OXFAM BRIEFING NOTE 5 FEBRUARY 2014

Malian children in a Burkina Faso refugee camp, 2012. Vincent Tremeau / Oxfam

WHAT NEXT FOR MALI?

Four priorities for better governance

The 2013 elections helped to restore constitutional order in Mali and

marked the start of a period of hope for peace, stability and
development. The challenge is now to respond to the Malian
people's desire for improved governance.

The new government must, therefore, strive to ensure equitable

development, increase citizen participation, in particular women's
political participation, while improving access to justice and
promoting reconciliation.
INTRODUCTION
Almost two years after the March 2012 coup dtat, the suspension of
international aid that followed, and the occupation of northern Mali by
armed groups, the Malian people now have a new hope for peace,
development and stability. The recent presidential elections in July and
August 2013 and parliamentary elections in November and December
2013 were a major step towards restoring constitutional order in Mali,
with a democratically elected president and parliament.

However, these elections alone do not guarantee a return to good

governance. Major reforms are required to ensure that the democratic
process serves the country's citizens, in particular women and men living
in poverty.

The Malian people expect to see changes in the way the country is
governed; with measures taken against corruption and abuses of power
by officials; citizens rights upheld, including their right to hold the state
accountable; and a fairer distribution of development aid throughout the
country.

A new form of governance is needed in order to have a sustainable,

positive impact on both the cyclical food crises that routinely affect the
country and the consequences of the conflict in the north. This should be
based on strong institutions, and transparent and inclusive decision
making, which promotes citizen participation and leadership.

The governments Accelerated Development Programme for the

Northern Regions (PDA/RN) and the Government Action Plan 2013-2018
address some of these issues by focusing on strengthening institutions
and the rule of law, reconciliation, and development and recovery in the
north. However, these policies and programmes must go further to
ensure that state institutions and processes are accountable to citizens.

The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in

Mali (MINUSMA) has a mandate to support government efforts to
establish rule of law, improve the justice sector, and promote
reconciliation. MINUSMA and donors are in the processes of developing
their reconstruction and development plans and priorities for Mali. They
must ensure that their initiatives support inclusion, transparency, and
accountability, and strengthen the states interactions with and
responsiveness to citizens and their priorities.

This briefing note, based on the experiences of Oxfam and its Malian civil
society partners,1 highlights the importance of four key priorities for
reconstruction and development programmes. These are: the need for
the equitable and transparent distribution of resources; improved citizen
participation, especially womens participation; access to justice; and
national reconciliation.

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PRIORITY 1
AN EQUITABLE AND TRANSPARENT
ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES
The combined impact of weak decentralization, corruption, and a lack of
transparency regarding budget allocation and the distribution of aid has
led to a widely-held belief that the countrys citizens are not receiving
their fair share from the government.2

However, if funds are disbursed as promised, the aid pledged at the

Brussels donor conference in May 2013 represents a golden opportunity
for ensuring development throughout Mali. To this end, the government
and donors must look beyond a basic humanitarian response to the
situation in the north by also tackling the chronic poverty in this region,
while not forgetting the considerable development needs in the south.

Monitoring the commitments made at the Together for a New Mali

donor conference (Brussels, 15 May 2013)

This conference saw donors make an official combined commitment of

3.2bn, of which 2.2bn corresponds to additional funding and 1bn to aid
3
already committed. This overall amount includes different types of
commitments. Some donors made pledges for the region, others took into
account projects which had started before the crisis, and others put forward
pledges mostly made of loans (rather than grants).
Other donors made available additional funds, to be given as grants, as a
response to the new situation which had unfolded in Mali. This makes it
difficult to assess the real amount of aid genuinely available for stabilization
and reconstruction of the country.
An inter-ministerial committee to monitor the commitments made at the
Brussels conference was set up on 29 October 2013. One of its aims is to
mobilize resources (internal and external) according to the priorities set out
4
in the Plan for the Sustainable Recovery of Mali 2013-2014.

In light of the corruption and patronage that has developed in Mali over
the years, donors should increase their scrutiny over the use of funds
and increase their transparency in aid commitments, disbursements, and
project impacts.

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RECOMMENDATIONS
The delicate balance within the distribution of aid and domestic revenues
requires an in-depth assessment of needs across the country, prioritizing
sectors, and a good communications strategy informing citizens on how
the budget is to be allocated and spent.

The Malian government should:

Make clear budget allocations for recovery in the north and
development in the south. The government and donors have a shared
responsibility to respond to needs across the country;
Ensure a smooth transition between emergency humanitarian
programmes and development programmes by providing funds aimed
at improving the resilience of poor women and men to cope with
crises;
Develop a communications strategy explaining budget allocations and
expenditures to communities, using traditional communication
channels such as village storytellers and radio and television
broadcasts;
Improve transparency and citizens involvement in resource allocation
and budget processes, and provide more information on the expected
results of budget spending and the resources mobilized. This should
apply also to current projects already being implemented.

Donors should:
Ensure the transparency and accountability of all aid-related
expenditure, based on consultations with civil society and Malian
communities;
Establish a multi-donor website, consistent with International Aid
Transparency Initiative standards, aimed at consolidating information
on all development projects and international aid flows, monitoring
disbursements, and tracking results.

MINUSMA should:
Ensure that its work on stabilization and recovery supports the
principles of good governance transparency, accountability,
inclusion, and citizen participation in the development of all
frameworks and programmes;
Encourage the government to systematically consult with civil society
organizations throughout the process of reconstruction, development,
and re-establishing state institutions.

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PRIORITY 2
ENCOURAGE THE POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION OF CITIZENS,
ESPECIALLY WOMEN
The active participation of citizens in political processes is a vital
component of an effective democracy. This goes beyond the right to
vote. Citizens must be able to communicate with politicians and decision
makers about issues that affect their lives. As things stand, there are very
few means by which Malian citizens can express what they see as their
priorities and directly influence decision makers.

The Malian constitution guarantees protection from gender discrimination

and the National Gender Policy promotes womens participation in
decision making. However, the reality is that the level of womens
participation remains low. Cultural norms and fear of social stigma often
prevent women from taking on public leadership roles.

For example, despite the high turnout of female voters for the presidential
elections, there was only one female candidate.5 Out of a total of 34
government ministers, only four are women. Political parties standing in
the recent parliamentary elections were reticent about putting forward
female candidates. Furthermore, at a local level, just 1.14 per cent of
mayors6 and 8.6 per cent of local councillors7 are women.

The African Unions gender policy requires all governance systems to

ensure gender parity. This was reinforced by the Rio +20 United Nations
Conference on Sustainable Development and supported by the
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Despite
these, Mali has not implemented quotas or any other temporary
measures, which might encourage womens political participation, in
parliament or in the government. The Ministry of the Family and
Promotion of Women and Children has developed a 2013-2015 strategy
which aims to increase the levels of womens participation to 20 per cent
female members of parliament, 20 per cent female mayors, and at least
30 per cent female local councillors. However, it remains unclear whether
these targets will be met.8

The National Gender Policy does not specifically address the rights of
women in conflict situations, nor their participation in peace, security, and
reconciliation processes. Given the crisis/post-crisis context in Mali, this
is a significant omission which needs to be addressed in order to
guarantee womens inclusion in reconstruction processes.

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RECOMMENDATIONS:
In order to encourage a deep-rooted renewal of
Malian democracy, improve governance,
consolidate the state, and win back citizens'
trust:

The Malian government should:

Reinforce inclusion and citizen participation in political and decision-
making processes, in particular for vulnerable women and men, by
establishing mechanisms for citizen oversight, such as citizen juries,
budget monitoring and analysis, and gender-sensitive participatory
budgeting;
Provide the human and financial resources to implement the Ministry
of the Family and the Promotion of Women and Childrens strategy for
promoting the political participation of women;
Update the National Gender Policy to take into account the measures
contained in the United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 on
women and peace and security,9 or draw up a separate action plan on
women, peace and security;
Put into place temporary measures aimed at progressively achieving
gender parity in institutions, for example by adopting a quota of 30 per
cent women employees.

Donors should:
Fund programmes that aim to increase womens political participation
and their involvement in justice and reconciliation processes. This
should include training in negotiation, mediation, awareness raising,
and advocacy and campaigning skills.

MINUSMA should:
Consult communities, in particular women and men living in poverty,
when designing, implementing, and assessing programmes.

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PRIORITY 3
MAKE JUSTICE MORE EFFECTIVE
FOR CITIZENS
For victims of the conflict
The conflict has been marked by numerous abuses, the scale of which
remains unknown.10 To date, very few trials have been held in national
Justice is first and
courts for the crimes committed during the conflict. The weakness of foremost about the
judicial institutions outside of the capital, Bamako, was all too keenly felt victims. Today we talk
even before the start of the crisis, and is now even more pronounced.11 more about the
perpetrators of human
The Malian governments stated intention to rapidly rehabilitate the rights violations than the
justice sectors infrastructure in conflict zones is positive.12 Going victims. We can build
forward, it will also need to restore the populations faith in the legal infrastructure and state
system, notably in the north of the country. This will require an overhaul institutions. If we do not
of the justice system, as well as regular consultations with communities, take into account the
particularly the victims of abuses, in order to understand their victims needs and
experiences and expectations of the system. This is vital to ensure that rights, that is not justice
and there will be no
the judicial system is effective, and that it is perceived as fair by the
peace.
countrys citizens.
Bouar Bintou Foun Samak,
President, WILDAF/Mali
Justice for all
According to a study funded by Oxfam in 2011, there are only 270
lawyers in Mali among a total population of 15 million inhabitants.13 The
majority are located in Bamako, while most of the countrys population
lives in rural areas with very limited access to legal services. Despite the
right to legal aid, thousands of Malians cannot access these services due
to a lack of financial resources, and because they cannot afford to pay
bribes to corrupt officials.

Some women, including the victims of gender-based violence, are so

afraid of being stigmatized that they are unable to seek any form of
justice, whether through traditional or modern legal systems. The lack of
legal protections ensuring womens access to land and to resources, or
in the event of divorce, makes women even more vulnerable and may
exacerbate their already difficult situation.

7
RECOMMENDATIONS:
The Malian government, supported by
international donors and MINUSMA, should
A young boy aged 18
undertake an in-depth reform of the justice years old was
system, in line with the commitments made imprisoned for petty
theft. He remained in
under the Government Action Plan 2013- prison for over 10 years
2018,14 focusing on: without trial, before
being freed. Following a
Applying a zero tolerance policy to corruption within the legal system fire in the Bamako
and establishing an effective mechanism for processing complaints central prison archives,
from citizens; the legal system had
lost his file. His case
Setting up mobile legal clinics and deploying legal assistants, trained
therefore never went to
in womens rights and responding to sexual and gender-based trial and he remained
violence, to rural and conflict-affected areas; behind bars. When he
Establishing mechanisms for regular consultations on the types of was finally freed,
justice services needed by citizens and peoples experiences using Bamako had changed
the justice system. This should , guarantee effective protection of so much that he was
incapable of finding his
victims rights, and empower citizens to file complaints;
way home. His mother
Conducting investigations, setting up courts for the victims of the was surprised to see
conflict, and launching a national justice and reconciliation her son again because
programme; the uncle he had been
living with had had to lie
Developing an amply-financed legal aid fund targeting women and to her.
men living in poverty and providing free access to lawyers and courts; Ibrahima Koreissi, National Co-
ordinator, Association Deme So
Training religious and community leaders on human and womens
rights, Malian and international law, and how these laws and norms
can be integrated into traditional methods of conflict resolution.

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PRIORITY 4
SUPPORT AN INCLUSIVE
RECONCILIATION PROCESS, IN
CLOSE COLLABORATION WITH
COMMUNITIES
In 2013, Oxfam and Women in Law and Development in Africa (WILDAF-
Mali) carried out a study on the impact of the conflict on social
relationships in northern Mali.15 One of the main conclusions was that
repairing the social fabric of Malian society by means of an effective,
inclusive reconciliation process16 should be a top priority. The
communities interviewed by Oxfam clearly stated that any such process
should start at community level and be based on traditional conflict
resolution methods, as well as more formal legal proceedings.
Communities identified women and young people as potentially effective
mediators in the reconciliation process, but this potential has so far been
under-used.

More than 474,000 people were displaced within Mali and as refugees in
Mauritania, Burkina Faso, and Niger as a result of the conflict. Many
refugees and internally displaced persons were not able to cast their vote
in either the presidential or legislative elections. Special care should be
taken in reconciliation processes to take into account the perceptions of
internally displaced persons and refugees who are, generally speaking,
more fearful and mistrustful due to their experience with the conflict.17

RECOMMENDATIONS
The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation
Commission, with support from the highest
levels of government, MINUSMA, and the
international community should:
Establish an inclusive vision, strategy and action plan for national
reconciliation, which will make it possible to co-ordinate the actions of
the different actors and implement reconciliation activities at
community level;
Recognize the added value of traditional conflict prevention,
management, and resolution mechanisms in supporting reconciliation.
These can be used alongside formal justice processes;
Support a national reconciliation programme and ensure all voices are
heard, with a specific focus on the participation of women, young
people, and those displaced by the conflict.

9
NOTES
1 ACOD, Femmes et Droits Humaines, GSBM, Deme So, and WILDAF.

2 The total number of people living in poverty is higher in the south due to a higher population density, yet the
incidence or severity of poverty is often higher among the 10 per cent of the population living in northern Mali. For
example, in 2001 the incidence of poverty in the north was 68.5 per cent compared to 55.9 per cent for the country
as a whole. In 2006, it was 56.3 per cent compared to a 50.7 per cent average across Mali. Accelerated
Development Programme for the Northern Regions, 2013.

3 According to Pascal Canfin, French Minister for Development, 22 May 2013, http://www.assemblee-
nationale.fr/14/pdf/cr-cafe/12-13/c1213062.pdf

4 Plan for the Sustainable Recovery of Mali 2013-2014,

http://www.maliapd.org/IMG/file/pdf/DOCUMENTS_CLES/12.%20PRED/Plan_pour_la_Relance_Durable_du_Mal
i__VF.pdf

See Also: Decree n2013-836/PM-RM, 29 October 2013,

http://www.maliapd.org/IMG/file/pdf/Actu/2013_10_Decret_portant_creation_du_comite_intermisteriel_de_suivi_d
es_engagements_conference_de_Bruxelles.pdf

5 Final Report of the EU Election Observation Mission in Mali on the 2013 Presidential Elections,
http://www.eueom.eu/files/pressreleases/other/RAPPORT-FINALANNEXESA-F_MOE-UE-MALI-2013-lection-
prsidentielle_fr2.pdf

6 Eight women out of 703 mayors (2009 elections). 2013 Elections: Women candidates trained by NDI, Maliactu,
25 October 2013, http://maliactu.net/elections-legislatives-2013-les-femmes-candidates-formees-par-le-ndi/

7 Final Report of the EU Election Observation Mission Mali, 2013,

http://www.eueom.eu/files/pressreleases/other/RAPPORT-FINALANNEXESA-F_MOE-UE-MALI-2013-lection-
prsidentielle_fr2.pdf

8 Ibid.

9 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security (2000), http://daccess-dds-
ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/720/18/PDF/N0072018.pdf?OpenElement

10 Human Rights Watch has recorded that at least 30 young girls and women were the victims of sexual assaults
including gang rapes, mainly in the region of Gao during the period in which the north of the country was occupied
by armed groups in 2012. Human Rights Watch reported abuses and extrajudicial executions of people suspected
of collaborating with the armed groups, carried out by the Malian army. Human Rights Watch (2013) World Report
2013: Mali, http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/mali

A United Nations Human Rights Council report conducted in November 2012 revealed cases of amputations,
cruel and inhumane treatment, and torture by armed groups. Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights on the situation of human rights in Mali, Human Rights Council,
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A-HRC-22-33_en.pdf

11 For example, the Court of Appeal in Mopti covers the whole of the northern region. In 2011, additional Courts of
Appeal were supposed to be set up in Segou, Gao and Sikasso, but to date this has not occurred. Oxfam internal
assessment on access to justice in Mali, 2011.

12 The Malian government plans to develop the PDA/RN (Accelerated Development Programme for the Regions of
the North) [Programme de Dveloppement Acclr des Rgions du Nord]. The plan will invest 1.570bn CFA
Francs over five years, of which 61.94 per cent (971bn CFA Francs) are actively being sought. The cost of
rehabilitating the legal system and the judicial infrastructure, including the countrys prisons, is estimated at
14.184bn CFA Francs.

13 Internal assessment on access to justice in Mali, conducted by Oxfam Novib in 2011. Current population
estimates are closer to 17 million people according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs. See the 2014 Consolidated Appeals, http://www.unocha.org/cap/appeals/by-
country/results/taxonomy%3A71 (available from February 2014).

14 Government Action Plan 2013-2018 [Programme D'actions Du gouvernement 2013-2018]: As regards the legal
system, its rehabilitation aims to consolidate democracy by restoring the Malian peoples faith in the legal system
and by guaranteeing the security of domestic and international private investment. The rule of law can only be
strengthened by implementing a transparent and fair system of justice. The measures to be implemented will
include the creation of a professional training programme for magistrates, the introduction of the use of ICT into
the legal system (transparency and access), the strengthening of civil society organisations (CSO) specialized in
offering legal assistance to citizens, the publication of verdicts, the increase in the number of commercial and
labour courts, more severe sanctions for magistrates convicted of corruption or prevarication and the
strengthening of the bodies responsible for overseeing magistrates,
http://www.primature.gov.ml/images/PAG_2013-2018.pdf

10
15 See: I. Allegrozzi and E. Ford (2013) Piecing Together the Jigsaw: Prospects for improved social relations after
the armed conflict in northern Mali, Oxfam, http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/piecing-together-the-
jigsaw-prospects-for-improved-social-relations-after-the-a-303030

16 See the PAG commitments on reconciliation: the setting up of a Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission,
within which all the communities of the north will be fairly represented: the drawing up and implementation of a
PDA/RN (Accelerated Development Programme for the Northern Regions) and the setting up a Cohesion and
Solidarity Fund (FCS), the financial instrument of the aforementioned programme; the implementation of
transitional justice (national and international); the launch of negotiations with the stakeholders in the rebellion; the
reinforcing of social cohesion between all members of society; the redeployment of legal staff; the creation of new
administration region; the classification of the regions of the north as special economic development zones,
http://www.primature.gov.ml/images/PAG_2013-2018.pdf

17 I. Allegrozzi and E. Ford (2013) op. cit.

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 Oxfam International February 2014

This document was written by Surendrini Wijeyaratne and Nicolas Vercken.

Oxfam would like to thank our partners ACOD, Femmes et Droits Humaines,
GSBM, Association Deme So, and WILDAF for their help producing this
document. This document is one of a series of texts written to provide
information and contribute to the public debate on development and governance
issues in Mali.

For any further information, please contact [email protected]

This document is copyrighted but may be used free of charge for the purposes
of advocacy, campaigning, education, and research, provided that the source is
acknowledged in full. The copyright holder requests that all such use be
registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other
circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or
adaptation, permission must be secured and a fee may be charged. E-mail
[email protected].

The information in this publication is correct at the time of going to press.

Published by Oxfam GB for Oxfam International under ISBN 978-1-78077-547-0

in February 2014. Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford,
OX4 2JY, United Kingdom.

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