ECC3001

CHAPTER 1
FUNCTIONS (CONTINUE)

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 3. INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Both the original function f(x) and the inverse function f-1(x) are
functions
This means that for both functions there can only be one image for
each element in the domain
Illustrated in an arrow diagram below:

one to one
(a function which has an inverse)

f(x)

f-1(x)

this means that not all functions have an inverse.

An inverse exists only if there is a one-to-one correspondence between
domain and range in the function. 2
 INVERSE FUNCTIONS (p.74)
The inverse of a function f is denoted by f-1 . Note: f-1(x) does not mean
The inverse reverses the original function. 1/f(x).

So if f(a) = b then f-1(b) = a

f
Domain
Range = Domain
of f a b
of f of f-1
f-1
= Range
of f-1

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 ONE TO ONE FUNCTIONS

If a function is to have an inverse which is also a function then it must be one to

one.
This means that a horizontal line will never cut the graph more than once.
i.e we cannot have f(a) = f(b) if a b,
Two different inputs (x values) are not allowed to give the same output (y value).
For instance f(-2) = f(2) = 4

y = f(x) = x2 with domain x is

not one to one.

So the inverse of 4 would have two

possibilities : -2 or 2.
This means that the inverse is not
a function.
We say that the inverse
function of f does not exist.
If the Domain is restricted to
x0
4
Then the function would be
one to one and its inverse
would be f-1(x) = x , x 0
FINDING THE RULE AND DOMAIN OF AN INVERSE FUNCTION

Rule

Swap over x and y

Make y the subject

Domain

The domain of the inverse = the Range of the original.

So draw a graph of y = f(x) and use it to find the Range
Drawing the graph of the Inverse

The graph of y = f-1(x) is the reflection in y = x of the graph of y = f(x).

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Example:

Find the inverse of the function y = f(x) = (x-2)2 + 3 , x 2

Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f-1(x) on the same axes showing
the relationship between them.

Domain
This is the function we considered earlier except that its domain has
been restricted to x 2 in order to make it one-to-one.
We know that the Range of f is y 3 and so the domain of f-1 will be x
3.

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Rule
Swap x and y to get x = (y-2)2 + 3
Now make y the subject
x 3 = (y-2)2
(x 3) = y-2 Graphs
y = 2 + (x 3) Reflect in y = x to get the
graph of the inverse
So Final Answer is:
f-1(x) = 2 + (x 3) , x 3 function.
Note: Remember with
inverse functions everything
swaps over.
Input and output (x and y)
swap over
Domain and Range swap
over
Reflecting in y = x swaps
over the coordinates of a
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point so (a,b) on one graph
becomes (b,a) on the other.
ODD, EVEN, PERIODIC FUNCTION (P.82)
Odd Even Periodic
satisfies f (-x) = f(x) image values are repeated at
eg f(-2) = f(2) regular intervals in its domain.
f(-x) = -f(x)
graph is - Graph is The graph can be divided into
antisymmetric symmetrical vertical strips that are replicas
al about the about y-axis of each other
origin.
Width of each strip is called the
period (P) of the function
Involves polynomial Freq = circular freq, .
polynomial function such
functions with as y=x4 x2 frequency, v, is defined as the
odd powers. 1, which reciprocal of its period
Eg y = x5 x3 involves only = 1/period
even powers of
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x are even
functions
 4. LINEAR FUNCTION (P.87)

y = mx + c
m and c has to be determined
Need to have 2 pieces of information, (x1,y1); (x2,y2)

Or use LAGRANGE FORMULA, if know f(xo)=fo ;

f(x1)=f1

x x1 x xo
f ( x) ( ) fo ( ) f1
xo x1 x1 xo
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 LEAST SQUARE FITS METHOD OF A
LINEAR FUNCTION (P.89)
Objective
to fit linear expt data using least
square method
Find the best m and c that fit expt
data
2 distinct mathematical equations

y = ax
y = mx + c
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 LEAST SQUARE METHOD
1. For y = ax
Use least sum of square error methods ;
Evaluate S = sum of square error to give Smin

To give Smin, then a is given by

n
k 1
x k y k
a n 2
k
x
1 k

See example 2.16 11

 LEAST SQUARE FITS
2. y = mx + c
S (sum of square of error) is min when

n
k 1
( x k x )( y k y)
m n
k 1
( xk x) 2
This gives the best fit that passes through
(x,y)
Calculate c = y - m x
See example 2.17
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 QUADRATIC FUNCTION (P.94)

y = ax2 + bx + c

a>0 (CUP) a<0 (CAP)

Has a min value of (4ac-b2)/4a Has a max value of (4ac-b2)/4a

b2> 4ac b2< 4ac

Can factorize f(x) into the product Cannot be factorized
of two linear factors
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Has two zero values Does not have zero value
Irreducible quadratic function
 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION (P.98)
has the general form of f(x) = anxn + an-
1 x n-1 + .+ a x + a
1 0
where n is a positive integer, a is a real
number called the coefficient of xr where
r = 0,1n
index x of the highest power of x
occurring is called degree of
polynomial
For n = 1, function is a linear
For n = 2, function becomes quadratic. 14
 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION (P.98)
Basic properties of polynomial functions
1. If two polynomial are equal for all values of
the independent variable then the
corresponding coefficient of the powers of
the variables are equal, if f(x) =g(x)
f(x) = anxn + an-1x n-1 + .+ a1x + a0
g(x)= f(x) = bnxn + bn-1x n-1 + .+ b1x + b0
an =bn a1= b1
2. Any polynomial with real coefficients can
be expressed as a product of linear and
irreducible quadratic factors.. 15
 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
FACTORIZATION (P.100)
Example 2.24 p.100

f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 4

Step 1: divide by x-1

Step 2: multiply x-1 with -2x
Step 3: multiply x-1 with 4

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 POLYNOMIAL FN
NESTED MULTIPLICATION (P.102)
To evaluate f(x) = anxn + an-1x n-1 + .+ a1x
+ a0 at a point x = t
Then with nested multiplication f(x) can be
written
f(x)=(bn-1xn-1 + bn-2xn-2 +..+ b1x +bo)(x-t) +f(t)

Or f ( x) n 1 n 2 f (t )
bn 1 x bn 2 x .... b1 x bo q ( x)
x t x t

Remainder r = f(t), q(x) = quotient polynomial 17

 NESTED MULTIPLICATION
The coefficient bi where i=0,1,2n-1of the
quotient polynomial and remainder can be
determined as follows
bn-1 =a
bn-k =tbn-k+1 + an-k+1 (k=2,3.n)
f(t) = tbo +ao

Example 2.25 p104

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 POLYNOMIAL FN
ROOTS OF POLYNOMIALS (P.105)
Consider f(x) = anxn + an-1x n-1 + .+ a1x + a0
Define
n
n
f ( x) An ( x a)
k 0

When f(x) =0
has no roots greater than x=a if all values of
Aks have same sign
Has no roots less than x=a if the Aks
alternate in sign 19
 POLYNOMIAL FN
ROOTS OF POLYNOMIALS (P.105)
Consider a quadratic equation with roots
and then
(x- ) (x- )=0 x2-( + )x + =0
Comparing with standard quadratic equation
of ax2+bx+c=0, then
+ =-b/a
= c/a
For a cubic equation ax3 +bx2 +cx +d=0, then

+ + =-b/a
+ + =c/a
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=-d/a
 POLYNOMIAL FN
ROOTS OF POLYNOMIALS (P.105)
Ingeneral for any polynomial
equation
anxn + an-1x n-1 + .+ a1x + a0 = 0

The sum of the products of the

roots, k at a time is (-1)k an-k /an

See example 2.29

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 GROUP TASK
GROUP EXAMPLE
1 2.22
2 2.23
3 2.24
4 2.25
5 2.26
6 2.27
7 2.28
8 2.29
 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS (RF) (P.114)
have the general form
f(x) = p ( x )
q ( x)

where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials.

if degree of p is < degree of q = strictly
proper rational function.
if degree of p = degree of q = proper rational
function.
if degree of p is > degree of q = improper
rational function.
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 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
PARTIAL FACTION (P.116)
Distinct linear factors
Cover-up rule example 2.31 p.116
Repeated linear factors
Example 2.33 p118
Irreducible quadratic factors
Example 2.34 p119
See Examples

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 CIRCULAR FUNCTION (P.128)
circularfunction is static in nature
trigonometric functions is dynamic and
consider motion of a point around a circle
c c
sin tan
a b
b
cos
B a
a a b c
sin erule
c sin A sin B sin C
cos ine rule
C
A a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
b
b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B 25

c2 b2 a2 2ab cos C
 GRAPHS CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
rad=180o
Length or arc = r

Area of sector=1/2 r2

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TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
(P.138)

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GRAPH OF VARYING AMPLITUDE AND
FREQUENCY

y = sin x y = 5 sin x

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 INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
y=sin-1x; x=sin y
y=cos-1x; x=cos y
y= tan-1x; x=tan y
Polar coordinates
r= (x2+y2

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 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS (P.152)
f(x)= ax e.g. y = 2x
y = ex - exponential; e = 2.718

Properties

e0=1
eaeb= ea+b
ea/b= ea-b
(ea)b= eab

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 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS (P.155)
y = ln x
y = ax gives x = log ay
Inverse of exponential; graph reflecting at y = x

Properties

loga(xy)=logax + logay
loga (x/y)= logax logay
logaxn = nlogax
x=a loga x
yx=axloga y
ln ee=x
e ln y =y
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logax =logbx/logba
 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS (P.157)
Contain combination of exponential functions recur many times

Hyperbolic sine

Hyperbolic cosine

Osborn rule

Hyperbolic cosech

Osborn rule 32
 INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
(P.162)
y=sinh-1x; x in real numbers
y=cosh-1x; x 1, y 0
y=tanh-1x; -1<x<1

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 OSBORNS RULE
To change circular functionhyperbolic
replace each circular function by corresponding
hyperbolic functions
change sign of every product or implied product of two
sines
See example

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 IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS (P.164)
- Circular and exponential functions ( x 1) 1 Algebraic
y
- transcendental functions ( x 1) 1 irrational
function
- Cannot be expressed as rational functions
1. Algebraic function f(x) = an (x)yn + an-1(x) yn-1 + .+ a1(x) y+
a0(x)=0 eg: y2-2xy-8x =0

2. Implicit function-require numerical solution, cannot obtain an

algebraic formula; calculate each x for the y value
Eg : xye2xy = 2ex-1
3. Piecewise Function function in pieces (or parts)
1. Signum function Force=-R sgn ( ) 1 x 0
Sgn 1 x 0
1. Heaviside unit step function 0 x 0
0 x 0 35
H ( x) 1 x 0
NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS
(P.173)
3 ways to solve
1. Graph read x and corresponding y from graph
2. Draw table of values of functions or make a table
3. Give an analytical approximation To evaluate for a given
value of x, do interpolation linearly within table of values to
get the y (see eg)
When assume linear, graphical method has implicit
error
x xi
f ( x) fi ( fi 1 fi )
xi 1 xi
or
x xi 1 x xi
f ( x) fi ( f i 1 ) lagrange ' s form
xi xi 1 xi 1 xi 36
ERROR IN LINEAR INTERPOLATION
(P.177)
1 2
E fi
8

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 SUMMARY
To identify various types of functions
and their graphs
To analyse functions and their limits
To interpolate functions

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