Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Advances in Virology
Volume 2015, Article ID 537939, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/537939

Research Article
Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus
Infection in HIV Coinfected Individuals in
Eastern India with Risk Factor Analysis

Soumyabrata Nag,1 Soma Sarkar,2 Debprasad Chattopadhyay,3 Sanjoy Bhattacharya,4

Rahul Biswas,5 and Manideepa SenGupta2
1
Department of Microbiology, IIMSAR & BCRH, Haldia, West Bengal, India
2
Department of Microbiology, Medical College Kolkata, 88 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
3
ICMR Virus Unit, I.D. and B.G. Hospital, GB-4, 1st Floor, 57 Dr. S. C. Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
4
Department of Medicine, Medical College Kolkata, 88 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
5
Department of Community Medicine, A.I.I.H. & P.H., Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Manideepa SenGupta; [email protected]

Received 31 May 2015; Accepted 4 August 2015

Academic Editor: Jay C. Brown

Copyright 2015 Soumyabrata Nag et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the cause of most genital herpes while HSV-1 is responsible for orolabial and facial lesions. In
immunocompromised individuals, like HIV patients, impaired immunity leads to more frequent symptomatic and asymptomatic
HSV infection. Fifty-two blood samples from HIV patients with clinically diagnosed HSV infection were taken as cases, while 45
blood samples each from HIV-infected (HIV control) and noninfected patients without any herpetic lesion (non-HIV control)
were taken as control. Serum was tested for IgM and IgG antibodies of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 by ELISA. The seroprevalence was
compared among the three groups of study population, considering the demographic and socioeconomic parameters. The HSV-2
IgM was significantly higher ( < 0.005) in the HIV patient group (34.6%) than the HIV control (2.2%) and non-HIV control
(2.2%) groups, whereas HSV-2 IgG seroprevalence was higher in both HIV patient (61.5%) and HIV control (57.8%) groups than
the non-HIV control group (17.8%). The prevalence of HSV-2 was significantly higher in persons with multiple partners and in the
reproductive age group. The overall seroprevalence of HSV-1 IgM was too low (<5%), whereas it was too high (about 90%) with
HSV-1 IgG in all three study groups.

1. Introduction (NHANES II) and was decreased to 21.0% in 19881994

(NHANES III) and 17.0% in 19992004. In 20052008 it was
Most Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 16.2%, which was statistically same with the seroprevalence in
(HSV-2) infections are subclinical. However, in symptomatic 19992004 [4].
infections, the clinical manifestations are characterized by Classically, HSV-1 is acquired in childhood through
recurrent orolabial and facial lesions in HSV-1 and recurrent contact, whereas HSV-2 is transmitted sexually. After initial
vesicular, ulcerative genital or anal lesions in HSV-2 [13]. infection, the virus persists for life in a latent form in
HSV is a life-long infection and serological testing pro- neurons of the host, periodically reactivate to cause recurrent
vides the best method to estimate its prevalence. Since 1976, episodes. Daily suppressive therapy with acyclovir, famci-
the CDC has monitored the HSV-2 seroprevalence in the clovir, and valacyclovir decreases HSV shedding dramatically
United States through the National Health and Nutrition and thereby decreases transmission along with decreased
Examination Survey (NHANES). Reports indicate that HSV- HIV viral loads. Vaccines, interleukins, interferons, therapeu-
2 prevalence was increased to 31% between 1976 and 1980 tic proteins, antibodies, immunomodulators, small-molecule
2 Advances in Virology

drugs, and inhibitors of the HSV helicase-primase are in 94.20% 93.30% 88.80%
the developmental stages. It is increasingly evident that
HSV-2 facilitates HIV transmission [5, 6] which strengthens
the importance of the implementation of available HSV
control methods [79]. The majority of HSV infections are
asymptomatic or silent and thus, the infected people shedding 3.80% 4.40% 2.20%
the virus are potentially infectious. Therefore, seroepidemi-
ological studies are critical to understand the pattern and HSV-1 HSV-1 IgG HSV-1 HSV-1IgG HSV-1 HSV-1 IgG
distribution of infection within populations [9]. IgM (HIV (HIV pt.) IgM (HIVc) IgM (Non- (Non-
pt.) (HIVc) HIVc) HIVc)
Till date, a limited amount of data on the HSV prevalence
and its association with HIV infection are available in Eastern Figure 1: Prevalence of HSV-1 IgM and IgG in HIV pt., HIVc, and
India, particularly in West Bengal. Hence, the aim of this non-HIVc group.
study was to find out the prevalence of HSV infection in
HIV patients attending the HIV Clinic of Medical College
61.50%
and Hospital, Kolkata. Specifically, we sought to know the 57.80%
prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies (both IgM and
IgG) in HIV patients with herpetic blister and/or ulcer (HIV 34.60%
group), compared to that in both HIV and non-HIV patients 17.80%
without any herpetic blister and/or ulcer (HIV control) and 2.20% 2.20%
non-HIV control group. Moreover, the associations, if any,
with various demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral HSV-2 HSV-2 IgG HSV-2 HSV-2IgG HSV-2 HSV-2 IgG
factors were correlated. IgM (HIV (HIV pt.) IgM (HIVc) IgM (Non- (Non-HIVc)
pt.) (HIVc) HIVc)

Figure 2: Prevalence of HSV-2 IgM and IgG in HIV pt., HIVc, and
2. Methods non-HIVc group.

After obtaining the institutional ethical clearance, 52 blood

samples were collected from patients of both sexes of 18
55 years of age attending the HIV Clinic of Medical College detection of acute infections. All the tests were done accord-
and Hospital, Kolkata, with oral or genital blisters (clinically ing to the manufacturers instructions. To fix the cut-off
diagnosed as Herpes simplex lesions) from April 2012 to ranges, the mean absorbance value of the supplied standard
March 2013. The HIV control group consisted of 45 blood serum (STD) was multiplied with the numerical data quality
samples, collected from age- and sex-matched HIV seroposi- control provided by the manufacturer, for example, OD =
tive individuals of the clinic, while HIV seronegative blood 0.502 MW (STD) with upper cut-off and OD = 0.352
collected from the Surgery and Gynaecology OPD served MW (STD) with lower cut-off.
as a non-HIV control. Informed consent was obtained from If the measured mean absorbance value of the supplied
each individual prior to collection of blood. The personal, standard serum is 0.64, the range of the cut-off is in between
demographical, and clinical data of all the patients were 0.225 and 0.321.
obtained by a pretest questionnaire containing name, age, Statistical analysis was done by a statistician using stan-
sex, socioeconomic status, occupation, marital status, con- dard statistical software (SPSS). Data were entered into
tact history, medical history, sexual behaviour, risk factors, Microsoft Excel (2007) and further exported to SPSS version
knowledge of STDs (particularly HSV and HIV/AIDS), and 16.0 for analysis. Pearsons chi-square test was performed at
clinical symptoms. Patients below 18 years or above 55 years of 95% confidence interval and significant level was accepted at
age, suffering from critical or deteriorating diseases, or with < 0.05. values were calculated to observe any statistically
a history of receiving antiviral therapy aside from ART were significant difference among the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and
excluded from the study. 2 antibodies (IgM and IgG) in different study groups.
Serum separated from blood samples collected by
venipuncture was tested for HSV-1 and HSV-2 (IgG and 3. Results
IgM) antibodies, using commercial ELISA kits (SERION
ELISA classic; Manufacturer Fabricant; Institut Virion/Serion Most of the patients participating in the three study groups
GmbH, Germany) that distinguished the type-specific anti- were males, between 2645 years, married, literate, and
body response of both viruses. Microtitre plates of SERION belonged to the upper lower or lower middle class back-
ELISA classic HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgG were coated with ground while most HIV seropositive patients had multiple
recombinant glycoprotein gG1 or gG2, respectively. The use partners (Table 1). The seroprevalence of HSV-l IgM was
of envelope proteins gG1 in HSV-1 IgG and gG2 in HSV-2 IgG found to be very low (<5%), while HSV-l IgG was very
allowed differentiation of type-specific antibody response to high (90%) in all three groups (Figures 1 and 2). This
HSV-1 and HSV-2. Microtitre plates of SERION ELISA classic suggest a high prevalence of HSV-1 in the general population
HSV-1 IgM and HSV-2 IgM were coated with the correspond- irrespective of age, sex, literacy, and socioeconomic status
ing whole virus antigen to ensure immediate and sensitive (Table 2).
Advances in Virology 3

Table 1: Distribution of study population according to various parameters.

HIV patients with HSV HIV patients without HSV Non-HIV patients without HSV
Overall demographic blister/ulcer blister/ulcer blister/ulcer
profile studied (HIV patient group) (HIV control group) (non-HIV control group)
= 52 = 45 = 45
Age
1825 years 8 (15.38%) 8 (17.78%) 9 (20%)
2635 years 14 (26.92%) 17 (37.78%) 8 (17.78%)
3645 years 23 (44.23%) 15 (33.33%) 21 (46.67%)
4655 years 7 (13.46%) 5 (11.11%) 7 (15.55%)
Gender
Male 30 (57.7%) 23 (51.11%) 25 (55.56%)
Female 22 (42.3%) 22 (48.89%) 20 (44.44%)
Marital status
Never married 2 (3.85%) 5 (11.11%) 11 (24.44%)
Married 44 (84.62%) 31 (68.89%) 30 (66.67%)
Separated 1 (1.92%) 1 (2.22%) 2 (4.44%)
Widowed 5 (9.61%) 8 (17.78%) 2 (4.44%)
Socioeconomic status
Lower (L) 4 (7.69%) 3 (6.67%) 2 (4.44%)
Upper lower (UL) 30 (57.69%) 18 (40%) 15 (33.33%)
Lower middle (LM) 17 (32.69%) 18 (40%) 18 (40%)
Upper middle (UM) 1 (1.92%) 3 (6.67%) 7 (15.56%)
Upper (U) 0 3 (6.67%) 3 (6.67%)
Literacy level
Illiterate (Ill) 7 (13.46%) 11 (24.44%) 8 (17.78%)
Up to primary (P) 29 (55.77%) 3 (6.67%) 4 (8.89%)
Up to middle (M) 9 (17.31%) 17 (37.78%) 10 (22.22%)
Secondary (S) 4 (7.69%) 10 (22.22%) 12 (26.67%)
HS and above (H) 3 (5.77%) 4 (8.89%) 11 (24.44%)
Number of partners
0 0 9 (20%) 8 (17.78%)
1 28 (53.85%) 9 (20%) 31 (68.89%)
>1 24 (46.15%) 27 (60%) 6 (13.33%)
Different socioeconomic classes as per modified (for 2012) Prasads Scale of socioeconomic status are based on per capita income in Rupees/month.
Lower = <585; upper lower = 5851169; lower middle = 11701949; upper middle = 19503899; upper = 3900.

On the other hand, HSV-2 IgM seroprevalence was 95% confidence interval 7.495157.895) more likely to be
significantly higher ( value < 0.005 by 2 test) in the HIV seropositive for HSV-2 IgG, significant at 5% level ( value <
patient group (34.6%) than the HIV control (2.2%) and non- 0.005). However, HSV-2 IgG did not vary significantly among
HIV control (2.2%) group (Tables 3 and 4). In comparison patients of different age groups, sex, socioeconomic strata,
to the non-HIV control group, sera from HIV patients and literacy levels but varied significantly with the number of
were 23 times more reactive for HSV-2 IgM (odds ratio partners among the patients of the HIV-patient and the non-
23.294; 95% confidence interval 2.961183.278). Further, the HIV control group ( value < 0.05).
seroprevalence was found to be higher in males of 1825 years
having more than one partner, literate, and in the upper lower 4. Discussion
socioeconomic class (Table 3).
HSV-2 IgG seroprevalence was higher in both HIV HSV infection is highly prevalent worldwide and varies
patient (61.53%) and HIV control (57.78%) groups than the between regions and populations.
non-HIV control group (17.78%). When compared with the In this study, it was found that the overall seroprevalence
non-HIV control group, the HIV patient group was 29 times of HSV-2 IgG was 42.3%. While it was 59.79% in HIV-
(odds ratio 29.421; 95% confidence interval 6.331136.720) infected patients (61.53% in case and 57.7% in control), and
and the HIV control group was 34 times (odds ratio 34.400; only 17.78% in the non-HIV group. However, higher rates of
4 Advances in Virology

Table 2: Seroprevalence of HSV-1 IgM and HSV-1 IgG antibody.

HIV patient group HIV control group Non-HIV control group

Number HSV-1 IgM HSV-1 IgG HSV-1 IgM HSV-1 IgG HSV-1 IgM HSV-1 IgG
of pts.
Overall = 52 2 (3.8%) = 52 49 (94.2%) = 45 2 (4.4%) = 45 42 (93.3%) = 45 1 (2.2%) 40 (88.9%)
According to gender
Male = 30 3.3% = 30 93.3% = 23 4.3% = 23 95.7% = 25 4% = 25 92%
Female = 22 4.5% = 22 95.5% = 22 4.5% = 22 90.0% = 20 0 = 20 85%
According to age (in yrs)
1825 =8 12.5% =8 100% =8 0 =8 100% =9 0 =9 100%
2635 = 14 0 = 14 100% = 17 5.9% = 17 94.1% =8 0 =8 87.5%
3645 = 23 4.3% = 23 87% = 15 6.7% = 15 86.7% = 21 4.8% = 21 85.7%
4655 =7 0 =7 100% =5 0 =5 100% =7 0 =7 85.7%
According to number of partners
0 =0 0 =0 0 =9 0 =9 100% =8 0 =8 7.5%
1 = 28 0 = 28 100% =9 0 =9 7.7% = 31 3.3% = 31 90.3%
>1 = 24 8.3% = 24 87.5% = 27 7.4% = 27 9.6% =6 0 =6 100%
According to Income groups
L =4 25% =4 75% =3 0 =3 100% =2 0 =2 100%
UL = 30 3.3% = 30 93.3% = 18 5.5% = 18 100% = 15 0 = 15 93.3%
LM = 17 0 = 17 100% = 18 5.5% = 18 88.9% = 18 5.5% = 18 88.9%
UM =1 0 =1 100% =3 0 =3 100% =7 0 =7 71.4%
U =0 0 =0 0 =3 0 =3 66.7% =3 0 =3 100%
According to literacy status
Ill =7 0 =7 100% = 11 9.1% = 11 81.8% =8 0 =8 100%
P = 29 3.4% = 29 93.1% =3 33.3% =3 100% =4 0 =4 100%
M =9 11.1% =9 100% = 17 0 = 17 100% = 10 0 = 10 90%
S =4 0 =4 75% = 10 0 = 10 100% = 12 8.3% = 12 83.3%
H =3 0 =3 100% =4 0 =4 75% = 11 0 = 11 81.8%
L, lower; UL, upper lower; LM, lower middle; UM, upper middle; U, upper; Ill, illiterates; P, primary; M, middle; S, secondary; H, HS and above.

coinfection with HIV and HSV-2 ranging from 62.7100% In our study, the seroprevalence of HSV-1 IgG was found
[1012], 88% and 91% [13] have been reported in the US, to be very high in all the study groups (overall 92.3%),
Haiti, and Central African Republic, respectively, which was showing a good correlation with the German study, where
similar to the control group of this study. Another study on the prevalence of HSV-I antibodies showed a steady increase
hospitalized patients and blood donors in Germany revealed with age and reached high levels (88%) among patients aged
overall 12.8% HSV-2 seropositivity, including 15% females 40 years or older [15]. In the German study, the seropositivity
and 10.5% males, but the prevalence in non-HIV control of HSV-1 (91.1%) and HSV-2 (47.9%) in HIV-infected popu-
group was 17.78% (20% in males and 15% in females) [14]. lations supports our observation of 93.81% and 59.79% in the
There are several possible biological mechanisms where present study. However, the higher seropositivity of HSV-2 in
HSV-2 acts as a cofactor in HIV acquisition or transmission. males in this study was probably due to limited sample size.
First, the HSV-2 reactivations result in mucosal or epithelial Higher prevalence of HSV-1 antibodies (73.3%) among 168
disruption, creating a portal of exit or entry for HIV, to HIV-antibody negative and 132 HIV-antibody positive men,
which the activated CD4 cells are recruited [14]. There also with no difference between HIV seronegative and seroposi-
appear to be several cellular interactions that promote the tive men ( value = 0.48), while about 20% of HIVseronega-
establishment of HIV infection and its coinfection with HSV- tive and 61% of seropositive men showed antibodies to HSV-
2 which may lead to the creation of pseudotypes (i.e., HSV- 2 ( < 0.0001). Similarly, 83.5% and 63.4% seroprevalence
2 particles containing the HIV genome enveloped with HSV of HSV-1 and HSV-2 among patients at higher risk for HIV
surface glycoprotein). This allows HSV to infect the cells that reported by Lupi [17], is similar to the findings in this study.
could not be infected by HIV alone [11]. The HSV-2 infection The present cross-sectional study on seroprevalence of
may also promote the increased expression of the HIV target HSV-2 corroborated the prospective observational study of
cells (i.e., the CCR5+ CD4 cells and the immature dendritic Patel et al. [18]. Similar results on the seroprevalence of HSV-
cells) [12]. 2 in adult HIV-infected patients and blood donors were also
Advances in Virology 5

Table 3: Seroprevalence of HSV-2 IgM and HSV-2 IgG antibody.

HIV patient group HIV control group Non-HIV control group

Number HSV-2 IgM HSV-2 IgG HSV-2 IgM HSV-2 IgG HSV-2 IgM HSV-2 IgG
of pts.
Overall = 52 18 (34.6%) = 52 32 (61.5%) = 45 1 (2.2%) = 45 26 (57.8%) = 45 1 (2.2%) = 45 8 (17.8%)
According to gender
Male = 30 40% = 30 63.3% = 23 0 = 23 60.9% = 25 4% = 25 20%
Female = 22 27% = 22 59.1% = 22 4.5% = 22 54.5% = 20 0 = 20 15%
According to age (in yrs)
1825 =8 25% =8 62.5% =8 0 =8 75% =9 11.1% =9 11.1%
2635 = 14 35.7% = 14 85.7% = 17 5.9% = 17 47.1% =8 0 =8 12.5%
3645 = 23 34.8% = 23 52.2% = 15 0 = 15 60% = 21 0 = 21 23.8%
4655 =7 42.9% =7 42.9% =5 0 =5 60% =7 0 =7 14.3%
According to number of partners
0 =0 0 =0 0 =9 0 =9 55.5% =8 0 =8 0
1 = 28 35.7% = 28 42.8% =9 0 =9 55.5% = 31 0 = 31 12.9%
>1 = 24 33.3% = 24 83.3% = 27 3.7% = 27 59.2% =6 16.6% =6 66.7%
According to income groups
L =4 25% =4 75% =3 0 =3 66.7% =2 0 =2 0
UL = 30 43.3% = 30 63.3% = 18 0 = 18 61.1% = 15 0 = 15 26.7%
LM = 17 23.5% = 17 58.8% = 18 0 = 18 55.5% = 18 5.5% = 18 16.7%
UM =1 0 =1 0 =3 33.3% =3 0 =7 0 =7 14.2%
U =0 0 =0 0 =3 0 =3 100% =3 0 =3 0
According to literacy status
Ill =7 28.5% =7 71.4% = 11 0 = 11 45.4% =8 0 =8 25%
P = 29 41.3% = 29 55.1% =3 0 =3 66.7% =4 0 =4 25%
M =9 11.1% =9 66.7% = 17 0 = 17 58.7% = 10 0 = 10 20%
S =4 50% =4 100% = 10 10% = 10 70% = 12 8.3% = 12 16.6%
H =3 33.3% =3 33.3% =4 0 =4 50% = 11 0 = 11 9.1%
L, lower; UL, upper lower; LM, lower middle; UM, upper middle; U, upper; Ill, illiterates; P, primary; M, middle; S, secondary; H, HS and above.

Table 4: Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and 2 antibodies (IgM and IgG) in different study groups.

HIV patient group HIV control group Non-HIV control group Total Chi square test
R NR T R NR T R NR T R NR T ( value)
0.838
HSV1 2 50 52 2 43 45 44 45 137 142
1 (2.2%) 5 (3.5%) (not statistically
IgM (3.8%) (96.2%) (100%) (4.4%) (95.6%) (100%) (97.8%) (100%) (96.5%) (100%)
significant)
0.585
HSV1 49 3 52 42 3 45 40 45 131 142
5 (11.1%) 11 (7.7%) (not statistically
IgG (94.2%) (5.8%) (100%) (93.3%) (6.7%) (100%) (88.9%) (100%) (92.3%) (100%)
significant)
0.000
HSV2 18 34 52 1 44 45 44 45 20 122 142
1 (2.2%) (statistically
IgM (34.6%) (65.4%) (100%) (2.2%) (97.8%) (100%) (97.8%) (100%) (14.1%) (85.9%) (100%)
significant)
0.000
HSV2 32 20 52 26 19 45 8 37 45 66 76 142
(statistically
IgG (61.5%) (38.5%) (100%) (57.8%) (42.2%) (100%) (17.78%) (82.22%) (100%) (46.48%) (53.52%) (100%)
significant)
6 Advances in Virology

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