Oblicon Notes

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
OBLIGATIONS AND
CONTRACTS
1. compel specific
performance;
2. damages, exclusive
or in addition to
specific performance;
3. entitlement to fruits,
interests from the time
the
obligation
to
deliver arises.
I. OBLIGATIONS
OBLIGATION
a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do.
Requisites:
1. juridical or legal tie
2. active subject (obligee or creditor)
3. passive subject (obligor or debtor)
4. fact, prestation or service constituting the
object of the obligation
Requisites:
1. it must be licit
2. it must be possible, physically &
juridically
3. it
must
be
determinate
or
determinable
4. it must have a possible equivalent in
money
Sources:
1. Law
2. Contracts
3. Quasi-contracts
4. Delicts
5. Quasi-delicts
OBLIGATIONS OF THE DEBTOR

Determinate
Generic
1. specific
1. deliver the thing
performance;
which is neither of
2. take care of the superior nor inferior
thing with the proper quality;
diligence of a good 2. damages in case
father of a family;
of breach of the
3. deliver
all obligation by reason of
accessions
and delay,
fraud,
accessories of the negligence
or
thing even though they contravention of the
may not have been tenor thereof.
mentioned;
4. pay damages in
case of breach of the
obligation by reason of
delay,
fraud,
negligence
or
contravention of the
tenor thereof.
QUASI-CONTRACTS those juridical

relations arising from lawful, voluntary and
unilateral acts, based on the principle that
no one shall be unjustly enriched or
benefited at the expense of another.
Principal Kinds of Quasi-contracts:
1. Negotiorum gestio arises whenever a
person voluntarily takes charge of the
agency or management of the business
or property of another without any power
or authority from the latter
2. Solutio indebiti arises whenever a
person unduly delivers a thing through
mistake to another who has no right to
demand it.
EFFECTS OF BREACH
Positive Personal
Obligations
The creditor can:
(1) have the obligation
performed or executed
at the expense of the
obligor;
(2) ask that what has
been poorly done be
undone;
(2) recover damages
because of breach of
the obligation (Art.
1167)
NATURE OF OBLIGATIONS
1. Personal Obligations obligations to do
a)
Positive
b)
Negative
2. Real Obligations obligations to give
a) Determinate or specific
b) Generic
RIGHTS OF A CREDITOR
Determinate
1.ask for performance

of the obligation
2.
ask
that
the
obligation be complied
with at the expense of
the debtor
3. damages in case of
breach
Negative Personal
Obligations
The creditor can
(1) have the obligation
undone at the expense
of the obligor; and
(2) ask for damages.
(Art. 1168)
Cases where the remedy granted under Art.

1168 is not available:
1) Where the effects of the act which is
forbidden, are definite in character
2) Where it would be physically or legally
impossible to undo what has been undone
because of the very nature of the act itself or
because of a provision of law, or because of
conflicting rights of 3rd persons
Generic
BREACH OF OBLIGATIONS
1. Voluntary debtor, in the performance of
the obligation, is guilty of:
a. default (mora)
b. fraud (dolo)
1
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor

c. negligence (culpa)
d. contravention of the tenor of the
obligation
debtor is liable for damages
2. Involuntary debtor is unable to comply
with his obligation because of fortuitous
event
debtor is not liable for damages
4. Gives rise to a right

of the creditor to
recover damages from
the debtor
NEGLIGENCE
omission of that diligence which is required by
the nature of the obligation and corresponds
with the circumstances of the persons, of the
time and of the place
DEFAULT or DELAY
non-fulfillment of the obligation with respect to
time
Requisites:
1) Obligation is demandable and already
liquidated
2) The debtor delays performance
3) The creditor requires performance judicially
or extra-judicially
3 Kinds:
1) Mora solvendi delay of the debtor to
perform his obligation
2) Mora accipiendi delay of the creditor to
accept the delivery of the thing w/c is the
object of the obligation
3) Compensatio morae delay of the parties in
reciprocal obligation
When incurred:
GENERAL RULE: There must be a DEMAND
(judicial or extra-judicial) before delay may be
incurred.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. obligation or law expressly so declares
2. time is of the essence
3. demand is useless as when obligor has
rendered beyond his power to perform
4. there is acknowledgment of default
DILIGENCE REQUIRED
1. That agreed upon by the parties;
2. In the absence of stipulation, that required
by law in the particular case;
3. If both the contract and law are silent,
diligence of a good father of a family
FORTUITOUS EVENT
an event w/c could not be foreseen or w/c
though foreseen was inevitable
Requisites:
1. cause is independent of the will of the debtor
2. the event must be unforeseeable or
unavoidable
3. occurrence must be such as to render it
impossible for the debtor to fulfill his
obligation in a normal manner
4. debtor must be free from any participation in
5. the aggravation of the injury resulting to the
creditor
GENERAL RULE: No liability in case of

fortuitous event.
EXCEPTIONS:
1 When expressly declared by law
E.g. Art. 552(2), 1165(3), 1268,
1942, 2147, 2148 and 2159 of the
Civil Code.
2 When
expressly
declared
by
stipulation or contract
3 When the nature of the obligation
requires the assumption of risk
4 When the obligor is in default or has
promised to deliver the same thing to
2 or more persons who do not have
the same interest (Art. 1165(3)).
There can be delay only in positive

obligations. There can be no delay in negative
obligations.
In reciprocal obligations one party incurs in
delay from the moment the other party fulfills his
obligation, while he himself does not comply or
is not ready to comply in a proper manner with
what is incumbent upon him.
FRAUD
deliberate and intentional evasion of the
fulfillment of an obligation.
Incidental Fraud/dolo
incidente
(Art. 1170)
1. Present during the
performance of a preexisting obligation
2. Purpose is to evade
the normal fulfillment
of the obligation
3. Results in the nonfulfillment or breach of
the obligation
Gives rise to a right of

an innocent party to
annul the contract
EFFECT OF FORTUITOUS EVENT

Determinate
Generic Obligation
Obligation
obligation is extin- obligation
is
not
guished
extinguished based on
the rule that a genus
never perishes
Causal Fraud/dolo
causante
(Art. 1338)
Present during the
time of birth of the
obligation
Purpose is to secure
the consent of the
other to enter into a
contract
Results in the vitiation
of consent
REMEDIES OF CREDITOR TO PROTECT

CREDIT:
1) Exhaustion of debtors property
2) Accion subrogatoria to be subrogated to
all the rights and actions of the debtor save
those which are inherent in his person
2

3) Accion pauliana - impugn all the acts w/c the
debtor may have done to defraud them.
2nd & 3rd remedies are subsidiary to the first
b. if the fulfillment depends exclusively

upon the will of the creditor, both the
condition and obligation is valid.
GENERAL RULE: Rights acquired by virtue of

an obligation are transmissible in character
EXCEPTIONS:
1) When they are not transmissible by their
very nature e.g. purely personal right
2) When there is a stipulation of the parties that
they are not transmissible
3) Not transmissible by operation of law
Rule in Impossible Conditions

GENERAL RULE: They shall annul the
obligation which depends upon them.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. pre-existing obligation
2. if obligation is divisible
3. in simple or renumenatory donations
4. in testamentary dispositions
5. in case of conditions not to do an impossible
thing
PURE OBLIGATION
one whose effectivity or extinguishment does
not depend upon the fulfillment or non-fulfillment
of a condition or upon the expiration of a term or
period
Effects of Suspensive Condition

1. Before fulfillment of the condition, the
demandability as well as the acquisition or
effectivity of the rights arising from the
obligation.
2. After the fulfillment of the condition, the
obligation arisies or becomes effective.
3. The effects of a conditional obligation to give
once the condition has been fulfilled, shall
retroact to the day of the constitution of the
obligation but not as to fruits & interest
4. When the obligation imposes reciprocal
prestations upon the parties, the fruits &
interests shall be deemed to have been mutually
compensated
5. If the obligation is unilateral, the debtor shall
appropriate the fruits & interests received,
unless from the nature & circumstances it should
be inferred that the intention of the persons
constituting the same was different
CONDITIONAL OBLIGATION
one whose effectivity is subordinated to the
fulfillment or non-fulfillment of a future and
uncertain fact or event
Kinds of conditions:
1. Suspensive fulfillment of the condition
results in the acquisition of rights arising out
of the obligation
2. Resolutory fulfillment of the condition
results in the extinguishments of rights
arising out of the obligation
3. Potestative fulfillment of the condition
depends upon the will of a party to the
obligation
4. Casual fulfillment of the condition depends
upon chance and/or upon the will of a third
person
5. Mixed fulfillment of the condition depends
partly upon chance and/or the will of a third
person
6. Impossible condition is not capable of
realization according to nature, law, public
policy ar good customs
7. Impossible - condition is not capable of
realization according to nature, law, public
policy ar good customs
8. Positive
condition
involves
the
performance of an act
9. Negative - condition involves the omission of
an act
10. Divisible condition is susceptible of partial
realization
11. Indivisible - condition is not susceptible of
partial realization
12. Conjunctive where there are several
conditions, all of which must be realized
13. Alternative where there are several
conditions but only one must be realized
Constructive fulfillment of Suspensive

Condition: the condition shall be deemed
fulfilled when the obligor prevents its fulfillment
Effects of Resolutory Condition
1. Before the fulfillment of the of the condition,
the right which the creditor has already acquired
by virtue of the obligation is subject to a threat of
extinction.
2. Upon fulfillment of the condition, the parties
shall return to each other what they received
EFFECTS OF LOSS, DETERIORATION AND
IMPROVEMENT IN REAL OBLIGATIONS
1. Loss
a. without debtors fault obligation is
extinguished
b. with debtors fault debtor pays
damages
2. Deterioration
a. without debtors fault impairment to be
borne by the creditor
b. with debtors fault creditor may choose
between the rescission of the obligation
and its fulfillment with indemnity for
damages in either case
3. Improvement
Rule in Potestative Conditions

a. If the fulfillment of the potestative, the
condition depends upon the will of the
debtor, the condition as well as the
obligation itself is void.
3

a. by the things nature or by time
improvement shall inure to the benefit of
the creditor
b. at the debtors expense debtor shall
have no other right than that granted to
a usufructuary
established for the benefit of both creditor and

debtor
EXCEPTION: When it appears from the tenor
of the period or other circumstances that it is
established in favor of one or the other
When court may fix period:
1. if the obligation does not fix a period, but
from its nature and circumstances it can be
inferred that a period was intended by the
parties;
2. if the duration of the period depends upon
the will of the debtor; and
3. if the debtor binds himself when his means
permit him to do so.
RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS
Those which are created or established at the
same time, out of the same cause, and
which result in mutual relationships of
creditor & debtor between the parties
TACIT RESOLUTORY CONDITION
If one of the parties fails to comply with what is
incumbent upon him, there is a right on the part
of the other to rescind the obligation.
When debtor loses right to make use of

period: (IFOVA)
1. when after the obligation has been
contracted, he becomes insolvent, unless he
gives guaranties or securities for the debt
(the insolvency need not be judicially
declared);
2. when he does not furnish to the creditor the
guaranties or securities he promised;
3. when by his own act he has impaired said
guaranties
or
securities
after
their
establishment, and when through fortuitous
event they disappear, unless he gives new
ones equally satisfactory;
4. when debtor violates any undertaking, in
consideration of which the creditor agreed to
the period; or
5. when debtor attempts to abscond.
RIGHT TO RESCIND
GENERAL RULE: The right to rescind needs
judicial approval.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. If there is an express stipulation of
automatic rescission
2. When the debtor voluntarily returned the
thing
Rescission will be ordered only where the
breach is substantial as to defeat the object of
the parties in entering into the agreement
The remedy of rescission and fulfillment are
alternative, not cumulative
OBLIGATION WITH A PERIOD
those whose demandability or extinguishment
is subject to the expiration of a term or period
TERM
1. interval of time w/c
is future & certain
2.interval of time w/c
must
necessarily
come, although it may
not be known when
3.exerts an influence
upon the time of
demandability
or
extinguishment of an
obligation
4. does not have any
retroactive
effect
unless there is an
agreement
to
the
contrary
5. when it is left
exclusively to the will
of the debtor, the
existence of the
obligation is not
affected
FACULTATIVE
Obligations
1. comprehends several
objects
or
prestations which are
due but may be
complied with by the
delivery
or
performance of only
one of them
CONDITION
1. fact or event w/c is
future and uncertain
2.future and uncertain
fact or event w/c may
or may not happen
3.exerts an influence
upon
the
very
existence
of
the
obligation itself
2.
fortuitous
loss
extinguishes the obligation
3.
culpable
loss
obliges the debtor to
deliver substitute prestation without liability
to debtor
4. choice pertains only
to debtor
4.has retroactive effect
5.when it is left
exclusively to the will
of the debtor, the very
existence of the
obligation is affected
ALTERNATIVE
Obligations
1. comprehends only
one
object
or
prestation which is
due, but it may be
complied with by the
delivery of another
object or performance
of another prestation in
substitution
2. fortuitous loss of all
prestations will extinguish the obligation
3. culpable loss of any
object due will give rise
to liability to debtor
4. choice may pertain
to creditor or even
third person
In alternative obligations, choice takes effect

only upon communication of the choice to the
other party and from such time the obligation
ceases to be alternative.
GENERAL RULE: When a period is

designated for the performance or fulfillment of
an obligation, it is presumed to have been
4

The debtor cannot choose those prestations
or undertakings which are impossible, unlawful
or w/c could not have been the object of the
obligation
although each for his own share, is also

necessary for the enforcement of the obligation
INDIVISIBILITY
1.
refers
to
the
prestation
which
constitutes the object
of the obligation
EFFECT OF LOSS OF OBJECT OF

OBLIGATION:
A. If right of choice belongs to debtor:
1) If through a fortuitous event debtor
cannot be held liable for damages
2) If 1 or more but not all of the things are
lost or one or some but not all of the
prestations cannot be performed due to
the fault of the debtor, creditor cannot
hold the debtor liable for damages
because the debtor can still comply with
his obligation
B. If right of choice belongs to the creditor:
1) If 1 of the things is lost through a
fortuitous event, the debtor shall perform
the obligation by delivering that which
the creditor should choose from among
the remainder, or that which remains if
only 1 subsists
2) If the loss of 1 of the things occurs
through the fault of the debtor, the
creditor may claim any of those
subsisting, or the price of that which,
through the fault of the former, has
disappeared with a right to damages
3) If all the things are lost through the fault
of the debtor, the choice by the creditor
shall fall upon the price of any 1 of them,
also with indemnity for damages
2. plurality of subjects
is not required
3. in case of breach,
obligation is converted
into 1 of indemnity for
damages because of
breach, indivisibility of
the
obligation
is
terminated
SOLIDARITY
1. refers to the legal tie
or vinculum juris &
consequently to the
subjects or parties of
the obligation
2. plurality of subjects
is indispensable
3. when there is liability
on the part of the
debtors because of the
breach, the solidarity
among the debtors
remains
KINDS OF SOLIDARITY
1. Active solidarity
solidarity of creditors
each creditor is empowered to exercise against
the debtor not only the rights which correspond
to him, but also all the rights which correspond
to the other creditors, with the consequent
obligation to render an accounting of his acts to
such creditors
2. Passive solidarity
solidarity of debtors
liability of each debtor for the payment of the
entire obligation, with the consequent right to
demand reimbursement from the others for their
corresponding shares once payment has been
made.
Note: These rules shall be applied to obligations

to do or not to do.
Effect of Novation upon Solidary Obligation

1. If the novation is prejudicial, the solidary
creditor who effected the novation shall
reimburse the others for damages incurred by
them
2. If it is beneficial and the creditor who
effected the novation is able to secure
performance of the obligation, such creditor shall
be liable to the others for the share which
corresponds to them, not only in the obligation,
but also in the benefits
3. If the novation is effected by substituting
another person in place of the debtor, the
solidary creditor who effected the novation is
liable for the acts of the new debtor in case the
is deficiency in performance or in case damages
are incurred by the other solidary creditors as a
result of the substitution.
4. If the novation is effected by subrogating a
third person in the rights of the solidary creditor
responsible for the novation, the relation
between the other creditors not substituted and
the debtor or debtors is maintained.
JOINT AND SOLIDARY OBLIGATIONS

GENERAL RULE: Obligation is presumed joint
if there is concurrence of two or more debtors
and/or creditors.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. when expressly stated to be solidary
2. when the law requires solidarity
3. when the nature of the obligation requires
solidarity
JOINT DIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS
each creditor can demand for the payment of
his proportionate share of the credit,
while each debtor can be held liable
only for the payment of his
proportionate share of the debt
JOINT INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS
1) If there are 2 or more debtors, the fulfillment
of or compliance with the obligation requires the
concurrence of all the debtors, although each for
his own share. Consequently, the obligation can
be enforced only by proceeding against all of the
debtors
2) If there are 2 or more creditors, the
concurrence or collective act of all the creditors,
Effect of Compensation and Confusion upon

Solidary Obligation
5

1. If the confusion or compensation is partial,
the rules regarding application of payment shall
apply.
2. If the confusion or compensation is total, the
obligation is extinguished, what is left is the
ensuing liability for reimbursement within each
group:
a. The creditor causing the confusion or
compensation is obliged to reimburse the
other creditors
b. The
debtors
benefited
by
the
extinguishments of the obligation is obliged
to reimburse the debtor who made the
confusion or compensation possible
2) to liquidate the amount of damages to be

awarded to the injured party in case of
breach of the principal obligation
3) in certain exceptional cases, to punish the
obligor in case of breach of the principal
obligation
GENERAL RULE: The penalty fixed by the

parties is a compensation or substitute for
damages in case of breach.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. stipulation to the contrary
1. debtor is sued for refusal to pay the agreed
penalty
2. debtor is guilty of fraud
Effect
of
Remission
upon
Solidary
Obligation:
1. If the remission covers the entire
obligation ,the obligation is totally extinguished
and the entire juridical relation among the
debtors is extinguished all together
2. If the remission is for the benefit of one of
the debtors and it covers his entire share in the
obligation, he is completely released from the
creditors but is still bound to his co-debtors
3. If the remission is for the benefit of one of
the debtors and it covers only a part of his share
in the obligation, his character as a solidary
debtor is not affected.
The debtor cannot exempt himself from the

performance of the principal obligation by paying
the stipulated penalty unless when the right has
been expressly reserved for him
The creditor cannot demand the fulfillment of
the principal obligation and the satisfaction of
the stipulated penalty at the same time unless
the right has been clearly granted him
When penalty may be reduced:
1. If the principal obligation has been partly
complied with
2. If the principal obligation has been
irregularly complied with
3. If the penalty is iniquitous or
unconscionable even if there has been
no performance
Defenses available to a Solidary Debtor:

1. Defenses derived from the very nature
of the obligation
2. Defenses personal to him or pertaining
to his own share
3. Defenses personal to the others, but
only as regards that part of the debt for
w/c the latter are responsible
MODES
OF
EXTINGUISHMENT
OF
OBLIGATIONS (LFC3NARP2)
1. Loss of the thing due
2. Fulfillment of resolutory condition
3. Compensation
4. Condonation or remission of the debt
5. Confusion or merger of rights of the creditor
and debtor
6. Novation
7. Annulment
8. Rescission
9. Prescription
10. Payment or performance
PAYMENT OR PERFORMANCE
means not only the delivery of money but also
the performance in any other manner of an
obligation
DIVISIBLE AND INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS

GENERAL RULE: The creditor cannot be
compelled partially to receive the prestation in
which the obligation consists; neither may the
debtor be required to make partial payments.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. When the obligation expressly stipulates
the contrary
2. When
the
different
prestations
constituting the objects of the obligation
are subject to different terms and
conditions
3. When the obligation is in part liquidated
and in part unliquidated
Integrity of Payment
GENERAL RULE:
A debt shall not be
understood to have been paid unless the thing
or service in which the obligation consists has
been completely delivered or rendered, as the
case may be.
EXCEPTIONS:
1) When the obligation has been substantially
performed in good faith
OBLIGATIONS WITH A PENAL CLAUSE

one to which an accessory undertaking is
attached for the purpose of insuring its
performance by virtue of which the obligor is
bound to pay a stipulated indemnity or perform a
stipulated prestation in case of breach
Purpose of Penalty:
1) To insure the performance of the obligation
6

2) When the obligee accepts performance,
knowing its incompleteness or irregularity &
w/out expressing any protest or objection
3) When there is an express stipulation
4) When the debt is in part liquidated and in
part unliquidated
4 Special Forms of Payment:

a) Application of payment
b) Dation in Payment
c) Payment by Cession
d) Tender of payment and Consignation
Identity of Payment - requires that the very

thing, service or forbearance, as the object of
the prestation, must be performed or observed
a) Application of Payment
designation of the debt to which the payment
must be applied when the debtor has several
obligations of the same kind in favor of the same
creditor.
Requisites:
1. there must be only 1 debtor & only 1 creditor
2. there must be 2 or more debts of the same
kind
3. all of the debts must be due
4. amount paid by the debtor must not be
sufficient to cover the total amount of all the
debts
Persons who may pay the obligation:

1) the debtor himself or his legal representative
2) any third person
GENERAL RULE: Creditor is not bound
to accept payment or performance by a
third person.
EXCEPTIONS:
1.when made by a third person who has
an interest in the fulfillment of the
obligation
2.stipulation to the contrary
GENERAL RULE: The right to designate the

debt to which the payment shall be applied
primarily belongs to the debtor.
EXCEPTION: If the debtor does not avail of
such right and he accepts from the creditor a
receipt in which the application is made.
Rights of 3rd person who paid the

obligation:
1.
If payment was with knowledge
and consent of the debtor:
a. can recover entire amount paid
b. can be subrogated to all the
rights of the creditor
2.
If
payment
was
without
knowledge or against the will of the
debtor: can recover only insofar as
payment has been beneficial to the debtor
If the above rule is not applicable:

1.
The debt most onerous to the
debtor shall be deemed satisfied.
2.
If the debts due are of the same
nature and burden, payment shall be applied
to all proportionately.
To whom payment must be made:

1. the person in whose favor the obligation has
been constituted
2. his successor in interest
3. any person authorized to receive it.
b) Dation in Payment (DACION EN PAGO)

transmission of ownership of a thing by the
debtor to the creditor as an accepted equivalent
of the performance of the obligation.
Requisites:
1. existence of a money obligation
2. alienation to the creditor of a property by the
debtor with the consent of the former
3. satisfaction of the money obligation of the
debtor
GENERAL RULE: If payment is made to a

person other than those enumerated, it shall not
be valid.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Payment made to a 3rd person, provided
that it has redounded to the benefit of
the creditor.
2. Payment made to the possessor of the
credit, provided that it was made in good
faith.
c) Payment by Cession
debtor abandons all of his property for the
benefit of his creditors in order that from the
proceeds thereof, the latter may obtain payment
of their credits.
Requisites:
1. plurality of debts
2. partial or relative insolvency of the debtor
3. acceptance of the cession by the creditors
Rules in Monetary Obligations:

1. Payment in cash must be made in the
currency stipulated; if not possible, then in the
legal tender in the Philippines.
2. Payment in check or other negotiable
instrument not considered payment; not
considered legal tender and may be refused by
the creditor. It shall only produce the effect of
payment:
a. when it has been cashed; or
b. when it has been impaired through the
fault of the creditor
DATION IN PAYMENT
1. one creditor
PAYMENT BY
CESSION
1. plurality of creditors
2. not necessarily in
state
of
financial
difficulty
2. debtor must be
partially or relatively
insolvent
7

3. thing delivered is
considered as equivalent of performance
4.
payment
extinguishes obligation to
the extent of the value
of the thing delivered
as
agreed
upon,
proved or implied from
the conduct of the
creditor
a. when by law, obligor is liable even for

fortuitous event;
b. when by stipulation, obligor is liable
even for fortuitous event;
c. when the nature of the obligation
requires the assumption of risk;
d. when the loss of the thing is due partly
to the fault of the debtor;
e. when the loss of the thing occurs after
the debtor incurred in delay;
f. when the debtor promised to deliver the
same thing to two or more persons who
do not have the same interest; and
g. when the debt of a certain and
determinate thing proceeds from a
criminal offense.
3. universality of property of debtor is what

is ceded
4. merely releases
debtor for net proceeds
of things ceded or
assigned, unless there
is contrary intention
d) Tender of Payment and Consignation

Tender of Payment
manifestation of he debtor to the creditor of his
decision to comply immediately with his
obligation
2. In Generic Obligations to Give

GENERAL
RULE:
Obligation
is
not
extinguished because the genus of a thing
cannot perish.
EXCEPTION: In case of generic obligations
whose object is a particular class or group with
specific or determinate qualities (Limited
Generic Obligations)
Consignation
deposit of the object of the obligation in a
competent court in accordance with the rules
prescribed by law after refusal or inability of the
creditor to accept the tender of payment.
Special Requisites:
1. The debt sought to be paid must be due
2. There must be a valid and unconditional
tender of payment or any of the causes
stated by law for effective consignation
without previous tender of payment exists
3. The consignation of the thing due must first
be announced to the persons interested in
the fulfillment of the obligation
4. Consignation shall be made by depositing
the things due at the disposal of judicial
authority
5. The consignation having been made, the
interested parties shall also be notified
thereof
Effect:
GENERAL RULE: Consignation shall produce
effects of payment only if there is a valid tender
of payment.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. creditor is absent or unknown, or does not
appear at the place of payment
2. creditor incapacitated to receive payment at
the time it is due
3. when two or more persons claim the right to
collect
4. when the title of the obligation has been lost
5. when without just cause creditor refuses to
give a receipt
3. In Obligations to Do
GENERAL RULE: Obligation extinguished
when prestation becomes legally or physically
impossible.
CONDONATION OR REMISSION OF THE
DEBT
an act of pure liberality by virtue of which the
obligee, without receiving any price or
equivalent, renounces the enforcement of the
obligation, as a result of which it is extinguished
in its entirety or in that part or aspect of the
same to which the remission refers.
Requisites:
1. It must be gratuitous
2. It must be accepted by the debtor
3. The obligation must be demandable
CONFUSION OR MERGER OF RIGHTS
merger of the characters of the creditor and the
debtor in one and the same person by virtue of
which the obligation is extinguished.
Requisites:
1. that the characters of creditor & debtor must
be in the same person
2. that it must take place in the person of either
the principal creditor or the principal debtor
3. it must be complete & definite
It is the consignation which constitutes a form

of payment and must follow, supplement or
complete the tender of payment in order to
discharge the obligation
COMPENSATION
extinguishment in the concurrent amount of the
obligation of those persons who are reciprocally
debtors and creditors of each other.
Requisites:
1. there must be 2 parties, who, in their own
right, are principal creditors & principal
debtors of each other
LOSS OF THE THING DUE

1. In Determinate Obligations to Give
GENERAL RULE: Obligation is extinguished.
EXCEPTIONS:
8

2. both debts must consist in money, or if the
things due are fungibles, they must be of the
same kind & quality
3. both debts must be due
4. both debts must be liquidated & demandable
5. there must be no retention or controversy
commenced by 3rd persons over either of the
debts & communicated in due time to the
debtor
6. compensation must not be prohibited by law
Compensation
1. two persons who
are mutual debtors
and creditors of each
other
2. there must be at
least two obligations
2 Forms of Substitution of Debtors:

1. Expromision effected with the consent of
the creditor at the instance of the new
debtor even without the consent or even
against the will of the old debtor.
2. Delegacion effected with the consent of
the creditor at the instance of the old debtor,
with the concurrence of the new debtor.
A change in the incidental elements of, or an
addition of such elements to an obligation,
unless otherwise expressed by the parties, will
not result in its extinguishment
Confusion
1. one person where
qualities of debtor
and creditor are
merged
2. only one
obligation
Conventional
Subrogation
1. governed by Arts.
1300 to 1304
2. debtors consent is
required
3.
extinguishes the
obligation and gives
rise to a new one
Debts not subject to Compensation:

1. debts arising from contracts of deposit
2. debts
arising
from
contracts
of
commodatum
3. claims for support due by gratuitous title
4. obligations arising from criminal offenses
5. certain obligations in favor of government
Taxes are not subject to set-off or legal
compensation because the government &
taxpayers are not mutually creditors & debtors of
each other (Francia vs. IAC)
4. defects and vices

in the old obligation
are cured
5. takes effect upon
moment of novation or
subrogation
NOVATION
substitution or change of an obligation by
another, resulting in its extinguishment or
modification, either by changing its object or
principal conditions, or by substituting another in
place of the debtor, or by subrogating a third
person in the rights of the creditor.
Requisites:
1. a previous valid obligation
2. agreement of the parties to the new
obligation
3. extinguishment of the old obligation
4. validity of the new obligation
Kinds:
1. As to its essence
a) Objective/Real refers to the change
either in the cause, object or principal
conditions of the obligations
b) Subjective/Personal refers to the
substitution of the person of the debtor
or to the subrogation of a 3 rd person in
the rights of the creditor
c) Mixed
2. As to its form/constitution
a) Express when it is declared in
unequivocal terms that the old obligation
is extinguished by a new one w/c
substitutes the same
b) Implied when the old & new obligation
are incompatible w/ each other on every
point
Assignment of Rights
1. governed by Arts.
1624 to 1627
2. debtors consent is
not required
3. transmission of right
of the creditor to third
person
without
modifying
or
extinguishing
the
obligation
4. defects and vices in
the old obligation are
not cured
5. as far as the debtor
is concerned, takes
effect upon notification
GENERAL RULE: Subrogation cannot be

presumed.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Creditor pays another creditor who is
preferred, without debtors knowledge;
2. A third person not interested in the obligation
pays with the express or tacit approval of the
debtor; or
3. Even without debtors knowledge, a person
interested in the fulfillment of the obligation
pays without prejudice to the effects of
confusion as to the latters share.
II. CONTRACTS
CONTRACT
Elements: (COC)
1. Consent
2. Object or Subject Matter
3. Cause or Consideration
Nominate contracts
those which have their own distinctive
individuality and are regulated by special
provisions of law.
Innominate contracts
9

those which lack individuality and are not
regulated by special provisions of law.
regulated by the stipulations of the parties by
the general provisions of the Civil Code on
obligations and contracts, by rule governing the
most analogous nominate contracts and by the
customs of the place
4 Kinds:
1. Do ut des I give that you give
2. Do ut facias I give that you do
3. Facio ut des I do that you give
4. Facio ut facias I do that you do
Characteristics of Contracts: (ROMA)
1. Relativity (Art. 1311)
2. Obligatoriness and Consensuality
1315)
3. Mutuality (Art. 1308)
4. Autonomy (Art. 1306)
Consensuality
Contracts are perfected by mere consent and
from that moment, the parties are
bound not only to the fulfillment of
what has been expressly stipulated
but also to all consequences which,
according to their nature may be in
keeping with good faith, usage and
law.
CONSENT
manifested by the meeting of the offer and
acceptance upon the thing and the
cause which are to constitute the
contract.
Requisites:
1. Legal capacity of the contracting parties
2. Manifestation of the conformity of the
contracting parties
3. The parties conformity to the object,
cause, the terms and conditions of the
contract
must
be
intelligent,
spontaneous and free from all vices of
consent
4. The said conformity must be real and
not simulated or fictitious
(Art.
Relativity
GENERAL RULE: Contract is only valid
between parties, assigns and heirs.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Stipulation pour atrui - stipulation in favor of a
third person.
Requisites:
a. the stipulation must be part, not whole
of the contract;
b. the contracting parties must have
clearly and deliberately conferred a
favor upon a third person;
c. the
third
person
must
have
communicated his acceptance; and
d. neither of the contracting parties bears
the legal representation of the third
person.
2. When a third person induces a party to
violate contract (Art 1314)
Requisites:
a. Existence of a valid contract
b. knowledge of contract by third person
c. interference by third person without
justification
3. Third persons who come into possession of
the object of the contract creating real rights
4. Contracts entered into in fraud of creditors
Offer a proposal made by one party to another

to enter into a contract
Acceptance manifestation by the offeree of
his assent to the terms of the offer
The offer must be certain and the acceptance
absolute
Consensual contracts are perfected from the
moment there is a manifestation of concurrence
between the offer and the acceptance regarding
the object and the cause.
Real contracts like deposit, pledge and
commodatum requires delivery of object for
perfection.
Contracts under the Civil Code generally
adhere to the Cognition Theory, while
transactions under the Code of Commerce use
the Manifestation Theory.
Mutuality
The contract must bind both parties; its validity
or compliance must not be left to the will of one
of them. (Art. 1308)
VICES OF CONSENT (MIVUF)

1. Mistake should refer to the substance of
the thing which is the object of the contract, or to
those conditions which have principally moved
one or both parties to enter into the contact
2. Intimidation when 1 of the contracting
parties is compelled by a reasonable & wellgrounded fear of an imminent & grave evil upon
his person or prop of his spouse, descendants
or ascendants, to give his consent
3. Violence when in order to wrest consent,
serious or irresistible force is employed
Autonomy
The parties are free to stipulate anything they
deem convenient provided that they are not
contrary to law, morals, good customs, public
order and public policy.
10

4. Undue influence when a person takes
improper advantage of his power over the will of
another, depriving the latter of a reasonable
freedom of choice
5. Fraud when, through insidious words or
machinations of 1 of the contracting parties, the
other is induced to enter into a contract which,
without them, he would not have agreed to.
1. When the law requires that a contract be

in some form in order that it may be
valid
2. When the law requires that a contract
be in some form in order that it may be
enforceable
3. For the convenience of the parties
Parties may compel each other to comply
with the form required once the contract has
been perfected. (Art 1357)
OBJECT
Requisites:
1. It must be w/in the commerce of man
2. It must be licit or not contrary law, morals,
good customs, public order or public policy
3. It must be possible
4. It must be determinate as to its kind
RA 8792 (E- COMMERCE ACT) provides that

the formal requirements to make contracts
effective as against third persons and to
establish the existence of a contract are deemed
complied with provided that the electronic
document is unaltered and can be authenticated
as to be usable for future reference.
CAUSE
the immediate, direct and most proximate
reason which explains and justifies the creation
of obligation.
Requisites
1. Cause should be in existence at the time of
the celebration of the contract
2. Cause should be licit or lawful
3. Cause should be true
Rules:
1. In onerous contracts, the cause is
understood to be, for each contracting party,
the prestation of promise of a thing or
service by the other
2. In remuneratory contracts, the service or
benefit w/c is remunerated
3. In contracts of pure beneficience, the mere
liberality of the benefactor
CAUSE
1. Absence of
cause
2. Failure of cause
3. Illegality of
cause
4. Falsity of cause
5. Lesion
REFORMATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Requisites:
1. meeting of the minds to the contract
2. true intention is not expressed in the
instrument by reason of mistake, accident,
relative simulation, fraud, or inequitable conduct
3. clear and convincing proof of mistake,
accident,
relative
simulation,
fraud,
or
inequitable conduct
Instances when there can be no reformation:
1. Simple unconditional donations inter vivos;
2. Wills;
3. When the agreement is void;
4. When one of the parties has brought an
action to enforce the instrument no
subsequent reformation can be asked.
EFFECT
the contract confers no
right and produces no
legal effect
does not render the
contract void
the contract is null and
void
the contract is void,
unless
the
parties
show that there is
another cause which is
true and lawful
does not invalidate the
contract, unless (1)
there is fraud, mistake
or undue influence; or
(2) when the parties
intended a donation or
some other contract
FORM OF CONTRACTS
GENERAL RULE: Contracts shall be
obligatory, in whatever form they may have been
entered into, provided all the essential requisites
for their validity are present.
EXCEPTIONS:
11

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF DEFECTIVE CONTRACTS

VOID
VOIDABLE
RESCISSIBLE
1. Defect is caused by Defect is caused by Defect is caused by
lack
of
essential vice of consent
injury/ damage either to
elements or illegality
one of the parties of to a
3rd person
2. Do not, as a general
rule produce any legal
effect
3. Action for the
declaration or nullity or
inexistence or defense
of nullity or inexistence
does not prescribe
4. Not cured by
prescription
5. Cannot be ratified
6. Assailed not only by
a contracting party but
even by a third person
whose
interest
is
directly affected
7. Assailed directly or
collaterally
Valid and enforceable

until
they
are
annulled
by
a
competent court
Action for annulment
or
defense
of
annulability
may
prescribe
Valid and enforceable

until they are rescinded
by a competent court
Cured by prescription
Cured by prescription
Can be ratified
Assailed only by a
contracting party
Need not be ratified

Assailed not only by a
contracting party but even
by a third person who is
prejudiced or damaged
by the contract
Assailed directly only
Assailed directly or
collaterally
Action for rescission may

prescribe
UNENFORCEABLE
Defect is caused by
lack of form, authority,
or capacity of both
parties
not
cured
by
prescription
Cannot be enforced by
a proper action in court
Corresponding action
for recovery, if there
was total or partial
performance of the
unenforceable contract
under No. 1 or 3 of Art.
1403 may prescribe
Not
cured
by
prescription
Can be ratified
Assailed only by a
contracting party
Assailed directly or
collaterally
2. the party asking for rescission must have no
other legal means to obtain reparation for the
damages suffered by him
3. the person demanding rescission must be
able to return whatever he may be able to return
whatever he may be obliged to restore if
rescission is granted
4. the things w/c are the object of the contract
must not have passed legally to the possession
of a 3rd person acting in good faith
5. the action for rescission must be brought
w/in the prescriptive period of 4 years
RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS
Contracts validly agreed upon but, by reason of
lesion or economic prejudice, may be rescinded
in cases established by law
What contracts are rescissible:
1. those entered into by guardians where the
ward suffers lesion of more than of the value
of the things which are objects thereof;
2. those agreed upon in representation of
absentees, if the latter suffer lesion by more than
of the value of the things which are subject
thereof;
3. those undertaken in fraud of creditors when
the latter cannot in any manner claim what are
due them;
4. those which refer to things under litigation if
they have been entered into by the defendant
without the knowledge and approval of the
litigants and the court;
5.
all other contracts especially declared by
law to be subject to rescission; and
6. payments made in a state of insolvency on
account of obligations not yet enforceable
Requisites:
1. the contract must be rescissible
Badges of Fraud:
1. consideration of the conveyance is
inadequate or fictitious;
2. transfer was made by a debtor after a suit
has been begun and while it is pending
against him;
3. sale upon credit by an insolvent debtor;
4. evidence of indebtedness or complete
insolvency
5. transfer of all his property by a debtor when
he is financially embarrassed or insolvent;
6. transfer made between father & son, where
there is present any of the above
circumstances
12

7. failure of the vendee to take exclusive
possession of all the property
by the party charged or by his agent, otherwise,

the said contracts shall be unenforceable
The statute of frauds applies only to
executory contracts, not to those that are
already partially or completely fulfilled.
VOIDABLE CONTRACTS
What contracts are voidable:
1. those where one of the parties is incapable
of giving consent to a contract
2. those where the consent is vitiated by
mistake, violence, intimidation, undue
influence or fraud.
Ratification of contracts in violation of the

Statute of Frauds
1. Failure to object to the presentation of
oral evidence to prove the same
2. Acceptance of benefits under them
Causes of extinction of action to annul:

1. Prescription
the action must be commenced within 4
years from:
a. the time the incapacity ends;
b. the time the violence, intimidation or
undue influence ends; or
c. the time the mistake or fraud is
discovered.
2. Ratification
Requisites:
a. there must be knowledge of the
reason which renders the contract
voidable;
b. such reason must have ceased; and
c. the injured party must have executed
an act which expressly or impliedly
conveys an intention to waive his
right.
3. By loss of the thing which is the object of the
contract through fraud or fault of the person who
is entitled to annul the contract.
VOID CONTRACTS
What contracts are void:
1. Those whose cause, object or purpose is
contrary to law, morals good customs, public
order or public policy;
2. Those whose object is outside the
commerce of men;
3. Those which contemplate an impossible
service;
4. Those where the intention of the parties
relative to the principal object of the contract
cannot be ascertained; and
5. Those expressly prohibited or declared void
by law.
INEXISTENT CONTRACTS
What contracts are inexistent:
1. Those which are absolutely simulated or
fictitious; and
2. Those whose cause or object did not exist at
the time of the transaction.
UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS
What contracts are unenforceable:
1. those entered into in the name of another by
one without or acting in excess of authority;
2. those where both parties are incapable of
giving consent; and
3. those which do not comply with the Statute
of Frauds.
Principle of Pari Delicto

GENERAL RULE: When the defect of a void
contract consists in the illegality of
the cause or object of the contract
and both of the parties are at fault
or in pari delicto, the law refuses
them every remedy and leaves
them where they are.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Payment of usurious interest
2. Payment of money or delivery of property for
an illegal purpose, where the party who paid
or delivered repudiates the contract before
the purpose has been accomplished, or
before any damage has been caused to a
3rd person.
3. Payment or delivery made by an
incapacitated person
4. Agreement or contract which is not illegal
per se & the prohibition is designed for the
protection of the plaintiff
5. Payment of any amount in excess of the
maximum price of any article or commodity
fixed by law
6. Contract whereby a laborer undertakes to
work longer than the maximum # of hours
fixed by law
7. Contract whereby a laborer accepts a wage
lower than the minimum wage fixed by law.
Agreements within the scope of the Statute

of Frauds (exclusive list):
1. Agreements not to be performed within one
year from the making thereof;
2. Special promise to answer for the debt,
default or miscarriage of another;
3. Agreement in consideration of marriage
other than a mutual promise to marry;
4. Agreement for the sale of goods, etc. at a
price not less than P500.00;
5. Contracts of lease for a period longer than
one year;
6. Agreements for the sale of real property or
interest therein; and
7. Representation as to the credit of a third
person.
The contracts/agreements under the Statute
of Frauds require that the same be evidenced by
some note, memorandum or writing, subscribed
13

Rules when only one of the parties is at fault:
A. Executed Contracts:
1. Guilty party is barred from recovering
what he has given to the other party is
barred from recovering what he has given
to the other party by reason of the contract.
2. Innocent party may demand for the
return for the return of what he has given.
1.
3. not statutory
4. applies in equity
not based on a
fixed time
3. statutory
4. applies at law
based on a fixed time
B. Executory Contracts: Neither of the

contracting parties can demand for the fulfillment
of any obligation from the contract nor may be
compelled to comply with such obligation
NATURAL OBLIGATIONS
They are real obligations to which the law
denies an action, but which the debtor may
perform voluntarily
It is patrimonial, and presupposes a prestation
The binding tie of these obligations is in the
conscience of man, for under the law, they do
not have the necessary efficacy to give rise to an
action
Examples of natural obligations enumerated
under the Civil Code:
1. Performance after the civil obligation has
prescribed;
2. Reimbursement of a third person for a debt
that has prescribed;
3. Restitution by minor after annulment of
contract;
4. Delivery by minor of money or fungible thing
in fulfillment of obligation;
5. Performance after action to enforce civil
obligation has failed;
6. Payment by heir of debt exceeding value of
property inherited; and
7. Payment of legacy after will has been
declared void.
ESTOPPEL
A condition or state by virtue of which an
admission or representation is rendered
conclusive upon the person making it and
cannot be denied or disproved as against the
person relying thereon.
Kinds:
1. Estoppel in Pais (by conduct)
a. Estoppel by silence
b. Estoppel by acceptance of benefits
2. Technical Estoppel
a. Estoppel by deed
b. Estoppel by record
3. Estoppel by judgment
4. Laches
LACHES
1. concerned
with
effect of delay
2. question
of
inequity of permitting
the
claim
to
be
enforced
PRESCRIPTION
1.
concerned
with
fact of delay
2. question or matter of
time
14

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MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

OBLIGATIONS OF THE DEBTOR

QUASI-CONTRACTS those juridical

1.ask for performance

Cases where the remedy granted under Art.

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

4. Gives rise to a right

GENERAL RULE: No liability in case of

There can be delay only in positive

Gives rise to a right of

EFFECT OF FORTUITOUS EVENT

REMEDIES OF CREDITOR TO PROTECT

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

b. if the fulfillment depends exclusively

GENERAL RULE: Rights acquired by virtue of

Rule in Impossible Conditions

Effects of Suspensive Condition

Constructive fulfillment of Suspensive

Rule in Potestative Conditions

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

established for the benefit of both creditor and

When debtor loses right to make use of

4.has retroactive effect

In alternative obligations, choice takes effect

GENERAL RULE: When a period is

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

although each for his own share, is also

EFFECT OF LOSS OF OBJECT OF

Note: These rules shall be applied to obligations

Effect of Novation upon Solidary Obligation

JOINT AND SOLIDARY OBLIGATIONS

Effect of Compensation and Confusion upon

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

2) to liquidate the amount of damages to be

GENERAL RULE: The penalty fixed by the

The debtor cannot exempt himself from the

Defenses available to a Solidary Debtor:

DIVISIBLE AND INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS

OBLIGATIONS WITH A PENAL CLAUSE

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

4 Special Forms of Payment:

Identity of Payment - requires that the very

Persons who may pay the obligation:

GENERAL RULE: The right to designate the

Rights of 3rd person who paid the

If the above rule is not applicable:

To whom payment must be made:

b) Dation in Payment (DACION EN PAGO)

GENERAL RULE: If payment is made to a

Rules in Monetary Obligations:

MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW

a. when by law, obligor is liable even for

3. universality of property of debtor is what

d) Tender of Payment and Consignation

2. In Generic Obligations to Give

It is the consignation which constitutes a form

LOSS OF THE THING DUE