AHGW Tool Wells and Time Series

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ARC HYDRO GROUNDWATER TUTORIALS

Wells and Time Series

Arc Hydro Groundwater (AHGW) is a geodatabase design for representing groundwater


datasets within ArcGIS. The data model helps to archive, display, and analyze
multidimensional groundwater data, and includes several components to represent different
types of datasets, including representations of aquifers and wells/boreholes, 3D
hydrogeologic models, temporal information, and data from simulation models.

The Arc Hydro Groundwater Tools help to import, edit, and manage groundwater data
stored in an AHGW geodatabase. This tutorial illustrates how to use the tools to manage
well data and time series data (transient water level measurements) associated with wells.
A basic familiarity with the AHGW data model is suggested, but not required, prior to
beginning this tutorial.

1.1 Outline
In this tutorial, we will be working with groundwater data from the Panhandle region of
Texas. We will complete the following tasks:

1. Import a set of well data into ArcGIS.

2. Modify the well attributes.

3. Generate time series plots of water level data.

4. Generate average water level maps for selected periods.

5. Build a geoprocessing model to automate running a tool.

6. Generate a flow direction map.

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1.2 Required Modules/Interfaces


You will need the following components enabled in order to complete this tutorial:

Arc View license (or ArcEditor\ArcInfo)

Arc Hydro Groundwater Tools

Spatial Analyst or 3D Analyst extension

AHGW Tutorial Files

The AHGW Tools requires that you have a compatible ArcGIS service pack installed. You
may wish to check the AHGW Tools documentation to find the appropriate service pack
for your version of the tools. Spatial Analyst is required for one portion of the tutorial
involving interpolation. If you do not have Spatial Analyst, you can skip that portion of the
tutorial. The tutorial files should be downloaded to your computer and saved on a local
drive.

2 Getting Started
Before opening our map, lets ensure that the AHGW Tools are correctly configured.

1. If necessary, launch ArcMap.

2. If necessary, open the ArcToolbox window by clicking on the ArcToolbox icon


.

3. Make sure the Arc Hydro Groundwater Toolboxes is loaded. If it is not, add the
toolboxe by right-clicking anywhere in the ArcToolbox window and selecting the
Add Toolbox command. Browse to the top level of the Catalog and then browse
down to the Toolboxes|System Toolboxes directory. Select the toolbox and select
the Open button.

4. Expand the Arc Hydro Groundwater Tools item and then expand the
Groundwater Analyst toolset to expose the tools we will be using in this tutorial.

Note that many of the GP tools in the AHGW Toolbox can also be accessed from the
AHGW Toolbar. The toolbar contains additional user interface components not available
in the toolbox. If the toolbar is not visible, do the following:

5. Right-click on any visible toolbar and select the Arc Hydro Groundwater Toolbar
item.

When using geoprocessing tools you can set the tools to overwrite outputs by default, and
automatically add results to the map/scene. To set these options:

6. Open ArcMap/ArcCatalog (if not already open).

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7. Select the Geoprocessing | Geoprocessing Options... command and select the


Geoprocessing tab.

8. Activate the option: Overwrite the outputs of geoprocessing operations as


shown in Figure 1.

9. Enable the option to Add results of geoprocessing operations to the display as


shown in Figure 1.

10. Select OK to exit the setup.

Figure 1 Setting Geoprocessing tools to overwrite outputs by default, and to add


results of geoproceesing tools to the display.

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3 Opening the Map


We will begin by opening a map containing county boundaries for the Panhandle region of
North Texas.

1. Select the File | Open command and browse to the location on your local drive
where you have saved the AHGW tutorials. Browse to the Groundwater Analyst |
wells and time series folder and open the file entitled lubbock_wells.mxd.

Once the file has loaded you will see a map of the Panhandle region of North Texas. The
filled polygon represents the boundary of the Ogallala aquifer in Texas. This data was
obtained from the Texas Water Development Board Groundwater Database
(http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/publications/reports/groundwaterreports/gwdatabasereports/g
wdatabaserpt.htm).

4 Importing the Well Data


Next, we will import the well data for Lubbock County. The well data has been
downloaded from the above-referenced website to a comma-delimited text file. The AHGW
Tools include a tool for automating the import of text data into a AHGW geodatabase.

1. In the AHGW Toolbar, select the Arc Hydro GW | Text Import command.

2. In the wells and time series folder, select and open the lubbock_well_data.txt
file.

3. At the top of the File Import Wizard, turn on the Comma toggle and turn off the
Space toggle in the column delimiters section.

4. Turn on the Treat consecutive delimiters as one toggle.

5. Turn on the Heading row toggle. This indicates that the first row contains headers
for the data.

At this point, the dialog should look like the example shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 2 File Import Wizard, Step 1 of 2.

6. Select the Next button to go to the next step of the wizard.

In the next step of the wizard we indicate the type of data we are importing and specify
how each of the columns in the file is linked to fields in the target feature class or table
(Well in this case). The contents of the file are shown in the table at the bottom of the
dialog. For each column that we wish to import, we will select the appropriate field name
in the Type row. By default, <not mapped> is selected for each column indicating that the
column will not be imported to a field in the Well feature class.

7. Make sure that the Well option is selected in the Create Features/Rows in: combo
box.

8. In the first column with a Header value = state_well_number, double-click on


the <not mapped> item in the Type row, and select HydroCode.

9. Repeat the previous step to create the following relationships (you will need to
scroll to the right to see some of the fields):
Header Type
state_well_number HydroCode
lat_dec Y
long_dec X
aquifer_id1 AquiferCode
elev_of_lsd LandElev
well_type FType
well_depth WellDepth
10. Select the Finish button to complete the import process.

11. Select OK to confirm the import process.

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At this point, you should see wells appear in the map.

Before continuing, lets zoom in on the wells.

12. Select the Zoom In tool and drag a box around the wells.

5 Using the Feature Type Filter


Features such as wells include an FType field representing the feature type. For wells, this
field is often populated with values such as irrigation, municipal, etc. The AHGW
Toolbar includes a pair of filters that can be used to map only the features in a layer that
correspond to a particular type. The Filter creates a simple definition query for the selected
value (for example, FType = irrigation). The Texas Water Development Board uses
single character codes to identify well types. The four codes used in the wells in Lubbock
County are O, S, T, and W and represent the following well types:
Code Well Type
O Observation
S Spring
T Test hole
W Withdrawal
Before using the filter, we will first change the symbology so that the wells are colored by
type.

1. In the Table of Contents, right-click on the Well layer and select the Properties
command.

2. Click on the Symbology tab in the Layer Properties dialog, and change the
selected options to match those shown in Figure 3 (Change the Show: option to
Categories | Unique values. Choose FType as the value field and click the Add
All Values button.).

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Figure 3 Symbology Options for the Well Features.

3. Click the OK button to exit.

Notice that most of the wells are withdrawal (W) wells. To map wells by type using the
Filter:

4. Make sure the Well layer is selected in the ArcMap Table of Contents (TOC). The
filter will be built for the selected layer.

5. In the AHGW Toolbar, click on the down arrow in the first combo box just to the
right of the Field label on the right side of the AHGW Toolbar and select FType.

6. Click on the down arrow in the second combo box to the right of the Field label
and select W. (Note: this sets up a new definition query for the selected layer and
overwrites any existing definition queries).

7. Repeat the previous step for each of the other types.

8. When finished, select the All option to map all wells.

Note that the two Field filters can be used to set up a definition query for any field/value
combination for any map layer.

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6 Assigning HydroIDs
Each feature in an Arc Hydro geodatabase should have an identifier that is unique across
the entire geodatabase, not just within a feature class. This unique ID is called the
HydroID. The HydroID is used to build relationships between feature classes and/or
tables. For example, we will use the HydroIDs of the wells to relate the wells to the
corresponding water level measurements in the TimeSeries table.

In a typical project, one would normally use the Assign HydroID GW tool in the
Groundwater Analyst toolset to generate unique HydroIDs for new features. This tool
necessitates some additional steps to relate the wells to the time series data we will import
in the next step. Therefore, in order to keep this tutorial simple we will copy over the
values in the HydroCode field to the HydroID field. This will result in unique integer IDs
for this exercise. To copy the values:

1. Right-click on the Well layer in the ArcMap Table of Contents window and select
Open Attribute Table.

2. Right-click on the HydroID field and select the Field Calculator command. Click
Yes if necessary at the warning about an edit session.

3. In the Fields section of the Field Calculator, double-click on the HydroCode item.

4. Select the OK button.

You should see that the values in the HydroID field match the values in the HydroCode
field.

5. Close the Attributes window.

7 Importing the Time Series Data


Now that we have imported the well features, we are ready to import transient water level
measurements into the TimeSeries table. Each record in the table will represent a water
level measurement at a particular well at a particular time. The records in the TimeSeries
table will be related to the wells using the HydroID field.

Once again, we will use the Text Import Wizard to import the data.

1. In the AHGW Toolbar, select the Arc Hydro GW | Text Import command.

2. In the wells and time series folder, select and open the lubbock_water_levels.txt
file.

3. Turn off the Space toggle, turn on the Comma toggle, turn off the Treat
consecutive delimiters as one toggle, and turn on the Heading row toggle as
shown in Figure 4.

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Figure 4 File Import Wizard Settings, Step 1.

4. Select the Next button.

5. Make sure that the TimeSeries option is selected in the Create Features/Rows in:
combo box.

6. Double-click on the <not mapped> items in the Type row and create the following
relationships as shown in Figure 5:
Header Type
state_well_number FeatureID
depth_from_lsd TsValue
Date_Time TsTime
7. Click Finish to exit the wizard.

8. Click OK to confirm the import.

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Figure 5 Import Wizard Settings, Step 2.

8 Fixing the TimeSeries Table


The water level measurements are stored in the TimeSeries table. Lets open the table and
view the contents.

1. Click on the List by Source button (ArcGIS 10) or Source tab (ArcGIS 9.3) in the
Table of Contents (TOC) window.

2. Right-click on the TimeSeries table and select Open.

Notice that two of the fields contain null values. We can populate these fields using the
Field Calculator. First, we will populate the VarID field. This field is typically used to
identify the type of time series and is an index to a separate VariableDefinition table. The
VariableDefinition table includes a record for each of the different types of time series
stored in the TimeSeries table (e.g. Water level measurement, TCE Concentration,
etc.) and provides information about the units of measurements. To keep this exercise
simple, we will not be using a VariableDefinition table and we will just have one type of
measurement in our table (water level).

3. Right-click on the VarID field in TimeSeries table and select the Field Calculator
command.

4. Click Yes if necessary at the warning about an edit session.

5. In the bottom part of the Field Calculator, enter 1.

6. Click OK to exit the Field Calculator.

The VarID field should now contain values of 1 for all the rows in the table.

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Next, we will make an adjustment to the water level measurements in the TimeSeries table.
The water levels we imported to the TsValue field are actually depths measured from the
top of the well and are expressed as negative values. To get a field representing actual
elevations, we will use the field calculator and add the negative depths to the well
elevations. This will require a temporary join. We will put the adjusted elevation values
into a field called TSValue_normalized.

First, we will do the join.

7. Close the TimeSeries table.

8. Right-click on the TimeSeries table and select Joins and Relates | Join

9. Select FeatureID for 1, Well for 2, and HydroID for 3, as shown in Figure 6.

10. Click on the OK button to complete the join. (if prompt to create an index during
the join, select Yes)

Figure 6 Join options for joining Well features to the TimeSeries table.

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Next, we will compute the proper elevations.

11. Right-click on the TimeSeries table and select the Open command.

12. Right-click on the TsValue_normalized field and select the Field Calculator
command (click Yes if necessary at the warning about an edit session).

13. Enter the expression, [Well.LandElev] + [TimeSeries.TsValue], as shown in


Figure 7 in the bottom part of the Field Calculator.

14. Click OK to complete the operation.

15. Click Yes at the prompt (if necessary).

16. Close the TimeSeries Table.

Figure 7 Computing a normalized elevation for the water level measurements.

Finally, we will remove the join.

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17. Right-click on the TimeSeries table and select Joins and Relates | Remove Join(s)
| Well.

9 Finding Wells with Transient Data


Some of the wells imported have transient water level measurements and some do not. We
can quickly determine which wells have transient data using the Make Time Series
Statistics tool in the Groundwater Analyst toolset. This tool can be used to derive a new
feature set from an existing feature set with transient data. The new feature set includes a
field representing selected statistics of the original transient data (mean, standard
deviation, etc.). In this case, we will use the tool to derive a new layer containing only the
wells with transient data and with a field representing the average water level over all
measurements.

1. Double-click on the Make Time Series Statistics tool in the AHGW Toolbox |
Groundwater Analyst toolset.

2. Enter the input options/selections as shown in Figure 8. For the Output Feature
Class option, browse to the location on your local drive where the tutorial files are
located and open the Lubbock_wells geodatabase so that the new features are
created inside the geodatabase. Type water_level_all as the name of your new
feature class.

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Figure 8 Input options for the Make Time Series Statistics tool.

3. Click OK to execute the tool.

4. Once the tool has completed its processing, select the Close button to close the
geoprocessing window.

You should now see a new set of wells displayed on the map (if the new layer does not
appear in the map browse to it and load it using the Add Data command).

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10 Adjusting the Well Display


In addition to the mean water level, the Make Time Series Statistics tool generates a new
field containing the frequency of measurements (i.e., the number of transient water level
values per well). We can use ArcMap Symbology to map the sampling frequency.

1. Uncheck the Well layer to hide that layer. Only wells with transient data will still
be visible in the map.

2. Right-click on the water_level_all layer and select the Properties command.

3. Edit the selection in the Symbology tab of the Layer Properties dialog to match
what is shown in Figure 9. Change the Show: option to Quantities | Graduated
Colors; change the Value: field to FREQUENCY and change the Classes setting
to 4. To change the symbol sizes, double-click on each of the symbols and edit the
Size value. Use 4.0 for the smallest symbol and 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 for the three
larger symbols.

4. Click OK to exit.

Figure 9 Symbology settings for the water level frequency data.

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11 Using the Time Series Grapher


When working with transient well data, it is helpful to generate graphs illustrating the
change in water level vs. time. The AHGW Toolbar includes an interactive Time Series
Grapher tool that can be used to quickly generate time series graphs simply by clicking on
wells of interest. We will use this tool to explore the Lubbock county well data.

1. Click on the Time Series Grapher icon in the AHGW Toolbar.

2. Edit the options in the Time Series Grapher Setup dialog to match those shown in
Figure 10.

Figure 10 Time Series Grapher Setup Options.

3. Select OK to exit the Setup dialog.

Notice that the cursor has changed. We can now create a new graph simply by clicking on
wells.

4. Click on one of the light blue wells.

A new plot window should appear (similar to the one shown in Figure 11). You may wish
to reposition the window. You can right-click on the graph to modify the plot using the
standard graphing options.

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Figure 11 Example of a plot generated with the Time Series Grapher tool

5. Click on a second light blue well.

Note that subsequent well data are inserted as additional series to the current graph. To
create a new graph, you can simply close the current graph and click on a new set of
points. Each graph is stored with the map and can be re-opened using the Tools | Graphs
menu command.

6. Click on any tool (e.g. the Select Features tool ) to deactivate the Time Series
Grapher tool.

7. Close the graph.

12 Time Series Statistics for a Specific Time Interval


Earlier in this tutorial, we used the Make Time Series Statistics tool to derive a new
feature class representing the average water levels over the entire set of measurements. The
objective of that exercise was simply to identify the wells containing transient water level
measurements. Next, we will use the Make Time Series Statistics tool to derive a set of
features corresponding to mean water levels measured over a specific interval in time (first
quarter of the year 2000). Then we will interpolate these values to a raster to generate a
map of water levels for the county for our selected time interval.

1. Double-click on the Make Time Series Statistics tool in the AHGW Toolbox |
Groundwater Analyst.

2. Enter the input options/selections as shown in Figure 12. For the Output Feature
Class option, browse to the location on your local drive where the tutorial files are

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located and open the Lubbock_wells geodatabase. Type wl_q1_2000 as the name
of your new feature class and click Save.

3. Click OK to execute the tool.

4. Once the tool has completed its processing, select the Close button to close the
geoprocessing window.

Figure 12 Input options for the Make Time Series Statistics tool.

You should now see a new set of wells displayed on the map. To simplify the map display:

5. Turn off the water_level_all layer in the TOC window.

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13 Interpolating Water Levels


The next step is to interpolate the values from the new layer to a raster to generate a map
of water levels for Q1 of 2000. This step requires Spatial Analyst. If you do not have
Spatial Analyst installed, you will not be able to complete this part of the tutorial (you can
use the solution files to complete the tutorial). We will use the IDW geoprocessing tool to
perform the interpolation and we will set the Environment options such that the resulting
raster is clipped to the Lubbock County boundary.

1. Double-click on the IDW tool in ArcToolbox (located in the Spatial Analyst Tools
| Interpolation).

2. Enter the set of options shown in Figure 13. For the Output raster option, change
the name of the output raster to wl_2000. Be sure to set the location of the raster
such that it is in the rasters folder one level above the geodatabase. This ensures
that the next step will not result in an error.

Figure 13 Input Setting for the IDW GP Tool.

3. Click on the Environments button.

4. Expand the Processing Extent (ArcGIS 10) or General Settings (ArcGIS 9.3)
section and change the Extent option to Same as layer lubbock_county. This will
cause the interpolation to extend out the limits of a rectangle including all of
Lubbock County.

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5. Scroll down and expand the Raster Analysis Settings section and change the Mask
option to lubbock_county. This will clip the raster to the actual boundary of
Lubbock County.

6. Select the OK button to exit the Environment Settings dialog.

7. Select the OK button to execute the IDW tool.

8. When the tool has finished, click on the Close button.

9. You should see a new raster layer called q1_2000 at the bottom of the TOC
window. To make it visible on the map, drag it up just above the Counties layer.

Figure 14 Raster created by the IDW interpolation

14 Using a Raster Catalog


Now that we have a water level raster, we will store it in a raster catalog. This allows us to
archive the raster with the time interval (start date, end date) and other descriptive
information that may be useful. Furthermore, a sequence of rasters in a raster catalog can
be animated using the Animation tools in ArcMap. A raster can be archived in a raster
catalog using the Add to Raster Series tool in Groundwater Analyst. Since our
geodatabase already contains an empty raster catalog with the appropriate fields, we are
ready to run the tool.

1. In ArcToolbox, Double-click on the Add To Raster Series tool in Arc Hydro


Groundwater Tools | Groundwater Analyst toolset.

2. Enter the set of options shown in Figure 15.

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Figure 15 Settings for the Add to Raster Series Tool.

3. Click on the OK button to execute the tool.

4. Click on the Close button once the tool has completed.

You should see a RasterSeries layer added to the map and a grayscale version of the raster
is displayed. You can right-click on the RasterSeries layer and edit the symbology to select
a new color ramp if you wish. To view the contents of the raster catalog:

5. Right-click on the RasterSeries layer and select the Open Attribute Table item.

6. Scroll to the right to examine the fields.

7. When you are finished, close the window.

15 Creating a Model to Automate Processes


Since generating water level maps for a specific time interval is such a common procedure,
it is useful to build a model that automates parts of the process. In this section you will
build a model that enables automating the process of running the Make Time Series
Statistics tool. It is possible to create fairly complex models (and scripts) to automate
common tasks.

1. In Arc Toolbox, right click anywhere in the window, and select Add Toolbox
option. An interface will open that allows you to add existing toolboxes or to

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create a new toolbox. Select the New Toolbox button (on the upper right). A
new toolbox should be added to the toolbox list. Select the new toolbox and select
the Open command. A new empty toolbox should be added to the Arc Toolbox
window.

2. Select the new toolbox, right click and select New Model. A new empty model
should be added to the toolbox.

3. Drag the Make Time Series Statistics tool into the model (you can also drag the
tool from the Results tab, this way you will already have the parameters defined in
the previous run set for the model).

You can expose tool parameters as model parameters. In this example we will set the input
feature classes, tables, and fields as constants and only expose the start date, end date, and
output features as model parameters.

4. Select the Make Time Series Statistics tool in the model, right click and select
Make Variable | From Parameter | Start Date. The Start Date parameter should
appear in the model as a circle

5. Do the same to add the End Date parameter to the model.

6. The parameters may appear on top of each other, you can select the Auto Layout
button to reorganize the parameters in the model display.

7. Select the Start Date parameter, right click, and select the Model Parameter
option. A P should appear beside the Start Date parameter. Do the same for the
End Date and Output Feature Class parameters. You model should look like the
one shown in Figure 16. Save your model.

Figure 16 Creating a model including the Make Time Series Statistics tool

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Next, you will set the other tool parameters.

8. Double click on the Make Time Series Statistics tool in the model. This should
expose the tool parameters.

9. Fill in the tool parameters as shown in Figure 17.

10. Select OK when finished.

Figure 17 Make Time Series Statistics parameters

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11. Save the model and close it and then reopen it from the toolbox (by double clicking
on the model) you will see only the Start Date, End Date, and Output Feature
Class parameters exposed as input parameters. The rest of the parameters are
defined in the model and will remain constant.

12. Set the Start Date to 1/1/2001 and the End Date to 3/31/2001.

13. Set the Output Feature Class by browsing to the lubbock_wells geodatabase and
name the new feature class wl_q1_2001.

Your model should look the same as the model shown in Figure 18

Figure 18 Make Time Series Statistics parameters exposed as model parameters.

14. Select OK to run the model.

A new layer should be added to the map representing the mean water level for the first
quarter of 2001.

If you want to run this process for multiple years you can batch process the model.

15. Right click on the model and select Batch.

In the Batch grid input the following parameters, as shown in Figure 19. By running
the model in batch mode you will create a new feature class for the first quarter of
each year from 2002 to 2005 (to add a new row to the batch grid you simply select the

icon).
Start Date End Date Output Feature Class
1/1/2002 3/31/2002 \lubbock_wells.mdb\wl_q1_2002
1/1/2003 3/31/2003 \lubbock_wells.mdb\wl_q1_2003
1/1/2004 3/31/2004 \lubbock_wells.mdb\wl_q1_2004
1/1/2005 3/31/2005 \lubbock_wells.mdb\wl_q1_2005

16. Select OK to run the model.

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Figure 19 Model parameters in batch mode

By creating more complex models and scripts you can automate the process of creating
water level maps and generate a sequence of maps for different time periods. These maps
could then be animated using the ArcGIS Animation tools. See the Arc Hydro
Groundwater Tools | Sample Utilities and Arc Toolbox | Samples for sample models and
scripts.

16 Generating a Flow Direction Map


As the final step of the tutorial, we will generate a flow direction map using the Flow
Direction Generator command in the AHGW Toolbar. This tool generates a set of flow
arrows on top of a water level raster. The arrows are generated as graphic elements and
can be managed/deleted using the standard ArcMap drawing tools. The arrows are
generated such that they point in the direction of maximum downward gradient in the water
level elevations (i.e. downhill).

To generate the map:

1. Turn off the RasterSeries map layer.

2. Select the wl_2000 raster in the TOC window.

3. In the AHGW Toolbar, Select Arc Hydro GW | Flow Direction Generator.

4. Enter a value of 7 for the Arrow Spacing.

At this point your tool should be similar to the one shown in Figure 20.

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Figure 20 Flow Direction Generator parameters

5. Click on the Generate button.

At this point, the arrows should be added to the raster. To experiment with the settings,
you can click the Clear button to remove the current arrows and Generate to build new
arrows.

6. Click on the Quit button when you are finished.

17 Conclusion
This concludes the tutorial. Here are some of the key concepts in this tutorial:

The Text Import Wizard is used to quickly import wells and time series data into
an AHGW geodatabase.

The Make Time Series Statistics tool is used to identify wells with transient data
and to illustrate the frequency of the data.

The Time Series Grapher is used to explore transient data.

The Make Time Series Statistics tool is used to map statistics (e.g. mean, min,
max) values for a specific time intervals. This output can then be interpolated to a
raster to generate water level maps.

Raster catalogs are useful for managing raster series.

Models are used to automate processes.

The Flow Direction Generator tool is used to create a map of flow directions.

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