Mulaje et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2013, 3(2), 233-238 233

Available online at http://jddtonline.info

REVIEW ARTICLE
PROCEDURE FOR DRUG APPROVAL IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES: A REVIEW
Mulaje SS*, Birajdar SM, Patil BR, Bhusnure OG
Department of Quality Assurance Maharashtra college of Pharmacy, Nilanga, Dist. Latur, Maharashtra
*Corresponding Authors Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Developing a new drug requires great amount of research work in chemistry, manufacturing, controls, preclinical science and
clinical trials. Drug reviewers in regulatory agencies around the world bear the responsibility of evaluating whether the
research data support the safety, effectiveness and quality control of a new drug product to serve the public health.Every
country has its own regulatory authority, which is responsible to enforce the rules and regulations and issue the guidelines to
regulate the marketing of the drugs. This article focuses on history, regulatory policy and administration, and related issues
with respect to different countries like U.S.A. , Europe ,China, Australia and India
Keywords: USFDA, EMA, TGA, Clinical trials, Approval stages

INTRODUCTION
Currently different countries have to follow different respected country. In next step, clinical trials are carried
regulatory requirements for approval of new drug. For out in four phases i.e. phase 1 phase 4 study. These
marketing authorization application (MAA) a single studies are carried out for the assurance of safety, efficacy
regulatory approach is applicable to various countries is and for optimization of dose of drug in human being. Then
almost a difficult task. Therefore it is necessary to have application for marketing of drug is carried out by
knowledge about regulatory requirement for MAA of each competent authorities.The competent authority review the
country. application and approve the drug for marketing purpose,
only if that drug found to be safe and effective with desired
The new drug approval process consists of two stages
effect as compare to adverse effect.
(phases)- the first phase is for clinical trials and second
phase is for marketing authorization of drug. Firstly, non- The following table indicates about the group of agencies
clinical studies of drug are completed to ensure safety and working for drug approval procedure in their respected
efficacy. The next step is the submission of application for countries.
conduction of clinical trials to competent authority of

NAME OF COUNTRY AGENCIES FOR DRUG REGULATION

USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
Fed World - US Government Information
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Library of Medicine
National Science Foundation
Office of Disease Prevention
EUROPE EU Legislation - Eudralex
European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare (EDQM)
European Medicines Agency (EMEA)
Heads of Medicines Agencies (HMA)
INDIA Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
Government of India Directory of Health and Family Welfare
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
CHINA State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA)
AUSTRALIA Australia's Department of Health and Aged Care
Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)

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Mulaje et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2013, 3(2), 233-238 234
USA: Phase 1 studies are usually conducted in healthy
volunteers. The emphasis in Phase 1 is on safety. The goal
U.S. Pharmacopoeia was established in 1820 and Congress
is to determine what the drug's most frequent side effects
passed the original Food and drugs act, and signed by
areoften, to determine how the drug is absorbed,
President Theodore Roosevelt. The Food and Drugs Act
distributed, and excreted. The number of subjects typically
prohibits interstate
ranges from 20 to 80.
Commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks,
Phase 2
and drugs. But in 1937, sulfanilamide tragedy occurred
and due to which Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic act The emphasis in Phase 2 is on effectiveness.
was introduced and added new provisions including
The goal of a Phase 2 study is to obtain preliminary data
compulsion of showing safety of drug before its marketing.
on whether the drug works in people who have a specific
In 1962, The Kefauver- Harris Amendment Act was
disease or condition For controlled trials, patients
passed which require that manufacturers must prove that
receiving the drug are compared with similar patients
drug is safe and effective. Separate centers within the FDA
receiving a placebo or a different drug Safety continues
regulate drugs, biologics, devices, and food.
to be evaluated and short-term side effects are studied.
Typically, the number of subjects in Phase 2 studies ranges
from a few dozen to about 300 after Phase 2.
An investigational new drug application (IND) outlines
what the sponsor of a new drug proposes for human testing At the end of Phase 2, the FDA and sponsors negotiate
in clinical trials Phase 1 studies (typically involve 20-80 about how the large-scale studies in Phase3 should be done
people) Phase 2 studies (typically involve a few dozen to . The FDA usually meets with a sponsor several times,
about 300 people) . Phase 3 studies (typically involve including prior to Phase 3 studies, and pre-NDA right
several hundred to about 3,000 people) . The pre-NDA before a new drug application is submitted.
period, just before a new
Phase 3
drug application (NDA) is submitted, is a common time
Phase 3 studies begin if evidence of effectiveness is
for the FDA and drug sponsors to meet Submission of an
shown in Phase 2. Phase 3 studies are usually placebo-
NDA is the formal step the FDA takes to consider a drug
controlled gather more information about safety and
for marketing approval 8. After an NDA is received, the
effectiveness may test different dosages may test the
FDA has 60 days to decide whether to file it so it can be
drug in different populations usually include several
reviewed 9. If the FDA files the NDA, an FDA review
hundred to about 3000 subjects are often multi-center
team is assigned to evaluate the sponsors research on the
trials
drugs safety and effectiveness. The FDA reviews
information that
goes on a drugs professional labeling (information on how Clinical trials
to use the drug) 11. The FDA inspects the facilities where
Clinical trials compare the new drug to a placebo or to an
the drug will be manufactured as part of the approval
existing therapy The standard for effectiveness may be
process . FDA reviewers will approve the application or
statistical superiority to placebo or non-inferiority to an
find it either approvable or not approvable
existing therapy Adverse events are recorded, because
Preclinical - trial populations are relatively small, only the most
common adverse events may be discovered also, clinical
Computer simulations, experimental animal studies,or in
trial populations are healthier than real-world populations--
vitro studies are performed to
for example, a trial of an anti-depressant may exclude
identify a promising drug subjects with substance use disorder
test for promising biologic effects
The New Drug
test for adverse effects
The NDA is the formal request by a sponsor to market a
A drug company may test many related compounds to
drug in the U.S. includes the results of preclinical and
identify 1 or 2 to take further in development. The FDA is
clinical studies, manufacturing information, and labeling
not involved in this aspect of drug development but will
can be hundreds of thousands of pages. The FDA has 60
review the study results for any compounds that are
days to decide whether to review the NDA
planned for clinical (human) testing.
After deciding that it will review an NDA, the FDA has
New Drug Application (IND)
10 months to make a determination (6 months for priority
The IND is the formal process by which a sponsor drugs) Application (NDA).
requests approval for testing of a drug in humans includes
NDA Decisions
information developed during preclinical testing regarding
safety and effectiveness Includes an investigator Post marketing (Phase IV) Studies
brochure that ensures that clinicians conducting the trial
As part of the approval process, the FDA may obtain
and their institutional review boards (IRBs) are adequately
informed about possible effects of the drug. commitments from the sponsor to do

There are 3 phases in clinical testing of a new drug additional Phase 4 studies after the product is marketed.
However, the FDA cannot enforce compliance. The FDA
Phase 1
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Mulaje et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2013, 3(2), 233-238 235
also monitors adverse events through an adverse event diseases and other immune dysfunctions, and viral
surveillance program. diseases
Europe - orphan medicinal products
A sponsor has several options when seeking approval to Other new active substances may, at the request of the
market a new drug in Europe: a national authorization applicant, be accepted for consideration under the
procedure, a decentralized procedure, a mutual recognition centralized procedure when it can be shown that the
procedure, or a centralized procedure. Products that must product constitutes a significant therapeutic, scientific or
use the centralized procedure include the following: technical innovation, or the granting of a Community
authorization is in the best interests of patients at the
all biologic agents or other products made using high-
Community level.
technology procedures
Pre-submission process
products for HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes,
neurodegenerative diseases, auto-immune and other At least seven months prior to submitting a marketing
immune dysfunctions and viral diseases authorization application (MAA), a sponsor must notify
the EMA of their intention to submit and the month of
products for orphan conditions
submission. This pre-submission involves a variety of
National authorization procedure information including a document outlining the reasons the
sponsor believes the application should fall under the
Each country within the EU has its own procedures for centralized procedure. The EMA will consider the pre-
authorizing a marketing application for a new drug. A submission and notify the sponsor of its decision regarding
sponsor can consult the website of the regulatory agency in acceptance of the MAA.
each country in which it is interested in obtaining
marketing approval to obtain details of the approval Selection of rapporteur/co-rapporteur -
process.A sponsor can also seek approval of several EU
The rapporteur is a country-specific regulatory authority
countries simultaneously using the decentralized or mutual
within the EU. The rapporteur (reviewer) and co-
recognition procedure.
rapporteur (if needed) are identified from the CHMP
Decentralized procedure members. The selection of the rapporteur is based on
objective criteria, to ensure objective scientific opinion and
For products that fall outside the scope of the European the best use of available expertise at the EMA. The role of
Medicines Agency (EMA ) with regard to centralized
the rapporteur is to perform the scientific evaluation and
procedures, a sponsor can submit under the decentralized
prepare an assessment report to the CHMP. If a co-
procedure. Using this process, a sponsor can apply for rapporteur is involved, the co-rapporteur will prepare an
simultaneous authorization in more than one EU country independent assessment report, or provide a critique of the
for products that have not yet been authorized in any EU
rapporteurs report, at the discretion of the CHMP. The
country.
process for assigning the rapporteur/co-rapporteur is
Mutual recognition procedure. With the mutual recognition usually initiated at the CHMP meeting following the
procedure, a product is first authorized by one country in receipt of a letter of an intention to submit. The sponsor is
the EU in accordance with the national procedures of that notified of the rapporteur/co-rapporteur once the EMA has
country. Later, further marketing authorizations can be deemed a submission admissible.
sought from other EU countries, who, rather than
Product naming
conducting their own review, agree to recognize the
decision of the first country. A sponsors name for the drug product should be the same
in all countries within the EU, except where it violates
Centralized procedure trademark rules. The sponsor should submit the proposed
European drug approvals are overseen by the European name in advance (usually four to six months, and not more
Medicines Agency. The EMA is a decentralized body of than 12 months) of the marketing authorization
the EU, with headquarters in London, England. It is application.
responsible for the scientific evaluation of applications for
China-
authorization to market medicinal products in Europe (via
the centralized procedure). Marketing applications for Economic reformation in China has being ongoing for
drugs for use in humans are evaluated by the Committee almost three decades, creating opportunities for rapid
for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). growth in many areas including pharmaceutical industry.
Drug research and development in China went through a
Products that are eligible for review under the centralized revolutionary change during this period as indicated by the
procedure must meet the following criteria: large number of scientific institutes for drug research, the
biologic drugs developed by recombinant technology, impressive depth of drug research in many therapeutic
controlled expression of genes coding for biologically areas and the rapidly increasing number of new drugs. A
active proteins in prokaryotes and eukaryotes new era of drug research and development is on the
including transformed mammalian cells, and horizon with the introduction of new scientific
hybridoma and monoclonal antibody methods breakthroughs, such as biomarkers and
pharmacogenomics. A unique drug evaluation system is
medicinal products containing new active substances needed in China not only to keep up with the scientific
for the following indications: AIDS, cancer,
neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, autoimmune
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Mulaje et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2013, 3(2), 233-238 236
development in drug research and development but also fit (CDSCO), and the office of its leader, the Drugs Controller
into the current overall economic environment in China. General (India) [DCGI] was established. In 1988, the
Indian government added Schedule Y to the Drug and
Standard Procedure -
Cosmetics Rules 1945. Schedule Y provides the guidelines
Currently, there are five types of drug registration and requirements for clinical trials, which was further
application in China: New drug application, generic drug revised in 2005 to bring it at par with internationally
application, imported drug application, supplemental accepted procedure. The changes includes, establishing
application and renewal application. For the first three definitions for Phase IIV trials and clear responsibilities
types of application, there are two major stages that are for investigators and sponsors. The clinical trials were
under regulation in China: application to initiate clinical further divided into two categories in 2006. In one
trials (including bioequivalent trials) and application to category (category A) clinical trials can be conducted in
market or import a drug. According to the Drug other markets with competent and mature regulatory
Administration Law, approval by SFDA is required before systems whereas the remaining ones fall in to another
clinical trials can be conducted in China or new drugs can category (category B) Other than A. Clinical trials of
be marketed in or imported into China. The detailed category A (approved in the U.S., Britain, Switzerland,
application procedure and review process for these two Australia, Canada, Germany, South Africa, Japan and
stages are outlined in the 2007 version of Drug European Union) are eligible for fast tracking in India, and
Registration Regulations. For supplemental application, are likely to be approved within eight weeks. The clinical
the review process will depend on the magnitude of change trials of category B are under more scrutiny, and approve
in the product and the specific application documents. within 16 to 18 weeks.
Clinical trials are required if necessary. For renewal
An application to conduct clinical trials in India should be
application, each approved drug should be re-evaluated
submitted along with the data of chemistry, manufacturing,
after 5 years and the renewal approval will depend on
control and animal studies to DCGI. The date regarding
whether the post-marketing data suggest serious drug
the trial protocol, investigator's brochures, and informed
safety issues or not during the last 5 years. Overall, the
consent documents should also be attached.
review processes for these applications in CDE are similar
to those implemented by US FDA .There are review teams A copy of the application must be submitted to the ethical
that are made of reviewers with expertise in different committee and the clinical trials are conducted only after
disciplines. The review team is responsible for evaluating approval of DCGI and ethical committee. To determine the
whether the submitted data and documents support the maximum tolerated dose in humans, adverse reactions, etc.
safety and efficacy of the new drug as indicated. During on healthy human volunteers, Phase I clinical trials are
the review process, reviewers may interact with external conducted. The therapeutic uses and effective dose ranges
experts and the drug developers to reduce the uncertainty are determined in Phase II trials in 10-12 patients at each
about the drugs safety and effectiveness based on the dose level. The confirmatory trials (Phase III) are
submitted information. The final decision for approval will conducted to generate data regarding the efficacy and
be based on the risk/benefit balance for a specific safety of the drug in ~ 100 patients (in 3-4 centers) to
indication after all the submitted information for the new confirm efficacy and safety claims. Phase III trials should
drug is integrated during the drug evaluation process. For be conducted on a minimum of 500 patients spread across
new molecular entities that are developed for serious or 10-15 centers, If the new drug substance is not marketed in
life-threatening diseases or diseases for which there is no any other country. The new drug registration (using form #
available treatment, there exists fast track evaluation to 44 along with full pre-clinical and clinical testing
accelerate the evaluation process (Yin, 2006). But based information) is applied after the completion of clinical
on the short history of twenty-five years (from 1984 to trials. The comprehensive information on the marketing
2009) and the large number of applications the drug status of the drug in other countries is also required other
evaluation system in China is different from any other than the information on safety and efficacy. The
countries. It has its own characteristics with the quality information regarding the prescription, samples and testing
control of the review, open-minded review, promoting protocols, product monograph, labels, and cartons must
research within CDE and integrating the post-marketing also be submitted. The application can be reviewed in a
review. range of about 12-18 months. Figure represents the new
drug approval process of India. After the NDA approval,
India
when a company is allowed to distribute and market the
The Drug and Cosmetic Act 1940 and Rules 1945 were product, it is considered to be in Phase IV trials, in which
passed by the India's parliament to regulate the import, new uses or new populations, long-term effects, etc. are
manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs and cosmetics. explored.
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization

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Mulaje et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2013, 3(2), 233-238 237
Table 1: Drug Approval Stages in India
Clinical Trials
Preclinical Phase I Phase II Phase III FDA Phase IV
testing
Additional
Years 3.5 1 2 3 2.5 12 Post
total marketing
testing
required
by FDA
Test Laboratory 20- 80 100-300 1000-3000 File Review
Population and animal Healthy patient patient NDA at process /
studies File volunteer volunteers volunteers FDA Approval
Purpose Assess IND determine
safety and at safety and
biological FDA dosage
activity
Success 5,000 1
Rate compounds 5 enter trials approved
evaluated

Australia- method of manufacture of the dose forms, studies of its

pharmacology and toxicology in animals and clinical trials
The Therapeutic Goods Administration is a
in humans demonstrating the efficacy and safety of the
Commonwealth Government agency that regulates medical
product in its proposed use. In addition, certification that
devices and drugs. Prescription medicines and over-the-
manufacture has complied with Good Manufacturing
counter medicines which meet Australian standards of
Practice is obligatory. Registration in Australia does not
quality, safety and efficacy are included on the Australian
expire. A product remains registered unless there are
Register of Therapeutic Goods. Medicines may be
grounds for cancellation or the sponsor ceases marketing.
registered or listed. Registered products are thoroughly
A small number of active substances, such as aspirin, were
evaluated and are labelled with an AUST R number.
supplied in Australia long before any evaluation process
The TGA administers the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989, was in place. Their registration is not reviewed unless a
the objects of which include 'a national system of controls safety issue arises or a change in use is proposed.
relating to the quality, safety, efficacy and timely
Many of the prescription medicines used in Australia are
availability of therapeutic goods that are used in Australia,
versions of the innovator product, usually produced by
whether produced in Australia or elsewhere, or exported
other manufacturers. These generic products are subject to
from Australia'. These activities are fully funded by fees
the same regulation of manufacture and quality standards.
charged for assessments, annual registrations and
However, only evidence that the formulation is
inspections.
bioequivalent to the innovator product is required, rather
AUST R products than a full demonstration of efficacy and safety.1
Bioequivalence studies usually involve a comparative
Medicines that are registered include: study of the product in human volunteers, but benchtop
Almost all prescription medicines testing of dissolution may suffice for some products.
A number of products, such as vaccines, which Similar testing in human volunteers is required to support
although not classified in law as needing a the claims of modified-release formulations.
prescription warrant detailed evaluation
Over-the-counter medicines
Almost all conventional over-the-counter medicines
A very small number of complementary medicines Nowadays, almost all active substances in non-prescription
where the TGA has been satisfied that pecific claims medicines first enter the market as ingredients of
of efficacy in treatment or prevention of a disease are prescription medicines. To assess whether or not an active
supported by adequate evidence. substance is suitable for use in a non-prescription medicine
usually requires the substance to have been used for at
Prescription medicines least two years as a prescription medicine. Not all active
The Australian system for the pre-registration evaluation substances make the transition from prescription to over-
of new active substances, as well as such things as new the-counter use. The volume of new information to support
routes of administration and the extensions of approved efficacy and safety is usually less, because the registration
uses ('indications') of already marketed products, has of the over-the-counter product can draw on the
evolved since it was established in 1963. Most prescription accumulated experience as a prescription product. New
medicines in use currently have been evaluated through over-the-counter products are assessed by the TGA for
this system. Nowadays an application for registration of a quality, efficacy and safety. The standards for such things
new active substance must be supported by extensive as quality and circumstances of manufacture are essentially
information about the synthesis of the substance, the the same as those of prescription medicines.
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Mulaje et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2013, 3(2), 233-238 238
AUST L products TGA, should a concern or complaint arise at any time
during the life of a product. If the evidence is inadequate,
The group of medicines that are listed consists almost
the TGA may cancel the listing for the product. A random
entirely of complementary medicines. These include herbal
sample of approximately 20% of new listings is assessed in
medicines, most vitamin and mineral supplements, other
detail for compliance with the listing requirements.
nutritional supplements, traditional medicines such as
Ayurvedic medicines and traditional Chinese medicines, In 2003 an expert committee recommended that sponsors
and aromatherapy oils.This category of listed products of AUST L medicines should submit summaries of the
came into effect in 1991 as a means of regulating products evidence they hold to support the efficacy of their
that seemed by their nature to have a low risk of causing products, and that the TGA should randomly audit this
adverse effects. Similar requirements for manufacture, information.3 Where there is evidence to support the
including certification of Good Manufacturing Practice, efficacy of an AUST L medicine in a serious illness,
apply as to AUST R products, but they are not evaluated registration (AUST R status) can be sought.
before inclusion in the ARTG. The principal mechanism
Exemptions
for ensuring that these products are safe is through the
requirements of the Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990. Medicines (except for gene therapy) that are dispensed or
AUST L medicines must: extemporaneously compounded for a particular person are
currently exempt from TGA regulation. Some clinics and
not contain substances that are prohibited imports,
pharmacists are using this exemption as a means for
come from endangered species or be covered by the
supplying very large numbers of patients with medicines
national regulations which control access to many
made in those pharmacies. On occasions, claims about
substances (Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of
special characteristics such as 'slow release product' are
Drugs and Poisons)
made. Such products are not assessed or regulated by the
Conform to lists of permitted ingredients (minerals, TGA. Similar exemptions apply to medicines individually
vitamins, declared listable substances). dispensed by traditional Chinese medicine and
In some instances, there are additional requirements homeopathic practitioners.Some other medicines are also
such as dose limits, specified label warnings and limits exempt from the requirement for inclusion in the ARTG.
on plant parts or methods of preparation. Certain herbs Perhaps the most important are homeopathic medicines.
are not permitted. This exemption from TGA regulation has seen the
The initial approach to regulation of AUST L products marketing of such purported homeopathic products as
did not require evidence to support manufacturers' homeopathic somatropin and homeopathic melatonin.
claims, provided the products were not for the Increased TGA regulation of homeopathic products has
treatment of serious illnesses. therefore been recommended.3 This might be expected to
A concern that multiple and at times improbable claims focus on ensuring that such products are formulated with
were being made about products led to the introduction in regard to homeopathic principles and practices and are
April 1999 of a requirement that sponsors of AUST L made in compliance with the same manufacturing
products must hold evidence to substantiate their claims. requirements as conventional medicines.
This evidence may be called for and evaluated by the

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2011, JDDT. All Rights Reserved ISSN: 2250-1177 CODEN (USA): JDDTAO