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    Solution To Exercises, Manifolds

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    thomaszoy zoy
    This document discusses diffeomorphisms between the open unit disk B(0,1) in R^2 and R^2. It does this in three steps: 1) It defines a map f from B(0,1) to the lower hemisphere S in R^3. It shows f is a bijection. 2) It defines the stereographic projection g from S to R^2 and shows it is a diffeomorphism. 3) It shows the composition of f and g, h=g∘f, is a diffeomorphism from B(0,1) to R^2. It generalizes this result to maps between open balls and Euclidean spaces

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    Solution To Exercises, Manifolds

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    thomaszoy zoy
    533 views3 pages
    This document discusses diffeomorphisms between the open unit disk B(0,1) in R^2 and R^2. It does this in three steps: 1) It defines a map f from B(0,1) to the lower hemisphere S in R^3. It shows f is a bijection. 2) It defines the stereographic projection g from S to R^2 and shows it is a diffeomorphism. 3) It shows the composition of f and g, h=g∘f, is a diffeomorphism from B(0,1) to R^2. It generalizes this result to maps between open balls and Euclidean spaces

    Original Description:

    solution to exercise 1.5 of TU's Introduction to manifolds

    Original Title

    Solution to exercises , manifolds

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    This document discusses diffeomorphisms between the open unit disk B(0,1) in R^2 and R^2. It does this in three steps: 1) It defines a map f from B(0,1) to the lower hemisphere S in R^3. It shows f is a bijection. 2) It defines the stereographic projection g from S to R^2 and shows it is a diffeomorphism. 3) It shows the composition of f and g, h=g∘f, is a diffeomorphism from B(0,1) to R^2. It generalizes this result to maps between open balls and Euclidean spaces

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    533 views3 pages

    Solution To Exercises, Manifolds

    Uploaded by

    thomaszoy zoy
    This document discusses diffeomorphisms between the open unit disk B(0,1) in R^2 and R^2. It does this in three steps: 1) It defines a map f from B(0,1) to the lower hemisphere S in R^3. It shows f is a bijection. 2) It defines the stereographic projection g from S to R^2 and shows it is a diffeomorphism. 3) It shows the composition of f and g, h=g∘f, is a diffeomorphism from B(0,1) to R^2. It generalizes this result to maps between open balls and Euclidean spaces

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    An Introduction to Manifolds, by TU

    page 1
    Exercise 1.5
    Let 0 = (0, 0) be the origin and B(0, 1) the open unit disk in R2 . To find a diffeomorphism
    between B(0, 1) and R2 , we identify R2 with the xy-plane in R2 and introduce the lower open
    hemisphere
    S : x2 + y 2 + (z 1)2 = 1, z < 1
    in R3 as an intermediate space. First note that the map f : B(0, 1) S given by
     p 
    f (a, b) = a, b, 1 1 (a2 + b2 )

    is a bijection.

    (a) The stereographic projection g : S R2 from (0, 0, 1) is the map that send a point
    (a, b, c) S to the intersection of the line through (0, 0, 1) and (a, b, c) with the xy-
    plane. Show that it is given by

     
    a b
    (a, b, c) 7 (u, v) = , , c = 1 1 a2 b 2 ,
    1c 1c

    with inverse
     
    u v 1
    (u, v) 7 , ,1 .
    1 + u2 + v 2 1 + u2 + v 2 1 + u2 + v 2

    (b) Composing the two maps f and g gives the map


     
    a b
    (g f )(a, b) = h(a, b) = , .
    1 a2 b 2 1 a2 b 2
    Find a formula for h1 (u, v) and conclude that h is a diffeomorphism of the open disk
    B(0, 1) with R2 .

    (c) Generalize (b) to Rn .

    Solution.
    We first wish to observe that
     p 
    f (a, b) = a, b, 1 (a2 + b2 )
    p
    is a bijection.
    p Its easy to see that it is injective, for if (x 1 , y 1 , 1 1 (x21 + y12 )) =
    (x2 , y2 , 1 1 (x22 + y22 )), then x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 , hence (x1 , y1 ) = (x2 , y2 ), as desired.
    The fact that it is surjective follows from observing that we can describe the set S as
    n p o
    3 2 2
    S = (x, y, z) R : z = 1 1 (x + y ) .

    Now it is easy to see that any (x, y, z) S, (x, y) B(0, 1) maps to (x, y, z). Thus, the map
    is, indeed, a bijection as claimed.

    2
    page 2
    (a) To see that the stereographic projection is given by
     
    a b
    (a, b, c) , ,
    1c 1c

    we consider the line that passes through (0, 0, 1) and (a, b, c) given by the equation

    s(t) = (0, 0, 1) + t(a, b, (c 1)) = (at, bt, 1 + (c 1)t).

    Since weve identified R2 with the xy-plane, we need only solve for when 1+(c1)t = 0.
    Easy algebra yields
    1
    t= ,
    1c
    which means that the claim for the stereographic projection defined above is correct.
    To verify the inverse, we apply a similar idea. The equation of the line between (u, v, 0)
    and (0, 0, 1) is given by

    (u, v, 0) + t(u, v, 1) = (u(1 t), v(1 t), t).

    Using the distance formula, we find that


    q
    (u(1 t) 0)2 + (v(1 t) 0)2 + (t 1)2 = 1

    precisely when
    1
    t=1 .
    1 + u2 + v 2
    Thus, the inverse image of the stereographic projection is exactly as it was claimed,
    since when t = 1 (1 + u2 + v 2 )1/2 , we have
     
    u v 1
    (u, v) 7 , ,1 .
    1 + u2 + v 2 1 + u2 + v 2 1 + u2 + v 2

    (b) Again, basic knowledge of the composition of functions and algebra show that
    !
    a b
    h(a, b) = (g f )(a, b) = h(a, b) = p ,p .
    1 (a2 + b2 ) 1 (a2 + b2 )

    To find the inverse, all we need to do is compose the inverse of g and f , i.e., compute
    (g f )1 (a, b) = f 1 g 1 (a, b). The inverse of f is clearly just the projection of the
    first two coordinates, and since we already have the inverse of g, we have
     
    1 1 1 a b
    h (a, b) = (f g )(a, b) = , .
    1 + a2 + b 2 1 + a2 + b 2

    Since each component is clearly C , we have that h(a, b) and h1 (a, b) are each C .

    3
    page 3

    (c) Its easy to see we can generalize this to


     
    x1 xn
    h (~x) = , , ,
    1 k~xk 1 k~xk

    with the obvious analog for h1 (~x).

    Q.E.D.

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