Darbharevu Design

Construction of 10.
00mts span culvert at 5/6 KM of Vemuladeevi channel
Name of the work:-Construction of bridge across Dharbharevu canal

on Gopuram road near Anjaneyaswamy temple in Pedalanka(V)
n of 10.00mts span culvert at 5/6 KM of Vemuladeevi channel
he work:-Construction of bridge across Dharbharevu canal

uram road near Anjaneyaswamy temple in Pedalanka(V)
Design Philosophy:-
The design of 1V-- 10.37m right span culvert is carried as per the procedure out lined
below:-
Step1:-
The design discharge was fixed after arriving discharge based on the following methods:-
a.As per the hydraulic particulars furnished by the Irrigation department
b.By Area-Velocity method using Manning's equation for arriving at the flow velocity
and area by considering actual cross-section of the channel.
Step2:-
a.Hydraulic particulars like HFL,OFL are obtained from Irrigation department.
b.Bottom of deck level was fixed based on HFL and road formation levels on both sides.
The vertical clearence and afflux are verified.
c.Ventway calculations are done for fixation of ventway.
d.Normal scour depth with reference to HFL was calculated using Lacey's equations
e.After arriving at the Maximum scour depth,bottom level of the foundation was fixed
below the maximum scour depth
Step3:-
After arriving at bottom of deck level,bottom of foundation level and required

ventway,the dimensions of the bridge are finalised.
The structural components are desined in the following manner:-
a.As per the recommendations of IRC 6:2000,IRC class A live load required for bridges
and culverts of medium importance is selected.
b.Load combination is selected as per IRC 6:2000
c.Based on the trial pit particulars and soil test reports,type of foundation was selected.
d.The structural components like Abutment,raft foundation are

designed as per the guide lines given in relevent IRC codes.
e.The deck slab is proposed as per the MOST drawing Nos.BD 3-74&BD 4-74
f.The dirt wall is proposed as per the drawings given in Plate No.7.25 of
IRC:SP20-2002(Rural roads manual)
Design of Abutments
I)Design Parameters:-
Clear Right Span = 10.00m
Deck slab length = 10.740m
Width of the carriage way = 5.50m
Thickness of deck slab as per MOST Dg.BD 3-74 = 0.790m
Thickness of wearing coat = 0.075m
Height of railing = 1.200m
Thickness of dirt wall = 0.30m
Sectional area of dirt wall = 0.440sqm
Thickness of RAFT footing = 0.70m
Height of abutments = 1.700m
(As per hydralic calculations)
Top width of abutments = 0.690m
Bottom width of abutments = 2.00m
Sectional area of abutment section = 2.287sqm
Bank side batter of abutment = 1.310m
Stream side batter of abutment = 0.000m
Width of 1st footing = 2.30m
Thickness of 1st footing = 0.40m
Canal side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment = 0.15m
Bank side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment = 0.15m
Width of 2nd footing = 2.45m
Thickness of 2nd footing = 0.40m
Canal side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment = 0.30m
Bank side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment = 0.15m
Width of 3rd footing = 0.00m
Thickness of 3rd footing = 0.00m
Canal side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment = 0.00m
Bank side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment = 0.00m
Width of VRCC RAFT footing = 6.85m
Thickness of VRCC RAFT footing = 0.70m
Type of bearings = No bearings proposed
Unit weight of RCC (yrc) = 25KN/cum
Unit weight of PCC (ypc) = 24KN/cum
Density of back fill soil behind abutments (y) = 18KN/Cum
Unit weight of water (yw) = 10KN/Cum

Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material(Q) = 30
Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(In = 52.41

degrees)(in clock wise direction)(a)
Slope of back fill (b) = 0
Angle of wall friction (q) = 15
Height of surcharge considered (h3) = 1.20m
Road crest level (RTL) = 2.941m
Low bed level (LBL) = 0.576m
High flood Level (HFL) = 1.576m

Bottom of foundation level (BFL) = -1.424m
Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil (SBC) = 6.00t/sqm
Compressive strength of concrete for RCC Raft footing = 25.00N/sqmm
(fck)
Yield strength of steel (fy) = 415.00N/sqmm
Cover to reinforcement = 50.00mm
II)General loading pattern:-
As per IRC:6---2000,the following loadings are to be considered on the bridge or slab

culvert:-
1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Impact load
4.Wind load
5.Water current
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings
7.Buoyancy
8.Earth pressure
9.Seismic force
10.Water pressure force
As per clause 202.3,the increase in permissible stresses is not permissible for the
above loading combination.
III)Loading on the slab culvert for design of abutments:-
1.Dead Load:-
i)Self wieght of the deck slab = 583.32KN
ii)Self wieght of dirtwall over abutment = 60.50KN
iii)Self weight of wearing coat = 55.38KN
699.20KN
There is no need to consider snow load as per the climatic conditions

Self wieght of the abutments upto bottom most footing based on the preliminary
section assumed:-
iv)Self wieght of the abutment section = 301.88KN
v)Self wieght of top footing = 121.44KN
vi)Self wieght of 2nd footing = 129.36KN
vii)Self wieght of 3rd footing = 0.00KN
viii)Self wieght of 4th footing = 0.00KN
552.68KN
W1 W1
ix)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment w.r.t base of abutment
S.No Description Load in KN Distance of centroid of load from toe of Moment

abutment
1 Back 146.982 1.127 165.65

batter(W1)
2 Centre 154.836 0.345 53.42

portion(W2)
3 Front 0 0 0
batter(W3)
301.818 219.07
Location of resultant from toe of abutment = 0.73m

Eccentricity wrt centre of base of abutment = 0.270m
x)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment&1st footing w.r.t bottom of 1st footing
S.No Description Load in KN Distance of centroid of load from toe of 1st Moment
footing
1 Back batter 146.982 1.277 187.7
2 Centre portion 154.836 0.495 76.64
3 Front batter 0 0 0
4 1st footing 121.44KN 1.15 139.66
423.258 404
Eccentricity wrt centre of 1st footing= 0.200m
xi)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
S.No Description Load in KN Distance of centroid of load from toe of 2nd Moment
footing
1 Back batter 146.982 1.427 209.74
2 Centre portion 154.836 0.645 99.87
3 Front batter 0 0.3 0
4 1st footing 121.44KN 1.300 157.87
5 2nd footing 129.36KN 1.225 158.47
552.618 625.95
Eccentricity = 0.095m
xii)Calculation of eccentricity of self weight of abutment,1st&2nd footings w.r.t bottom of 2nd footing
S.No Description Load in KN Distance of centroid of load from toe of 3rd Moment
footing
1 Back batter 0 1.427 0

2 Centre portion 0 0.645 0
3 Front batter 0 0.3 0
4 1st footing 0 1.00 0
5 2nd footing 0 0.93 0
6 3rd footing 0 0.00 0
0 0
2.Live Load:-
As per clause 201.1 of IRC:6--2000,the bridges and culverts of medium importance

are to be designed for IRC Class A loading.
GENERAL IRC Class-A loading Pattern
1.10 3.20 1.20 4.30 3.00 3.00 3.00

1.80
2.7t
1.10
2.7t
3.20
11.4t
1.20
11.4t
4.30
6.8t
3.00
6.8t
3.00
6.8t
3.00
6.8t
The IRC Class A loading as per the drawing is severe and the same is to be considered as per
clauses 207.1.3&207.4
Y
475
11.4t
11.4t
Portion to be loaded
with 5KN/m live
load
10000 11380
6.8t
6.8t
5500
X
2925 3525
The ground contact area of wheels for the above placement,each axle wise is
given below:-
Axle load Ground Contact Area

(Tonnes) B(mm) W(mm)
11.4 250 500

6.8 200 380
2.7 150 200
Assuming 0.475m allowance for guide posts/kerbs and the clear distance of vehicle from
the edge of guide post being 0.15m as per clause 207.1,the value of 'f' shown in the figure will
be 0.625m
Hence,the width of area to be loaded with 5KN/m2 on left side is (f) = 0.625m
Similarly,the area to be loaded on right side (k) = 3.525m
4.15m
The total live load on the deck slab composes the following components:-
1.Wheel loads----Point loads 364.00KN
2.Live load in remaing portion(Left side)----UDL 33.56KN
2.Live load in remaing portion(Right side)----UDL 189.29KN
586.86KN
Resultant live load:-
Eccentricity of live load w.r.t y-direction(Along the direction of travel of vehicles)
Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t y-axis
S.No Wheel Distance from Y-axis Moment

Load/UDL in
KN
1 57 0.875m 49.88KNm
2 57 0.875m 49.88KNm
3 57 2.675m 152.48KNm
4 57 2.675m 152.48KNm
5 34 0.875m 29.75KNm
6 34 0.875m 29.75KNm
7 34 2.675m 90.95KNm
8 34 2.675m 90.95KNm
9 33.5625 0.313m 10.49KNm
10 189.2925 4.688m 887.31KNm

586.855 1543.90KNm
Distance of centroid of forces from y-axis
= 2.631m
Eccentricity of live load w.r.t x-direction(At right angle to the travel of vehicles)
Taking moments of all the forces w.r.t x-axis
S.No Load in KN Distance from X-axis Moment
1 57 11.005m 627.29KNm
2 57 11.005m 627.29KNm
3 57 9.805m 558.89KNm
4 57 9.805m 558.89KNm
5 34 5.505m 187.17KNm
6 34 5.505m 187.17KNm
7 34 2.505m 85.17KNm
8 34 2.505m 85.17KNm
9 33.56KN 5.690m 190.97KNm
10 189.29KN 5.690m 1077.07KNm
586.855 4185.06KN
Distance of centroid of forces from x-axis
= 7.131m
Y
Location of Resultant
2631
10000 11380
2631
10000 11380
7131
5500
X
Calculation of reactions on abutments:-
Reaction due to loads Ra = 367.74KN
Reaction due to point loads = Rb = 219.12KN
Hence,the critical reaction is Ra = 367.7KN
The corrected reaction at obtuse corner = 367.74KN
Assuming that the live load reaction acts at the centre of the contact area on the abutment,
300
185
300
815
815
815
815
740
The eccentricty of the line of action of live load at bottom of abutment = 0.815m
----do----on top of 1st footing = 0.815m
----do----on top of 2nd footing = 0.740m
The eccentricity in the other direction need not be considered due to high section modulus in transverse
direction.
3.Impact of vehicles:-
As per Clause 211 of IRC:6--2000,impact allowance shall be made by an increment
of live load by a factor 4.5/(6+L)
Hence,the factor is 0.269
Further as per clause 211.7 of IRC:6--2000,the above impact factor shall be only
50% for calculation of pressure on piers and abutments just below the level of bed block.There
is no need to increase the live load below 3m depth.
As such,the impact allowance for the top 3m of abutments will be 0.1345
For the remaining portion,impact need not be considered.
4.Wind load:-
The deck system is located at height of (RTL-LBL) 2.37m
The Wind pressure acting on deck system located at that height is considered for design.
As per clause 212.3 and from Table .4 of IRC:6---2000,the wind pressure at that
hieght is=
59.48 Kg/m2.
Height of the deck system = 2.065
Breadth of the deck system = 11.34

The effective area exposed to wind force =HeightxBreadth =
Hence,the wind force acting at centroid of the deck system = 6.97KN

(Taking 50% perforations)
Further as per clause 212.4 of IRC:6---2000 ,300 Kg/m wind force is considered to be
acting at a hieght of 1.5m from road surface on live load vehicle.
Hence,the wind force acting at 1.5m above the road surface = 16.50KN
The location of the wind force from the top of RCC raft footing = 5.17m
5.Water current force:-
Water pressure considered on square ended abutments as per clause 213.2 of

IRC:6---2000 is
P = 52KV2 = 21.06 Kg/m2.
(where the value of 'K' is 1.5 for square ended abutments)
For the purpose of calculation of exposed area to water current force,only 1.0m
width of abutment is considered for full hieght upto HFL
Hence,the water current force = 0.50KN
Point of action of water current force from the top of RCC raft footing = 3.67m
6.Tractive,braking effort of vehicles&frictional resistance of bearings:-
The breaking effect of vehicles shall be 20% of live load acting in longitudinal
direction at 1.2m above road surface as per the clause 214.2 of IRC:6--2000.
As no bearings are assumed in the present case,50% of the above longitudinal
force can be assumed to be transmitted to the supports of simply supported spans resting on
stiff foundation with no bearings as per clause 214.5.1.3 of IRC:6---2000
Hence,the longitudinal force due to braking,tractive or frictional resistance of
bearings transferred to abutments is
58.69KN
The location of the tractive force from the top of RCC raft footing = 4.87m
7.Buoyancy :-
As per clause 216.4 of IRC:6---2000,for abutments or piers of shallow depth,the
dead weight of the abutment shall be reduced by wieght of equal volume of water upto HFL.
The above reduction in self wieght will be considered assuming that the back fill
behind the abutment is scoured.
For the preliminary section assumed,the volume of abutment section is
i)Volume of abutment section = 12.58Cum
ii)Volume of top footing = 5.06Cum
iii)Volume of 2nd footing = 5.39Cum
iv)Volume of 3rd footing = 0.00Cum
v)Volume of 4th footing = 0.00Cum
23.03Cum
Reduction in self wieght = 230.28KN
8.Earth pressure :-
As per clause 217.1 of IRC:6---2000,the abutments are to be designed for a
surcharge equivalent to a back fill of hieght 1.20m behind the abutment.
The coefficient of active earth pressure exerted by the cohesion less back fill on
the abutment as per the Coulomb's theory is given by
'2
Ka = Sin(a+Q)
sina sin(a-q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
Sin(a+Q) = SIN[3.14*(52.41+30)/180] = 0.991

Sin(a-q) = SIN[3.14*(52.41-15)/180] = 0.607
Sina = SIN[3.14*(52.41)/180] = 0.792
Sin(Q+q) = SIN[3.14*(30+15)/180] = 0.707
Sin(Q-b) = SIN[3.14*(30-0)/180] = 0.5
Sin(a+b) = SIN[3.14*(52.41+0)/180] = 0.792
From the above expression,
Ka = 0.75
The hieght of abutment above GL,as per the preliminary section assumed = 1.700m
Hence,maximum pressure at the base of the wall Pa = 22.95KN/sqm

The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:-
Surcharge load = 16.2 KN/sqm
16.2
1.700
22.95 16.2
Area of the rectangular portion = 27.54

Area of the triangular portion = 19.51
47.05
Taking moments of the areas about the toe of the wall
S.No Description Area Lever arm Moment
1 Rectangular 27.54 0.85 23.409

2 Triangular 19.51 0.56666667 11.05566667
47.05 34.46466667
Height from the bottom of the wall = 0.73m
The active Earth pressure acts on the abutment as shown below:-
0.70
52.59
1.700m
0.73m
52.41
2.00
0.56
Total earth pressure acting on the abutment P = 258.76KN
Horizontal component of the earth pressure Ph = 157.30KN
Vertical component of the earth pressure Pv = 205.46KN
Eccentricity of vertical component of earth pressure = 0.44m
9.Siesmic force :-
As per clause 222.1 of IRC:6---2000,the bridges in siesmic zones I and II need not be
designed for siesmic forces.The location of the slab culvert is in Zone-I.Hence,there is no need to
design the bridge for siesmic forces.
10.Water pressure force:-
The water pressure distribution on the abutment is as given below:-
HFL 1.576m
3.00
BFL -1.424m
30.00kn/sqm
Total horizontal water pressure force = 247.50KN
The above pressure acts at height of H/3 = 1.00m
IV)Check for stresses for abutments&footings:-
a)Load Envelope-I:-(The Canal is dry,back fill scoured with live load on span)
i)On top of RCC raft
The following co-ordinates are assumed:-
a)x-Direction-----At right angle to the movement of vehicles
b)y-Direction-----In the direction of movement of vehicles
Vertical forces acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components
S.No Type of load Intensity in Eccentricty about x- Eccentricty about y-

KN axis(m) axis(m)
1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 699.20KN -0.740 0.00
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 552.62KN 0.095 0.000
3 Reaction due to live load with impact factor---(Wheel 466.66KN -0.740 0.000
loads+UDL)
4 Impact load 0.00 0.00 0.00
1718.47
Horizontal forces acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components
S.No Type of load Intensity in Direction x or y Location(Ht.from the

KN section considered).
(m)
1 Wind load 16.50KN x-Direction 5.17
2 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 58.69KN y-Direction 4.87
3 Water current force 0.50KN x-Direction 3.67
Check for stresses:-
About x-axis:-
Breadth of 2nd footing b = 6.25m
Depth of 2nd footing d = 2.45m
Area of the footing = A = 15.3125 m2
Section modulus of bottom footing (1/6)bd2 = 6.25 m3

about x-axis --Zx =
For M20 grade of concrete permissible compressive stress in direct compreession is 5N/mm2
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2.8N/mm2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
S.No Type of load Intensity in Eccentricity/Lever Stress at heel

KN (P) arm P/A(1+6e/b)
Vertical loads:-(Stress = P/A(1+6e/b)

3 Reaction due to live load with impact factor 466.66KN -0.740 8.83
4 Impact load 0.00KN 0.000 0
Horizontal loads:- (Stress = M/Z)
5 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 58.69KN 4.87 -45.71
15.72
S.No Type of load Intensity in Eccentricity Stress at toe

KN (P) P/A(1+6e/b)

1 Reaction due to dead load from super structure 699.20KN 0.740 78.1
2 Self wieght of abutment&footings 552.62KN -0.095 32.8
3 Reaction due to live load with impact factor 466.66KN 0.740 52.13
5 Tractive,Braking&Frictional resistance of bearings 58.69KN 4.87 45.71
208.74
Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 15.72 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at toe = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 208.74 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
Breadth of 3rd footing b = 2.45m
Depth of 3rd footing d = 6.25m
Section modulus of bottom footing about = (1/6)bd2 = 15.95 m3

y-axis--Zy =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
S.No Type of load Intensity in Eccentricity/Lever Stress at upstream
KN (P) arm edge
P/A(1+6e/b)

5 Wind load 16.50KN 5.17 -5.35
6 Water current force 0.50KN 3.67 -0.11
106.77
S.No Type of load Intensity in Eccentricity/Lever Stress at D/S edge


5 Wind load 16.50KN 5.17 5.35
6 Water current force 0.50KN 3.67 0.11
117.69
Stress at up stream side P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 106.77 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.

edge =
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 117.69 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm

edge =
Hence safe.
i)On top of 2nd footing
Vertical load acting on the abutment (P) composes of the following components

KN axis(m) axis(m)
2 Self wieght of abutment&cut waters 423.26KN 0.200 0.000
4 Impact load 0.00 0.000 0.00

Horizontal load acting/transferred on the abutment (H) composes of the following components

(m)
About x-axis:-
Breadth of 1st footing b = 6.25m

Depth of 1st footing d = 2.30m
Section modulus of base of abutment (1/6)bd2 = 5.51 m3

about x-axis--Zx =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm


6.72

KN (P) P/A(1+6e/b)

211.18
Hence safe.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-


about y-axis--Zy =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
For M20 grade of concrete permissible tensile stress in bending tension is -2N/mm 2
i.e, -2800KN/sqm

KN (P) arm edge
P/A(1+6e/b)

5 Wind load 16.50KN 4.87 -5.37
105.06


5 Wind load 16.50KN 4.87 5.37
116.02
Stress at up stream side

edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 105.06 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Stress at down stream side
edge of abutment = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 116.02 KN/Sqm<5000KN/sqm
Hence safe.
i)On top of 1st footing


KN axis(m) axis(m)
4 Impact load 0.00 0.000 0.00

(m)

About x-axis:-
Breadth of abutment b = 6.25m

Depth of abutment d = 2.00m

about x-axis--Zx =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm


-12.58

KN (P) P/A(1+6e/b)

244.27
Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = -12.58 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
Breadth of abutment b = 2.00m

Depth of abutment d = 6.25m

about y-axis--Zy =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm

KN (P) arm edge
P/A(1+6e/b)

5 Wind load 16.50KN 4.57 -5.79
111.51


5 Wind load 16.50KN 4.57 5.79
123.33

Hence safe.
Hence safe.
b)Load Envelope-II:-(The Canal is full,back fill intact with no live load on span)
i)On top of RCC Raft footing

KN axis(m) axis(m)
Self wieght of abutment&cut waters 552.62KN
Reduction in self weight due to buoyancy -230.28KN
2 Net self weight 322.33KN 0.095 0.000
3 Vertical component of earth pressure 205.46KN 0.440 0.000
(m)
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 157.30KN y-Direction 1.53
5 Water pressure force 247.50KN y-Direction 1.00
About x-axis:-
Breadth of bottom footing b = 6.25m

Depth of bottom footing d = 2.45m

about x-axis --Zx =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm


2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 322.33KN 0.09 22.97
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 205.46KN 0.44 19.09
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 157.30KN 1.53 -38.55
5 Water pressure force 247.50KN 1.00 39.6
56.31

KN (P) P/A(1+6e/b)

2 Net self wieght of abutment&footings 322.33KN -0.09 19.13
3 Vertical component of Earth pressure 205.46KN -0.44 7.75
4 Horizontal load due to earth pressure 157.30KN 1.53 38.55
5 Water pressure force 247.50KN 1.00 -39.6
103.95

Hence safe.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-
Breadth of bottom footing b = 2.45m

Depth of bottom footing d = 6.25m

about y-axis --Zy =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm
S.No Type of load Intensity in Eccentricity/Lever Stress at U/S Edge


4 Wind load 16.50KN 5.17 -5.35
74.67
S.No Type of load Intensity in Eccentricity Stress at D/S edge

KN (P) P/A(1+6e/b)

85.59

Hence safe.
Hence safe.
ii)On top of 2nd footing

KN axis(m) axis(m)
Self wieght of abutment&footings 552.62KN

(m)
About x-axis:-
Breadth of 2nd footing b = 6.25m

Depth of 2nd footing d = 2.30m

about x-axis --Zx =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm

58

KN (P) P/A(1+6e/b)

112.72
Stress at heel = P/A(1+6e/b)+M/Z = 58 KN/Sqm>-2800KN/sqm.
Hence safe.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-


about y-axis --Zy =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm


4 Wind load 16.50KN 4.87 -5.37
79.87

KN (P) P/A(1+6e/b)

90.83

Hence safe.
Hence safe.
iii)On top of 1st footing

KN axis(m) axis(m)
Self wieght of abutment&cut waters 423.26KN

(m)

About x-axis:-


about x-axis --Zx =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm


51.95

KN (P) P/A(1+6e/b)

108.27
Hence safe.
Hence safe.
About y-axis:-

about y-axis --Zy =
i.e, 5000KN/sqm
i.e, -2800KN/sqm


4 Wind load 16.50KN 4.57 -5.04
74.97

KN (P) P/A(1+6e/b)

85.25

Hence safe.
Hence safe.
V)Check for stability of abutments:-
a)Load Envelope-III:-(The Canal is dry,back fill intact with live load on span)


KN axis(m) axis(m)
2 Self wieght of abutments 301.88KN 0.270 0.000
4 Vertical component of Active Earth pressure 205.46KN 0.440 0.00
1673.20KN

(m)
3 Horizontal Active Earth pressure force 157.30KN y-Direction 0.73
232.48KN
Check for stability against over turning:-
Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings = 268.19Kn-m
Moment due to active earth pressure force = 115.22Kn-m
Total overturning moment = 383.42Kn-m
Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,,
Moment due to self weight of abutment = 383.39Kn-m
Moment due to live load reaction on abutment = 846.99Kn-m
Moment due to super structure load reaction on abutment = 1269.04Kn-m
Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure = 295.87Kn-m
Total Restoring moment = 2795.28Kn-m
Factor of safety = 7.29047566 > 2.0 Hence safe

(As per clause 706.3.4 of IRC:78-2000)
Check for stability against sliding:-
Total vertical load acting on the base of the abutment Vb = 1673.20KN
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the abutment Hb = 232.48KN
Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces = 0.80
Factor of safety against sliding Fs = 5.75769392 > 1.5 Hence safe

b)Load Envelope-IV:-(The Canal is running upto HFL with no live load on span)

KN axis(m) axis(m)
Self wieght of abutments 301.88KN
2 Net self wieght 176.08KN 0.270 0.000
3 Vertical component of Active Earth pressure 205.46 0.440 0.00

(m)
3 Active Earth pressure force 157.30KN y-Direction 0.73
4 Force due to water pressure 247.50KN y-Direction 0.40
Check for stability against over turning:-
Taking moments of all the overturning forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to tractive,braking&frictional resistance of bearings = 0.00Kn-m
Moment due to active earth pressure force = 115.22Kn-m

Total overturning moment = 115.22Kn-m
Taking moments of all the restoring forces about toe of the abutment wrt x-axis,
Moment due to self weight of abutment = 223.62Kn-m
Moment due to water pressure force on the abutment = 99.00Kn-m
Moment due to super structure load reaction on abutment = 1269.04Kn-m
Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure = 295.87Kn-m
Total Restoring moment = 1887.53Kn-m
Factor of safety = 16.3815649 > 2.0 Hence safe

Check for stability against sliding:-
Total vertical load acting on the base of the abutment Vb = 629.04KN
Total sliding force,ie,horizontal load on the abutment Hb = 157.30KN
Coefficient of friction between concrete surfaces = 0.80
Factor of safety against sliding Fs = 3.19927699 > 1.5 Hence safe

DESIGN OF RAFT FOR THE SLAB CULVERT
Name of the work:-Slab culvert on 6/0 Km of Vemuladeevi Channel
Abutment
Abutment
Length of the Raft:- = 14.60m
Width of the Raft:- = 6.85m
Total load on the Raft:-
Dead Load:-
Wt.of Deck slab = 1166.63Kn
Wt.of wearing coat = 110.76Kn
Wt.of bed blocks over abutments = 121.00Kn
Wt.of abutments
Footing-I = 242.88Kn
Footing-II = 258.72Kn
Wt.of abutments = 603.76Kn
Total 2503.75Kn
Dead load stress = 25.03Kn/Sqm
Live Load:-
Taking IRC Class-A loading
Wheel width in the direction of movement =0.2+0.2+0.25/2 = 0.625m
11.4 11.4 6.8 6.8 6.8

1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 2.475
0.625
14.60m
Centre of gravity of loading from 1st 11.4t load =
= 4.33m
Centre of gravity from the end of raft = 4.955m
Stress due to live load = 1xP(1+6e/b)

(Taking single lanes) A
Max.stress = 10.89Kn/Sqm
Min.stress = -3.76Kn/Sqm
Total stress due to dead load and live load
Max.Stress = 35.92Kn/Sqm
Min.Stress = 21.27Kn/Sqm
Assuming the depth of raft as 70cm
Stress due to self weight of raft = 17.50Kn/Sqm
Stress due to wieght of base concrete = 3.60Kn/Sqm
Hence,the Max.stress on the soil = 57.02Kn/Sqm
Which is less than 6t/sqm(Soil testing report)
Hence safe.
Net Max.upward pressure acting on Raft = 35.92Kn/Sqm
Net Min.upward pressure acting on Raft = 21.27Kn/Sqm
The design stress = 28.60Kn/Sqm
Hence,the UDL on the raft = 28.60Kn/m
Design of Raft:-
The raft will be analysed as a continuous beam of 1m width with the loading
as shown below:-
1.375 11.85 1.375
UDL of 28.60Kn/m
After analysis the bending moment diagram is as given below:
678
38.6
Max.Negative bending moment Mu = 678.00KNm
Max.Positive bending moment Mu = 38.60KNm
Effective depth required d = Mu/0.138fckb = 443.31mm
Over all depth provided = 700.00mm
Effective depth provided(Assuming 40mm cover) d = 637.50mm
Top steel:-
Mu/bd2 = 1.668
From table 3 of SP 16,percentage of steel required = 0.505
Area of steel required = 3219.38sqmm
Bottom steel:-
Mu/bd2 = 0.095
From table 3 of SP 16,percentage of steel required/Minimum steel = 0.12

Hence provide 12mm dia HYSD bars@ 125mm c/c spacing at bottom
and provide 25mm bars at 150mm c/c at top
Hence Ast provided at top = 3270.83sqmm
Hence Ast provided at bottom = 904.32sqmm
Provide distribution reinforcement of 0.12% both at top and bottom
Area = 840.00sqmm
Adopting 12mm dia bars,the spacing required is = 134.57mm
Hence provide 12mm dia bars @ 125mm c/c spacing at top& bottom as distribution steel
Hydraulic design
Hydraulic Particulars:-
1.Full supply Level 1.576
2.Ordinary Flood level
3.Lowest Bed level 0.576
4.Average bed slope 0.000059

(1 in 17000)
5.Rugosity Coefficient(n) 0.025

(As per table 5 of IRC:SP 13)
6.Vertical clearence proposed 0.500

(As per clause 15.5 of IRC:SP 13&as per profile)
6.Bottom of deck proposed 2.076

(MFL+Vertical clearence)
7.Road Crest level 2.941

(Bottom of deck level+thickness of deck slab)
8.Width of carriage way 5.500
Discharge Calculations:-
1)From the data furnished by the Irrigation Department:-
Design discharge = 2.820Cumecs
2)Area Velocity method:-
Depth of flow w.r.t HFL = 1.000m
Bed width = 8.30m
Assuming side slopes 1:1.5 in clayey soils,top width at HFL = 9.800m
Wetted Area = 9.05sqm
Wetted perimetre = 11.13m
Hydraulic Radius R= Total area/Wetted perimeter = 0.81
Velocity V = 1/nX(R2/3XS1/2) 0.27m/sec
Discharge Q = AXV 2.44Cumecs
Design Discharge = 2.820Cumecs
Design Velocity = 0.270m/sec

Ventway Calculations(H.F.L Condition):-
Assuming the stream to be truly alluvial,the regime width is equal to linear waterway required for the drain.
Hence,as per Lacey's silt theory,the regime width W = 4.8Q 1/2 = 4.8*2.820.5 = 8.06m
The actual top width is almost equal to the above regime width.Hence,the stream is almost truly alluvial in nature.
As per IRC:SP--13,the ventway calculations for alluvial streams are as given below:-
Assuming afflux = x = 0.15m

Width of channel at H.F.L(b+h) = 9.80m
Clear span = 10.00m
Effective linear water way = 10.00m
Depth of flow = di = 1.00m
Head due to velocity of approach = (Vmax2/2g)X[di/(di+x)]2 0.003m
Combined head due to Velocity of approach and hi = 0.153m

afflux
Velocity through vents Vv = 0.90X(2ghi)1/2 = 1.56m/sec
Linear water way required LWW = Qd/(VvXdi) = 1.81m
No.of vents required = LWW /LC = 0.181

Say---1 Vent
In alluvial streams,the actual width of the stream should not be reduced,as it results in enhanced scour
depth and expensive training works.
Hence No.of vents required as per the width of the stream at H.F.L= 0.98
No.of vents to be provided 1Nos
No.of piers = 0Nos
Scour Depth Calculations:-
As per the clause 101.1.2 of IRC:5--1985,the design discharge should be increased by 30% to ensure adequate
margin of safety for foundations and protection works
Hence,the discharge for design of foundations = 1.30XDesign Discharge =
Lacey's Silt factor ' f ' = 1.76Xm1/2(For normal silt) =
Discharge per metre width of foundations = q =
Normal scour depth D = 1.34(q2/f)1/3 =

Maximum scour depth Dm = 1.5XD =
Depth of foundation = Dm + Max.of 1.2m or 1/3 Dm =
Bottom level of foundation =
Depth of foundation below low bed level =
The Minimum Safe Bearing capacity of the soil is considered as 60 KN/m2 at a depth of 2.00m below LBL
Hence open foundation in the form of raft is proposed at a depth of 2.0m below LBL,ie,at a level of
Cut-off walls and aprons are not required from scour depth point of view
uly alluvial in nature.
ced scour
o ensure adequate
3.75Cumecs
0.200
0.375
1.19m
1.79m
2.99m
-1.41m
1.985m
-1.424m
DESIGN OF FLY WINGS
Data:-
Height of Fly wing wall =

Height of wall above G.L=
Height of wall below G.L=
Density of back fill soil&material in toe portion =
Grade of concrete =
Grade of steel =
Ground water Table level =
Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material&material at toe portion(Q) =
Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(a)(In degrees)
(in clock wise direction)
Slope of back fill(b) =
Angle of wall friction (q) =
Surcharge over the back fill in terms of height of back fill =
Undrained Cohesion ( c) =
Permissible compressive stress in bending for M20 Concrete (c)=
Permissible tensile stress in bending for Fe 415 steel (t)=
Length of the wing wall proposed =
Dimensions of the Fly wing(Assumed for preliminary design):-
Thickness of wing at support =

Thickness of wing at end =
Coefficient of active earth pressure by Coulomb's theory
Ka = Sin(a+Q)
sina sin(a-q) sin(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
sin(a+b)
From the above expression,
Ka = 0.3
Hence,maximum pressure at the bottom of the wall Pa =
The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:-
Pressure due to
Surcharge load = 324
324
2.965m
1601.10
Total Active earth pressure force = 3334.29
Height from the bottom of the wall = 1.13m
The active earth pressure acts on the wall as shown below:-
0.20
15
1.13m
2.965
90
0.30
Horizontal component of the earth pressure P h =
Vertical component of the earth pressure P v =
Design of wall :-
Factored bending moment Mu = 15097.46Kgm
Effective depth required d = Mu/0.138fckb = 209.19mm
Over all depth provided = 300.00mm
Effective depth provided(Assuming 40mm cover) d = 250.00mm
Mu/bd2 = 2.416
From table 2 of SP 16,percentage of steel required = 0.802
Hence provide 20mm dia HYSD bars@ 150mm c/c spacing
Hence Ast provided = 2093.33sqmm
Check for shear:-
Percentage of tension steel = 0.84

Maximum shear force on the member = 80.52KN
Factored Design shear force = 120.78KN
Nominal shear stress tv =Vu/bd = 0.48 N/sqmm
Hence section is safe from shear strength point of view
The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from
Table 19 of IS 456 is
0.60 N/sqmm > 0.48
Hence,no shear reinforcement is required.
Provide temperature re inforcement @ 0.12%
Area required = 300.00sqmm
Provide 12mm dia @ 200mm c/c on earthen side
Provide 12mm dia @ 200mm c/c on other side in both directions
The reinforcement detailing is shown in the drawing
Check for serviceability:-
For cantilever walls,the span to effective depth ratio is 7
From Fig.4 of IS:456-2000, f s = 0.58fy x Area of cross-section of steel required

Area of cross-section of steel provided
The stress level is 230.54N/sqmm
For percentage of tension steel provided is 0.84
The modification factor for ratio of span to effective depth is 1.5
Hence,the ratio is 10.5
The effective depth required = 0.24 <0.250 (Actually provided)

2.965m
2.965m
0.00m
1800Kg/Cum
M25
Fe415
30
90
0
15
0.60m
25N/sqmm
415N/sqmm
2.50m
0.30m
0.20m
n(Q+q)sin(Q-b)
1601.10Kg/sqm
3220.79Kg/m
862.55Kg/m
<2.8 N/sqmm(As per Table
20 of 1S 456)
eel required
eel provided
ally provided)

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Construction of 10.

00mts span culvert at 5/6 KM of Vemuladeevi channel

Name of the work:-Construction of bridge across Dharbharevu canal

he work:-Construction of bridge across Dharbharevu canal

a.As per the hydraulic particulars furnished by the Irrigation department

a.Hydraulic particulars like HFL,OFL are obtained from Irrigation department.

c.Ventway calculations are done for fixation of ventway.

After arriving at bottom of deck level,bottom of foundation level and required

The structural components are desined in the following manner:-

b.Load combination is selected as per IRC 6:2000

d.The structural components like Abutment,raft foundation are

Clear Right Span = 10.00m

Deck slab length = 10.740m

Width of the carriage way = 5.50m

Thickness of deck slab as per MOST Dg.BD 3-74 = 0.790m

Thickness of wearing coat = 0.075m

Height of railing = 1.200m

Thickness of dirt wall = 0.30m

Sectional area of dirt wall = 0.440sqm

Thickness of RAFT footing = 0.70m

Height of abutments = 1.700m

(As per hydralic calculations)

Top width of abutments = 0.690m

Bottom width of abutments = 2.00m

Sectional area of abutment section = 2.287sqm

Bank side batter of abutment = 1.310m

Stream side batter of abutment = 0.000m

Width of 1st footing = 2.30m

Thickness of 1st footing = 0.40m

Canal side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment = 0.15m

Bank side offset of 1st footing wrt abutment = 0.15m

Width of 2nd footing = 2.45m

Thickness of 2nd footing = 0.40m

Canal side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment = 0.30m

Bank side offset of 2nd footing wrt abutment = 0.15m

Width of 3rd footing = 0.00m

Thickness of 3rd footing = 0.00m

Canal side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment = 0.00m

Bank side offset of 3rd footing wrt abutment = 0.00m

Width of VRCC RAFT footing = 6.85m

Thickness of VRCC RAFT footing = 0.70m

Type of bearings = No bearings proposed

Unit weight of RCC (yrc) = 25KN/cum

Unit weight of PCC (ypc) = 24KN/cum

Density of back fill soil behind abutments (y) = 18KN/Cum

Unit weight of water (yw) = 10KN/Cum

Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal(In = 52.41

Angle of wall friction (q) = 15

Height of surcharge considered (h3) = 1.20m

Road crest level (RTL) = 2.941m

Low bed level (LBL) = 0.576m

High flood Level (HFL) = 1.576m

II)General loading pattern:-

As per IRC:6---2000,the following loadings are to be considered on the bridge or slab

III)Loading on the slab culvert for design of abutments:-

i)Self wieght of the deck slab = 583.32KN

ii)Self wieght of dirtwall over abutment = 60.50KN

iii)Self weight of wearing coat = 55.38KN

There is no need to consider snow load as per the climatic conditions