Cement: Opus Caementicium
Cement: Opus Caementicium
Cement: Opus Caementicium
PREFACE.......................................................................
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CONTENTS ................................................................
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CHAPTER I
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Cement ................................................................
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4
Chemical Composition of
Cement.................................................................
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4
The Cement Manufacturing
Process................................................................
6
Types of
Cements ..............................................................
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7
The Physical Properties of
Cement ................................................................
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10
SOURCES ....................................................................
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Cement
Function of cement :
To bind the sand and coarse aggregate together
To fill voids in between sand and coarse
aggregate particle
To form a compact mass
Silicon
Clay
Marl
Sand
Shale
Shale
Fly ash
Sea Shells
Cement kiln
dust
Aluminum
Clay
Shale
Fly ash
Aluminum ore
refuse
Iron
Clay
Iron ore
Mill scale
Shale
Blast furnace
dust
Portland cement
Type V
( High sulfate
resistance)
Structures likely to
be damaged by
severe alkaline
conditions like
bridges, culverts,
canal lining, siphons
etc
Type One is suitable for most basic construction
uses.
Type Two is best for structures built in hot
environments, or in soil or water high in sulfate.
Percentage of tri-calcium Aluminate (C3A) is kept
below 5% resulting in increase in resisting power
against sulphates. Heat developed is almost
same as Low Heat Cement. Theoretically ideal
cement. Costly manufacturing because of
stringent composition requirements. Used for
structures likely to be damaged by severe
alkaline conditions like bridges, culverts, canal
lining, siphons, etc.
For projects requiring strength at an early stage,
Type Three is ideal because it provides more
strength within one week than the other types.
Gains strength faster than OPC. In 3 days
develops 7 days strength of OPC with same
water cement ratio.
After 24 hours not less than 160 kg/cm2
After 72 hours not less than 275 kg/cm2
Initial and final setting times are same as OPC.
Contains more tri-calcium silicate (C3S) and finely
ground. Emits more heat during setting, therefore
unsuitable for mass concreting. Lighter and
costlier than OPC. Short curing period makes it
economical. Used for structures where immediate
loading is required e.g. repair works.
Type Four is useful in limiting heat caused by
hydration and is therefore used in massive
concrete undertakings, such as dams. Low
percentage (5%) of tri-calcium aluminates (C3A)
and silicate (C3S) and high (46%) of di-calcium
silicate (C2S) to keep heat generation low. It has
low lime content and less compressive strength.
Initial and final setting times nearly same as
OPC. Very slow rate of developing strength. Not
suitable for ordinary structures. Shuttering
White cement
White portland cement is readily available
throughout North America. It has essentially the
same properties as gray cement, except for color,
which is a very important quality control issue in
the industry.The color of white cement depends on
raw materials and the manufacturing process. It is
the metal oxides (primarily iron and manganese)
that influence the whiteness and undertone of the
material. White cement is manufactured to
conform to ASTM C 150, Specification for Portland
Cement. Although Types I, II, III, and V white
cements are produced, Types I and III are the most
common.White cements produce clean, bright
colors, especially for light pastels. Many diferent
colors can be created by adding pigments to
concrete made with white portland cement. Two or
more pigments can be combined to achieve a wide
range of colors. White cement (or a mixture of
white and gray cement) can be specified to
provide a consistent color of choice. An even
Blended cement
Pozollan Portland Cement (PPC)
OPC clinker and Pozzolana (Calcined Clay,
Surkhi and Fly ash) ground together. Properties
same as OPC. Produces less heat of hydration
and ofers great resistance to attacks of
Sulphates and acidic waters. Used in marine
works and mass concreting. Ultimate strength is
more than OPC but setting timings are same as
OPC.
Portland Slug Cement
Produced by mixing Portland cement clinker,
gypsum and granulated blast furnace slag.
Cheaper than OPC, blackish grey in color. Lesser
heat of hydration. Initial setting in 1 hr and final
setting 10 hrs. Better resistance to soil agents,
sulphates of alkali metals, alumina, iron and
acidic waters. Suitable for marine works, mass
concreting.
Masonry Cement
Duration of Testing
Typically, Durations of testing are:
1 day (for high early strength cement)
3 days, 7 days, 28 days and 90 days (for
monitoring strength progress)
28 days strength is recognised as a basis for
control in most codes.
When considering cement paste strength tests,
there are two items to consider:
Cement mortar strength is not directly related
to concrete strength. Strength tests
are done on cement mortars (cement + water
+ sand) and not on cement pastes.
SOURCES
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/cement
http://cescientist.com/types-of-cement/
http://iti.northwestern.edu/cement/monograph/Mono
graph3_8.html
https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?
qid=20070530094241AAuoIRw
elearning.vtu.ac.in/16/.../Unit1-L3-RVR.pdf
manufacturing_of_portland_cement.pdf
www.lafarge.com/09102004-cementcement_manufacturing_process-uk