8

A Novel Wide Area Protection Classification

Technique for Interconnected Power Grids
Based on MATLAB Simulation
Moustafa, Mohammed Eissa and Masoud, Mohammed El-Shahat
Helwan University at Helwan/Faculty of Engineering
Egypt
1. Introduction
More recent technological advancements in microprocessor relays, combined with GPS
receivers for synchronization and accurate time stamping, is providing users advanced relay
systems with synchronized measurements, called synchrophasor measurements (IEEE
Power System Relaying Committee, 2002; Phadke, 2002; Marek, 2002). Synchrophasor
measurements together with advancements in digital communications, provides users with
the power system state at a rate of twenty times per second. Synchrophasor measurements
from different network locations when combined and processed in a central computer
system will provide users with the absolute phase angle difference between distant network
buses with an accuracy of tenths of an electrical degree. These types of central computer
systems, equipped with wide-area protection and control algorithms, will be able to better
address future system out-of-step conditions and other system problems because they will
have a better knowledge of what happens throughout the power system. In addition,
knowledge of online generation and load demand provided from synchrophasor
measurement systems will aid in balancing better the generation and load during islanding,
as well as minimizing load and generation shedding in order to preserve stability during
major system disturbances. Time synchronized phasor measurements provide a dynamic
view of a power system, combining these measurements in a central protection system
(CPS); this capability is used to set up a wide area control, protection and optimization
platform by means of new communication systems and (GPS), integrated application design
is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows an integrated application design based on phasor
measuring units. When the system operates in extreme conditions, load shedding,
generation shedding, or system islanding must occur to prevent total system collapse
(Thorp et al., 1988; Centen et al., 1993; Guzman et al., 2002; Guzman et al., 2002). Typical
causes of system collapse are voltage instability or transient angle instability. These
instabilities can occur independently or jointly. In most cases, system wide-area disruptions
begin as a voltage stability problem. Because of a failure to take proper actions for the
system to recover, this voltage stability problem evolves into an angle stability problem.
New monitoring, protection, and communications technologies allow us to implement
economical local- and wide-area protection systems that minimize risk of wide-area system
disruptions or total system collapse.

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A real-time monitoring system collects real-time information of the transmission system

that consists of measurements of selected system elements that are collected by SCADA
and/or Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) at various time intervals. These measurements
are taken at generators, substations, and at selected other points on the system, and could be
used, stored in local computer databases, or sent by telecommunication lines to remote
computer databases. A real-time monitoring system should provide operators with realtime information about the transmission systems functional status, (i.e., real-time
information about the operational status of the transmission system and its components).
This information includes direct measurements such as switching status of the transmission
line (i.e., in service/out of service), amount of sag on the line, power flow in the line, and
interconnection frequency. Other information is calculated from measurements such as
whether equipment is being overloaded (Gjerde el at., 2001; Larsson et al., 2002; Zima et al.,
2003; Rehtanz et al., 2002).

Fig. 1. An integrated application design based on Phasor measuring units.

Fault detection and classification are very challenging task for a transmission line with
interconnected system. Different attempts have been made for fault classification using
wavelet transform, the Kalman filtering approach, and neural network (Rehtanz, 2001;
Zhang et al., 2004; Lin et al., 2004; Yu, 2003).
The electricity supply industries need tools for dealing with system-wide disturbances that
often cause widespread catastrophic blackouts in power system networks. When a major
disturbance occurs, protection and control measures overtake a greatest role to prevent
further degradation of the system, restore the system back to a normal state, and minimize
the impact of the disturbance. Continuous technological development in Information and
Communication Technology (ICT), novel sensors and measurement principles in general
have promoted the utilization of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), which is a technological
enabler of Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) in power system protection and

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A Novel Wide Area Protection Classification

Technique for Interconnected Power Grids Based on MATLAB Simulation

131

control for better management of the system security through advanced control and
protection strategies.
The electricity supply industries need tools for dealing with system wide disturbances that
often cause cascading outages and widespread blackouts in power system networks. When
a major disturbance occurs, protection and control measures overtake the greatest role to
prevent further degradation of the system, restore the system to a normal state, and
minimize the impact of the disturbance. Electrical measurements of the system, which may
include synchronized phasors, are supplied to one or more wind farm controllers, which in
turn perform a control function improving the damping of electromechanical oscillations or
voltage performance in the utility system. The benefits are improved damping to
electromechanical oscillations and better voltage profile and ultimately more efficient
utilization of assets, reducing the necessity for installing new assets. Wide-area protection is
becoming an important issue and a challenging problem in the power industry (Wang et el.,
2005).
This study proposes a novel technique based on wide-area measurements for a power
system. The study is very vital and needed in the current state regarding the electrical utility
and the society as well to face future expansion of the electrical grid and to cover the
demand of the increasing growth and solving the problem of peak period. The study is very
beneficial also from the stability and security of the grid viewpoint in case of interconnection
with other countries.
This study presents a new approach for fault detection and classification for interconnected
system using the time synchronized phasor measurements. The scheme is depending on
comparing positive sequence voltage magnitudes for specified areas and positive sequence
current phase difference angles for each interconnected line between two areas on the
network. The chapter will cover all fault events for fault classification. The Matlab/simulink
program is extensively used to implement the idea. It uses to simulate the power system,
phase measurement unit function, synchronization process, fault detection and
classification.

2. Conventional protection schemes and a wide-area backup protection

system
According to recent studies, the mal-operation or fail-to trip of protection is determined as
one of the origins to raise and propagate major power system disturbances. A vast majority
of relay mal-operations are unwanted trips and have been shown to propagate major
disturbances. A CIGRE study found that 27% of bulk power system disturbances resulted
from false trips of the protection system. The major reason of these conventional solutions
lies in that local protection devices are not considering a system view and are therefore not
able to take optimized and coordinated actions. Backup protections in fault clearance system
have the task to operate only when the primary protection fails to operate or when the
primary protection is temporarily out of service. The recent complexity and enlargement of
power systems makes it difficult to coordinate operation times and reaches among relays
especially. In the existed relay protection system, mal operations of backup protection
contribute a lot to system security and stability; furthermore, they are main reasons to
system cascade tripping. To solve this problem, one proposal is to add an intelligent
analyzing and controlling function in key process of protection functionality. In the areas of
power system automation and substation automation, there are two different trends:

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centralization and decentralization. More and more dynamic functions are moving from
local and regional control centers toward central or national control centers. At the same
time we also observe more "intelligence" and "decision power" moving closer towards the
actual power system substations. Greater functional integration is being enclosed in
substation hardware. In view of global security of power systems, the action algorithms of
conventional backup protections possibly are not best choices because the operations of
individual relays are hardly coordinated each other. Therefore, the principle of the
protection design needs innovation to overcome the above problem (Yan et al., 2008;
Xiaoyang et al., 2008; Yangguang et al., 2010; Hui, et al., 2009).
Modem protection devices have sufficient computing and communications capabilities to
allow the implementation of many novel sophisticated protection principles. Therefore, a
novel wide-area backup protection system with fault classification is reported in this
chapter. This system is capable of acting as the substitution of conventional distributed
backup protections in substation. The architecture and algorithm of the system are also
introduced. To ensure the fast responsibility of such a system to the emergent events, the
communication requirements are discussed as well. Conclusively, the proposed system is
designed by two ways. First, in substation, concentrate some conventional backup
protection functions to an intelligent processing system; second, concentrate the coordinated
and optimized processing and controlling arithmetic of all backup protection in a region
into a regional processing unit. The communication of data among them is carried via opticfiber networks (Zhiyuan et al., 2009; 2009).
The proposed system comprises a master system and several local units. The system is
arranged as three layers. The bottom layer consists of PMUs with additional protection
functionality. The next layer consists of several Local Backup Protection Centers (LBPCs),
each of which interfaces directly with a number of PMUs. The top layer, System Backup
Protection Center (SBPC), acts as the coordinator for the LBPCs. Connected together via
fiber-optic communication links, these devices can process intelligent algorithms based on
data collected locally. The structure can be seen as Figure 2 (Seong et al., 2008).
Local part of the proposed wide-area backup system comprises PMUs and LBPC, which are
both installed in the station. PMUs are made up of DSP (Digital Signal Processor) and GPS
(Global Positioning System). The DSP measures instantaneous voltages and currents of
protected power system in real-time, and calculates the state variables, which provide vital
information for backup protection system. Then, power system variable data is transferred
to LBPC, LBPC samples digital inputs, and pre-processes the analog and digital signals, and
then deliver pre processed results to SBPC via fiber-optic communications between the
substation and SBPC. SBPC will be installed at Regional Control Center, and integrates
various well-developed functions, such as data acquisition via communication, system
monitoring, fault location, security analyzing, making tripping strategy and descending
strategy to LBPCs, also, SBPC can do post-event playback and post-event data analyses.
These functions employ PMUs to fulfil real-time demand (Testa et al., 2004).
LBPCs perform the correlative operations on the spot when receiving the strategy from
SBPC, then fault will be isolated rationally. While it is not possible to prevent all
contingencies that may lead to power system collapse, a wide area backup protection system
that provides a reliable security isolated scheme and optimized coordinated actions is able
to mitigate or prevent large area disturbances.

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A Novel Wide Area Protection Classification

Technique for Interconnected Power Grids Based on MATLAB Simulation

Background

133

SBPC

SCADA
Center Processor
Optical Fiber
Network

Local
part
LBPC

LBPC

PMUs

Control
the breaker

PMUs

Control the
breaker

LBPC

PMUs

Control the
breaker

Fig. 2. General configuration of wide-area backup protection system General configuration

of wide-area backup protection system.

3. Technology issues in wide area protection

3.1 Monitoring and protection for wide area disturbances
The disturbance in the power system usually develops gradually; however some
phenomena, such as transient instability, can develop in a fraction of second. Regardless of
the phenomena and available measures, any protection/control procedure during an
emergency should consist of the following elements:
Identification and prediction - A fast identification of the specific phenomena, from the
power system parameters and from the predisposing factors, is required to start the
procedure to return the power system to a healthy state. An emergency may be identified
from the primary consequences which are either directly or not-directly observable from
local measurements (Begovic et al., 2004). Further, secondary consequences need to be
predicted to avoid adverse impact of protection/control measures.
Classification - Disturbance classification is based on the constraints that are violated,
severity and combination of violations, time scale of the phenomena, and utility control
policy. Classification should include identification of the place of a disturbance (eg. the
procedure may be different if a disturbance is caused by an internal or an external event).
Decisions and actions - The choice of the measures is strongly related to the level of priority
during emergency. These levels are:
stop the degradation of the system,
return the system to a secure state, and
Consider the economical and social impacts.

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Coordination - Different measures may be used to solve different problems. An

uncoordinated action may not be economical or secure (e.g. trip of the plant on underfrequency protection before operation of the last step of the system under-frequency
control). An intelligent coordination of the protection and control actions is a major
challenge and a major requirement for any successful emergency procedure (Terzija et al.,
2010).
Corrections - After control measures have been applied, the system can be in an improved
but unsatisfactory state. This is acceptable, since it may be advantageous to implement
initial measures to stop further degradation of the system and then to continue with more
optimal actions when time allows. For example, initial load can be shed merely to stop
rapid frequency decline; and additional load, required to return frequency to normal, can be
calculated more accurately (Terzija et al., 2011).
Time scale - For any of the previous elements, available time is a vital factor in selecting
appropriate actions. A trade-off between optimal methods and time is very often required.
The decision time includes selection of the remedial measure and implementation of
remedial measure.
3.2 Inputs to control and protection systems (Moxley et al., 2007; Phadke et al., 2009;
Jetti et al., 2006)
The state of the power system is represented by several network parameters. Thresholds,
trends, patterns, and sudden changes of these parameters provide key information to detect
an emergency. Some of the key system parameters which constitute the possible inputs to
improved protection and control systems are:
Active power flows in the network - If the limits on active power are violated, the system is
in a viability crisis. For the overloaded transformer, a loss-of-life occurs. Thus guidance for
loading is established to assure a long life. The limit for the transmission line loading is set
by transient and steady-state stability conditions (usually long lines), voltage collapse
conditions (usually medium lines), and thermal conditions (usually short lines).
Voltage magnitude and reactive power flows - The voltages in the power system as well as
sudden voltage changes need to be contained within a small range. The voltage and
reactive power and their rate-of-change can provide valuable information on voltage
instability.
Angles between buses - Stability limits for every line will be satisfied, if the difference in
angles across the line does not exceed a certain limit. Detection of the out-of-step condition
can prevent instability, and, consequently, cascading.
Impedance - Unstable swing, stable swing, and fault condition may be detected and
distinguished by observing behavior of the impedance loci at the local bus. A typical out-ofstep blocking or tripping scheme is accomplished by "blinders" or circles in R-X diagram
and timers.
Resistance and rate-of-change of resistance - These parameters may be used to speed-up the
out-of-step detection.
Frequency - Frequency deviation from the nominal value is a result of power imbalance. In
modern interconnected systems, frequency deviation usually occurs in the islanded area (a
definite indicator of "in extremis" crisis).
Rate of change of frequency - Unlike frequency, rate of change of frequency is an
instantaneous indicator of power deficiency in the islanded area. The oscillatory nature of
the rate of change of frequency needs to be considered in utilizing this feature.

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Technique for Interconnected Power Grids Based on MATLAB Simulation

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Spinning reserve - The spinning reserve quantity, distribution, and the speed of its'
dynamical response are factors that influence the effectiveness of the spinning reserve
during an emergency. The speed of the dynamic response for the hydro units the first few
seconds after a demand is made is relatively slow compared to thermal units.
Consequently, the spinning reserve needs to be distributed throughout the system on both
hydro and thermal units. The spinning reserve needs to be considered in load shedding
schemes to optimize shed load.
Load - Load is a non-linear function of voltage and frequency. These changes in load impact
power system imbalance and frequency behavior. Further, load changes with the season and
the time of the day. In addition, underfrequency load shedding programs specify percent of
the total load that should be shed at each step. As load changes, actual load for shedding
does not correspond to planned load.
Relays and breaker status - Operation of the protective relays (desired or undesired) and
network configuration have an essential impact to disturbance propagation. If undesired
operation may be avoided by detecting hidden failures or by adapting relay settings to
prevailing system conditions, unwanted transition of the system to a less desirable
emergency state may be prevented. Further, equipment unavailability because of
maintenance and testing needs to be recognized and considered.
Modeling of the power network is required to simulate disturbances and to choose features
that will be extracted. The disturbance in the power network usually develops gradually;
however some phenomena, such as a rise of transient instability, can develop in a fraction of
second. Selection of appropriate power network analysis tools is important (load flow,
transient stability, mid and long term dynamic models, EMTP, etc.).
3.3 Performance requirements for wide area measuring system sensors
It is very important to understand the functionality, limitations, and various relevant
performance requirements of wide area measuring systems (WAMS). This information is
helpful in:

Understanding the application benefits and limitations of WAMS for protection and
emergency control of power systems.

Detailed specification of WAMS.

Following is a sample list of parameters that are important in the application and use of
WAMS. For certain applications of WAMS, some parameters will be more or less important
than for other applications of WAMS. Similarly, some parameters may have stricter
specifications for some applications than for other applications. The following types of
applications could be considered as general broad categories (Yi et al., 2006):

System operation (Real time applications, for system protection, or for manual or
automatic control)

System maintenance (applications such as disturbance analysis)

System planning (applications such as model validation)

4. Wide Area Protection (WAP)- A strategy to counteract large area

disturbances (Wenxin et al., 2006; Xiupeng et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2010;
Moraes et al., 2008)
In view of the increasing probability for outages due to the system overloads, which are
caused by the ever-increasing demand for electric power, utilities are examining what

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modern information technology can contribute to improve this situation. Our proposal to
review the present protection strategy to counteract large area disturbances addresses the
potentials that are derived from the advances in system operational, protection and control
techniques. It will be explained how the application of numerical technology can avoid
catastrophic disturbances to occur or at least to keep the impact of single fault within certain
limits.
In contrast to the requirements for protection relays designed to protect individual plant
objects, system protection schemes intended to prevent voltage or frequency instabilities
have to cope with the loss of generation on a large scale and/or loss of one or more
transmission lines. Information technology offers digital applications, in terms of numerical
adaptive protection relays, integrated disturbance recorders and fast broadband
communication much greater functionality and overall efficiencies than conventional
analogue techniques.

5. Phasor measurement technology

The technology of synchronized phasor measurements is well established. It provides an
ideal measurement system with which to monitor and control a power system, in particular
during conditions of stress. A number of publications are available on the subject. The
essential feature of the technique is that it measures positive sequence (and negative and
zero sequence quantities, if needed) voltages and currents of a power system in real time
with precise time synchronization. Fig. 3 shows the connections of PMU in the bay level.

TL
CT
VT

Fig. 3. Phasor measuring unit connections.

Precise time synchronization allows accurate comparison of measurements over widely
separated locations as well as potential real-time measurement based control actions. Very
fast recursive Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) calculations are normally used in phasor
calculations. The synchronization is achieved through a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)
system.
5.1 Discrete fourier transform technique
The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) technique is a short-time variation of the Fourier
analysis. Like the Fourier analysis, the DFT assumes that a signal is made up of a
fundamental frequency and harmonics of that frequency. While the Fourier transform is
applied to signals in the continuous time domain, the DFT is applied to time-domain signals
represented by sequences of numbers. Another major difference is that in the Fourier

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A Novel Wide Area Protection Classification

Technique for Interconnected Power Grids Based on MATLAB Simulation

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transform, the signal is assumed to exist from time - to + but in the DFT, the signal exists for
a small duration of time (called window). The components of different frequencies
determined by the DFT analysis can be combined to recreate the original waveform.

6. Phasor measurement unit simulation (Sybille et al., 2000)

Figure 4 shows a typical synchronized phasor measurement system configuration. The GPS
transmission is received by the receiver section, which delivers a phase-locked sampling
clock pulse to the Analog-to-Digital converter system. The sampled data are converted to a
complex number which represents the phasor of the sampled waveform. Phasors of the
three phases are combined to produce the positive sequence measurement. Figure 4 shows
the Matlab\Simulink simulation of the PMU.

Fig. 4. Block diagram of the Synchronized Phasor Measurement System (PMU).

The basic Phasor measurement process is that of estimating a positive-sequence (also
negative and zero are available), fundamental frequency phasor representation from voltage
or current waveforms. As indicated by Fig. 3, the analog power signal is converted into
digital data by the analog to digital converter. For example, if the voltage is needed to be
measured, the samples are taken for each cycle of the waveform and then the fundamental
frequency component is calculated using (DFT). The positive sequence phasor can be
calculated as follows;
V =1/3 (Va + . Vb + 2. Vc )

(1)

Where = j 120 and Va, Vb, and Vc are the DFT phasor coefficients of each of the three
phases.
Figure 5 shows a simple block diagram explaining the procedure of measured voltage or
current analog signal. The external time source is an absolute time reference from a global
positioning system (GPS) receiver, which delivers a phase-locked sampling clock pulse to
the Analog-to-Digital converter system. The sampled data are converted to a complex
number which represents the phasor of the sampled waveform. Phasors of the three phases
are combined to produce the positive sequence measurement. A time stamp is generated to
associate with the comtrade report via communication port to phasor data concentrator.
The figure includes a hardware low-pass filter (Hardware LPF) for anti-aliasing and an

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analog-to-digital (A/D) converter for analog-to-digital conversion. The system of

supervision permits capturing records of the same event at different points in the power
system with a unique time reference, the phasor measurement units at present are located
strategically, with the purpose of capturing information on the impact of contingencies at
the local or system level.
Positive Sequence Computation

Phasor Measuring Unit

Discrete Fourier Transform

Fig. 5. PMU block diagram using Matlab/Simulink.

7. Communication issues (De La Ree et al., 2010; Hall et al., 2003;

Naduvathuparambil et al., 2002; Klump et al., 2005)
Standard communication systems are adequate for most phasor data transmission. The issue
for data communications includes speed, latency and reliability. Communication speed
(data rate) depends on the amount of Phasor data being sent. Communication links used by
WAPS include both wired (telephone lines, fiber-optics, power lines) and wireless (satellites)
options. Delays associated with the link act as a crucial indicator to the amount of time-lag
that takes place before action is initiated. The delays are an important aspect and should be

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incorporated into any power system design or analysis, as excess delays could ruin any
control procedures adopted to stabilize the power grid.
Although more and more control systems are being implemented in a distributed fashion
with networked communication, the unavoidable time delays in such systems impact the
achievable performance. Delays due to the use of PMUs and the communication link
involved are due primarily to the following reasons:
Transducer delays: Voltage transducers (VT) and current transducers (CT) are used to
measure the RMS voltages and currents respectively, at the instant of sampling.
Window size of the DFT: Window size of the DFT is the number of samples required to
compute the phasors using DFT.
Processing time: The processing time is the time required in converting the transducer data
into phasor information with the help of DFT.
Data size of the PMU output: Data size of the PMU message is the size of the information
bits contained in the data frame, header frame and the configuration frame.
Multiplexing and transitions: Transitions between the communication link and the data
processing equipment leads to delays that are caused at the instances when data is retrieved
or emitted by the communication link.
Communication link involved: The type of communication link and the physical distance
involved in transmitting the PMU output to the central processing unit can add to the delay.
Data concentrators: Data concentrators are primarily data collecting centers located at the
central processing unit and are responsible for collecting all the PMU data that is
transmitted over the communication link.

8. Phasor data concentrators PDC

A Phasor Data Concentrator is a logical unit that collects phasor data, and discrete event
data from PMUs and other PDCs, and transmits data to other applications. PDCs should
have storage capability to buffer data for a reasonable time to allow data alignment and
other vital tasks. Thus, a PDC is capable of receiving, aligning, storing and transmitting
GPS-synchronized data.

Fig. 6. Phasor data concentrator.

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Specification

Suggested Minimum Requirement

Input Data Format

IEEE1344, upgrade to PC37.118 in 2005 if available

Optional: COMTRADE, OPC

Output Data Format

COMTRADE. IEEE 1344. Upgrade to PC37.118 in 2005 if

available. (Optional: PDC Stream, PDCxchng)

Data Alignment

Adopt BPA standard*

Output Data Rate

It should support IEEE1344 and PC37.118 (future). Default

value: 30 samples per second

Streaming Channels
Continuous
Retention

User Defined Configuration

Data

32 Days

Table 1. Phasor data concentrator suggested minimum requirements.

Table 1 summarizes the minimum requirements for a phasor data concentrator. The
minimum requirements enable applications of streaming phasor data and event capturing.
Figure 6 shows the PDC (Bhargava et al., 2008).
It is important to note that it is possible that a PDC may receive data from PMUs from
different manufacturers. Aligning data from different manufacturer PMUs may be a
complex task that requires knowledge of the characteristics of each unit. For application
level one, the alignment of data is done on the basis of the time tag that each PMU data has.
This may result in misalignments of several microseconds. For streaming data applications
and event capturing applications, this misalignment is not critical. For other applications it
may be critical.

9. Conventional problems
The distance relays which are widely applied in the protection today and involve the
determination of impedance achieve operating times of the order of a period of the power
system frequency. A distance relay is designed to only operate for faults occurring between
the relay location and the selected reach point, and remains stable for all faults outside this
region or zone (Horowitz et al., 2009).

Fig. 7. Three zones of operation for each stand alone relay.

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The resistance of the fault arc takes the fault impedance outside the relays tripping
characteristic and, hence, it does not detect this condition. Alternatively, it is only picked up
either by zone 2 or zone 3 in which case tripping will be unacceptably delayed (Eissa, 2009).
The distance relays are based on standalone decision, while each relay operates
independently according to three different zone of operation, see Figure 7.
The mal-operation or fail-to trip of protection is determined as one of the origins to raise and
propagate major power system disturbances (Tang, et al., 2006). A vast majority of relay
mal-operations is unwanted trips and have been shown to propagate major disturbances.
Backup protections in fault clearance system have the task to operate only when the primary
protection fails to operate or when the primary protection is temporarily out of service. The
recent complexity and enlargement of power systems makes it difficult to coordinate
operation times and reaches among relays. In the areas of power system automation and
substation automation, there are two different trends: centralization and decentralization.
More and more dynamic functions are moving from local and regional control centers
toward central or national control centers. At the same time we also observe more
intelligence and decision power moving closer towards the actual power system
substations. Greater functional integration is being enclosed in substation hardware. In view
of global security of power systems, the action algorithms of conventional backup
protections possibly are not best choices because the operations of individual relays are
hardly coordinated each other. Therefore, the principle of the protection design needs
innovation to overcome the above problem. Modern protection devices have sufficient
computing and communications capabilities to allow the implementation of many novel
sophisticated protection principles. Therefore, a novel wide-area backup protection system
is reported in this paper.
This system is capable of acting as the substitution of conventional distributed backup
protections in substation. To ensure the fast responsibility of such a system to the emergent
events, the communication requirements are discussed as well. Conclusively, the proposed
system is designed by two ways. First, in substation, concentrate some conventional backup
protection functions to an intelligent processing system; second, concentrate the coordinated
and optimized processing and controlling arithmetic of all backup protection in a region
into a regional processing unit.

Fig. 8. The new protected zones of the proposed relay.

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The communication of data among them is carried via optic-fiber networks. The relay
decision is based on collected and shared data through communication network. The
suggested technique satisfies high degree of reliability and stability while it is based on
shared decision rather than stand alone decision. The suggested technique can see all the
power system area and can deal with the transmission lines as unit protection, see Figure 8.
The primary purpose of these systems is to improve disturbance monitoring and system
event analysis. These measurements have been sited to monitor large generating sites, major
transmission paths, and significant control points. Synchronized Phasor measurements
provide all significant state measurements including voltage magnitude, voltage phase
angle, and frequency.

10. The proposed solution

The proposed technique is based mainly on two components to identify the faults on the
transmission lines. The first component is the voltage reduction due to fault occurrence. The
second component is the power flow direction after fault occurrence. The phase angle is
used to determine the direction of fault current with respect to a reference quantity. The
ability to differentiate between a fault in one direction or another is obtained by comparing
the phase angle of the operating voltage and current. The voltage is usually used as the
reference polarizing quantity. The fault current Phasor lies within two distinct forward and
backward regions with respect to the reference Phasor, depending on the power system and
fault conditions (Eissa 2008, 2009, 2005). The normal power flow in a given direction will
result in the phase angle between the voltage and the current varying around its power
factor angle. When power flows in the opposite direction, this angle will become (180
). For a fault in the reverse direction, the phase angle of the current with respect to the
voltage will be (180- ) (Dissertation, 2008).

Fig. 9. Matlab/Simulink block diagram shows selecting the minimum value.

The main idea of the proposed technique is to identify the faulted area. This can be achieved
by comparing the measured values of the positive sequence voltage magnitudes at the main

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bus for each area. This can result in the minimum voltage value that indicates the nearest
area to the fault. In addition to that, the absolute differences of the positive sequence current
angles are calculated for all lines connected with the faulted area. These absolute angles are
compared to each other. The maximum absolute angle difference value is selected to
identify the faulted line. The above two keys of operation can be mathematically described
as follows:
Min {|V1|, |V2|,.. |Vm|, |Vn|}

(2)

where |Vn| is the positive sequence voltage magnitude measured by PMU and located at
area "1", "2", "3",,"m" , to "n". Figure 9 shows the Matlab simulink block diagram
responsible of the selection of the nearest area to the fault based on comparing positive
sequence voltage magnitudes. POSV1, POSV2... POSV5 are the input signals of positive
sequence voltage magnitudes collected from 5 areas on the network. The minimum voltage
magnitude is indicated by the Minimum block which identifies the value and/or position of
the smallest element in each column of the input, or tracks the minimum values in a
sequence of inputs over a period of time.
The Minimum block output is shown in Figure 10. The graph shows the o/p from the
Matlab/Simulink simulation, which is the minimum positive sequence voltage magnitude
during fault. Any decrease in the signal magnitude is indicated by the Detect Decrease block
which determines if the input signal is strictly less than its previous value or not, the status
can be recognize as:

The output is "1", when the input signal is less than its previous value.

The output is "0", when the input signal is greater than or equal to its previous value.
The threshold value of the input signal is detected by the Interval Test block which outputs
"1" if the input is between the values specified by the Lower limit and Upper limit
parameters. The block outputs "0" if the input is outside those values.

Fig. 10. The Minimum block output from the Matlab/Simulink.

For a fault occurred on the grid, the output from (2) is the minimum positive sequence
voltage magnitude which indicates the nearest area to the fault. Suppose that the nearest
area to the fault is indicated by number "m". The next step is to compare the absolute
differences of positive sequence current angles for all lines connecting area "m" with all
other neighboring areas and then selecting the max one. This can be explained as:

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Max {|m1|, | m2|,| mn|}

(3)

where |mn| is the absolute difference of positive sequence current angle for a
transmission line connecting area "m" with area "n". This can be described by (4).
|mn| = |mn - nm|

(4)

Figure 11 shows the Matlab/Simulink block diagram responsible of the selection of the
faulted line from all lines connecting to the faulted areas; the absolute difference between
positive sequence current angles at line terminals for each line is given. The maximum
current angle difference is indicated by the Maximum block which identifies the value
and/or position of the largest element in each column of the input, or tracks the maximum
values in a sequence of inputs over a period of time.
Figure 12 shows the output from the Maximum block shown in Figure 11. The graph shows
the maximum absolute difference of positive sequence current angle during internal fault.
The threshold value of the input signals is detected by the Interval Test block. Figure 13
shows the maximum absolute difference of positive sequence current angle during external
fault. Discrete on/off delay timer block given in Figure 11 is used to ignore big changes in
angle difference which associated with change in current direction in any line due to
external faults.
12
21
13
31
23
32
35
53
24
42
45
54

Fig. 11. The Matlab/Simulink block diagram responsible of the selection of the faulted line.

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145

Part of the 500/220 kV Egyptian interconnected electrical network is used for the study; five
main buses that represent five different areas with 500 kV are selected to verify the
suggested technique. Figure 14 shows the selected five areas from the overall network. In
the single line diagram, each bus represents the selected area in the simulation that can
connect the 500 kV network with 220 kV network through three single phase 500/220 kV
power transformers. The system is simulated using the Matlab/Simulink with a sampling
frequency of 20 kHz for a system operating at a frequency of 50 Hz. By means of measuring
positive sequence magnitude of three phase to ground voltage and positive sequence
current angle difference between sending and receiving ends, we make a new criteria to deal
with faults (single, double and three phase to ground faults). This new criteria will detect
faults and select the nearest area to the fault. Also, the new criteria will distinguish between
internal and external faults in the interconnected lines.

Fig. 12. Maximum absolute difference of positive sequence current angle due to internal
fault.

Fig. 13. Maximum absolute difference of positive sequance current angle due to external
fault.

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Cairo 500

Area 2

Bassous

C.West

Area 3

Shoubra

Korimat

Motamadia

Maghagh
a
A.zaabal

Demo
Samalu
t

Area 5
Selected
W.Houf
Asuit
Area 4
Area 1

C.South
500 kV

Tebbin South
220 kV

Fig. 14. The selected five areas from the overall network.

11. Case study

An extensive series of study is examined on the power system given in Figure 15. All fault
events are studied and a sample of the results is given here. As mentioned above, the
studied network is classified into 5 neighboring areas. The 5 areas are connected with each
others by six lines. Three phases to ground fault are located on line 1 which connecting area
"1" with area "2", see Figure 15. Fault location is placed away from area "1" and area "2" by
100 and 45 km respectively.
11.1 Short circuit on transmission line 1(Samalot-Kurimat)
The suggested technique is used to be verified under different fault conditions, the fault
data is generated from power system configuration simulated using the Matlab/Simulink. A
short circuit is located on transmission line (TL1) as shown in Figure 15.The total length of
the faulted transmission line is 145 Km. Each fault type (three phase, double phase and
single phase to ground fault) is tested. Different locations of fault along the transmission line
are tested to affirm the criteria as being effective and operate successfully.
11.2 Three phase to ground fault
A three-phase to ground fault is located on transmission line (TL1) .The distance between
fault location on the transmission line and the nearest bus (Kurimat) is 45 Km. The 3-phase

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voltage signals measured from Kurimat bus bar is recorded and displayed in Figure 16. The
3-phase current signals for all transmission lines away from Kurimat are recorded and
displayed in Figure 17.

Fig. 15. Matlab/Simulink Block diagram of the interconnected network.

Figure 18 shows the five positive phase sequence voltage magnitudes (PSVM), minimum
value is selected which indicates the nearest area to the fault area (2). Figure 19 shows the
absolute differences of positive phase sequence current angles (PSCA) for all lines
connecting to the faulted area (2) with all neighboring areas (1, 3, and 4). The angles
difference of line (1) terminals is the maximum (=180), this means that the current is
reversed from one terminal only, and then it is clear that the fault is internal on transmission
line TL1.

12. Fault type classification technique

All faults are identified as a phase fault or a ground fault, one parameter, zero, is derived
for fault classification:
zero =

1
I a + Ib + Ic
3

(5)

The fault is classified as a ground fault if zero is greater than threshold value. Once the fault
has been classified, the specific fault type is determined by comparing all rate of change of
phase currents with an predetermined disturbance detection pickup, The fault typing

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software module is employed when the measured parameter exceeds a prescribed threshold
(e.g., when a measured correct exceeds an overcurrent pickup).

Fig. 16. Three phase voltage signals at Kurimat busbar.

Fig. 17. Three phase current signals for all lines connected to Kurimat.

Fig. 18. Positive sequence voltage magnitudes.

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149

Fig. 19. Positive sequence current angle absolute differences for all lines connected to the
faulted area.
Discrete Fourier transform block computes the fundamental value of the input phase
current signal over a running window of one cycle of the specified fundamental frequency
as shown in Figure 20. First and second outputs return respectively the magnitude and
phase degrees of the fundamental. The magnitude is taken as a percentage from its steady
state value. The rate of change of this percentage is compared with a threshold value. For
the first cycle of simulation, the outputs are held constant to the value specified by the
parameter "Initial input".
As shown in Figure 21, the input three-phase current is used to calculate zero sequence
components to classify the fault type. Then each phase current signal is taken as a
percentage from its steady state value. Then the rate of change of the percentage of phase
current magnitude is compared by a threshold value to identify the faulted phase.

Fig. 20. Discrete Fourier block set.

Three phase fault is applied on TL1 SamaloutKurimat. Fault resistance = 50 . Fault
Distance = 50 %, Figure 22 shows fault recorder display at each terminal of the faulted
transmission line. The fault is recorded as symmetrical fault. As shown in Figure 23, zero
sequence current magnitude is zero.

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Fig. 21. Fault Classification Blockset.

Fig. 22. Fault recorder at each terminal display that fault type is three phase fault.

Fig. 23. Zero sequence component current magnitude during fault.

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13. Conclusion
The chapter outlines a novel idea for fault detection and classification using Phasor
measurement units in a wide area system. The idea has successfully identified the faulted
line on a large power interconnected system. The idea descried in this paper represents a
new state-of-art in the field of interconnected grid protection and classification. The idea is
based on sharing data from many PMUs. The new idea also calssified the fault types for the
interconnected system. The idea used a center protection unit for collecting the data and
issued the tripping signal. The idea is implemented and investigated using the powerful
Matlab/Simulink package. Power system configuration, fault detection, fault calculation,
discrimination, and classification are achieved through the Matlab/Simulink program.

14. Acknowledgment
This chapter is written, revised and analyzed by the author. Some parts of the chapter are
cited from MSc dissertation done in Helwan University-Faculty of Engineering-Cairo-Egypt
by Eng. Mohamed Magdy. The MSc dissertation is supervised by Prof. Mohammed El
Shahat Masoud and the author of the chapter.

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Scientific and Engineering Applications Using MATLAB

Edited by Prof. Emilson Pereira Leite

ISBN 978-953-307-659-1
Hard cover, 204 pages
Publisher InTech

Published online 01, August, 2011

Published in print edition August, 2011

The purpose of this book is to present 10 scientific and engineering works whose numerical and graphical
analysis were all constructed using the power of MATLAB tools. The first five chapters of this book show
applications in seismology, meteorology and natural environment. Chapters 6 and 7 focus on modeling and
simulation of Water Distribution Networks. Simulation was also applied to study wide area protection for
interconnected power grids (Chapter 8) and performance of conical antennas (Chapter 9). The last chapter
deals with depth positioning of underwater robot vehicles. Therefore, this book is a collection of interesting
examples of where this computational package can be applied.

How to reference

In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Mohammed Eissa Moustafa and Mohammed El-Shahat Masoud (2011). A Novel Wide Area Protection
Classification Technique for Interconnected Power Grids Based on MATLAB Simulation, Scientific and
Engineering Applications Using MATLAB, Prof. Emilson Pereira Leite (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-659-1, InTech,
Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/scientific-and-engineering-applications-using-matlab/anovel-wide-area-protection-classification-technique-for-interconnected-power-grids-based-on-matlab

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