22.1 50 50 34.2 74.3 :::;

:s:
d III
It te._ 4 11 75.2 40.4 24.3 60 60 40.4 76.8 iu
!! UMW
lllll 1II 1
i

8 73.2 43.0 27.5 70 70 45.0 78.7

1
70.7 45.3 30.9 80 80 48.7 80.2
Note density scale extends only to 0.75. 86A

I
82C A graph of the 82 series is on page 70. 68.1 47.2 34.3 90 90 51.2 81.2

2
65.7 48.9 38.3 500 500 52.8 81.7

UHHHI

I
63.5 49.2 40.7 10 10 53.4 81.8

*
20 S3.7 82.0
61.5 48.2 40.6 20

:
* 91 59.9 48.3 40.7 30 30 55.0 82.4
59.1 49.2 41.6 40 40 56.5 83.0
50 58.5 83.5

!.
58.3 51.0 43.2 50 |

57.2 55.8 47.1 60 60 63.0 84.6

!! I ox

menu Ik
I

56.2 64.5 56.0 70 70 70.9 86.8

tmrnme
!*.-

BftlTOlUf 1
56.1 75.0 68.1 80 80 79.0 88.9 liJBMMBM
200 J00 400
i

56.0 83.0 78.1 90 90 85.2 89.9

$00 tOO 700

55.0 87.2 85.0 600 600 88.1 90.6 86C

85 53.0 88.9 88.0 10 10 89.3 91.0

*
20 90.5 91.1

nnnnn 50.2

47.4
90.0

90.5
89.6

90.3
20

30 30 90.8 91.2
45.2 90.7 90.7 40 40 91.1 91.3
44.1 90.9 90.9 50 50 91.2 91.4 NO VISUAL TRANSMISSION 87
iS
43.6 91.0 91.0 60 60 91.3 91.5 BETWEEN 400 and 700 mp
43.5 91.0 91.2 70 70 91.4 91.6
E
43.1 91.0 91.3 80 80 91.4 91.6 SEE PAGE 63 88A
42.8 91.0 91.3 90 90 91.5 91.6
43.5 91.0 91.3 700 700 91.5 91.6
.421 .516 .5353 *A .5083 .4618
*A
.393 .399 .4047 3A Va
.4132 .4112
551 .670 .623 YA Ya .722 .868
.2801 .3861 .4247 .3849 .3270
The tob/es show percentage transmittance values for
wavelengths from 400 to 700 mjx. .2860 .3534 .3805 .Vc
.3757 .3330 The tables show percentage transmittance values for
wavelengths from 400 to 700 my.. The total visual
The total visual
transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
light) and the Yc value (daylight).
.581 .625 .555 yc. Yc .671 .854 transmittance is provided by the Ya value (artificial
light) and the Yc value (daylight).

54 55
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90

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4.28

4.9!

5.50

6.17

6.92

7.50

7.81
400
10

20

30

40

50

60
.SSBSSSBBSBSBSBSSSSSSSSa

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8.15 70
300 400 &00 600 '00

8.47 80
00

90 3.60 90 45 + 47
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8.85

8.90

9.01
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60
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30.5 9.20 70

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34.3 9.19 80
25.2 9.54 90 500 400

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11.3 9.73 10

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500 400 HKi
J00 400
.5484 .4602
.4507 .4170 25 + 35
.116 .092 y.

The tob/es show percentoge tronsmittonce vo/ues for

.5329 .3286 The curves show the transmittance of certain pairs of
wavelengths from 400 to 700 mp. .4662 .3430 filters. The combined transmittance value for any
The toto/ v;'suo/ given wavelength can be calculated by multiplying
trensm/ttance Is provided by the Y& value (artificial
lighi) and the Yc value (daylight).
.980 .0910 Yc
together the separate percentage values and dividing
by 100.

56
57
 I imnnni
;
( 4BBBBMBBBBBB

i
IBBBBBBI
BBM_LJ|IbBBBBI
wblTjbbmbsbi i:s::::::sy
. ::::::::::::
:S""SSH*K

jbbbbbbbi
bbbbbbbbbbbbbbi
^nflavaSSSBBBaBi
200
BBBBMMMBMMMMBBBBBMMI
- JOO <00 500 600 100 JOO 400 S00 600 700

45 + 49 35 + 45

I B BB B BBBB B
BBBBBBI
IBI BBBBI

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBI
IT TBWBB1

U
IBBBBBBBBBBBBB1
IBBBBBI
BB.IBBBI__
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJBBBBBBBI
tlllllllllllltlilHUH
"
HBI
BHflBWfBflBflBfl|:tjBH BBBBI
BBB IBBBB I3BBB 7MB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
llllllllNmil
IBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBflBBBBBBBBI
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
300 400 500 600 700
200 200
300 400 S00 600 700

45 + 58 15 + 45

BBBBBBBBBIflBflBIIH IBB
ml
mil
IUU'
;MBB * BBBBBBBBBI
BBBBI iGii__
IBBBt IB Ban **** HI
BBBBI ILJBBBI
IBBBB IUIIIIHI l|[ jlllll
BIBflB BBBBBI
yBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBI
^BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBI
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBI
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBI
200 300 400 S00
MBBJBMMBBMMBMMBBBMBMMBJ
600 700 200 300 400 S00 600 700

22 + 58 23A + 61
The curves show the transmitiance of certain pairs of The curves show the transmittance of certain pairs of
filters. The combined transmittance value for any filters. The combined transmittance value for any
given wavelength can be calculated by multiplying given wavelength can be calculated by multiplying
together the separate percentage values and dividing together the separate percentage values and dividing
by 100. by 100.

58 59
 1%
INFRA-RED TRANSMISSION
NDI.O I8A I8B
700 9.52 1.20 33.1

10 10.0 3.10 45.7

20 13.5 5.63 54.9

30 16.6 8.51 58.9

I
10%
40 18.6 10.7 60.3

50 19.9 10.7 58.0

25 : 58 : 47 KSSSSSSSii 60 20.9 7.95 57.6

70 21.8 5.50 54.9

80 22.4 3.72 53.8

NDI.O
90 22.9 2.57 52.5

A MR 0-1%

800 23.3 1.82 50.1

LSia!

! < 10 23.8 1.26 49.0

IJIhbw

I
20 24.3 0.91 47.9
JWFW r

MMBBSB 30 24.7 0.65 46.7

! !! !
m
llllllMlllilia^
a&. ait 40 25.1 0.47 45.7
JHIB fflnaaHBHi
iMmmmmmi
1

ana

i Ml
BEi i - 50 25.5 0.32 45.7

i
ji

inn 60

70
25.9

26.3
0.22

0.15
43.7

41.8
29 : 61 : 49 I
80 26.6 0.10 36.3

90 26.9 31.6

900 27.2 28.8

I8A 10 27.5 25.7

01% 20 27.8 23.5

30 28.2 21.9

40 28.5 20.4

50 28.8 19.1

.1

!
10%

M
*m ii

The diagrams show, superimposed, the curves of

certain 'Wratten' They are given in this form
filters. 100%
to show relative
absorption characteristics and to 700 800 900
facilitate comparison The tables and curves show the infra-red
of density and transmittance
values. transmission of certain special filters
I8B between wavelengths 700 and 950 m\i,

60
61
INFRA-RED TRANSMISSION
1%
MM I
01%
INFRA-RED TRANSMISSION
45 47 74 87 88A
1.0 700 1% I E Si i% 700
O
8.30 0.10 10 wo 10
29.5 0.42 20 I
a
P
| 111
"'B-l
z
z 20
2
56.4 1.32 30
10% i ci~S- -
-
10%
30 7.40
70.9 3.98 40 40 0.10 32.8
77.6

81.4

84.0
10.0

20.9

37.2
0.69

4.26

15.8
50

60

70
E
700 800 900
I OCX
700 800 900

87
100%
50

60

70
2.19

7.95

17.4
56.3

69.2

74.2




86.1 53.7 30.2 80 45 80 31.6 77.6

87.8 66.0 44.6 90 90 43.7 79.7

89.2 74.2 56.4 800
01%
800 53.8 81.4
90.1 79.5 64.6 10 10 61.7 82.6
90.8 83.2 70.8 20 l 20 69.2 83.7
91.0 85.1 76.0 30
El
30 74.1 84.7
91.0 86.3 80.5 40 ii 0-1% 40 77.7 85.5
91.0 87.2 83.2 50 50 81.4 86.1

91.0 88.0 85.0 60 10% 60 84.0 86.6

91.0 88.6 86.0 70 70 85.4 87.2

2

91.0 89.1 86.8 80

i

j-
80 86.8 87.5
91.0 89.7 87.2 90 100% "
90 87.8 87.8
800 900
91.0 90.2 87.4 900
a
900 88.4 88.0
91.0 90.5 87.5 10
47 10%
10 88.8 88.2
91.0 90.8 87.7 20
01% 20 89.1 88.4
91.0 90.9 87.9 30
Ml 88.6
ri
30 89.1
ml 100%
91.0 91.0 88.1 40 H"t-L
1
700 40 89.1 88.8
91.0 91.0 88.1 50 88A 50 89.1 89.0

i
in
&
i H| 10%

iil,
IMIk
100%
700 800 900
The tables and curves show the infra-red The tables and curves show the infra-red
transmission of certain special filters transmission of certain special filters
between wavelengths 700 and 950 mu.. 74 between wavelengths 700 and 950 mil.

62 63
 RED CYAN
CC-05R CC-IOR CC-20R CC-05C CC-IOC CC-20C

400 81.0 73.0 61.5 400 87.3 86.0 83.9

M I

10 81.0 72.4 60.0 10 88.2 87.5 85.2

20 81.0 72.0 58.6 20 88.7 88.1 86.5 1

30 81.1 71.6 57.7 30 89.0 88.6 87.5

7

40 81.2 71.5 57.2 40 89.3 89.0 87.7

50 81.4 71.6 57.2 50 89.5 89.1 87.8 *

60 81.7 72.4 58.5 60 89.6 89.1 87.7

\ 1

70 82.3 73.7 60.6 70 89.7 89.0 87.5

5
5

\
T
|

80 82.8 74.9 62.0 80 89.7 89.0 87.2

I

90 83.2 75.8 63.5 90 89.7 89.0 87.0 1

500 83.3 76.6 64.6 500 89.6 89.0 86.5 OJ

\\
V !/"*
|
10 83.0 76.1 64.0 10 89.6 88.7 86.0 yf- 20R
o \
20 82.4 74.9 61.5 20 89.5 88.5 85.2
CC-05R
I0R
30 81.6 73.5 59.4 30 89.4 88.0 84.3
0-1
"
osr,
CC-IOR
40 81.2 72.5 57.8 40 89.2 87.5 83.4

50 81.1 72.4 50 88.9

CC-20R
57.1 87.0 82.3

60 81.4 72.8 58.4 60 88.5 86.1 80.5

70 82.5 74.5 60.6 70 88.0 85.0 78.5

80 83.9 77.3 65.0 80 87.5 83.8 76.1

,_

90 85.7 80.7 61.0 90 87.0 82.5 73.9

600 87.6 84.0 77.0 600 86.4 81.0 71.2

10 89.0 86.5 82.0 10 85.5 79.5 78.5

20 90.0 88.9 86.2 20 84.5 77.9 75.5

30 90.6 89.9 88.1 30 83.8 76.3 72.7 /

40 91.1 90.5 89.8 40 83.3 75.1 60.8

50 91.2 90.8 90.5 50 82.8 74.4 59.5

60 91.3 91.1 90.8 60 82.5 74.0 58.5

70 91.4 91.3 91.0 70 82.4 73.6 57.9

80 91.6 91.5 91.2 80 82.0 73.0 57.5

90 91.7 91.7 91.4 90 82.0 72.8 57.4

\
700 91.9 91.9 91.5 700 82.5 74.0 58.5
\
.4562 .4649 .4813 .4422 .4350 w N MC ^
w
.4211
*A *A
A
yA
.4044

.846
.4021

.787
.3956

.681
3A

^A
.4090

.874
.4102

.838
.4117

.764
\

^ r""!--''^-^ '
CC-05C
CC-IOC
*c .3170 .3246 .3385 .3053 .2997 .2882
1
CC-20C
.3171 .3194 .3199 .3156 .3135 .3084
VVtlSNCTH(mj.)

yc .837 .770 .653 Yc .880 .851 .789

65
64
 GREEN MAGENTA
10

CC-05G CC-IOG CC-20G CC-05M CC-IOM CC-20M

400 80.0 73.1 58.8 400 87.6 86.6 85.6

10 80.7 72.9 57.8 10 88.2 87.7 86.6

20 81.0 72.8 57.3 20 88.6 88.0 87.0

30 81.4 72.7 57.0 30 88.7 88.0 86.9

40 81.6 73.0 57.3 40 88.7 87.9 86.0

50 82.1 73.9 53.4 50 38.6 87.5 84.9

fc
60 83.0 75.5 61.4 60 88.4 86.5 83.1 II

70 84.4 78.0 65.4 70 87.8 85.2 80.8

80 85.6 80.4 70.0 80 87.0 83.6 77.9

90 86.8 83.0 75.2 90 86.0 81.8 74.4

V
500 87.9 85.9 80.3 500 85.0 79.7 70.5 k s
\\ \
20G

10 88.7 87.5 83.8 10 83.8 77.5 66.7

^ \ / CC-05G
20 89.0 88.1 84.9 20 82.7 75.3 63.4 ^^ IOG

050
\ ,"1- CC-IOG
30 89.0 88.0 84.6 30 81.8 73.7 60.5

40 89.0 87.6 83.7 40 81.3 72.5 53.6

CC-20G
50 88.6 87.1 82.4 50 81.2 72.2 58.0

60 88.1 86.3 80.9 60 81.5 72.8 58.3

70 87.5 85.3 79.0 70 82.5 74.6 60.5

80 87.0 84.1 77.0 80 84.0 77.3 64.9

90 86.4 82.8 74.5 90 85.8 80.8 70.6

M
600 85.7 81.5 72.0 600 88.0 84.5 77.1

10 85.0 80.0 69.5 10 89.3 87.0 82.2 oa

20 84.0 78.5 66.5 20 90.2 88.9 86.1

07
30 83.0 76.9 63.8 30 90.6 90.0 88.7

40 82.2 75.6 61.5 40 90.8 90.5 90.0

0-t

50 81.9 74.9 60.1 50 91.0 90.7 90.5

60 31.5 74.4 59.4 60 91.1 91.0 90.8 \ 05 \

1
70 81.4 74.0 58.8 70 91.2 91.2 91.0 \
0-4

80 81.1 73.5 58.1 80 91.3 91.3 91.2

\
90 81.1 73.2 57.6 90 91.4 91.4 91.4 01
\
700 81.5 73.5 58.0 700 91.5 91.5 91.5 \ \
o V
^.
> 20H
XA .4451 .4434 .4386 .4524 .4563 .4628
*A '\ \ CC-05M
3* .4131 .4193 .4319 yA .4004 .3929 .3787
V\ IOM

^ m ascj CC-IOM
1 v
05M
^A .868 .837 .763 y. .849 .791 .690 S>-

.3105 .3117 .3131 .3114 .3114 .3104 1 CC-20M

.3245 .3340 .3533 .3082 .2986 .2808 WAVELENGTH (mp)

yc .872 .845 .778

^c .842 .779 .671 67

66
 BLUE YELLOW
CC-05B CC-IOB CC-20B CC-OSY CC-IOY CC-20Y

400 87.0 85.5 82.2 400 81.0 74.5 61.3

1

10 87.5 86.4 84.0 10 80.6 73.2 59.0

20 87.7 87.2 85.0 20 80.4 72.6 57.8 M

30 88.0 87.5 85.3 30 80.4 72.5 57.5
n
40 88.1 87.5 85.0 40 80.6 72.8 57.8 1

50 88.1 87.2 83.9 50 81.2 74.0 59.5 it

60 87.9 86.4 82.5 60 82.5 76.0 63.0

B
70 87.5 85.3 80.3 70 83.9 78.5 67.5
M
c

80 87.0 84.0 77.8 80 85.3 81.2 72.3

H
90 86.2 82.4 74.2 90 87.0 84.4 78.0 \

500 85.2 80.5 71.2 500 88.4 87.2 84.0 M \

\

\ \ \
10 84.4 78.6 67.7 10 89.5 89.0 88.0
c J
\ K 20B
S
V^
20 83.5 77.0 64.0 20 90.0 90.0 89.6
1

s \ CC-05B
30 82.6 75.2 61.5 30 90.4 90.4 90.0 C 1

s ^t
"urn"

0511
CC-iOB
40 82.1 73.9 59.5 40 90.7 90.7 90.6
CC-20B
50 81.5 73.0 58.0 50 90.9 90.9 90.8
WAVUENGTH(mti)
60 81.4 72.7 57.5 60 91.0 91.0 90.9

70 81.4 73.0 57.9 70 91.3 91.3 91.0

80 81.9 73.9 59.3 80 91.4 91.4 91.1

90 82.7 75.1 61.6 90 91.4 91.4 91.2

600 83.4 76.3 63.5 600 91.4 91.4 91.3 I

v

10 83.6 76.7 64.5 10 91.4 91.4 91.3

CI
20 83.5 76.5 64.3 20 91.4 91.4 91.3

30 83.2 76.6 63.1 30 91.5 91.5 91.4

40 82.8 74.5 61.6 40 91.5 91.5 91.4

50 82.5 74.0 60.6 50 91.5 91.5 91.4 I

60 82.5 73.8 60.1 60 91.5 91.5 91.4

c
C 5

70 82.3 73.3 59.6 70 91.5 91.5 91.4 a

80 82.0 72.8 58.6 80 91.5 91.5 91.4

M
90 81.9 72.5 58.1 90 91.5 91.5 91.4

700 82.2 73.0 58.5 700 91.5 91.5 91.4 f 1

*A .4449 .4405 .4328 .4531 .4567 .4643 mi

*A
CJ
.4053 .3984 .3871 -VA .4125 .4166 .4249 / CC-05Y
n .911

.3057
.750

.2994
.615

.2881
^A .909

.3181
.907

.3239
.903

.3369
W ^ 1
IOY

CSV

\~
1
CC-IOY
yc .3087 .2987 .2789 yc .3283 .3382 .3597
1
1
I
CC-20Y
Yc .828 .755 .623 Yc .904 .901 .891

69
68
 COLOUR SPECIFICATION
For consistency, colours need to be defined more accurately than simply
by analogy with familiar objects. To the human observer, colours can
be considered as having three attributes (as solid objects have three
_| dimensions) and they can be loosely defined as follows
Hue (the kind of colour) e.g. red, yellow, bluish-green, etc. ; saturation
(the purity of colour) that is, the extent to which the hue appears to be
diluted with white or grey, and lightness, the degree to which the colour

v
\ appears to reflect or transmit the incident light.
2
s / \
he These psychological characteristics of colour can be illustrated by the
\VJ / \\ following examples. A pale pink is predominantly red in hue, of low
s saturation, but of fairly high lightness. If the saturation had been high
/ \ and the lightness low, the colour would have been a rich deep red.
*V / \
^ VJ
is often confusion when a colour is merely described as "bright".
hi
V A
There
saturated red, for example, may be described as a "bright red," when it
is really just a strong or intense red that may not, in fact, be as light as a
-- bs; pale pink which reflects more light. There is also a possibility of mis-
81 Series
taking low lightness for saturation. For instance, the rich blue sky in a
(bluish) colour photograph may appear saturated, but when compared with a
WAYUNGTH(rt
tri-colour blue filter, it will clearly be of much lower saturation and
lightness.

The CLE. System

1
,
, .

The physical characteristics of light and colours can be measured by

instruments and expressed in terms of the amount of light present at each
wavelength of the spectrum (as in a spectrophotometric curve), but, to be
of full practical value, colour specification data must also take into account
the psychological reactions of the human observer. The recommenda-
tions of the International Commission of Illumination have been widely
accepted as the basis of a standard psycho-physical system of colour
specification, and are referred to as the CLE. system. The initials CLE.
L_
stand for the official title "Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage,"
I but in America the initials I.C.I, are sometimes used.
A
By mixing three lights (not pigments or inks) any colour (even spectral
w
3
XSX
V colours) can be matched.* Although these lights, referred to as primaries,
could be of any three colours they are preferably red, green and blue and
preferably of high saturation.
A-&- -7
Vsi s7,- The CLE. system amounts X, Y, and

\vL
\SV"
fee-- '^ __
^^TI'"-'" to match the sample.
specifies colours in terms of the
Z of each of three primaries! Px Py and P z , which would have to be mixed

^^^^rr~^^^^^~
-~
n -:-
* Sometimes the amounts of the lights needed will be negative, which means that
"*^-^^=fii 82 Series they have to be added to the sample colour instead of to the comparison mixture.
(yellowish)
+ The CLE. primaries Px Py and Pz are, themselves, denned in terms of the
amounts of a standard set of red, green and blue spectral primaries needed to
WAVUCNCTHImM
produce them, and some of these amounts are negauve.

70
71
 By plotting the amounts of the CLE. primaries required to match each As the chromaticity diagram has only two dimensions it can only
wavelength of the spectrum, in the opinion of a large number of observers, demonstrate dominant wavelength and purity. It is therefore obvious
and taking averages, data for the "standard observer" are obtained. that what has been called the "illuminant" point is in reality the "neutral"
point, being equally applicable to any density of neutral grey as seen by
With this as the psychological basis, and a spectrophotometric curve
the specified light-source.
supplying the physical data, the colour specification of a sample can be
computed and stated with respect to a specified light source without any The third variable used in the CLE. system to denote lightness is the
practical colour matching having to be done*. luminance factor or Y
value*, which is the ratio of the visual response to
the illuminant after reflection from the surface, or passage through the
But hue, saturation, and lightness are sensations in the human brain, filter, to that from the illuminant beam direct, i.e., the reflection factor or
and cannot be measured by means of physical trichromatic matching. the transmission factor.
Quantities analogous to these sensations can, however, be quite simply
obtained from colour matching data, and in the CLE. system they are The CLE. specification of a colour therefore states the x and y co-
called dominant wavelength, purity and luminance factor respectively and
ordinates, together with the Y
value. These three values are quoted in
the filter data tables in this book. It is important to remember that the
are measured from the chromaticity diagram prepared as follows. The
chromaticity diagram, a "colour map" of all possible dominant wave- colour specifications only hold for the illuminant stated. With other fight
lengths and purities, can be plotted graphically, the x and y co-ordinates sources new values of x, y and Y have to be evaluated from the official
being derived fromX, Y and Z values for each colour in the following CLE. tables representing the standard observert.
manner. The relative positions of colours within the CLE. chromaticity diagram,
X unfortunately, do not give an accurate impression of the actual differences
x = y = in colour. The "scale" of the visual effect is not constant in all directions
X+ Y+Z X+Y + Z Continued on page 78

The positions of the colours having the highest possible purity (the
spectral colours) lie on a horseshoe-shaped line, along which the * The primary ~Px has been chosen to consist of light of one colour added to the
mixture beam, and light of another colour added to the test-colour beam ; the
wavelengths are marked. This boundary line is called the spectral locus.
amounts added to each are of equal luminance. Similarly, the primary Pz adds
The straight line joining the bottom ends of the horseshoe represents the equal amounts of light (of different colours) to the two beams. Thus all the
magentas and purples at maximum purity and, not being colours occurring luminance of the test colour has to be balanced by the primary Py and hence the
in the spectrum, their wavelengths are normally quoted as for their "green" lightness of a colour is independent of the values X and Z. For convenience,
instead of the actual Y reading being quoted, the Y value is taken as the ratio
complements with the inferior index "C," e.g. 566 c The positions in
.
(usually as a percentage) of the amount of the primary Py needed in matching the
the diagrams representing various "white" illuminants, such as sunlight, colour, to the amount of the primary Py needed in matching the illuminant.
tungsten fight, fluorescent light, etc., are a little below the centre. On a
The basic tables are in the form of tabulated values of the amounts of the
straight line drawn out from any such point will lie the positions of all f
primaries Pat, Py and Pz needed to match unit energy of each wavelength of the
colours of the same dominant wavelength relative to the particular illuminant
spectrum. These are denoted by the symbols x\, yx and zx respectively, and
being used, and this wavelength is indicated at the point on the spectral
locus where the straight line cuts it.

Y=
Colours lying on the same line are low in purity when near the illuminant
point, and increase in purity as they approach the spectral locus. When
the distance from the illuminant point to the sample point is divided by
the total distance from the illuminant point to the spectral locus, the value s
obtained is called the excitation purity of the colour.

The value of dominant wavelength and excitation purity together locate y = 2 Eh .T x .y\Ax
8
the position of a colour sample within the spectral locus of the chromaticity
diagram, but a more convenient definition of the point is given by quoting where 8 = 1 Ex.Tx.xx.bx + 2 Ex.Tx.yx^x + X Ex.Tx.zxAy,
its co-ordinates x, y on which the diagram is based.

Ex isthe energy of the source at wavelength x and Tx is the transmission factor

of a or the reflection factor of a surface, at wavelength x. Owing to the fact
filter
* See "The Measurement of Colour" by W, D. Wright, Adam Hilger, London, 1944; "The that all the luminance of a test colour has to_be balanced by the luminance of the
Handbook of Colorimetry" by A. C. Hardy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1936, or
"The CLE. International Colour System Explained" by G. I. Chamberlin, Tintometer, amount of the primary P y in a match, the yx curve is the same as the luminosity
Salisbury, 1951. curve Vx of the eye.

71 73
 CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM
CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM
To Standard lliuminant 'C
To Standard lliuminant 'A' (Daylight)
(Artificial light)

The chromaticity diagram on this page shows the positions of

The chromaticity diagram on this page shows the positions of 'Wratten' filters relative to the point representing the Standard
'Wratten' filters relative to the point representing the Standard lliuminant "C" as specified by the "Commission" Inter-
lliuminant "A" specified by the "Commission" Internationale nationale de I'Eclairage 1931. The Standard lliuminant "C"
de I'Eclairage 1931. The Standard lliuminant "A" has a is approximately equivalent to a mixture of sunlight and

colour temperature of 2854K, equivalent to high-wattage skylight of a colour temperature of 6500 'K. The co-ordinates
tungsten lighting. The co-ordinates xa and y\ for each filter A C and yc for each filter are given in the data tables on
are given in the data tables on pages 36 to 56. pages 36 to 56.
The rectangular outlined portion in the middle of the The rectangular outlined portion in the middleof thediagram
diagram shows the area covered by the enlarged section on shows the area covered by the enlarged section on page 77.
page 76.
75
74
 CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM
To Standard llluminant 'A' To Standard llluminant 'C
(enlarged section for filters of small colour differences) (enlarged section for filters of small colour differences)
S2

38
S

580 m/X 34
48

8IEF

46 34

-32 -
20R
44 IUUHIHANT 'A'
I0R

KG /
/ . 2CY

42
-IOC /
/ -10V
G/.05Y8.B . g|C -8IEF 86A-
-OC.or
,0C
05C-
%
o/-8l 8*, A 86C
y
79C. .-B -05R .
B2
28
4
A..
|0B
C * MOM -
,0R

206

26
38 /
20M
?8A

24
36

22
34
so*

32

3
22 -24 26 28 32 34 36 38
34 36 38 42 44 46 :a 52

The diagram on this page is an enlargement of the portion

The diagram on this page is an enlargement of the portion
indicated by the small rectangle in the standard CLE.
indicated by the small rectangle in the standard CLE.
chromaticity diagram on page 75.
chromaticity diagram on page 74.
It shows the positions relative to the Standard llluminant
It shows the positions relative to Standard llluminant "A"
"C" of certain filters which, due to small differences in hue
of certain filters which, due to small differences in hue and
and saturation, are grouped closely together. Filters of this
saturation, are grouped closely together. Filters of this
nature, such as 'Kodak' Colour Compensating Filters and
nature, such as 'Kodak' Colour Compensating Filters and
'Wratten' Light Balancing Filters, are frequently used in
'Wratten' Light Balancing filters, are frequently used in
colour photography and for visual colour work. The co-
colour photography and for visual colour work. The co- ordinates of the CC filters are given on pages 64, 66 and 68.
ordinates of the CC filters are given on pages 64, 66 and 68.
76 77
and positions, as can be seen from the following diagram in which steps
of equal colour difference are represented by the lengths of the lines.
COLOUR TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
By comparing the diagram on page 74 with the one below, it will be
The colour quality of an illuminant may be expressed in terms of "colour
appreciated that the difference between 'Wratten' No. 35 and 36 is
filters
temperature" a measure which defines the colour of a light-source by
approximately the same as between No. 59 and 61, though the first pah- reference to the visual appearance of the light radiated by a black body
would seem to be very similar and the second pair well separated. heated to incandescence. This measurement is expressed in degrees
Kelvin (K.).
Each colour temperature can have assigned to it a " mired " value
(micro-reciprocal degree Kelvin). 'Wratten' Photometric filters and

520 mfi
Light-Balancing Filters have the power to shift the colour temperature,
.

and hence the mired value, of any one light-source by a definite amount.
Each filter can therefore be given a "mired shift value," represented by
the expression (
- ) 106

when T, represents the colour temperature of the original light source, and
T 2
the colour temperature of the light through the filter. This value
will be either positive or negative according to the colour of the filter.
Yellowish or amber filters, which lower the colour temperature and there-
fore increase the mired value, will have a positive value; those in the bluish
series, which raise the colour temperature and therefore reduce the mired
value, will have a negative value.

The chart on the next page shows the comparison between various
colour temperatures and their associated mired values. To find the mired
shift value of the filter required it is only necessary to determine the
difference in mired values between the colour temperature of the light-
source in use, and that of the light required. Taking into account the
positive (towards blue) or negative (towards red) bias, the necessary
correction filter can be found by selecting one that has the nearest mired
shift value.

+ 11 \,/J \- 620 m
-\ \630m/4
p.

640m/i
Filters may be combined, the desired combination being calculated by
adding the mired shift values of the filters, with due regard to the sign.
If more than one filter is used, it should be remembered that the reflection
loss due to the multiple surfaces may become considerable. This,
48Smp. however, can be partly eliminated by cementing the filters together in
pairs.

mm l\ z\ Mired Shift Values

470m/i\ '//
Towards blue 82 -1<H Towards yellow 81 H
82A 21 81A hl8J
\
380 mn 82B 32J 81B -f-27
3 -4 S -6 -7 8 82C -44?. 81C 35
X 78A -Ill 81EF :-53
Diagram reproduced by kind permission of Professor W. D. Wright and the Physical Society. 78C -24 86A -111
86C :-24
85 -127
85B -146
78
79
 1.500 2.000 3,000 4,000 S^OOO 6.000 7,000 8,000 9.000 10,000

TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS
The Spectrum
The name "spectrum" is applied to the band of colours formed when
a narrow beam of white light is split into its constituent colours by means
of a prism or diffraction grating. This is obtained by the differential
dispersion of light of different wavelengths, which gives rise to an over-
lapping series of six distinct colour bands ; red at the longer wavelength
end of the scale, and passing through orange, yellow, green and blue to
violet at the short-wavelength end of the scale.

WAVELENGTH in millimicrons

10-* IO-< 10-' 1 I0 2 10* 10* io io' io 12 io H io'*

COSMIC GAMMA X-RAYS ULTRA- INFRA HERTZIAN RADAR RADIO LONG

RAYS RAYS VIOLET -RED WAVES AND WAVES ELECTRICAL
RAYS RAYS TELEVISION OSCILLATIONS
WAVES

1 1 1 1 1

1 Anjilrom Unit 1 Millimicron 1 Millimtttr 1 Meter 1 Kilometer

f VISIBLE SPECTRUM 1
I00mj 700m,i

The visual spectrum extends from approximately 400 m<x at the blue end
to 750 m;x at the red end;beyond these two extremes exists a series of
through infra-red to heat waves, short and
invisible radiations extending
long wave wireless transmissions, and through ultra-violet to X-ray
gamma-ray and cosmic radiations.
Whilst scientists and research workers, using special materials, make use
of the photographic process to record phenomena occuring far beyond the
visible spectrum, the average practical photographer need only be con-
cerned with the effect obtained from visible light rays, and to a lesser
extent those from the nearer infra-red and ultra-violet regions.

Wavelength
Light can be defined as visible electro-magnetic radiation, the charac-
teristics of which may be represented by a
sine-wave form. The distance between
corresponding points in a full cycle of the
wave is termed the wavelength (x) of the
radiation. Wavelength provides a measure
of the colour characteristic of light.
The standard unit of wavelength measurement is the "micron" (u)
-3
which equal to 10
is millimetre. This, however, is an inconveniently
large unit by which to measure the wavelength of light. Two other
smaller units of measurement are therefore used, the "millimicron" (mu),
equal to 10-8 millimetre and, less usually, the " Angstrom Unit " (A)
which is equal to IO-7 millimetre.

1.503 2,000
The millimicron (ma) has been adopted as being the most convenient
3.000 1,000 i.OOO 6.000 7.000 8,000 9,000 10.000
way of expressing the measurement of wavelength throughout this book.
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (KELVIN)
80 81
 or
Ultra-violet Radiations A density of 1.0 will therefore correspond to a transmission of 1/10
or
10 per cent.; a density of 2.0 will correspond to a transmission of 1/100
Ultra-violet radiations extend beyond the visible region of the spectrum transmission of /1000 or 0.1 per cent.
1 per cent. ; and a density of
3.0 to a 1
and are of wavelength shorter than the blue-violet, starting at approxi-
(see table on pages 84 and 85).
mately 400 m;o.. This radiation is usually considered undesirable by most
The term applied usually, but not exclusively, to photographic silver
is
photographers as it is recorded in the form of aerial haze, particularly at
deposits it can also be applied to the colour absorption of a filter. In this
high altitudes, and an excess blue colour cast when using colour films. :

connection it is frequently used in preference to transmission values

Its effect on sensitized emulsions can be suppressed by the use of niters
because of its mathematical simplicity, in so far that the combined density
such as 'Wratten' No. 1A or 2B. Radiations of wavelengths below
of two or more filters is equal to the sum of their individual densities.
330 mjx can usually be disregarded, as the lens glasses (except those
specially constructed of quartz) normally absorb strongly below this figure. The transmission and density graphs on pages 36 to 70 have been
measured to a maximum density of 3, corresponding to a transmission
Certain materials are known to fluoresce (i.e. emit visible light, often
factor of 0.1 per cent. This figure is the maximum density ever likely to
coloured) under ultra-violet light, and photographs taken of an object
be required in normal photographic work.
illuminated by the ultra-violet fight passing through a 'Wratten' No. 18A
filter are often used in forensic photography. The sensitive material must Colour Temperature
be protected from the direct ultra-violet radiation by using a 'Wratten' In order to define the term "colour temperature" it is necessary to
No. 2B filter over the lens of the camera. make use of the concept of "black-body radiation."
Infra-red Radiations A "black-body" is defined as a body that absorbs all the radiation
falling on it. It has the property of radiating more energy at any
wave-
Infra-red radiations extend beyond the visible region of the spectrum
length than any other body at the same temperature, so that
black-body
but are of wavelength longer than the red, starting at approximately
680 m\i. Infra-red radiations present in daylight are very variable in radiation represents a limit which can never be exceeded by the lamp.
amount; this amount is not directly related in any way to the visual The quality of the radiation from such a black-body depends solely on
intensity of the light. the temperature, so that all black-bodies at the same temperature
have
the same colour and distribution of energy throughout the spectrum.
Normal photographic emulsions are insensitive to infra-red, but specially
sensitized plates can be used to obtain photographs in total darkness using The spectral quality of the radiation from an incandescent source may
the
a 'Wratten' No. 87 or 88A filter. be different from that from a black-body, but if the temperature of
black-body can be varied till the two sources have the same visual colour,
Transmission
then the temperature of the black-body is the colour temperature of the
Thetransmission of a given filter, defined as being the ratio of the light incandescent source.
transmitted by a filter to the light incident upon it, is usually expressed as
Colour temperature is measured on the absolute scale in "degrees
a percentage. This will vary according to the wavelength of the incident
Kelvin" ( K), that is, the Centigrade temperature plus 273 in the case
C
;

light. By examining the transmission of a filter in a spectro-photometer of a tungsten lamp it happens that the colour temperature is about
50K.
at varying wavelengths and plotting these values against the wavelength, a absolute temperature of the filament.
higher than the
curve can be obtained representing the transmission characteristics of the
filter. The curves shown on pages 36 to 70 were obtained in this manner The CLE. System
and form a useful and ready form of reference. For a full explanation of the CLE. system of colour specification see
Absorption pages 71 to 78.

The absorption of a very often required to be known in order

filter is
on the tone rendering given by a photo-
to calculate the effect of the filter
graphic emulsion. The absorption factor is also usually expressed as a
percentage value and is the complement of the transmission figure.

Density
Density, in photographic sense, can be defined as the term applied
its
to the degree of opacity or absorption of an exposed
and processed photo-
graphic emulsion and can be determined from the equation

Density = log 10
Transmission
(where the transmission is expressed in fractional form).

82 83
 DENSITY/PER CENT. TRANSMISSION TABLE DENSITY/PER CENT. TRANSMISSION TABLE
Per Cent.
Per Cent.
Transmission .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .6 .7 .8 .9
Transmission .1 .2 .3 .4 .5

3.00 2.70 2.52 2.40 2.30 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.05 .29 .29 .29 .29 .29 .29 .28
51 .29 .29 .29
1 2.00 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.80 1.77 1.74 1.72 .28 .28 .28 .28 .28
52 .28 .28 .28 .28 .28
2 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.54 .28 .28 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27
53
3 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 .26 .26 .26 .26 .26
54 .27 .27 .27 .27 .26
4 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 .26 .26 .26 .26 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25
55 .26
5 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.23
56 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .24
6 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.16 57 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24
7 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1,10 .23 .23 .23 .23 .23
58 .24 .24 .24 .23 .23
8 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.05 .23 .22 .22 .22 .22
59 .23 .23 .23 .23 .23
9 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 .22 .22 .22 .22 .22 .22
60 .22 .22 .22 .22
10 1.00 1.00 .99 .99 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .96
61 .21 .21 .21 .21 .21 .21 .21 .21 .21 .21
II .96 .95 .95 .95 .94 .94 .93 .93 .93 .92 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20
62 .21 .21 .21 .21 .20
12 .92 .92 .91 .91 .91 .90 .90 .90 .89 .89 .20 .20 .20 .20 .19
63 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20
13 .89 .88 .88 .88 .87 .87 .87 .86 .86 .86 .19 .19 .19 .19
64 .19 .19 .19 .19 .19 .19
14 .85 .85 .85 .84 .84 .34 .84 .83 .83 .83 .18 .18 .18 .18 .18
65 .19 .19 .19 .19 .18
15 .82 .82 .82 .82 .81 .81 .81 .80 .80 .80
66 .18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .17 .17
16 .80 .79 .79 .79 .78 .78 .78 .78 .77 .77 .17 .17 .17 .17 .17
67 .17 .17 .17 .17 .17
17 .77 .77 .76 .76 .76 .76 .75 .75 .75 .75 .16 .16 .16 .16
68 .17 .17 .17 .17 .16 .16
18 .74 .74 .74 .74 .73 .73 .73 .73 .73 .72 .16 .16 .16 .16 .16
69 .16 .16 .16 .16 .16
19 .72 .72 .72 .71 .71 .71 .71 .71 .70 .70 .15 .15 .15 .15
70 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15
20 .70 JO .69 .69 .69 .69 .69 .68 .68 .68 .14
71 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 .14 .14 .14
21 .68 .68 .67 .67 .67 .67 .67 .66 .66 .66 .14 .14 .14 .14
72 .14 .14 .14 .14 .14 .14
22 .66 .66 .65 .65 .65 .65 .65 .64 .64 .64 .13 .13 .13 .13 .13 .13
73 .14 .14 .14 .13
23 .64 .64 .63 .63 .63 .63 .63 .63 .62 .62 .13 .13 .13 .13
74 .13 .13 .13 .13 .13 .13
24 .62 .62 .62 .61 .61 .61 .61 .61 .60 .60 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12
75 .12 .12 .12
25 .60 .60 .60 .60 .59 .59 .59 .59 .59 .59
.12 .12 .12 .11 .11
76 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12
26 .58 .58 .58 .58 .58 .58 .57 .57 .57 .57 .11 .11 .11 .11
77 .11 .11 .11 .11 .11 .11
27 .57 .57 .57 .57 .56 .56 .56 .56 .56 .56 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10
78 .11 .11 .11 .11 .11
28 .55 .55 .55 .55 .55 .54 .54 .54 .54 .54 .10- .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10
79 .10 .10 .10
29 .54 .54 .53 .53 .53 .53 .53 .53 .53 .52 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09
80 .10 .10 .10 .10 .09
30 .52 .52 .52 .52 .52 .52 .51 .51 .51 .51
81 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09
31 .51 .51 .51 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .08 .08 .08 .08
82 .09 .09 .08 .08 .08 .08
32 .49 .49 .49 .49 .49 .49 .49 .49 .48 .48 .08 .08 .08 .08 .08
83 .08 .08 .08 .08 .08
33 .48 .48 .48 .48 .48 .47 .47 .47 .47 .47 .07 .07 .07 .07 .07 .0/
84 .08 .07 .07 .07
34 .47 .47 .47 .46 .46 .46 .46 .46 .46 .46 .07 .07 .07 .07 .07 .07 .07
85 .07 .07 .07
35 .46 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .44
86 .07 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06
36 .44 .44 .44 .44 .44 .44 .44 .44 .43 .43 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06
87 .06 .06 .06 .06 .06
37 .43 .43 .43 .43 .43 .43 .42 .42 .42 .42 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05
88 .06 .05 .05 .05 .05
38 .42 .42 .42 .42 .42 .41 .41 .41 .41 .41 .05 .05 .05
89 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05
39 .41 .41 .41 .41 .40 .40 .40 .40 .40 .40 .04 .04 .04 .04
90 .05 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04
40 .40 .40 .40 .40 .39 .39 .39 .39 .39 .39
91 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04
41 .39 .39 .39 .38 .38 .38 .38 .38 .38 .38 .03 .03 .03
92 .04 .04 .04 .03 .03 .03 .03
42 .38 .38 .38 .37 .37 .37 .37 .37 .37 .37 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03
93 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03
43 .37 .37 .37 .36 .36 .36 .36 .36 .36 .36 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02
94 .03 .03 .03 .03
44 .36 .36 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02
95 .02 .02 .02 .02
45 .35 .35 .34 .34 .34 .34 .34 .34 .34 .34
96 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01
46 .34 .34 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .01 .01 .01
97 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01
47 .33 .33 .33 .32 .32 .32 .32 .32 .32 .32 98 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01
.01
48 .32 .32 .32 .32 .32 .31 .31 .31 .31 .31 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
99 .00 .00 .00
49 .31 .31 .31 .31 .31 .31 .30 .30 .30 .30 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 I
100 .00 .00 .00
50 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .29 .29 .29 .29

Locate the density reading in the table. The whole number at the extreme left plus the decimal number
at the top of the than once in the table, count from left to right working down the table, divide the number and use the
column In which the reading is located is the per cent, transmission of the density. For
example, the percent, transmission of a density of 1.29 is 5.1 percent. For a density that appears middle density figure. For example, the per cent, transmission of the density 0.44. which appears 9 times.
more is 36.3
: the per cent, transmission of the density 0.32 is either 47.8 or 47.9.

84 85
 APPENDIX
LENS ATTACHMENT

'KODAK' COMBINATION LENS

ATTACHMENT SYSTEM Coupling Ring, fitted in place of the retaining
ring, will secure the 'Portra' lens or the first
The series of components and optical accessories comprising the 'Kodak' filter and, by acting as a second lens attach-
Combination Lens Attachment System provide for the " before-lens " ment, will take a second filter in a retaining
ring, or in a lens hood. All the components
requirements of the majority of cameras having lens mounts from 14 mm.
of this combination will be in the same size
to 83 mm. in diameter. By various combinations of the component parts range.
of the system, provision can be made to accommodate 'Kodak' or 'Wratten'
niters (see page 17), 'Portra' (close-up) Lenses, Lens Hood, etc., in front
of the camera lens.
The 'Kodak' Lens Attachment is the basic component by means of which
all lens accessories are held on to the camera lens mount. The mounting
ring at the back of this attachment is slotted to form broad claws which
slip firmly over the lens mount. A
wide range of different claw-diameters
are available, each of which can be varied by a few millimetres, to suit the
individual lens mount.
No. ISO LENS ATTACHMENT
The
front of the Lens Attachment has an internally threaded rim into
which other metal components can be screwed either on their own or,
more usually, securing a filter or supplementary lens. The threaded rims 2S0 PORTRA' LENS

are made in six different diameters ; this requires that the optical accessor- Step-up Ring, resembles the coupling
ring, but the components added to it
ies and components need only to be stocked in six sizes to fit any of the are of the next larger size. This enables
forty-six available lens attachments. iso/320 step-up ring
a set of components of one size to be
used on a smaller size lens mount. Its
RANGE OF COMPONENTS use is essential if a combination of
components all of one size shades
As a typical example, alternative combinations to fit a 1-in. (25 mm.) the corners of the picture. A filter or
diameter lens mount are illustrated. lens of the smaller size may be secured
by the Step-up Ring.

LENS ATTACHMENT
'Kodak' Lens Attachment fits the lens mount.
'Kodak' Filter or 'Portra* Lens, mounted in thin
FILTER OR 'PORTRA- IENS
metal rim.
Retaining Ring, in which the filter or 'Portra' lens No JJO LENS HOOD
is laid, screws into the lens attachment.
RETAINING RINC

AVAILABLE RANGE OF '

KODAK '
STEP-UP RINGS
LENS ATTACHMENT

Lens Attachment Step-up Ring Components

FILTER OR 'PORTRA' LENS Lens Hood can be fitted in place of the normal
retaining ring. It may be either used alone on 250 250/320 320
the lens attachment or a filter or 'Portra' lens 370
320 320/370
may be placed in its recess before screwing it in.
370 370/420 420

86
OPTICAL ACCESSORIES SIZE REFERENCE NUMBERS
Kodak* and 'Wratten' Light Filters The reference indicates the diameter of
number of a Lens Attachment
These areavailable in the four standard sizes 250, 320, 370 and 420. the lens mount which it fits, of the components which
and the size range

'Kodak' Light Filters are available in four colours, yellow, green, orange can be added to it. Six lens attachments have single reference numbers,
and red (see pages 89 and 90) and are specially fitted with thin metal rims to the rest have double reference numbers; the following two examples
fit the lens attachment. Owing to the number of 'Wratten' niters available illustrate their application.
only the more popular niters are stocked in rims ; specialized niters are not 1. A 'Kodak' 320 Lens Attachment fits a lens mount of 32 mm. external
normally fitted with rims except to order. It is essential, therefore, when diameter, and takes size 320 niters, lenses, lens hoods, etc. (Note
ordering 'Wratten' niters for use with the 'Kodak' Combination Lens that a 320 filter is not itself 32 mm. in diameter. See pages 91 and 92.
Attachment System, to quote the size of the attachment and mark the
order " with metal rim."
2. A 'Kodak' 270/320 Lens Attachment fits a 27 mm. lens mount, but
takes size 320 accessories.
Note: Only 'Wratten' filters can be supplied to Lens Attachments
fit
A lens mount for which no Lens Attachment of the exact size is available
size 651 and 826.
can be accommodated by gendy bending inwards the claws of the nearest
oversize Lens Attachment. This can most effectively be done by rolling
'Kodak' Portra Lenses the claws of the Attachment along a hard surface, keeping a firm and even

These
single positive lenses can be fitted in front of the camera lens to
pressure. The claws should not be reduced in diameter more than 2 mm.
(about l/16thin.). The claws should not be bent outwards unless
reduce focal length.
its They enable photographs to be taken with the
required to fit inside a lens mount.
camera much nearer to the subject than would otherwise be possible, thus
obtaining a larger image. The schedule below gives full information about the range of attach-
'Portra' lenses of powers of one diopter (+1), two diopters (+2) and
ments available and indicates alternatives for earlier type mounts which
are no longer available.
three diopters (+3) are available for use with 'Kodak' Lens Attachments.
These are available in the four standard sizes : 250, 320, 370 and 420.
ABSORPTIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF 'KODAK' FILTERS

*
I

Distance from lens to subject
Camera

!!
in focus (to nearest inch)
Setting
+ 1 Lens +2 Lens +3 Lens

FOCUSING RANGES OF
CAMERAS FITTED WITH
'PORTRA' LENSES
Infinity
SO feet
40 feet
39
37
36
20
19
19
13
13
13
wML

SI
25 feet 35 19 13
18 feet 33 18 12
15 feet 32 18 12
100 400
12 feet 30 17 12
10 feet 30 17 12
9 feet 29 17 12
8 feet 27 16 12
7 feet 27 16 II
6 feet 26 16 II

5 feet 24 15 II

4^ feet 23 15 10
4 feet 22 14 10
3 feet 20 13 10

Note : When a filter and 'Portra' lens are to be used together, the 'Portra'
lens must be used immediately in
II
front of the camera lens.

88 89
 a
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The curves shown above and on the previous page give a fair indication
of the absorption characteristics of 'Kodak' filters. It is not intended,
however, for accurate measurements to be made from these diagrams.

90 91
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