G.R. No.

159636 November 25, 2004 [T]he Decision dated 06 November 1998 is hereby
MODIFIED to reflect that the following are hereby adjudged
in favor of plaintiffs-appellees:
VICTORY LINER, INC., petitioner,
vs.
ROSALITO GAMMAD, APRIL ROSSAN P. GAMMAD, ROI ROZANO 1. Actual Damages in the amount of P88,270.00;
P. GAMMAD and DIANA FRANCES P. GAMMAD, respondents.
2. Compensatory Damages in the amount of
P1,135,536,10;
Assailed in this petition for review on certiorari is the April 11, 2003
decision1 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 63290 which
3. Moral and Exemplary Damages in the amount
affirmed with modification the November 6, 1998 decision 2 of the
of P400,000.00; and
Regional Trial Court of Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Branch 5 finding
petitioner Victory Liner, Inc. liable for breach of contract of carriage in
Civil Case No. 5023. 4. Attorneys fees equivalent to 10% of the sum of
the actual, compensatory, moral, and exemplary
damages herein adjudged.
The facts as testified by respondent Rosalito Gammad show that on
March 14, 1996, his wife Marie Grace Pagulayan-Gammad, 3 was on
board an air-conditioned Victory Liner bus bound for Tuguegarao, The court a quos judgment of the cost of the suit against
Cagayan from Manila. At about 3:00 a.m., the bus while running at a defendant-appellant is hereby AFFIRMED.
high speed fell on a ravine somewhere in Barangay Baliling, Sta. Fe,
Nueva Vizcaya, which resulted in the death of Marie Grace and
SO ORDERED.20
physical injuries to other passengers.4

Represented by a new counsel, petitioner on May 21, 2003 filed a

On May 14, 1996, respondent heirs of the deceased filed a
motion for reconsideration praying that the case be remanded to the
complaint5 for damages arising from culpa contractual against
trial court for cross- examination of respondents witness and for the
petitioner. In its answer,6 the petitioner claimed that the incident was
presentation of its evidence; or in the alternative, dismiss the
purely accidental and that it has always exercised extraordinary
respondents complaint.21 Invoking APEX Mining, Inc. v. Court of
diligence in its 50 years of operation.
Appeals,22 petitioner argues, inter alia, that the decision of the trial
court should be set aside because the negligence of its former
After several re-settings,7 pre-trial was set on April 10, 1997. 8 For counsel, Atty. Antonio B. Paguirigan, in failing to appear at the
failure to appear on the said date, petitioner was declared as in scheduled hearings and move for reconsideration of the orders
default.9 However, on petitioners motion10 to lift the order of default, declaring petitioner to have waived the right to cross-examine
the same was granted by the trial court.11 respondents witness and right to present evidence, deprived petitioner
of its day in court.
At the pre-trial on May 6, 1997, petitioner did not want to admit the
proposed stipulation that the deceased was a passenger of the Victory On August 21, 2003, the Court of Appeals denied petitioners motion
Liner Bus which fell on the ravine and that she was issued Passenger for reconsideration.23
Ticket No. 977785. Respondents, for their part, did not accept
petitioners proposal to pay P50,000.00.12
Hence, this petition for review principally based on the fact that the
mistake or gross negligence of its counsel deprived petitioner of due
After respondent Rosalito Gammad completed his direct testimony, process of law. Petitioner also argues that the trial courts award of
cross-examination was scheduled for November 17, 199713 but moved damages were without basis and should be deleted.
to December 8, 1997,14 because the parties and the counsel failed to
appear. On December 8, 1997, counsel of petitioner was absent
The issues for resolution are: (1) whether petitioners counsel was
despite due notice and was deemed to have waived right to cross-
guilty of gross negligence; (2) whether petitioner should be held liable
examine respondent Rosalito.15
for breach of contract of carriage; and (3) whether the award of
damages was proper.
Petitioners motion to reset the presentation of its evidence to March
25, 199816 was granted. However, on March 24, 1998, the counsel of
It is settled that the negligence of counsel binds the client. This is
petitioner sent the court a telegram17 requesting postponement but the
based on the rule that any act performed by a counsel within the scope
telegram was received by the trial court on March 25, 1998, after it had
of his general or implied authority is regarded as an act of his client.
issued an order considering the case submitted for decision for failure
Consequently, the mistake or negligence of counsel may result in the
of petitioner and counsel to appear.18
rendition of an unfavorable judgment against the client. However, the
application of the general rule to a given case should be looked into
On November 6, 1998, the trial court rendered its decision in favor of and adopted according to the surrounding circumstances obtaining.
respondents, the dispositive portion of which reads: Thus, exceptions to the foregoing have been recognized by the court in
cases where reckless or gross negligence of counsel deprives the
client of due process of law, or when its application will result in
WHEREFORE, premises considered and in the interest of
outright deprivation of the clients liberty or property or where the
justice, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the plaintiffs
interests of justice so require, and accord relief to the client who
and against the defendant Victory Liner, Incorporated,
suffered by reason of the lawyers gross or palpable mistake or
ordering the latter to pay the following:
negligence.24

1. Actual Damages -------------------- P 122,000.00

The exceptions, however, are not present in this case. The record
shows that Atty. Paguirigan filed an Answer and Pre-trial Brief for
2. Death Indemnity --------------------- 50,000.00 petitioner. Although initially declared as in default, Atty. Paguirigan
successfully moved for the setting aside of the order of default. In fact,
petitioner was represented by Atty. Paguirigan at the pre-trial who
3. Exemplary and Moral Damages----- 400,000.00
proposed settlement for P50,000.00. Although Atty. Paguirigan failed to
file motions for reconsideration of the orders declaring petitioner to
4. Compensatory Damages ---------- 1,500,000.00 have waived the right to cross-examine respondents witness and to
present evidence, he nevertheless, filed a timely appeal with the Court
of Appeals assailing the decision of the trial court. Hence, petitioners
5. Attorneys Fees --------------------- 10% of the total claim that it was denied due process lacks basis.
amount granted

Petitioner too is not entirely blameless. Prior to the issuance of the

6. Cost of the Suit. order declaring it as in default for not appearing at the pre-trial, three
notices (dated October 23, 1996,25 January 30, 1997,26 and March 26,
SO ORDERED.19 1997,27) requiring attendance at the pre-trial were sent and duly
received by petitioner. However, it was only on April 27, 1997, after the
issuance of the April 10, 1997 order of default for failure to appear at
On appeal by petitioner, the Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the pre-trial when petitioner, through its finance and administrative
the trial court with modification as follows: manager, executed a special power of attorney28 authorizing Atty.
Paguirigan or any member of his law firm to represent petitioner at the
pre-trial. Petitioner is guilty, at the least, of contributory negligence and
fault cannot be imputed solely on previous counsel.
The case of APEX Mining, Inc., invoked by petitioner is not on all fours Anent the second issue, petitioner was correctly found liable for breach
with the case at bar. In APEX, the negligent counsel not only allowed of contract of carriage. A common carrier is bound to carry its
the adverse decision against his client to become final and executory, passengers safely as far as human care and foresight can provide,
but deliberately misrepresented in the progress report that the case using the utmost diligence of very cautious persons, with due regard to
was still pending with the Court of Appeals when the same was all the circumstances. In a contract of carriage, it is presumed that the
dismissed 16 months ago.29 These circumstances are absent in this common carrier was at fault or was negligent when a passenger dies
case because Atty. Paguirigan timely filed an appeal from the decision or is injured. Unless the presumption is rebutted, the court need not
of the trial court with the Court of Appeals. even make an express finding of fault or negligence on the part of the
common carrier. This statutory presumption may only be overcome by
evidence that the carrier exercised extraordinary diligence. 34
In Gold Line Transit, Inc. v. Ramos,30 the Court was similarly
confronted with the issue of whether or not the client should bear the
adverse consequences of its counsels negligence. In that case, Gold In the instant case, there is no evidence to rebut the statutory
Line Transit, Inc. (Gold Line) and its lawyer failed to appear at the pre- presumption that the proximate cause of Marie Graces death was the
trial despite notice and was declared as in default. After the plaintiffs negligence of petitioner. Hence, the courts below correctly ruled that
presentation of evidence ex parte, the trial court rendered decision petitioner was guilty of breach of contract of carriage.
ordering Gold Line to pay damages to the heirs of its deceased
passenger. The decision became final and executory because counsel
Nevertheless, the award of damages should be modified.
of Gold Line did not file any appeal. Finding that Goldline was not
denied due process of law and is thus bound by the negligence of its
lawyer, the Court held as follows Article 176435 in relation to Article 2206 36 of the Civil Code, holds the
common carrier in breach of its contract of carriage that results in the
death of a passenger liable to pay the following: (1) indemnity for
This leads us to the question of whether the negligence of
death, (2) indemnity for loss of earning capacity, and (3) moral
counsel was so gross and reckless that petitioner was
damages.
deprived of its right to due process of law. We do not believe
so. It cannot be denied that the requirements of due process
were observed in the instant case. Petitioner was never In the present case, respondent heirs of the deceased are entitled to
deprived of its day in court, as in fact it was afforded every indemnity for the death of Marie Grace which under current
opportunity to be heard. Thus, it is of record that notices jurisprudence is fixed at P50,000.00.37
were sent to petitioner and that its counsel was able to file a
motion to dismiss the complaint, an answer to the complaint,
The award of compensatory damages for the loss of the deceaseds
and even a pre-trial brief. What was irretrievably lost by
earning capacity should be deleted for lack of basis. As a rule,
petitioner was its opportunity to participate in the trial of the
documentary evidence should be presented to substantiate the claim
case and to adduce evidence in its behalf because of
for damages for loss of earning capacity. By way of exception,
negligence.
damages for loss of earning capacity may be awarded despite the
absence of documentary evidence when (1) the deceased is self-
In the application of the principle of due process, what is employed earning less than the minimum wage under current labor
sought to be safeguarded against is not the lack of previous laws, and judicial notice may be taken of the fact that in the deceaseds
notice but the denial of the opportunity to be heard. The line of work no documentary evidence is available; or (2) the deceased
question is not whether petitioner succeeded in defending its is employed as a daily wage worker earning less than the minimum
rights and interests, but simply, whether it had the wage under current labor laws.38
opportunity to present its side of the controversy. Verily, as
petitioner retained the services of counsel of its choice, it
In People v. Oco, 39 the evidence presented by the prosecution to
should, as far as this suit is concerned, bear the
recover damages for loss of earning capacity was the bare testimony
consequences of its choice of a faulty option. Its plea that it
of the deceaseds wife that her husband was earning P8,000.00
was deprived of due process echoes on hollow ground and
monthly as a legal researcher of a private corporation. Finding that the
certainly cannot elicit approval nor sympathy.
deceased was neither self-employed nor employed as a daily-wage
worker earning less than the minimum wage under the labor laws
To cater to petitioners arguments and reinstate its petition existing at the time of his death, the Court held that testimonial
for relief from judgment would put a premium on the evidence alone is insufficient to justify an award for loss of earning
negligence of its former counsel and encourage the non- capacity.
termination of this case by reason thereof. This is one case
where petitioner has to bear the adverse consequences of
Likewise, in People v. Caraig,40 damages for loss of earning capacity
its counsels act, for a client is bound by the action of his
was not awarded because the circumstances of the 3 deceased did not
counsel in the conduct of a case and he cannot thereafter be
fall within the recognized exceptions, and except for the testimony of
heard to complain that the result might have been different
their wives, no documentary proof about their income was presented
had his counsel proceeded differently. The rationale for the
by the prosecution. Thus
rule is easily discernible. If the negligence of counsel be
admitted as a reason for opening cases, there would never
be an end to a suit so long as a new counsel could be hired The testimonial evidence shows that Placido Agustin,
every time it is shown that the prior counsel had not been Roberto Raagas, and Melencio Castro Jr. were not self-
sufficiently diligent, experienced or learned.31 employed or employed as daily-wage workers earning less
than the minimum wage under the labor laws existing at the
time of their death. Placido Agustin was a Social Security
Similarly, in Macalalag v. Ombudsman,32 a Philippine Postal
System employee who received a monthly salary of P5,000.
Corporation employee charged with dishonesty was not able to file an
Roberto Raagas was the President of Sinclair Security and
answer and position paper. He was found guilty solely on the basis of
Allied Services, a family owned corporation, with a monthly
complainants evidence and was dismissed with forfeiture of all
compensation of P30,000. Melencio Castro Jr. was a taxi
benefits and disqualification from government service. Challenging the
driver of New Rocalex with an average daily earning of P500
decision of the Ombudsman, the employee contended that the gross
or a monthly earning of P7,500. Clearly, these cases do not
negligence of his counsel deprived him of due process of law. In
fall under the exceptions where indemnity for loss of earning
debunking his contention, the Court said
capacity can be given despite lack of documentary evidence.
Therefore, for lack of documentary proof, no indemnity for
Neither can he claim that he is not bound by his lawyers loss of earning capacity can be given in these cases.
actions; it is only in case of gross or palpable negligence of (Emphasis supplied)
counsel when the courts can step in and accord relief to a
client who would have suffered thereby. If every perceived
Here, the trial court and the Court of Appeals computed the award of
mistake, failure of diligence, lack of experience or insufficient
compensatory damages for loss of earning capacity only on the basis
legal knowledge of the lawyer would be admitted as a
of the testimony of respondent Rosalito that the deceased was 39
reason for the reopening of a case, there would be no end to
years of age and a Section Chief of the Bureau of Internal Revenue,
controversy. Fundamental to our judicial system is the
Tuguergarao District Office with a salary of P83,088.00 per annum
principle that every litigation must come to an end. It would
when she died.41 No other evidence was presented. The award is
be a clear mockery if it were otherwise. Access to the courts
clearly erroneous because the deceaseds earnings does not fall within
is guaranteed, but there must be a limit to it.
the exceptions.

Viewed vis--vis the foregoing jurisprudence, to sustain petitioners

argument that it was denied due process of law due to negligence of its
counsel would set a dangerous precedent. It would enable every party
to render inutile any adverse order or decision through the simple
expedient of alleging gross negligence on the part of its counsel. The
Court will not countenance such a farce which contradicts long-settled
doctrines of trial and procedure.33
However, the fact of loss having been established, temperate damages that only substantiated and proven expenses or those that appear to
in the amount of P500,000.00 should be awarded to respondents. have been genuinely incurred in connection with the death, wake or
Under Article 2224 of the Civil Code, temperate or moderate damages, burial of the victim will be recognized. A list of expenses (Exhibit
which are more than nominal but less than compensatory damages, "J"),52 and the contract/receipt for the construction of the tomb (Exhibit
may be recovered when the court finds that some pecuniary loss has "F")53 in this case, cannot be considered competent proof and cannot
been suffered but its amount can not, from the nature of the case, be replace the official receipts necessary to justify the award. Hence,
proved with certainty. actual damages should be further reduced to P78,160.00,54 which was
the amount supported by official receipts.
In Pleno v. Court of Appeals, 42 the Court sustained the trial courts
award of P200,000.00 as temperate damages in lieu of actual Pursuant to Article 220855 of the Civil Code, attorneys fees may also
damages for loss of earning capacity because the income of the victim be recovered in the case at bar where exemplary damages are
was not sufficiently proven, thus awarded. The Court finds the award of attorneys fees equivalent to
10% of the total amount adjudged against petitioner reasonable.
The trial court based the amounts of damages awarded to the
petitioner on the following circumstances: Finally, in Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 56 it was held
that when an obligation, regardless of its source, i.e., law, contracts,
quasi-contracts, delicts or quasi-delicts is breached, the contravenor
...
can be held liable for payment of interest in the concept of actual and
compensatory damages, subject to the following rules, to wit
"As to the loss or impairment of earning capacity, there is no
doubt that Pleno is an ent[re]preneur and the founder of his
1. When the obligation is breached, and it consists in the
own corporation, the Mayon Ceramics Corporation. It
payment of a sum of money, i.e., a loan or forbearance of
appears also that he is an industrious and resourceful
money, the interest due should be that which may have been
person with several projects in line, and were it not for the
stipulated in writing. Furthermore, the interest due shall itself
incident, might have pushed them through. On the day of the
earn legal interest from the time it is judicially demanded. In
incident, Pleno was driving homeward with geologist Longley
the absence of stipulation, the rate of interest shall be 12%
after an ocular inspection of the site of the Mayon Ceramics
per annum to be computed from default, i.e., from judicial or
Corporation. His actual income however has not been
extrajudicial demand under and subject to the provisions of
sufficiently established so that this Court cannot award
Article 1169 of the Civil Code.
actual damages, but, an award of temperate or moderate
damages may still be made on loss or impairment of earning
capacity. That Pleno sustained a permanent deformity due to 2. When an obligation, not constituting a loan or forbearance
a shortened left leg and that he also suffers from double of money, is breached, an interest on the amount of
vision in his left eye is also established. Because of this, he damages awarded may be imposed at the discretion of the
suffers from some inferiority complex and is no longer active court at the rate of 6% per annum. No interest, however,
in business as well as in social life. In similar cases as in shall be adjudged on unliquidated claims or damages except
Borromeo v. Manila Electric Railroad Co., 44 Phil 165; when or until the demand can be established with
Coriage, et al. v. LTB Co., et al., L-11037, Dec. 29, 1960, and reasonable certainty. Accordingly, where the demand is
in Araneta, et al. v. Arreglado, et al., L-11394, Sept. 9, 1958, established with reasonable certainty, the interest shall begin
the proper award of damages were given." to run from the time the claim is made judicially or
extrajudicially (Art. 1169, Civil Code) but when such certainty
cannot be so reasonably established at the time the demand
...
is made, the interest shall begin to run only from the date the
judgment of the court is made (at which time the
We rule that the lower courts awards of damages are more quantification of damages may be deemed to have been
consonant with the factual circumstances of the instant case. reasonably ascertained). The actual base for the
The trial courts findings of facts are clear and well- computation of legal interest shall, in any case, be on the
developed. Each item of damages is adequately supported amount finally adjudged.
by evidence on record.
3. When the judgment of the court awarding a sum of money
Article 2224 of the Civil Code was likewise applied in the recent cases becomes final and executory, the rate of legal interest,
of People v. Singh43 and People v. Almedilla,44 to justify the award of whether the case falls under paragraph 1 or paragraph 2,
temperate damages in lieu of damages for loss of earning capacity above, shall be 12% per annum from such finality until its
which was not substantiated by the required documentary proof. satisfaction, this interim period being deemed to be by then
an equivalent to a forbearance of credit. (Emphasis
supplied).
Anent the award of moral damages, the same cannot be lumped with
exemplary damages because they are based on different jural
foundations.45 These damages are different in nature and require In the instant case, petitioner should be held liable for payment of
separate determination.46 In culpa contractual or breach of contract, interest as damages for breach of contract of carriage. Considering
moral damages may be recovered when the defendant acted in bad that the amounts payable by petitioner has been determined with
faith or was guilty of gross negligence (amounting to bad faith) or in certainty only in the instant petition, the interest due shall be computed
wanton disregard of contractual obligations and, as in this case, when upon the finality of this decision at the rate of 12% per annum until
the act of breach of contract itself constitutes the tort that results in satisfaction, per paragraph 3 of the aforecited rule.57
physical injuries. By special rule in Article 1764 in relation to Article
2206 of the Civil Code, moral damages may also be awarded in case
WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing, the petition is partially
the death of a passenger results from a breach of carriage. 47 On the
granted. The April 11, 2003 decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R.
other hand, exemplary damages, which are awarded by way of
CV No. 63290, which modified the decision of the Regional Trial Court
example or correction for the public good may be recovered in
of Tuguegarao, Cagayan in Civil Case No. 5023, is AFFIRMED with
contractual obligations if the defendant acted in wanton, fraudulent,
MODIFICATION. As modified, petitioner Victory Liner, Inc., is ordered
reckless, oppressive, or malevolent manner.48
to pay respondents the following: (1) P50,000.00 as indemnity for the
death of Marie Grace Pagulayan-Gammad; (2) P100,000.00 as moral
Respondents in the instant case should be awarded moral damages to damages; (3) P100,000.00 as exemplary damages; (4) P78,160.00 as
compensate for the grief caused by the death of the deceased actual damages; (5) P500,000.00 as temperate damages; (6) 10% of
resulting from the petitioners breach of contract of carriage. the total amount as attorneys fees; and the costs of suit.
Furthermore, the petitioner failed to prove that it exercised the
extraordinary diligence required for common carriers, it is presumed to
Furthermore, the total amount adjudged against petitioner shall earn
have acted recklessly.49 Thus, the award of exemplary damages is
interest at the rate of 12% per annum computed from the finality of this
proper. Under the circumstances, we find it reasonable to award
decision until fully paid.
respondents the amount of P100,000.00 as moral damages and
P100,000.00 as exemplary damages. These amounts are not
excessive.50 SO ORDERED.

The actual damages awarded by the trial court reduced by the Court of
Appeals should be further reduced. In People v. Duban, 51 it was held