Algorithm

Algorithm is a step-by-step procedure, which defines a set of instructions
to be executed in a certain order to get the desired output. Algorithms

are generally created independent of underlying languages, i.e. an
algorithm can be implemented in more than one programming language.
From the data structure point of view, following are some important
categories of algorithms
Search Algorithm to search an item in a data structure.
Sort Algorithm to sort items in a certain order.
Insert Algorithm to insert item in a data structure.
Update Algorithm to update an existing item in a data structure.
Delete Algorithm to delete an existing item from a data structure.
Characteristics of an Algorithm
Not all procedures can be called an algorithm. An algorithm should have
the following characteristics
Unambiguous Algorithm should be clear and unambiguous. Each of its steps (or
phases), and their inputs/outputs should be clear and must lead to only one meaning.
Input An algorithm should have 0 or more well-defined inputs.
Output An algorithm should have 1 or more well-defined outputs, and should

match the desired output.
Finiteness Algorithms must terminate after a finite number of steps.
Feasibility Should be feasible with the available resources.
Independent An algorithm should have step-by-step directions, which should be

independent of any programming code.
How to Write an Algorithm?

There are no well-defined standards for writing algorithms. Rather, it is
problem and resource dependent. Algorithms are never written to
support a particular programming code.
As we know that all programming languages share basic code constructs
like loops (do, for, while), flow-control (if-else), etc. These common
constructs can be used to write an algorithm.
We write algorithms in a step-by-step manner, but it is not always the

case. Algorithm writing is a process and is executed after the problem
domain is well-defined. That is, we should know the problem domain, for
which we are designing a solution.
Example
Let's try to learn algorithm-writing by using an example.
Problem Design an algorithm to add two numbers and display the
result.
step
step
step
step
step
step
step
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
START
declare three integers a, b & c
define values of a & b
add values of a & b
store output of step 4 to c
print c
STOP
Algorithms tell the programmers how to code the program. Alternatively,

the algorithm can be written as
step
step
step
step
step
1
2
3
4
5
START ADD
get values of a & b
ca+b
display c
STOP
In design and analysis of algorithms, usually the second method is used

to describe an algorithm. It makes it easy for the analyst to analyze the
algorithm ignoring all unwanted definitions. He can observe what
operations are being used and how the process is flowing.
Writing step numbers, is optional.
We design an algorithm to get a solution of a given problem. A problem
can be solved in more than one ways.
Hence, many solution algorithms can be derived for a given problem. The
next step is to analyze those proposed solution algorithms and
implement the best suitable solution.
Algorithm Analysis
Efficiency of an algorithm can be analyzed at two different stages, before
implementation and after implementation. They are the following
A Priori Analysis This is a theoretical analysis of an algorithm. Efficiency of an

algorithm is measured by assuming that all other factors, for example, processor
speed, are constant and have no effect on the implementation.
A Posterior Analysis This is an empirical analysis of an algorithm. The selected

algorithm is implemented using programming language. This is then executed on
target computer machine. In this analysis, actual statistics like running time and
space required, are collected.
We shall learn about a priori algorithm analysis. Algorithm analysis deals

with the execution or running time of various operations involved. The
running time of an operation can be defined as the number of computer
instructions executed per operation.
Algorithm Complexity
Suppose X is an algorithm and n is the size of input data, the time and
space used by the algorithm X are the two main factors, which decide the
efficiency of X.
Time Factor Time is measured by counting the number of key operations such as
comparisons in the sorting algorithm.
Space Factor Space is measured by counting the maximum memory space

required by the algorithm.
The complexity of an algorithm f(n) gives the running time and/or the
storage space required by the algorithm in terms of n as the size of input
data.
Space Complexity
Space complexity of an algorithm represents the amount of memory
space required by the algorithm in its life cycle. The space required by an
algorithm is equal to the sum of the following two components
A fixed part that is a space required to store certain data and variables, that are
independent of the size of the problem. For example, simple variables and constants
used, program size, etc.
A variable part is a space required by variables, whose size depends on the size of
the problem. For example, dynamic memory allocation, recursion stack space, etc.
Space complexity S(P) of any algorithm P is S(P) = C + SP(I), where C is

the fixed part and S(I) is the variable part of the algorithm, which
depends on instance characteristic I. Following is a simple example that
tries to explain the concept
Algorithm: SUM(A, B)
Step 1 - START
Step 2 - C A + B + 10
Step 3 - Stop
Here we have three variables A, B, and C and one constant. Hence S(P)
= 1 + 3. Now, space depends on data types of given variables and
constant types and it will be multiplied accordingly.
Time Complexity
Time complexity of an algorithm represents the amount of time required
by the algorithm to run to completion. Time requirements can be defined
as a numerical function T(n), where T(n) can be measured as the
number of steps, provided each step consumes constant time.
For example, addition of two n-bit integers takes n steps. Consequently,
the total computational time is T(n) = c n, where c is the time taken
for the addition of two bits. Here, we observe that T(n) grows linearly as
the input size increases.

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Algorithm is a step-by-step procedure, which defines a set of instructions

to be executed in a certain order to get the desired output. Algorithms

Search Algorithm to search an item in a data structure.

Sort Algorithm to sort items in a certain order.

Insert Algorithm to insert item in a data structure.

Update Algorithm to update an existing item in a data structure.

Delete Algorithm to delete an existing item from a data structure.

Input An algorithm should have 0 or more well-defined inputs.

Output An algorithm should have 1 or more well-defined outputs, and should

Finiteness Algorithms must terminate after a finite number of steps.

Feasibility Should be feasible with the available resources.

Independent An algorithm should have step-by-step directions, which should be

How to Write an Algorithm?

We write algorithms in a step-by-step manner, but it is not always the

Algorithms tell the programmers how to code the program. Alternatively,

In design and analysis of algorithms, usually the second method is used

A Priori Analysis This is a theoretical analysis of an algorithm. Efficiency of an

A Posterior Analysis This is an empirical analysis of an algorithm. The selected

We shall learn about a priori algorithm analysis. Algorithm analysis deals

Space Factor Space is measured by counting the maximum memory space

Space complexity S(P) of any algorithm P is S(P) = C + SP(I), where C is

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