An American National Standard

Designation: D 217 02

Designation: 50/88

Standard Test Methods for

Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope 1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test

1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring methods are given in inches and fractions of an inch. These
the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a units were retained because a vast body of data has been
cone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration obtained using equipment with the dimensions shown. Metric
is measured in tenths of a millimetre. equivalency tables are provided with each figure. Temperatures
and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the
NOTE 1The National Lubricating Grease Institute2 (NLGI) classified values shown in parentheses are provided for information.
greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
penetration. The classification system is as follows:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NLGI Worked Penetration Range,
Consistency Number 25C (77F) responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
000 445 to 475 priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
00 400 to 430 bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
0 355 to 385
1 310 to 340
2 265 to 295 2. Referenced Documents
3 220 to 250 2.1 ASTM Standards:
4 175 to 205
5 130 to 160 D 937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum3
6 85 to 115 D 1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone
worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetra- Equipment3
tions between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency
3. Terminology
numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed
penetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to the 3.1 Definitions:
unworked penetration test. 3.1.1 consistency, nof lubricating grease, the degree of
1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to resistance to movement under stress.
greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such 3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term consistency is used some-
greases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a what synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistency
millimetre. refers to the worked penetration of a grease.
1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for 3.1.2 lubricant, nany material interposed between two
the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetra- surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.
tion. Test Method D 937 should be used for such products. 3.1.3 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product of
a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms a
1
These test methods are the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by
Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G0 surface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients are
on Lubricating Grease. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of the commonly included to impart special properties.
Standardization Committee. These test methods were adopted as a joint ASTM-IP 3.1.4 penetrometer, nan instrument that measures the
standard in 1969.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Originally
consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by
approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 21797.
2
National Lubricating Grease Institute, 4635 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, MO
3
64112-1596. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 217 02
measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under 3.2.4 prolonged worked penetration, nof lubricating
a given force falls into the material. grease, the penetration of a sample after it has been worked
3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn this test method, either a standard more than 60 double strokes in a standard grease worker at a
penetrometer 6.2 or an optional penetrometer cone A1.3 can be temperature of 15 to 30C (59 to 86F).
used to determine the consistency of lubricating greases. The 3.2.4.1 DiscussionAfter the prescribed number of double
penetration force is determined by the mass of the cone and the strokes, the worker and contents are brought to 25C (77F),
shaft. worked an additional 60 double strokes, and penetrated without
3.1.5 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com- delay.
posed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant 3.2.5 unworked penetration, nof lubricating grease, the
to form the products structure. penetration at 25C (77F) of a sample that has received only
3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such as minimum disturbance in transferring to a grease worker cup or
various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain dimensionally equivalent rigid container.
non-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at most, only very 3.2.6 worked penetration, nof lubricating grease, the
slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require- penetration at 25C (77F), without delay, of a sample after 60
ments are that the solid particles be extremely small, uniformly double strokes in a standard grease worker.
dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-like 3.2.7 working, nof lubricating grease, the subjection of a
structure with the liquid lubricant. sample to the shearing action of the standard grease worker.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 block penetration, nof lubricating grease, the pen- 4. Summary of Test Method
etration at 25C (77F) determined on the freshly prepared face 4.1 For unworked penetration, the sample is brought to 25
of a cube cut from a sample that is sufficiently hard to hold its 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) in a worker cup or other suitable container.
shape. The cone assembly of the penetrometer is released and allowed
3.2.2 penetration, nof lubricating grease, the depth that to drop freely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determina-
the standard cone (see A1.1), enters the sample when released tions are made and averaged to give the reported result.
to fall under its own weight for 5 s. 4.2 For worked penetration, the sample is brought to 25 6
3.2.3 penetrometer, nan instrument (see Fig. 1) designed 0.5C (77 6 1F) and placed in the worker cup. The sample is
to measure the depth to which the standard cone falls into the subjected to 60 double strokes in the grease worker. The
grease. penetration is determined immediately by releasing the cone
assembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop
freely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are
made and averaged to give the reported result.
4.3 For prolonged worked penetration, the sample is placed
in the worker cup and subjected to a predetermined number of
double strokes in the grease worker. Following completion of
the prolonged working, the grease and worker assembly are
brought to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and the grease is worked an
additional 60 double strokes in the grease worker. The pen-
etration is determined immediately by releasing the cone
assembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop
freely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are
made and averaged to give the reported result.
4.4 For block penetration, a cube of the grease is prepared
by slicing off a thin layer using the grease cutter. The cube of
grease is brought to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and placed on the
penetrometer table with the prepared face upward. The pen-
etration is determined by releasing the cone assembly from the
penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the
grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made and
averaged to give the reported result.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the
consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI
numbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of
stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In
contrast, Test Method D 937 is aimed at petrolatums and Test
Method D 1403 uses less precise one-quarter and one-half
scale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity is
FIG. 1 Penetrometer limited.

2
 D 217 02
5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the surface as well as any grease forced by the penetrometer cone
consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are re- to overflow from the cup. This grease can be returned to the
quired to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease worker cup for subsequent testing.
belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of
evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consis- 7. Reagents and Materials
tency. 7.1 Appropriate Volatile Gum-free Solvent, for example,
5.3 Although no correlation has been developed between light petroleum naphtha.
cone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrations 7.2 Cloth or Paper Wiper, for wiping grease from the
obtained by the four procedures are widely used for specifica- penetrometer cone. The wiper should be soft, so as not to
tion purposes, such as in users material specifications and scratch the cone.
suppliers manufacturing specifications.
6. Apparatus 8. Sampling
6.1 Penetrometer, in accordance with A1.1. The instrument 8.1 Sample SizeSufficient sample (at least 0.4 kg (1 lb))
shall be capable of indicating depth in tenths of a millimetre. A for worked and prolonged worked penetrations and 1.2 kg (3
sketch of a generic penetrometer is shown in Fig. 1. lb) for unworked penetrations expected over 200) to overfill the
6.2 Standard Penetrometer Cone, in accordance with A1.2, cup of the standard grease worker is required. If the sample
is suitable for all penetrations. An optional penetrometer cone, size is insufficient and penetration ranges from NLGI 0 to 4,
in accordance with A1.3, is suitable only for penetrations less use Test Method D 1403. If the full-scale penetration value
than 400. The optional cone should not be used to measure the calculated in Test Method D 1403 is above 200, at least three
penetration of 00 and 000 grade greases. times the amount needed to fill the one-quarter or one-half
6.3 Grease Worker, comprising a grease cup, cover, and scale worker cup is required.
plunger assembly, in accordance with A1.4, constructed for 8.1.1 For block penetration, obtain a sufficient size sample
either manual or mechanical operation. of the grease, which must be hard enough to hold its shape, to
6.3.1 Grease Worker Drive, Manual, in accordance with permit cutting from it a 50-mm (2-in.) cube as a test specimen.
A1.5, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10 8.2 Sample PreparationSamples are prepared for the
double strokes per minute. various cone penetration test methods as follows:
6.3.2 Grease Worker Drive, Motorized, in accordance with 8.2.1 Unworked PenetrationPlace the empty grease
A1.6, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10 worker cup, or dimensionally equivalent rigid container, and an
double strokes per minute. This apparatus is essential for the appropriate amount of the sample in a metal container in the
working step of the prolonged worked penetration procedure. temperature bath maintained at 25 6 0.5C for sufficient time
6.4 Grease Cutter, in accordance with A1.7, is used for to bring the temperature of the sample and the worker cup to 25
preparation of samples for block penetration. 6 0.5C (77 6 1F). If the initial sample temperature differs
6.5 Temperature Bath, either a water bath or an air bath from 25C by more than about 8C (15F), or if an alternative
capable of controlling the bath temperature at 25 6 0.5C (77 method of bringing the sample to 25C is used, allow sufficient
6 1F) and designed to bring the assembled grease worker to additional time to ensure that the specimen is at 25 6 0.5C
test temperature conveniently. If a water bath is to be used for before proceeding. Also, if the sample is larger than 0.4 kg (1
samples for unworked penetration, means should be provided lb), allow sufficient additional time to ensure that the specimen
for protecting the grease surface from water and for maintain- is at 25 6 0.5C. Testing may proceed if the specimen is at a
ing the air above the sample at test temperature. An air bath is uniform temperature of 25 6 0.5C. Transfer the specimen,
preferred for bringing block greases to test temperature, but a preferably in one lump, to overfill the cup of the grease worker
tightly sealed container placed in a water bath will suffice. A or other container. Make this transfer in such a manner that the
constant-temperature test room may be used instead of the grease will be worked as little as possible. Jar the cup to drive
temperature bath. out trapped air and pack the grease with the spatula, with as
6.6 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade nomi- little manipulation as possible, to obtain a cupful without air
nally 32 mm (1.25 in.) wide and at least 150 mm (6 in.) long. pockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending over the rim,
6.7 Temperature-Measuring Device, with a sheath length of creating a flat surface, by moving the blade of the spatula, held
approximately 200 mm (8 in.) and a sheath diameter of inclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of approxi-
approximately 3.7 mm (0.145 in.) (small enough to fit through mately 45, across the rim of the cup (Fig. 2). Do not perform
the vent cock). The temperature range of the device should be any further leveling or smoothing of the surface throughout the
wide enough to allow it to be immersed in grease at approxi- determination of unworked penetration and determine the
mately 38C (100F) without damage. The scale should have measurement immediately.
small enough divisions (or digital resolution) to allow the user 8.2.1.1 The penetrations of soft greases are dependent upon
to read 60.5C (61F). A spacer can be applied to the upper the diameter of the container. Therefore, greases having un-
portion of the sheath to hold the tip just above the perforated worked penetrations greater than 265 should be tested in
plate of the grease worker and in the bulk of the sample (see containers having the same diameter limitations as those of the
A1.3). worker cup. The results on greases having penetrations less
6.8 Overflow Ring (optional), in accordance with A1.8, is a than 265 are not significantly affected if the diameter of the
useful device for catching grease scraped from the sample container exceeds that of the worker cup.

3
 D 217 02

FIG. 2 Preparing Sample for Penetration Measurement

8.2.2 Worked PenetrationThe following sections describe contents is 25 6 0.5C as indicated by the thermometer. If the
the procedure for preparation of samples for worked penetra- initial sample temperature differs from 25C by more than
tion: about 8C (15F), or if an alternative method of bringing the
8.2.2.1 WorkingTransfer sufficient specimen to the cup of sample to 25C is used, allow sufficient additional time to
the clean grease worker to fill it heaping full (mound up about ensure that the specimen is at 25 6 0.5C before proceeding.
13 mm (0.5 in.) at the center), avoiding the inclusion of air by Also, if the sample is larger than 0.4 kg (1 lb), allow sufficient
packing with the spatula. Jar the cup from time to time as it is additional time to ensure that the specimen is at 25 6 0.5C .
being packed to remove any air inadvertently entrapped. Testing may proceed when the specimen is at a uniform
Assemble the worker and, with the vent cock open, depress the temperature of 25 6 0.5C. Remove the worker from the bath.
plunger to the bottom. Insert a thermometer through the vent If a water bath was used, wipe any excess water from the outer
cock so that its tip is in the center of the grease. Place the surfaces of the worker. Remove the thermometer and close the
assembled worker in the temperature bath maintained at 25C vent cock. Subject the grease to 60 full (63 to 71.5 mm (2716
(77F) (Note 2) until the temperature of the worker and its to 21316 in.)) double strokes of the plunger, completed in about

4
 D 217 02
1 min, and return the plunger to its top position. Open the vent grease extending over the rim, creating a flat surface, by
cock, remove the cover and plunger, and return to the cup as moving the blade of the spatula, held inclined toward the
much of the grease clinging to the plunger as can readily be direction of motion at an angle of approximately 45, across
removed. the rim of the cup (Fig. 2), retaining the portion removed (Note
4).
NOTE 2If it is desired to immerse the worker above the joint between
the cup and cover, take care that the joint is watertight in order to prevent NOTE 5In order to minimize leakage during working, special atten-
the entrance of water to the worker. tion should be paid to the seal in the worker cover.
8.2.2.2 Preparing Sample for MeasurementJar the cup 8.2.3.1 TemperatureMaintain the temperature of the room
sharply on the bench or floor and pack the grease down with a used for the test within the range from 15 to 30C (59 to 86F).
spatula to fill the holes left by the plunger and to remove any No further control of the worker temperature is necessary; but,
air pockets (Note 3). Scrape off the excess grease extending before starting the test, the grease should have been in the room
over the rim, creating a flat surface, by moving the blade of the for sufficient time to bring its temperature within the range
spatula, held inclined toward the direction of motion at an from 15 to 30C.
angle of approximately 45, across the rim of the cup (Fig. 2), 8.2.4 Block GreaseBy means of the specified grease
retaining the portion removed (Note 4). cutter, cut as a test specimen from the sample at room
NOTE 3The jarring should be only as vigorous as required to remove temperature a cube about 50 mm (2 in.) on the edge (Fig. 3(a)).
the entrapped air without splashing the specimen from the cup. In While holding this specimen so that the unbeveled edge of the
performing these operations, a minimum of manipulation should be used, cutter is toward it (Fig. 3(b)), slice off a layer about 1.5 mm
as any agitation of the grease may have the effect of increasing the (116 in.) in thickness from each of the three faces adjacent to a
working beyond the specified 60 strokes.
NOTE 4Particularly when testing soft greases, retain the grease
single corner, which can be truncated for identification (Fig.
removed from the cup in scraping to provide a full cup for subsequent 3(c) and Note 6). Take care not to touch those portions of the
tests. Keep the outside of the rim of the cup clean so that the grease forced newly exposed faces which are to be used for testing or to set
by the penetrometer cone to overflow the cup may be returned to the cup a prepared face against the base plate or guide of the cutter.
prior to preparing the specimen for the next test. Bring the temperature of the prepared specimen to 25 6 0.5C
8.2.3 Prolonged Worked PenetrationFill a clean grease (77 6 1F) by placing it in a temperature bath maintained at
worker cup and assemble the worker as described in 8.4.2. 25C (77F) for at least 1 h. If the initial sample temperature
Subject the grease specimen to the prescribed number of differs from 25C by more than about 8C (15F), or if an
double strokes (Note 5). Immediately after the working is alternative method of bringing the sample to 25C is used,
concluded, place the worker in the temperature bath to bring allow sufficient additional time to ensure that the specimen is at
the test specimen to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) within 1.5 h. Or, 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) before proceeding.
if an alternate method of bringing the temperature to 25C is NOTE 6The testing of three faces is intended to equalize in the final
used, allow sufficient time to ensure that the specimen is at 25 value the effect of fiber orientation in testing fibrous greases. Smooth-
6 0.5C (77 6 1F). Remove the worker from the temperature textured, nonfibrous greases can be tested on one face only, when agreed
bath and subject the grease to a further 60 full (63 to 71.5 mm upon between the interested parties.
(2716 to 21316in.)) double strokes of the plunger, completed in
about 1 min, and return the plunger to its top position. Open the 9. Preparation of Apparatus
vent cock, remove the cover and plunger, and return to the cup 9.1 Cleaning Penetrometer ConeClean the penetrometer
as much of the grease clinging to the plunger as can readily be cone carefully before each test with a soft cloth or paper wiper.
removed. Jar the cup sharply on the bench or floor and pack the The wiper can be dampened with an appropriate volatile
grease down with a spatula to fill the holes left by the plunger gum-free solvent, when necessary, to remove any grease
and to remove any air pockets (Note 3). Scrape off the excess remaining on the cone. The solvent should have no effect on

FIG. 3 Preparing Block Sample for Penetration Measurement

5
 D 217 02
the cone surface. While cleaning, do not rotate the cone, as this 11.3.1 Additional TestsImmediately make two more tests
can cause wear on the release mechanism. Bending of the cone in succession on the same specimen. Return to the cup the
shaft can be avoided by holding the cone securely in its raised portion previously removed with the spatula, then repeat the
position while cleaning. operations in accordance with 8.4.2.2. Report the average of
9.2 Cleaning Penetrometer ShaftThe penetrometer shaft the three tests, to the nearest 0.1 mm, as the prolonged worked
should be cleaned periodically with a soft cloth or paper wiper penetration of the specimen.
dampened with an appropriate volatile gum-free solvent to 11.4 Block PenetrationPlace the test specimen on the
remove any oil, grease, or dirt buildup. Foreign materials on penetrometer table with one of the prepared faces upward, and
the penetrometer shaft can cause drag on the shaft assembly, press it down by the corners to make it rest level and firmly on
possibly causing erroneous results. the table so that it cannot teeter during the test. Set the
9.3 Any other cleaning or adjustments to the apparatus mechanism to hold the cone in the zero position, and adjust the
should be done in accordance with the equipment manufactur- apparatus carefully so that the tip of the cone just touches the
ers recommendations. surface at the center of the test sample. Determine the
penetration in accordance with 11.1. Make a total of three tests
10. Calibration and Standardization on the exposed face of the specimen, locating the tests at least
10.1 Proper operation of a grease penetrometer can be 6 mm (14 in.) from the edge and as far apart as possible without
checked by running periodic tests with a grease of known impinging on any touched portion, air hole, or other apparent
consistency. NLGI2 reference grease has been found to be flaw in the surface. If the result of one of these tests differs
suitable for this purpose, since multiple laboratories run tests from the others by more than three units, make additional tests
on this material to generate the data reported for it. Data on this until three values agreeing within three units are obtained.
material is provided by NLGI with the purchase of the grease. Average these three values for the face being tested.
11.4.1 Additional TestsRepeat the procedure described in
11. Procedure 11.4 on each of the other prepared faces of the specimen.
Report one third of the sum of the averages for the three faces,
11.1 Unworked PenetrationPlace the cup on the pen-
to the nearest 0.1 mm as the block penetration of the specimen.
etrometer table, making certain that it cannot teeter. Set the
mechanism to hold the cone in the zero position, and adjust the
apparatus carefully so that the tip of the cone just touches the 12. Report
surface at the center of the test specimen. Watching the shadow 12.1 Report the following information:
of the cone tip, from a low angle with backlighting, is an aid to 12.1.1 Unworked PenetrationReport the average value
accurate setting. For greases with penetrations over 400, the obtained in 11.1.2 as the unworked penetration of the grease
cup must be centered to within 0.3 mm (0.01 in.) of the tip of under test.
the cone. One way to center the cup accurately is to use a 12.1.2 Worked PenetrationReport the average value ob-
centering device (Fig. 1). Release the cone shaft rapidly, and tained in 11.2.1 as the worked penetration of the grease under
allow it to drop for 5.0 6 0.1 s. The release mechanism should test.
not drag on the shaft. Lock the shaft in position at the end of 12.1.3 Prolonged Worked PenetrationReport the average
the 5-s period. Gently depress the indicator shaft until stopped value obtained in 11.3.1 as the prolonged worked penetration
by the cone shaft and read the penetration from the indicator. of the grease under test. The number of double strokes to which
11.1.1 If the sample has a penetration over 200, center the the grease was subjected during the prolonged working shall
cone carefully in the cup; this sample shall then be used for also be reported.
only one test. If the sample has a penetration of 200 or less, 12.1.4 Block PenetrationReport the value obtained in
perform three tests in a single cup, spacing these tests on three 11.4.1 as the block penetration of the grease under test.
radii 120 apart and midway between the center side of the cup
so that the cone will neither strike the side of the container nor
13. Precision and Bias
impinge on the disturbed area made in a previous test.
11.1.2 Additional TestsMake a total of three tests on the 13.1 PrecisionThe precision of these test methods is
specimen (either in three cups or in one, in accordance with based on work done by the Institute of Petroleum. Their
11.1.1), and report the average of the three tests, to the nearest precision evaluation is considered to conform to the require-
0.1 mm, as the unworked penetration of the specimen. ments of Committee D-2, RR:D02-1007, Manual on Determin-
11.2 Worked PenetrationDetermine the penetration of the ing Precision Data for ASTM Test Methods on Petroleum
specimen in accordance with 11.1. Products and Lubricants.3
11.2.1 Additional TestsImmediately make two more tests 13.2 The precision of these test methods as determined by
in succession on the same specimen. Return to the cup the statistical examination of interlaboratory results is as follows:
portion previously removed with the spatula, then repeat the 13.2.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two test re-
operations in accordance with 8.4.2.2. Report the average of sults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
the three tests, to the nearest 0.1 mm, as the worked penetration under constant operating conditions on identical test material
of the specimen. would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
11.3 Prolonged Worked PenetrationDetermine the pen- the test method, exceed the values in Table 1 in only one case
etration of the specimen in accordance with 11.1. in twenty.

6
 D 217 02
TABLE 1 Repeatability and Reproducibility ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, in
Penetration
Repeatability, One Reproducibility, the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test
Penetration Operator and Different Operators method, exceed the values in Table 1 in only one case in
Range
Apparatus and Apparatus
twenty.
Unworked 85 to 475 8 units 19 units
Worked 130 to 475 7 units 20 units
13.3 BiasThe procedure in Test Methods D 217 for mea-
Prolonged worked 130 to 475 15 unitsA 27 unitsA suring cone penetration of lubricating greases has no bias
Block under 85 7 units 11 units because the value of cone penetration is defined only in terms
A
Determined at 100 000 double strokes within 15 to 30C (59 to 86F) ambient of these test methods.
temperature range.
14. Keywords
13.2.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two single 14.1 consistency; grease; lubricating grease; penetration;
and independent results obtained by different operators work- penetrometer; worked penetration

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. APPARATUS

A1.1 Penetrometer, similar to the instrument illustrated in with detachable, hardened steel tip, shall be constructed to
Fig. 1, designed to measure in tenths of a millimetre the depth conform to the tolerances shown in Fig. A1.2. The total mass
to which the standard (or optional) cone falls into the grease. of the cone shall be 102.5 6 0.05 g and that of its movable
The cone assembly or the table of the penetrometer shall be attachments shall be 47.5 6 0.05 g; the attachments shall
adjustable to enable accurate placement of the tip of the cone consist of a rigid shaft having a mechanical stop at its upper
on the level surface of the grease while maintaining a zero end and suitable means, at the lower end, for engaging the
reading on the indicator. When released, the cone should fall cone. The interior construction of the cone can be modified to
without appreciable friction. Both the penetrometer shaft and achieve the specified weight, provided that the general contour
the rack engaging the measuring dial should be at least 62.0 and weight distribution are not altered. The outer surface of the
mm in length. If only penetrations less than 400 are to be cone is to be polished to a smooth finish. A surface finish in the
measured, the penetrometer may be designed such that, when range from 0.18 to 1.50 m (7 to 59 in.) RMS has been found
released, the cone falls for at least 40.0 mm. The tip of the cone to have no measurable effect on penetration results.
should not hit the bottom of the sample container. The
instrument shall be provided with leveling screws and a spirit A1.4 Grease Worker, consisting of a grease cup, cover, and
level to maintain the cone shaft in a vertical position. plunger assembly and conforming to the dimensions given in
A1.1.1 Automatic Penetrometers, which include such de- Fig. A1.3. The dimensions not shown may be altered and other
vices as timers, electrical release mechanisms, digital depth methods of fastening the lid and securing the worker can be
indicators, and contact sensors are permitted, so long as the used. The worker can be constructed for either manual or
results obtained with such instruments are shown to fall within mechanical operation.
the precision in accordance with 13.2.
A1.5 Grease Worker Drive, Manual, similar to that shown
A1.2 Standard Cone, for measuring penetrations up to 475, in Fig. A1.4. The design must be such that a rate of 60 6 10
consisting of a conical body of magnesium or other suitable strokes per minute with a minimum length of 63 mm (2716 in.),
material with detachable, hardened steel tip, shall be con- can be maintained.
structed to conform to the tolerances in accordance with Fig.
A1.1. The total mass of the cone shall be 102.5 6 0.05 g and A1.6 Grease Worker Drive, Motorized, similar to that
that of its movable attachments shall be 47.5 6 0.05 g; the shown in Fig. A1.5. The design must be such that a rate of 606
attachments shall consist of a rigid shaft having a mechanical 10 strokes per minute with a minimum length of 63 mm (2716
stop at its upper end and suitable means, at the lower end, for in.), can be maintained. The mechanical grease worker must be
engaging the cone. The interior construction of the cone can be provided with a presetting counter to permit the apparatus to be
modified to achieve the specified weight, provided that the automatically stopped after any required number of double
general contour and weight distribution are not altered. The strokes up to 99 999.
outer surface of the cone is to be polished to a smooth finish.
A surface finish in the range from 0.10 to 1.12 m (4 to 44 in.) A1.7 Grease Cutter, having a sharp, rigidly mounted,
root mean square (RMS) has been found to have no measurable beveled blade, shall be essentially as shown in Fig. A1.6. It is
effect on penetration results. necessary that the blade be straight and sharpened, as shown.

A1.3 Optional Cone, for measuring penetrations up to 400, A1.8 Overflow Ring (optional), conforming in principal to
consisting of a conical body of brass or corrosion-resistant steel the illustration in Fig. A1.3 is a useful aid for returning

7
 D 217 02

Metric Equivalents
Inches MillimetresA Inches MillimetresA
324 4 0.122 3.10
14 6.4 0.125 3.18
516 7.9 0.329 8.36
38 9.5 0.331 8.40
78 22.2 0.586 14.88
112 28.8 0.590 14.99
138 34.9 1.259 31.98
0.014 0.38 1.265 32.13
0.016 0.40 2.7295 69.329
0.0615 1.582 2.7305 69.355
0.0635 1.613
A
Not necessarily direct conversions.

NOTE 1Tolerances on all fractional dimensions to be 6116 in. (61.6 mm).

NOTE 2The total weight of the cone shall be 102.5 6 0.05 g, and the total weight of its movable attachments shall be 47.5 6 0.05 g.
NOTE 3Surface finish to be cleaned and polished. See A1.2.
FIG. A1.1 Standard Penetrometer Cone

displaced grease to the worker cup. The overflow ring shall be while making a penetration measurement. A rim 13 mm high is
positioned at least 13 mm (12 in.) below the rim of the cup helpful.

8
 D 217 02

Metric Equivalents
Inches MillimetresA Inches MillimetresA
116 1.6 0.125 3.18
532 4.0 0.329 8.36
14 5.4 0.331 8.40
516 7.9 0.586 14.85
58 6 18 15.9 6 3.2 0.590 14.98
118 28.6 1.136 28.85
212 54.0 1.158 29.36
0.014 0.36 2.550 64.75
0.016 0.40 2.570 65.28
0.122 3.10
A
Not necessarily direct conversions.

NOTE 1Tolerances on all fractional dimensions to be 116 in. (1.6 mm).

NOTE 2The total weight of the cone shall be 102.5 6 0.05 g, and the total weight of its movable attachments shall be 47.5 6 0.05 g.
NOTE 3Surface finish to be cleaned and polished. See A1.3.
FIG. A1.2 Optional Penetrometer Cone

9
 D 217 02

Metric Equivalents
Inches MillimetresA Inches MillimetresA
316 4.8 2916 65.1
14 6.4 21516 74.6
932 7.0 8 203.0
12 12.7 0.005 0.13
58 15.9 0.01 0.25
1516 33.34 3 76.2
11516 49.2
212 63.5
A
Not necessarily direct conversions.

NOTE 1The handle, shaft, and perforated plate make up the plunger assembly.
NOTE 2Tolerances on all fractional dimensions to be 116 in. (1.6 mm) unless otherwise specified.
FIG. A1.3 Grease Worker

10
 D 217 02

FIG. A1.4 Manual Grease Worker

11
 D 217 02

FIG. A1.5 Mechanical Grease Worker

12
 D 217 02

Metric Equivalents
Inches MillimetresA Inches MillimetresA
364 1.2 212 63.5
12 3.2 5 127.0
316 4.8 612 165.0
14 6.4 714 184.2
12 12.7 Detail X
58 15.9 0.05 1.2
1 25.4 0.24 6.0
A
Not necessarily direct conversions.
FIG. A1.6 Grease Cutter

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. UNDISTURBED PENETRATION

X1.1 Undisturbed penetration is defined as the penetration another prior to testing. However, in evaluating the effect of
at 25C (77F) of a sample of grease in its container with no prolonged storage upon a lubricating grease, samples may be
disturbance. Typical uses of the undisturbed penetration are: repackaged prior to storage in an appropriately sized container.
(1) to control the consistency of certain greases during manu- Parties interested in measuring the undisturbed penetration on
facture, and (2) to assess the degree to which a grease develops grease samples should use the general procedure in accordance
a false body or set upon prolonged storage. The use of with 11.1, 11.1.1, and 11.1.2 and establish mutually agreeable
undisturbed penetration as a quality control test does not conditions for storage and container size.
involve the transfer of grease samples from one container to

13
 D 217 02
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).

14