3l'r8

JOURNAT,,

n.a.s. (cnvr,oN)

fVor,. XXXII.

No.86-1933]

rHD DIraM"rY-d-Aruva-GATAPADAYA 359

GEf{ERAL MEETIf{G.
oolombo Museum Lecture Hall, December 21, 1933.

SHORT STUDY OF THE DHAMPIYA.

Present:
Dr. P. E. Pioris, Litt.D., C.M.G., C.C.S., President, in tho chair'
Dr. Andreas NeIi, M.R.C.S., Vice-President.

Balendra
I Mr. D. C. Gammanpila
Beeson
I Mr. Jacob Moonasingho
Mr. ?eter de Abrorv
I Mr. Donald Obeyosekora
Mr. J. D. de Lanorpllo
I Or. S. C. Paul, M.D.
Mr. ?. E. P. I)oraniyagala
I Dr' A. Rajasingham
Dr. D. M de Z. Wickremasinghe,l Mr. C. Rasanayagam, Mudaliyar
D.Litt.
I Mr. R,. SabanaYagam
Mr. W. Dias Bandaranavake,l M". K. Vaithianathan, C.C.S.
Gate Mudaliyar
I Ur. W. E. Wait, C M.G., C.C S.

A,TUVA-GATAPAOAYA
By

Dr. W.

l[r.

Il,. H.

Mr. Aubrey N. Weinman, Honorarg Secretary,

Vieilors

27 gentlemon and 5 ladies.

Business:
The minutes of tho last Gonerrai Meeting held on 27th October,
1033, were read and confirmed.

l.

2. Tho Chairtnan inirocluced Dr. C. Taubor, who spoko on

The pevelopment of Mankind and tho R6le of India." Tho lecture

was iliust'rated r.r,'ith lantern slides.
:-1. Cornments on tho adrlress u.'ero offered by Messrs' P. E. P.
poraniyagala, K. Vaithianathan, C.C.S., Dr' D' M. do Z. Wickrema'
singho, D.Litt., and the Chairman.
4. A voto of thanks to Dr. C. 'Iaubsr proposedbytho Chairman
broughi tho ploceodinge to a close.

"

D. E. HnruARArcril, B.A.
Dhampiyd,-Afuv5,-Gil-tapadava (DhpAGp)

is

a glossarial

ln

Sinhalese on the Pd.li Dhammapadalthakatha (DhpA) of Buddhaghosa, the great Buddhist Commentator. It is considered to be the oldest Sinhalese prose
book extqnt. The work \^/as composed by King Ka6yapa V
who ruled over Ceylon for ten years from 908 to 9f8 A.C.
The Mahd-Vamsa (ch. 52) speaks in the highest terms of tho
profound learning of this King and also of other great
qualities that distinguished him.

commentary

The Maha-Vamsa also mentions that on one occasion

the King preached on the Abhidhamma to a large gathering
of bhikkhus and laymen at Anurddhapura. A fairly long
acceunt of his acts of piety is found in a slab-inscription at
Anurddhapura (Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol. f, p. 43). X'rom
this description it appears that he wrote an explanatory
work on the Abhidha,mma-pilaka, and also composed in
Sinhalese another work (probably a poem) in praise of the
Buddha. It is very regrettable that both these works,
important enough to be referred to in this lithic record,
have altogether perished. It is, therefore, a ma,tter for rro
small gratification that the Dhampiy6-Afuvd,-Giitapadaya
has survived the ravages of time. The absence of any
reference to this work in the above inscription is probably
due to its being composed at a later dBte.

JoURNAL, R.A.s. (cEYLoN)

360

[Yor,.

XXXII.

DhpAGp, which is mainly concernedwit'h the explanation

of difficult terms in the Pali DhpA, throws much light on

many subtle points of doctrine. The author often gives
derivations as well as grammatical explanations as is usual in
commentarial works.

but

The explanations ate given mostly in Sinhalese,

sometimes in P61i and at other times in both. The

of stories, too, are given sometimes in Sinhalese and

sometimes in Pali. Why Pali and Sinhalese should thus be
mixed together-at times in the very same sentence-cannot
be easily explained. Very probably at the time this book
'was composed, PSli was used by scholars as commonly as

names

Sinhalese.

The readings of the Pd,li text quoted in the Giilapadaya

difier occasionally from those of the present, editions of tho

DhpA. 4@rBOc6c6QOooor of the printed texts is

given here as *q@r8z;rO<66Qe (71-1I,12) ; oO&Qoozs
as orO,OQsoro (60-5) ; O:gr$@8,r6zordrOo as Orgzf,r
oer6s$rd6goo (31-20, 2l) ; etc. Such slight variations
are too many to be enumerated. In the story of Prince
Digh6yu, the age of a certain person relerred to in it
difiers in the two works (DhpA VIII 8, DhpAGp 166-9,
l0). In several instances, Pali terms, commented upon by
our author, do not occur in the present editions of the
DhpA., e.g., er6toOOrocnzt (28-33, 34); 6tor:n:sc!nrc0

in

the
(202-34) ) :r:6o (173-13). These divergences
in
useful
P6li portiong of the Glossary will be extremely
the textual criticism of the DhammapadatthakathS.

Important as these considerations are, it is from the

linguistic point of view that the DhpAGp becomes a work of
the highest interest to the student of Sinhalese langnage and

Iiterature. It enables him to get

Iairly comprehensive idea o{

the Sinhalese language as it existed a thousand years ago.

No. 86.-1933]

TITEDHAMI,T:rA-AruvA.GArApaDArrA 361

fn this book we find certain portions which are extremely

old, e.g., srocs aoe6o Omrodr-nrd OzpOr OO&erJ
,&6 .b6AC(186-9, f0). The Genitive Singular ending in
-ha, e.g., O@ao : P. OOOffi6 (70.3; 172-L3) ; ar6c6eo
P, aq<6tgeo (40-25) ; ,ffi,66 (192-l); Qd 66g.6Oeo
(15-r)

; o6:8 toledao

(85-a)

CQ

qedo

(279-23)

is

distinctly too old-even archaic-for this period. The gerunds ending in -ay and -ay, which are frequently found,
e.g., ftBdd, qod, qrdOrd, etc., and also forms like 8@ocog
orsrO mark an eo"ly stage. Again, we fincl t3Or corresponding to PAli corp) ; frr for P. zlrO, Sk. :::iOd, Pkt.
ZlJr; r:Or, e5Od and sOrd for p. oO&:cs; toemd and
esQeo:C f61 p. oearco ; Gi]$cO and otorQ for P. gO0 ;
@eo and @6@ corresponding to P. @r (prohibitive particle) ;
eod corresponding to P. to8o, later or; 9O for P. gbo,
etc. Thus we have clear proof of the existence in this
work "of a very old stratum of language. But if we examine
a few passages like o@Ed O@dz::rlocs6 OatoiO o6.tDzo
A?''66 qc6 qad'Or gcfirorderord ^6goOri (3-ll, l2),
wo see that this language is undoubtedly later than
the passage quotecl above. We find also forms like sO66J
and eJOd taking the place of original oOr and eiOC,
qadOr taking that of $Oc, rf:al@ u16 J'eo@rJ that, of
OQor , and @eo@, etc. We notice also very developed forms
of the gerund and the infinitive ancl of certain inflections.
All these go to prove that there are several linguistic

strata in the DhpAGp.

Let us note here the explanation given for this complex

variety of forms found in DhpAGp by Dr. M.De Z. Wickrema-

singha. He says, rvhile commenting on the tablets of Mahinda

IV at Mihintale {EpZ T, p. 78), 'i'It has, moreover, many
points of agteement 'with the language of the Dlmpiyaa{uva-gii{apada attributed to Kassapa V. In this work
is found a complex variety of old and young forms of words
used indiscriminately. That the written language of the
tenth centurj' difiered moro or less in style and phraseology
from that spoken, thore is not the slightest doubt. We got

362

JouRNjr,, R,.A.s.

(cEyLoN)

[Voi,. XXXII"

glimpses of this fact from inscriptions and even from Kassapa's

work ; and we know that it is Bo at the presen! day."

What strikes tho reader most in reading this book is

the frequency of the Peli tutsamas and the scarcity of Sanskrit ones. This is a very important characteristic of the
language of this period. ft presents a direct contrast to the
language of the Polonnaruva period. Although we havo no
me&ns of ascertaining what was the exact, language Vijaya
brought over to Ceylon, yet it must necessarily havo beon
some fndian Prakrit. Some two hundred years afterwards
when Mahinda established Buddhism in Ceylon, tho old
Commentaries which werein Pd,li were rendered into Sinhalese.
Thus began a constant flow of Pdli words into the Sinhalese

language. tr'rom the inscriptions we Bee that from

about the 2nd century B.C. up to about the llth century
A.C. Peli exercised an enormous influence on the Sinhalese
language. Henco the abundance of Pd,li tatsamas in
the works belonging to this period. In this book itself
we find Sinhalese case-endings added to Pd,li words taken
boclily and used as Sinhalese, e.g., oO9rdai: odrnocsd,
coOOe:Od, oe6rclc0d 88d, f,rerenorsed, qOaqaqcoO,

erOnmcgoO. This frequent ocourrenco of peli tatsamae

which was characteristic of the language up to that time,
disappearo from about tho -12th century A.C. The Rockfnscription of Pardkramabd,hu f at Pofonnamva Galvihh,ra
is a perfect examplo of the later form of language. A
comparison of the DhpAGp which belongs to the l0th
oentury with the AbhidharmA,rtha-Sangraha-Sanne belonging
to the f2th century shows clearly the great oontrast,
between tho two styles.

It is indeed a curious fact that so great a change should

have ooine over the language within so short a period as
two centuries. For an explanation of this, one has to go to
the political history of tho times. Ever since Sena V (g7f -g8l
A.C.), the son of Mahinda IV, ascended the throne of Lanke,
Dravidian influence graduall;' increased until it dulminated in
the overthrow of the Sinhalese kingdom. The Coliyans gained

No.86.-1933]

rrrnDHAMpryA-AruvA-GArApADAya

A68

of the country in the timo of Mahinda V and

possession

this Tamil supremacy continued for nearly a century, during

which period both religion and learning suffered & severe
set-back. Whcn, after expelling the Coliyans, Vijayabahu I

re-established the Sinlralese kingdom he tried.

his utmost to revive the cultural activities of the
people. Although he succeeded in this attempt to Fomo
oxtent, unfortunately internal dissonsions broko out again
after his death and continuetl for about forty years.
During this period learning declined further.
Just as tho day dawns after the darkest hour, a golden
era dawned upon the whole of Lantrd, with the accession of

the Great. Ho brought the whole

country under his sway and made (every) efiort to
improve the country in every direction. A great deal
of attention was paid to the advancement of learning.
Fortunately for him, ho had around him a band of
erudito soholars like Difibuld,gala Mahd, K6,6yapa and
Pard,kramabd,hu

Moggalld,na Mahd Thera, who were great Sanskrit, scholars.

Mahe Kesyapa Thera was the author of the well-known Sanskrit Grammar, Bd,ld,vabodhana. The following contem.
porary verse liays a glowing tribute to Moggalld,na Thera's
pre-eminence as a Sanskrit scholar.
" cor

c6

ors6c0o

Eo68

err

ff ocn q cs:O-Orgesrplar c0tnr Q g

Qd6Od

ocla-og

eqas (3Er

c0rr6r

86,,

['That great, abili$- whic]r Pa4ini, Candra, Kd,tyd,yana and

other (Sanskrit sohoiars) possessed, has, f think, incarnated
in the form of Maudgalyd,yana.'l
Sd,riputta Thera, a pupil of tho two.previous scholars,
a, person of no mean attainments and has v,ritten

was himself

several authoritative works on Sanskrit Grammar. Thus,

the scholars who belonged to the school of Diftbuld,gala
MahE, Ka6yapa paid great attention to the study of
Sanokrit, and even the Sinhalese works they produced like the

JouR,NAL, R.A.s.

(cE:rLoN)

[Vor,.

XXXII.

show tho great influence

Sanskrit exerted on the language. Trom the timo of these
scholars Sanskritterms in Sinhalese began rapidly to increase.
Thus, the langunge grew to be quite clifferent, in
form and style from that used by early w4iters up t'o
about, the llth century, So we find the real beginnings of
the so-called @@ $o0og or Mixed Sinhalese about this
AbhidharmA,rtha-Sangraha-Sanne

period.

The books belonging to the 13th and 14th centuries

like 't'he Puj6,valiya, the Satldharma-Ratnd,valiya and
the Pansiya-Panas-J5,takaya, which were very poplllar,
contributed largely to the growth and spread of the new
form of language. We seo it, in a highly developed state in
books like Saddharma-Ratnd,karaya and Paflcik6,-Pradipaya

(15th century). This kind of mixed

8.ai) has beon in use ever since.

language

(@

A very interesting

feature of the DhpAGp is that it

contains a largo number of words which are found in ordinary
use even at the present day. 'These words, besi&es throwing
light upon their history, are interesting for tho fact that,
they show the uninterrupted continuity of the language from
those early times to the present. A colleption of euch
words arranged in alphabetical order is given below:

EQdl, EEd, EQO, qOco8, Stdr::, qged, EgcsQ,.SOOed,

EpO, EOeo, g16@, St$, gt, ggd, OBdEO, Ce4,
ceoeo,g, cgd, o@o, cd, A6, E@ed, s:rdcoclon6f,'
atsEd, ,oOt, us:.delellff, tsolE$^@, ssgd, rslerJoraoi,
,odfi, rs_g8co, rogd: 6ff, $oO, b6, zo6lrgi, mrt$B,
zorsDgd, rst@6d,- ro.0r6, :srd@, !s6cs, 6od,
ISBBA, 6BAtd, ^eSBOtdt eo6, lsES, r$gd,-fesDOAg,,
,a1e6, ,AOd$r$, fp@dr, re4ee@, .sede, osg, orodJ,
oro@\aoeto6rO, o-ad$, o,rlro,@rQ, om:odr8d, co.oq,
or.d, 61etocord, @rcirco@, oordgudp, OOdr, r:ogdi,
tffEBococe, E@ocseiOt@6, Qd, q@-oo6ce, q66, e6o1c0,
qO, Q@d:::rrJ, Qcooer:q, QoOepd, QG, , ogdzoOd,

!c2d, ciOrz!1d, rser@, (Cf . tlr@Or), ,o6d,

.r:96, cDrco,.6r.iq, 69QAd, 6geJ (twin), rBceoOr8,
6gOr8,6d@, e<6r (comb), uz::rJ, urdroqf, e:O$, $6, eid

No. 86.-1933] rrrnDHAMpryA-Aruya-GArapADAya

36b

Odi, errOOd, srgd(mats), u1cs, e:c@, 86md, 86(aew)

8csdd, 8cop, 8@, gg?ri, godrO, oo6d6t, OA, OQdOro,
Otg(hire), Ot_64J, b1cn, 56drf, Qdr, oOr.tq, oar,gO,
Oaqc6,_elgl@, @A (mud), OrlrO, @eooOqtdi@, @rd, @10o1
!tp, @O^, @6(corpse), &8o2, 6csrd(rats), @Oq, Qqe, 9

E6r,^ 9Bdr, 9O,p, 9rdo, 9gd, Qgq, QO:::d

and Q,Onlrn(kitchen), Qgd and Qc6, oQroeor6| fuestle),

o@ro@rad, @)cortD, d,aoie6. @ce, ggaqm,, Oeood,--Og,6,

Ogdr:OAp9 r"4 O{feg,Oord, d, 016, Or@O; I

8c0L, GA@,,4, oO (whiteant), to6:e16, 60$, rscoeocs
6 (Cf, toeogig, OAodO), o16|, to1@@6fi, Szsfomil(a-nte),
Sgto, fioeJd (torch-Cf. EoOfD), o,eo6, o'ffoOd, 6\10r@0r)
n, aog!(gruel), 6eo, dOQoOil, Eqd, hd, 16110.
cozi'r,

DhplAGp also contains a wealth of forms, rarely found in

other works and which are extremely interesting from a

philological standpoint. A groat majority of them have

come from original P61i words,e.g., ls6toQd:P. roBm
g.<6.<6; 8@9oD and 8@o6: P. SSmeBd; torO6
and esroOrd :P. r:ef@6; S.e6dOr: P. e6droei

[email protected]; o6Ord *P. r0s)Orr6l

od8 :P.@ad6; rned ana foOOee -P. srJr{g
:odaff; ndgf(100-1f):P. o16610; @dEA and @qO
:P.@zrtlg8; zp,gO_ and @'EsrogrO -P. .cegoco; ororO$
oo:uro; 690g :P" 6or::0o; o@rzsr(ad):P. 9o;
-?. :P.
qO6; Q@og,r :P. Q@esOogf; asoq,g:P. cosa
QB
.a{O;,sard :P. 4Oror6; orsrogrO:P. lqQ90; 8@Or
and EOOr :P. 8<6Osea; Odg (135-f t; 121-10) and 6-b6
(287-10) corresironding to P. Ceobar:t; 8gA : usadd-;
gditp - eBzrr:; Oald and COrd : g$rord; $Od 661
ru:l; qOo<6 : odr,6e:rmrC6; deocnuerfi : zBrorqsDormr
.6; l$coOd : rod.oiozrn;qgi!$col: {rgpOffiea0r; 6 :
o6; 6 - 6E;dE : dr6; qoOdOr :P. qiQes6; oq6&67
: o,Eorcsst{i; qotD : Srcs?flrJ)ro; EAd : q:Ordts; @ro)csl
rjrd: @r0,rz:rrrJrj:6; 86@: OEC; gA: gffieo; noOrj
QO: z::@Ooef e6(Qe:);Igggd;: E'oe:co;t6Og6 : O
tsSsfrmco :P.

oar0edco; 6Oo6rQrsI : @o(3r ro zl ; eslO 1d6^eo@ : eOOt

d6cero@,; gQO@oOd : EdA@@,Oq6cs; qOdBBoOd
: EerdrerBcoOqd,ce; e@d, - eso6Od;orginr : rrirO
zs:r@ao; o16@ : o6E6; 9oce{cs : @co4cn; O@rocor :
@r:::StoOorozo; EoOd: Ee:zrrts; o60: : ffM$rtr; re
4O :;DC6er; r::rbt8:.*leo8i orgd - o:dO; 6gOd: I
eo mt 6 ; 8@or :a:6 co6r onzs ; OOr and gQ6nz: 6oOhrr$; e96
l. Corresponding to this word Saddharma-R,atndvaliya
has
*
&@@ and Ummagga-Jd,takaya o,ro@S.
2. Cf. also g,OOr

JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON)

366

g:

eOcoqcors; or.ttcsdrl

[Voi,. XXXII.

roOord (advance);

crd

(2L-32;207-30) : P. rftf,, Sk. qffr; q@ and e@ : P.6c@; @1

,6: @aleoE; Oeo : etOreo; grdCC - qrro:d:ce; a6

andqd :

l,

rsao : P. tori, Sk. rrJ;

P. Fc6; 6:P.
p6gr: : g$ddm; Oetrd :96;
EOe*s)d; 6adn : Ezcfizl;
z3sdzrl :zBerarefb); gsffr : q,6rrf5-rctpt; rsr@&d : m@
O&rc! ; ts&d : eofrlicrs; e 69 bd : erBgdrr$; 6O&ed: 6e:
6rcl; d,E&d: dzxnO&ro; QOerd: QOr6rc$; toQed and
9e?tj: o9&rrt; EOd - Seird; $q&etJ : erQ&rti; mtoc
E - mmrcoQ8; FoEda:6q : Fes'Earyti o$165 :

o$r6OJ.

While most of these forms go back to original PaIi words,

a few of them owe their origin t'o Sanskrit, .g., gAd < Sk.
BOrrs; goordoJ and g@cflcgfx5J ( gocordo:; qgd < qg1l;
13qedt<Oqg; etc. As has already been noticed, we find in
this book Sanskrit words, though not many in number,
occurring in identically the same form, e.g., ffic,,Qt&,66;

8er46r:to6tP6,

Eco@:.trr egrzs:a6@<649, 9r@O@,

.zt)A!, sBa:@6, mE@ood<6, etc. Besicles these there are

certain hybrid formations, consisting partly of Sanshrit and
partly of Paliforms,e.g., gc6,rO:deo 1a-f2); 6a06rar9co
(a3-8); e6orsO:&6 (28.3).
Some of the intermecliate forms of words preserved
in Dhampiyn-Atuv6-Giitapadaya are of very great value to
the etymologist. Corresponding to the Pali .*ot,1. q)roftyt,
erz, Ore6d, Q$r6rd, 6rcor$r.6)S and t:etrl, we
have the derived forms qo6j, qttd, olOq, Oeod

@csdolld and e:ffid. f'he intcrmecliatc forrns qorsJ,

aord, oOe6q, OeDd, ocorOg)ltd and sotd {ound in tirig
book supply the missing links in the development of
these words.

l. Cf. modern qoj6.tor60.

2. The initial h, not found eithor in the Pdli or tho Sanskrlt
form sooms to be a result of falso analogy. It is curious to noto that
ovon at so early a dato as the lOth century, this form was in uee, It
has boon used in sevoral classical rvorks also and has boon continLr:d to the prosont day, Somotimes v'e fiad certainwriters going
to tho extont of adding this h to tho original Sk. word qeo(nh(rrD
itsolf and writing it as roag:*ool. Anothor instance, whoro a
A hascrept inthrough false analogy, is togrnfor qgrr:4 p. Sk. qpcolrr.

No. 86.*19331 rrrnDHAMpryA-Aruva-GATApADAyA

J67

Another feature which the reader notices in this work is

the comlnon use of .f where d is used in the modern

language. e.9., e$6, efrrJo:gQ, odocasd, ggg (p.
g6,0?), ro@drd, tsodrd (p. dOcd;, @OdocsBS, OgrrJ,
OSd . CA{n), dgd 1p. geeerzff), tu.g.o.
(P. toOr;, doooo6, Ordrdr@, ezlo68, etc. This j

stands in most cases for either an originalj or

jj , or for or ccl,,
"
ocerdq,ors,
dtca
(P. dr6]), oooeog
986,
(p.
_
otnodd), 8@o6opd, Oud{n, Od?rJ {p" OOcn),
gt86 and q86 P. ErOBco), Eogg 1p. EoA6roj,
ge5@1p. S@r@;, etc. This feature is fguncl also in
the
Anurd,dhapura slab-inscriptions of Kassapa V himself and in
the Mihintale tablets of Mahinda IV, though not to such an
extent as in thh book.
e.g.,

Another interesting phenomenon in this book, though not

very common, is the use of syngnymous terms for the sake oi

clearness. Sometimes u,hen tlie meaning of a certain word

is obscure, another synonym is coupled with it to mako the
sense clearer. Thus two words, each meaning the same thing,
cometo exist side by side. Scq6)rO8co'. (275-82) has beon

explained as 65',g10 qd,5r6. rg

itself

means

"a forest," but, another word $d<6 hal'ing the same meaning
has also been added to it. Similarly with egrdorcd
(144-15; 255-14) for tqOrord. In certain places aqOrordhas
been explained as dqrgrd, but the form rq@rdocd is also
userd. This is quite a common phenomenon in Sinha-

466fqcomgr and zrd eco:::@r, where

Sk. 5q and m@r : P. z')@r.r5l, Sk. z::O:u::,
both mean pond or lake; oE)orao 6a61: P. ostszord, mors
often found as o$@eod. In this connection the
common word gz::rgzd@ is of unusual interest. It
is very often looked upon as one w61d and the emphatic
particle @ is added to it. But @ in g:lr@d is itself the
-lese, a.g.,

qat

particle. So @ comes to be used twice in

the same sense, in 'the same word.

same emphatic

368

JouRNAr,, R.a.s.

(cE"lrLoN)

[Vor,. XXXII.

Another outstanding feature in the language of the

Dhampiyd-A-tuvE-Giitapadaya is the abundance of
variant forms. A good many variations of the same wofd
are found vory often in the same sentence and not seldom in
the very same

line.

To quote some of them

P.8Or;tstOeodrOr and otOo8odil

: $1Q and 8@r

P.

Oe6AeJo6rrl;

BQ and 4^ :P. der;o98, @e5@9, oorog,rQ and oerogro

: P. e&6; grd and ntd : P, ozd; good, gpd, e:@,sd,
gaodand rjrobd :P. e36{5]; s:tsco, zst68 and zst601
oorresponding to P. e)oztrq (goacl); q86e and qdQs corresponding to P. qzm-zoe$; Qzo, oqro and gro:P.grri; Bd and
6td:P.6tafr; BB, B6 and I :P.6tA;mOE and z$Og8:
P. Sk.eoOO; gQ, gdand Od:P. Og, Sk. aa$;&66 and86t6
:P. e6d ; 6cnr gtOtd and octr gtQdB :P. qrtAdcs ; o9roo:r
OO, o,@r.olOO, o@ro:s:O, olOc@rirO and o@rmO correspondingto P. 6Ofl ancl from that itself the forms ot6rO andotorQ;
a
9bc6, Qc6, o9rc6, @co and 9O : QO; 65dt and 568 :
06d; totoQ, otog and rsrorg : P. morO; qdd antt Srdd
:P. q'o6ce; Oqd and CQq4 : P" Cq66 and Sk. Oqe ;
gQB and gg4:P. Sk. g$ce; @Qeod and gOcod :P. Ciei

Ord; 8$oocoro and. 8@otorce:l : P.cs6*6:Qcl; 9O, 9d and

{drd :P. q@ qt* andSk. q9;CIQ&d, g&d, egQortJ
and 6pOeord:P.toQe&ro; oqOBand oq6(in oeoiloq86 and
@oo:oqB : @rorflOc6ro and @oor@rBzs)); qpzp and qQ4
:P. qro4t2E$; ettogdl, o{o:gd and etlrgdt :P. eltoeee 6;
Sk. gtlxrd; g8d and gO8 :P. GCIOO; ggd and gg{ :
P. 66xr)O; ged66 and Saf66 correspondingto P. e:6Sacoo
(probably fron P. Szo8er$zo?);Edeod, 6eod antl drd:P.
qdaonrzr, Sk. q8d; 6,Oqd, gOrQd and 6e:rqd :P. Ciee)
er6; Sd and grol<ff :P" W86v6; Erdd"d, qtpdr(co)
ancl

q46 :P.

Sk.

gtrrdrcs; es94g, eoQdt$, eoQdlg :P

teoOOd6, Sli. tsoOtf*gd; @r$ro9rO, osoCI and oaogO:P

Sk. tOQ@; @oo, Oeo@ and coen@ correspondingtoP. Sk. Or
(prohibitiveparticle) probably fromsk. Or * eO; qod, qOd
and @Otd :P. Er6:r0, O6:rt6, Sk. qOas:e; ggd and 6$6f
corresponding

to P. g56eh;

CIOogE and orOo98 (quick)

correspondingtoP. tD6zl; oq@ and o>oe09

l. Cf. also eo16O, eo18p, o:oOO.

2. Cf. qo"8, qo1Q, qOQ g8O.
3. Cf. also loOq
4. Cf. 68

:P. otQcp6,'

No 86.*f 9331

rHE DrraM?tyA-AruvA-GArApaD-{ya 369

bAE{t and gSOqo: :P. EO.do:; e,$rsJand 6gd' :p.

OOr::;Oaodand6Ord :p. (,$at6; oOr, oOd, uOrd, eOco,
oOded and O'gC (? 7S-20) for P.sehrcs; or roOeo, oCroOco,
Qirtsr@rct and eod t6r@16.

The form g8S (99-21) for peli E6$S?D is not

without interest. Here g is a contraction of S6 as
in g@eod, goOrocod, goesd, gaQd, eto.

. fn reading the

Dhampiyd-Atuvh,-Giitafadaya, one
the same worcl is often used with a
variety of meanings, which depend o;r its orgin. ord ie
used to mean" shade " (P. drcor g0_4, 110-27), ,, cutting ',
(P. odExs 107-l), n, clevor 'n (p. odm f f6-2g; 201-fb),
" manner " (96-ll ; 136-9), etc. I has been clerived from
dt$ (pleasure) and d18 (liking) ; qtod from EO6 (firm)
tf87-18) and qror*>r (near) ; rsrOg from Oe6QrO
loutcaste) and n6f,0 (r'ice) ; eto.
must be very care{ul,

as

In DhpAGp we flnd the word

sDBs

used

quito frequently

to mean " free from " corresponding to P. ScltD or

qelcors (83-lI ; 198-14; etc.). PAli word q$e:$<6
is usually explained as EfidOd " constantly." But in
one instance, it is explained &s zraid zred (2bl-lg).
The word osqtS occurs in Beveral plaoes moaning ,,t1uickly,'
(210"18 i 199-22). PA,li word O::: is in nearly every
oase explained as gO or eA. These are all forms that
need caref ul investigation.

for P. qr$Eto, " a serpent,"

interesting.
is very
.In discussing it the P6li Text
Society's Dictionary says that its derivation is uncertain
and that to suppose it to have come from ahil-aisa (snake'o
poison) would give a wrong meaning and leave unexplained
the change fuam ahi. to asi,. The Sanskrit form of the word
The explanation given

iiii,ui,ga or rlir,roipa is explained by Monier Williams aB a, "snake"

in the sense o{ 'r'having venom in its fang "-a.{f,r meaning "a
fang." The explanation of the term that seems to have been

ourrent at the time of our author is quite difierent"

He explains it in trvo places &s Ooor cl1oo6 8co

XXXII.

I{o. 86.-19331 rHE DrrAtvrprya-Aruva-GArApADAya g7l

(199-22)-the interpretation given in both instances being

" one with poison spreading quickly." Evidently he. ha,s
connected. the word with P. nsz " quick " (Sk. ddz) and.aisa.

Dhampiyd,-Afuvd,-Gli,lapadaya was carried on. The first

part of the revised Edition was issuecl in fgBI. The
f.ollowing yoar the second part too was completed and
both parte wero issued together in lgBB, *ith u very

370

JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON)

[Vor,.

valuable historical introduction.

In Dhampiy6-Atuvd-Gti,tapadaya there rro about twenty

references to the Helafuv5, and Mahaluvd,, the old Sinhalese
Commentaries, on which Buddhaghosa is said to,have based
his works. A few passage$ are quoted from these Comment-

[] qdnozd znd{r Ofl ,$ Ed-an explanation

of tor$zrn::r:: Eet: (lB6-fZ); geOeiornrOqd ddffesmr@
(148-16) ; daoog Ogro 6q qrOrO6 o@ (149-t3)
; and
ocoroco osrooDoelfrrs c(5qqlo 6q@ (79-33, 34). These
aries, e.9., ro,

passa,ges, though not freo from corruptione, are very interesting as the only relics we have, of those ancient writings. 'Ihe

author of the DhpAGp, on seveial occasiong refers, to tho

explanations said to have been found in Helafuvd and Maha!uvd.. These Commentaries seem to hava been
preserved up to the Dafrbadeliya period, for
Pardkramab5.hu ff, the author of the Visucldhimagga_Sanne
refers to themin his work. No later refe.en"er-to these
ancient commentaries are to be found.

The manuscripts r:f this work are in a hopelessly

corrupt state. Some thirty years ago, a learned Bhikkhu
Sumangala Thera_issued. a revised eclition
-Dodanpahala
of a small part of the book, but his premafure death
prevented the complotion of his undertaking.
An improved edition of the text had been a long-felt
want, and this need was felt all the more keenly when the
work of compiling the Sinhalese Etymologicai Dictionary

w&s undertaken. It was indeed a task bristling .witl

diffioulties. Fortunately however, the Hon. Sir D. B.
Jayatilaka, equipped as he is with an unrivalled knowledgo
of .the Elu language (old Sinhalese), und.ertook
lho tasl.
Along with tho oornpiling of the Diciionary, the revision
of

Dhampiyd,-Afuvd,-Giifapadaya is a book which presents

a very rich field for literary research. ft was in order to
draw the attention of Oriental scholars*specially of thoso
who' are pursuing philological studies-to the treasures that
lie hidden in this text that these pages have been written.

f have taken a great deal of my material from the valuable

introduction to the present edition of the text, and to that I

have added the results of my own study of the book.

f would in
T.

conclusion, express

my gratitude to

Rev.

Amarava4lsa of G6tami Vih6ra, for valuable help rendered in preparing this article, and also to Sir D. B.

Jayatilaka who has always given me ungrudgingly the

benefit of his ripe scholarship.

full