2.

1 Landscape as nature

Nature is seen as pristine. The purity, power, and magnificence of the natural landscape are
vanguard of this view. Nature is seen as full of majesty, power and magnificence naturally
without human interference.

Case study ; Appalachian trail

The Appalachian National Scenic Trail, generally known as the Appalachian Trail or simply
the A.T., is a marked hiking trail in the Eastern United States extending between Springer
Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine. The majority of the trail is in forest or
wild lands, although some portions traverse towns, roads and farms. The trail conservancy
claims that the Appalachian Trail is the longest hiking-only trail in the world. The
Appalachian Trail is home to thousands of species of plants and animals, including 2,000
rare, threatened, endangered, and sensitive plant and animal species.

In this landscape, we can see that trees have ferns and fungus grow on them which show that
it does not been touch or modify by humans. Furthermore, the ferns grow in a way that they
are in different height because they compete each other for light. The ferns, shrubs and grass
looks wild and the space is quite crowded. These signify that the plants and trees grow natural
without human interference.
2.2. Landscape as habitat

Nature is benign provider, People interact with nature; accept its basic organization, structure,
and behaviour; and modify nature so as to convert its materials into resources that sustain the
quality of life.

Case study; Rainforest discovery centre

The Rainforest Discovery Centre (RDC) evolved from small, cosy environmental education
(EE) centre. It is one of Sabah's most popular EE centres. It is a within the famous Kabili-
Sepilok Forest Reserve. It is a home to the orang utans. the main purpose of the RDC
remains as an environmental education centre for students and teachers, it has opened its
doors to the public since August 2007.

We can see that the research centre provide a bridge to allow people to walk on it. This is to
prevent people from destroying the rain forest by stepping the grass. The centre have a
building to conduct research . The building is build on stilts. This able to protect the plants on
the ground and able to prevent orang utans to get into the research centre. The building is use
also as a shelter from undesired weather.
2.3. Landscape as artifact

People have been conquered nature and reshaped it to their purposes, and use it as an
expression of self. It is a mental construct that has a reoccurred of various time in history.

Case study; Gua Niah

Gua Niah is located in Gunung Subis and is made up of several voluminous chambers with
high ceilings. The caves have been used by humans at different times ranging from the
prehistory to Neolithic, Chinese Sung-Era and more recent times. The cave is an important
prehistorical site where human remains dating to 40,000 years have been found. This is the
oldest recorded human settlement in east Malaysia. More recent studies published in 2006
have shown evidence of the first human activity at the Niah caves from ca. 46,000 to ca.
34,000 years ago. The caves are also well known for the birds' nest (Swiftlet) industry.

We can see that the cave is well preserve. There are bridges build on a stilts to help tourist to
get across. There's a shelter provided to protect people from undesired weather condition. The
ferns in the cave is also protected, since the bridge is on a stilts.
2.4. Landscape as system

It sees action in relation to a system dynamics and life-cycle flows which promotes
management of the landscape and subsystems and maintains or enhances carrying capacity,
health and productivity.

Case study; Houston park

Built on a brownfield of a former industrial site, Houtan Park is a regenerative living

In this design, a linear constructed wetland was designed to create a reinvigorated waterfront
as a living machine to treat contaminated water from the Huangpu River. It uses cascades and
terraces to oxygenate the nutrient rich water, remove and retain nutrients and reduce
suspended sediments while creating pleasant water features; Different species of wetland
plants were selected and designed to absorb different pollutants from the water. The wetland
also acts as a flood protection.
2.5. Landscape as problem

It sees the landscape, including its natural and human-made elements, as a situation needing
for correction.

Case study; Poor drainage in the yard

A common landscaping problem associated with poor lawn drainage is that most plants are
not adapted to water clogged soils. Plants such as turf grass suffers from root rot, if sitting in
water too long. Moss on the other hand, never gets too much water. So poor lawn drainage
tends to tip the balance in favour of moss over grass. Problems such as this can be solved by
installing drains or use wet plants and create a rain garden.

We can see from this picture that the yard have spot where grass does not grow. Furthermore,
water is collected in the area. This can cause mosquitoes to breed, which leads to problems
such as dengue. The landscape in this yard is quite plain. We also can see pebbles are stack in
one corner with a black pipe which is unappealing.
2.6. Landscape as wealth

The primary value of land is its economic worth; all other landscape measures are secondary
investment potential. It gives economic opportunities and constrains intrinsic to the
landscape, and those that can introduced to affect value.

Case study; Banff National Park, Canada

Banff National Park is Canada's oldest national park. It is established in 1885 in the Rocky
Mountains. Banff National Park is the most visited Alberta tourist destination and one of the
most visited national parks in North America, with more than three million tourists annually.
According to "Banff-Bow Valley: At the Crossroads Summary Report", Tourism in Banff
contributes an estimated C$6 billion annually to the economy.

In this landscape, we can see the sea is turquoise which reflect the sky and the mountains.
This create a sense of beauty and attract many tourist due to it. Visitors can stroll around the
shore to enjoy the beauty of the landscape.
2.7. Landscape as ideology

The landscape is seen as a symbol of the values, ideals, aspirations, hopes, and dream of
culture.

Case study; Wachau, Austria

The Wachau is a stretch of the Danube Valley between Melk and Krems, a landscape of high
visual quality. It preserves in an intact and visible form from many traces - in terms of
architecture, (monasteries, castles, ruins), urban design, (towns and villages), and agricultural
use, principally for the cultivation of vines - of its evolution since prehistoric times.

In this picture, this one of the place where people in Austria used plant grapes to make wine.
we can see that there are only a small area of houses. We also can see they value the
landscape around it by not having other construction and building on top of it.We can see
there is so much greenery due to little interference by humans.
2.8. Landscape as History

The complex documentation of the history of natural and human activities in a particular
location.

Case study; Cave of El Castillo, Spain

The Cueva de El Castillo, or the Cave of the Castle, is an archaeological site within Spain. It
contains the oldest known cave art in Europe. beginning in the early Aurignacian, around
44,100 years ago and ending in the Bronze Age.

This is a cave painting in Spain. We can see that there are painting such as hands, a cow and
etc. The painting signify human need for expressions so they paint the cave. This also allow
us to see there is a human activity in the past.
2.9. Landscape as place

It sees the landscape as sensual experience. It has the ability of the place to be remembered
over time.

Case study; Stonehenge , England

Stonehenge is perhaps the worlds most famous prehistoric monument. It was built in several
stages: the first monument was an early henge monument, built about 5,000 years ago, and
the unique stone circle was erected in the late Neolithic period about 2500 BC. In the early
Bronze Age many burial mounds were built nearby. Today, along with Avebury, it forms the
heart of a World Heritage Site, with a unique concentration of prehistoric monuments.
Stonehenge is perhaps the worlds most famous prehistoric monument. It was built in several
stages: the first monument was an early henge monument, built about 5,000 years ago, and
the unique stone circle was erected in the late Neolithic period about 2500 BC. In the early
Bronze Age many burial mounds were built nearby. Today, along with Avebury, it forms the
heart of a World Heritage Site, with a unique concentration of prehistoric monuments.

This is a picture of Stonehenge in England. Although the structure of stone is quite simple but
it is unique. From 800 B.C. to modern day, the Stonehenge has been a great significant to the
people in England. According to Professor Geoffrey Wainwright, president of the Society of
Antiquaries of London, and Timothy Darvill, of Bournemouth University, have suggested
that Stonehenge was a place of healing.
2.10. Landscape as aesthetic

It places primary emphasis on the artistic quality of landscape features and the landscape
visual scene. It viewpoint takes a detached, abstract approach. It holds truth and beauty
ideally.

Case study; Castello Ruspoli Garden

The former monastery and castle became a palace in 1574 and has intricate parterre gardens
dating from the seventeenth century. It was made by Marcantonio Marescotti and his wife, a
daughter of the man who made the Sacro Bosco at Bomarzo).

In this garden design we can see there is no flowers. Instead it focus more on the shape and
curve which it emphasize by using bushes. The weird shape looking garden looks very
unique which attract tourist to explore the garden. We also can see that the garden focus more
on using two different shades of green. The darker green bushes is used as a outline and the
internal bushes used light green to create contrast. There is a water feature place in the midle
of the garden.