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CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID COMPOSITES

PRODUCED WITH MATS MADE USING DIFFERENT
METHODS

C. A. B. Vieira1, S. B. Susin1, E. Freire1, S.C. Amico2, A. J. Zattera1

1 Centro de Cincias Exatas e Tecnologia (CCET), Caxias do Sul University (UCS),
Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. Email address: [email protected].
2 PPGEM, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Email address: [email protected]

SUMMARY
This work focused on the development and evaluation of manufacturing methods
to produce short fibers hybrid mats. Different methods were developed , including:
aqueous and fluidized bed. Composites were molded to help evaluating the produced
mats. The analysis showed that the fluidized bed method manufactured composites with
the best mechanical properties.

Keywords: hybrid composite, glass fiber, sisal fiber , mat, manufacturing methods

INTRODUCTION
In recent years, many research works were developed in the field of natural fiber
reinforced composites for using in several applications [1-2]. Properties such as low
density, attractive cost and biodegradability [3-4] are relevant characteristics in
choosing these materials as reinforcement.
The possibility of mixing reinforcements (i.e. to use hybrid composites) is
attractive because it allows the designing of composites with mechanical performance to
meet the needs of the product. The benefits of substituting synthetic fibers for natural
ones, even if only partially, are mainly ecological, because the natural reinforcement is
recyclable (through thermal recycling). Besides, the natural fibers are biodegradable and
lighter than glass fibers [5], which reverts as fuel reduction when this material is used
by the automotive industry. The use of naturals fibers, abundant in Brazil, also brings
social and economic benefits.
The mechanical properties of polymers reinforced by fibers do not depend only
on the characteristics of matrix and fibers, but also on the ability to ensure efficient
mechanical stress transfer between matrix and fiber [6]. Many studies have focused on
the improvement of the adhesion between fiber and matrix by modifying the fiber and
/or the polymer matrix using physical, chemical or mechanical methods. The surface of
glass fibers is generally modified by sizings. The total mass of sizing added to the glass
fiber is around 0.2 to 2 wt% of the fiber [6, 7].
In this work, several methods to manufacture hybrid mats using a mixture of
sisal fiber and glass fiber were studied. The evaluation of the developed hybrid mats
was performed through the mechanical analysis of processed composites.
 EXPERIMENTAL

Materials
Sisal fibers were supplied by Sisalndia Fios Naturais Ltda. Glass fibers (EC
2400 P207) were supplied by Vetrotex S.A and unsaturated polyester and methyl-ethyl-
ketone peroxide (p-MEK) from Elekeiroz S.A, (code: UC 2090).

Fiber Treatment
The sisal rope was cut into 3-cm long fibers and the fibers were washed (100 mL
of water per gram of fiber) in distilled water for 30 min. The fibers were dried in an
oven with ventilation for 180 min at 60 C.

Mat manufacturing methods

The two methods used for mat manufacturing are described in Table 1. In these
methods, a mixture of sisal and glass was used. The total fiber volumetric fraction of the
composites used in this work was 25%, within this percentage, the volumetric relation
between glass fiber and sisal fiber was modified according to the following
compositions:
a) 100% glass fiber and 0% sisal fiber;
b) 75% glass fiber and 25% sisal fiber;
c) 50% glass fiber and 50% sisal fiber;
d) 25% glass fiber and 75% sisal fiber;
e) 0% glass fiber and 100% sisal fiber.

Table 1 Methods for the manufacturing of mats.

Method Description

1-Aqueous Deposition of fibers in a liquid phase Distilled Water

2-Non-aqueous Deposition of fiber in a gas phase Fluidized Bed

Composite Manufacturing
In order to prepare hybrid composites, hot compression molding was used. The
dimensions of the stainless steel mold was 17 17 0.3 cm. The composite was
molded with MPa, at 60C for 95 min. After curing, the composite was placed in a cold
press until room temperature was reached.
Characterization of the Composites
Water absorption tests were carried out according to ASTM D570 [8]. For these
tests, 6 samples (1.5 1.5 0.3 cm) were extracted from the composites plates and
immersed for 48 h in distilled water at room temperature.
Tensile tests were performed using a Universal Testing Machine, EMIC model
DL 3000, according to ASTM D3039 [9]. Six samples were tested for each composite.
Test was conducted at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. Impact tests were performed in
an Izod Impact Tester, model CEAST Resil 25, in accordance with ASTM D256 [10].
Six samples were tested for each composite.
The cross-section of the tensile fractured surface of the hybrid composite
specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in a Jeol microscope,
model 6060.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The water absorption of the composites can be seen in Figure 1. It is clear from
this figure the more hygroscopic behavior of the sisal fiber in relation to the glass fiber,
as also observed by Wambua et al [11], i.e. the in higher the glass fiber content in the
reinforcement the lower the water absorption of the composites. The composites
containing only sisal fibers absorb around 15 times more water than those containing
only glass fibers.

Aqueous method
5

4
Water absorbed (%)

0
0 25 50 75 100
Glass Fiber Content (%.vol.)

Figure 1 Water absorption in the composites in relation to the glass fiber content -
Aqueous method.
 The results of mechanical properties (Figure 2) show that the increasing in glass
fiber content yields an increase in tensile strength. This justifies the using of hybrid
composites, since the addition of glass fibers produced a composite with better
mechanical performance.

60 Aqueous method

50
Tensile Strength (MPa)

40

30

20

10

0
0 25 50 75 100
Glass Fiber Content (%. vol.)

Figure 2 Tensile strength of the composites in relation to the glass fiber content of the
mats Aqueous method.

Analyzing the results of tensile strength (Figure 2), it was observed that the
composites with a higher content of sisal fiber showed less deviation of measurements,
i.e. the results are more reproducible. It may also be said that the glass fiber cooperates
positively in the composites in which sisal fiber predominates. In Figure 3, the
differences in morphology between sisal fiber and glass fibers can be seen.
The same findings about the tensile strength results can be applied to the impact
strength results (Figure 4). The impact results show that an increase in glass fiber
content generates an increase in impact strength. This increase can be explained by the
stronger adhesion of the matrix to the glass fiber in relation to the sisal fiber. Thus, the
energy is more efficiently transferred from the matrix to the fiber in the composites with
higher glass fiber content. If there was no energy transfer between matrix/fiber, the
results would be nearly constant, close to that of the virgin polyester resin [12]. In the
same way, the composites with lower glass fiber content (25 and 50%) showed more
reproducibility.
From these results, it was observed that the 50% glass fiber content may be
technologically interesting. This composition is cheaper than that with 100% glass fiber
content, and with superior mechanical properties than the 100% sisal fiber composition.
 Glass Fiber
Sisal Fiber

Figure 3 SEM micrograph of a tensile fractured composite with 75%glass fiber in the
reinforcement.

80 Aqueous method

70

60
Impact Strength (kJ/m )
2

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 25 50 75 100
Glass Fiber Content (%.vol.)

Figure 4 Impact strength of the composites in relation to the glass fiber content of the
mats Aqueous method.

After the definition of the most interesting composition, another method for mat
manufacturing was evaluated, the non-aqueous method (bed fluidized with air). Figures
3 and 4 show the visual aspect of the mats produced using different methods.
 (a) (b)
Figure 3 Hybrid mat (50% glass fiber / 50% sisal fiber) manufactured with the
aqueous method: (a) superior view and (b) side view.

(a) (b)
Figure 4 Hybrid mat (50% glass fiber / 50% sisal fiber) manufactured with the non-
aqueous method: (a) superior view and (b) side view.

In the aqueous method, two phenomena occur, aggregation of fibers due to the
pressure on the mat due to the water, and aggregation of glass fibers in contact with the
water (liquid phase). The lowest glass fiber/water chemical compatibility in relation to
glass fiber/glass fiber leads to the production of agglomerates of fiber glass in the
aqueous phase. These agglomerates hinder the flow of resin through the mats
manufactured by the aqueous method. These agglomerates decrease the interfacial area
between glass fibers and polyester resin ultimately decreasing the performance of the
composites. Analyzing the morphology of the mat manufactured using the aqueous
method (Figure 3), the advantages of the fluidized bed process became evident. The
mats manufactured with the fluidized bed method show less agglomeration of fibers,
promoting resin flow within the mat.
 Analysis of Figure 5 (tensile and impact strength results) shows that the
composites obtained with mats produced with the aqueous method show poorer
mechanical properties than those from the non-aqueous method. This can be explained
due to the removal of the sizing of the glass fiber immersed in water (the aqueous
method). Analysis through SEM micrographs of the dry glass fiber and of the glass
fiber after its contact with the distilled water (Figure 6) confirmed the removal of the
sizing, what is in agreement with the literature [6].

70 Tensile Strength (MPa)

2
Impact Strength (kJ/m )
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Aqueous Fluidized
Glass Fiber Content (50 %.vol.)

Figure 5 Tensile Strength and impact strength of the composites in relation to the
manufacturing method of the hybrid mat(50% glass fiber / 50% sisal fiber).

(a) (b)
Figure 6 - SEM micrographs of glass fibers (a) dry and (b) after washing in distilled
water.
 CONCLUSIONS
Comparing the aqueous method with the fluidized bed , it can be concluded that
immersion of the glass fibers in water removes part of the sizing from the surface of the
fiber, yielding inferior mechanical properties and less reproducibility. The results also
showed that the mats manufactured using the fluidized bed method show less
agglomeration of fiber, promoting resin flow within the mats during composite
molding.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank the support of the following institutions: UCS, UFRGS and
CAPES

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