Topological Insulators and Superconductors Lecture PDF

Topological Insulators and Superconductors
Lecture #1: Topology and Band Theory

Lecture #2: Topological Insulators in 2 and 3
dimensions
Lecture #3: Topological Superconductors, Majorana
Fermions an Topological quantum
compuation
General References :
M.Z. Hasan and C.L. Kane, RMP in press, arXiv:1002.3895
X.L. Qi and S.C. Zhang, Physics Today 63 33 (2010).
J.E. Moore, Nature 464, 194 (2010).
My collaborators :
Gene Mele, Liang Fu, Jeffrey Teo, Zahid Hasan
Topology and Band Theory

I.
Introduction
- Insulating State, Topology and Band Theory
II.
Band Topology in One Dimension

- Berry phase and electric polarization
- Su Schrieffer Heeger model :
domain wall states and Jackiw Rebbi problem
- Thouless Charge Pump
III. Band Topology in Two Dimensions

- Integer quantum Hall effect
- TKNN invariant
- Edge States, chiral Dirac fermions
IV. Generalizations
- Bulk-Boundary correspondence
- Higher dimensions
- Topological Defects
The Insulating State

Characterized by energy gap: absence of low energy electronic excitations
Covalent Insulator
Atomic Insulator
e.g. intrinsic semiconductor
e.g. solid Ar
The vacuum
electron
4s
Egap ~ 10 eV
3p
Dirac
Vacuum
Egap = 2 mec2
~ 106 eV
Egap ~ 1 eV
Silicon
positron ~ hole
The Integer Quantum Hall State

2D Cyclotron Motion, Landau Levels
E
Egap c
Energy gap, but NOT an insulator

Quantized Hall conductivity :
Jy
B
Ex
J y xy Ex
e2
xy n
h
Integer accurate to 10-9
Topology
The study of geometrical properties that are insensitive to smooth deformations
Example: 2D surfaces in 3D
A closed surface is characterized by its genus, g = # holes
g=0
g=1
g is an integer topological invariant that can be expressed in terms of the

gaussian curvature k that characterizes the local radii of curvature
1
k
r1r2
k 0
1
0
r2
Gauss Bonnet Theorem :
k 0
k dA 4 (1 g )
S
A good math book : Nakahara, Geometry, Topology and Physics
Band Theory of Solids

Bloch Theorem :
Lattice translation symmetry
T (R) eikR
Bloch Hamiltonian
H (k ) eikr eikr
/a
k Brillouin Zone
Torus, T
eikr u(k )
H (k ) un (k ) En (k ) un (k )
ky
/a
/a
/a
kx
BZ
Band Structure :
A mapping
Egap
H (k )
E
(or equivalently to En (k ) and un (k ) )

/a
kx
/a
Topological Equivalence : adiabatic continuity

Band structures are equivalent if they can be continuously deformed
into one another without closing the energy gap
Berry Phase
Phase ambiguity of quantum mechanical wave function
u(k ) ei (k ) u(k )
A i u(k ) k u(k )
Berry connection : like a vector potential
A A k (k )
Berry phase : change in phase on a closed loop C
Berry curvature :
A dk
C Fd 2 k
F k A
Famous example : eigenstates of 2 level Hamiltonian

dz
H (k ) d(k )
d x id y
H (k ) u(k ) d(k ) u(k )
d x id y
d z
1
Solid Angle swept out by d (k )
2
Topology in one dimension : Berry phase and electric polarization

see, e.g. Resta, RMP 66, 899 (1994)
Electric Polarization
dipole moment
P
length
P b
1D insulator
-Q
+Q
The end charge is not completely determined by the bulk polarization P

because integer charges can be added or removed from the ends :
Polarization as a Berry phase :
e
2
A(k )dk
P is not gauge invariant under large gauge transformations.

This reflects the end charge ambiguity
P P en
when
u(k ) ei ( k ) u(k )
with
Q P mod e
/a
k
0
-/a
( / a) ( / a) 2 n
Changes in P, due to adiabatic variation are well defined and gauge invariant
u(k ) u(k , (t ))
P P 1 P 0
e
C Adk 2
Fdkd
S
S
k
0
gauge invariant Berry curvature
-/a
/a
Su Schrieffer Heeger Model

H (t t )cAi cBi (t t )cAi 1cBi h.c.
i
t 0
model for polyacetalene

simplest two band model
E(k)
Gap 4|t|
B,i
A,i
A,i+1
/a
t 0
/a
Peierls instability t
dy
H (k ) d(k )
d(k)
dx
d x (k ) (t t ) (t t ) cos ka
d y (k ) (t t )sin ka
d z (k ) 0
t>0 : Berry phase 0

P=0
dy
d(k)
dx
t<0 : Berry phase

P = e/2
Provided symmetry requires dz(k)=0, the states with t>0 and t<0 are topologically distinct.
Without the extra symmetry, all 1D band structures are topologically equivalent.
Domain Wall States

An interface between different topological states has topologically protected midgap states
t 0
t 0
Low energy continuum theory :

For small t focus on low energy states with k~/a
H iv F x x m( x) y
Massive 1+1 D Dirac Hamiltonian
q ; q i x
v F ta ; m 2 t
E (q) ( v F q) 2 m 2
Chiral Symmetry : { z , H } 0 z E E
Any eigenstate at +E
has a partner at -E
Zero mode : topologically protected eigenstate at E=0

(Jackiw and Rebbi 76, Su Schrieffer, Heeger 79)
x
m>0
Domain wall
bound state 0
Egap=2|m|
m<0
0 ( x) e
m ( x ')dx '/ v F
0
1

0
Thouless Charge Pump

The integer charge pumped across a 1D insulator in one period of an adiabatic cycle
is a topological invariant that characterizes the cycle.
t=0
P=0
t=T
P=e
H (k , t T ) H (k , t )
t=T
e
P
2
1
n
2
A(k ,T )dk A(k , 0)dk ne
T2
=
t=0
-/a
k
/a
Fdkdt
The integral of the Berry curvature defines the first Chern number, n, an integer
topological invariant characterizing the occupied Bloch states, u (k , t )
In the 2 band model, the Chern number is related to the solid angle swept out by d (k , t ),
which must wrap around the sphere an integer n times.
d (k , t )
1
n
dkdt d ( k d t d )
2
T
4
Integer Quantum Hall Effect : Laughlin Argument

Adiabatically thread a quantum of magnetic flux through cylinder.
-Q
1 d
2 R dt
+Q
I 2 R xy E
d
h
Q xy
dt xy
dt
e
0
T
Just like a Thouless pump :
H (T ) U H (0)U
e2
Q ne xy n
h
(t 0) 0
(t T ) h / e
TKNN Invariant
Thouless, Kohmoto, Nightingale and den Nijs 82
View cylinder as 1D system with subbands labeled by k ym ()
e
Q
m 2
Em (k x ) E k x , k ym ()
m
d
dk
F
k
,
k
x x y () ne
kx
TKNN number = Chern number
1
n
2
R
0
1
2
BZ d kF(k ) 2
e2
xy n
h
A dk
ky
C
kx
kym(0)
kym(0)
Distinguishes topologically distinct 2D band structures. Analogous to Gauss-Bonnet thm.
Alternative calculation: compute xy via Kubo formula
Graphene
A
B
www.univie.ac.at
Novoselov et al. 05
Two band model H t cAi cBj

ij
d (k x , k y )
H (k ) d(k )
E(k ) | d(k ) |
Inversion and Time reversal symmetry require
d z (k ) 0
2D Dirac points at k K : point zeros in (d x , d y )
H (K q) v q
Massless Dirac Hamiltonian
Berrys phase around Dirac point
-K
+K
Topological gapped phases in Graphene

Break P or T symmetry :
H (K q) vq m z
E (q) v 2 | q |2 m2
n # times d (k ) wraps around sphere
+K & -K
d (k ) S 2
1. Broken P : eg Boron Nitride
m m
Chern number n=0 : Trivial Insulator
2. Broken T : Haldane Model 88
m m
+K
Chern number n=1 : Quantum Hall state
-K
d (k ) S 2
Edge States
Gapless states at the interface between topologically distinct phases
IQHE state
n=1
Vacuum
n=0
n=0
m= m+
n=1
m= m+
x
Edge states ~ skipping orbits

Lead to quantized transport
m>0
Domain wall
bound state 0
Egap
m<0
Band inversion transition : Dirac Equation
E0
H ivF ( x x y y ) m( x) z
ky
0 ( x) ~ e
ik y y
m ( x ')dx '/ vF
E0 (k y ) vF k y
Chiral Dirac Fermions
Chiral Dirac fermions are unique 1D states :

One way ballistic transport, responsible for quantized
conductance. Insensitive to disorder, impossible to localize
Fermion Doubling Theorem :

Chiral Dirac Fermions can not exist in a purely 1D system.
in
disorder
|t|=1
Bulk - Boundary Correspondence

N = NR - NL is a topological invariant characterizing the boundary.
NR (NL) = # Right (Left) moving chiral fermion branches intersecting EF
E
EF
N = 1 0 = 1
Haldane Model
ky
E
EF
N = 2 1 = 1
K
ky
Bulk Boundary Correspondence :

The boundary topological invariant
N characterizing the gapless modes
Difference in the topological invariants

n characterizing the bulk on either side
Generalizations
d=4 : 4 dimensional generalization of IQHE
Zhang, Hu 01
Aij ui (k ) k u j (k ) dk
Non-Abelian Berry connection 1-form
F dA A A
Non-Abelian Berry curvature 2-form
1
8
T4
Tr[F F]
2nd Chern number = integral of 4-form over 4D BZ
Boundary states : 3+1D Chiral Dirac fermions
Higher Dimensions : Bott periodicity d d+2
no symmetry
chiral symmetry
Topological Defects
Consider insulating Bloch Hamiltonians that vary slowly in real space
Teo, Kane 10
H H (k, s)
1 parameter family of 3D Bloch Hamiltonians
2nd Chern number :
defect line
1
8
T S
3
Tr[F F]
Generalized bulk-boundary correspondence :

n specifies the number of chiral Dirac fermion modes bound to defect line
Example : dislocation in 3D layered IQHE
1
Gc B
2
Are there other ways to engineer

1D chiral dirac fermions?
3D Chern number
(vector layers)
Burgers vector
Gc

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What are some examples of topological insulators discussed in the document?

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What is the bulk-boundary correspondence principle?

What is the bulk-boundary correspondence principle?

Topological Insulators and Superconductors

Lecture #1: Topology and Band Theory

Topology and Band Theory

Band Topology in One Dimension

III. Band Topology in Two Dimensions

The Insulating State

e.g. intrinsic semiconductor

The Integer Quantum Hall State

Energy gap, but NOT an insulator

g is an integer topological invariant that can be expressed in terms of the

Gauss Bonnet Theorem :

A good math book : Nakahara, Geometry, Topology and Physics

Band Theory of Solids

(or equivalently to En (k ) and un (k ) )

Topological Equivalence : adiabatic continuity

Berry connection : like a vector potential

Famous example : eigenstates of 2 level Hamiltonian

Topology in one dimension : Berry phase and electric polarization

The end charge is not completely determined by the bulk polarization P

Polarization as a Berry phase :

P is not gauge invariant under large gauge transformations.

Su Schrieffer Heeger Model

model for polyacetalene

t>0 : Berry phase 0

t<0 : Berry phase

Domain Wall States

Low energy continuum theory :

Zero mode : topologically protected eigenstate at E=0

Thouless Charge Pump

A(k ,T )dk A(k , 0)dk ne

Integer Quantum Hall Effect : Laughlin Argument

Just like a Thouless pump :

View cylinder as 1D system with subbands labeled by k ym ()

TKNN number = Chern number

Distinguishes topologically distinct 2D band structures. Analogous to Gauss-Bonnet thm.

Alternative calculation: compute xy via Kubo formula

Two band model H t cAi cBj

2D Dirac points at k K : point zeros in (d x , d y )

Massless Dirac Hamiltonian

Berrys phase around Dirac point

Topological gapped phases in Graphene

1. Broken P : eg Boron Nitride

Chern number n=1 : Quantum Hall state

Edge states ~ skipping orbits

Band inversion transition : Dirac Equation

Chiral Dirac Fermions

Chiral Dirac fermions are unique 1D states :

Fermion Doubling Theorem :

Bulk - Boundary Correspondence

Bulk Boundary Correspondence :

Difference in the topological invariants

Non-Abelian Berry connection 1-form

Non-Abelian Berry curvature 2-form

2nd Chern number = integral of 4-form over 4D BZ

Boundary states : 3+1D Chiral Dirac fermions