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    Atmel-megaAVR-ATmega48-Learning Centre MCU-Application Notes-Atmel - Application - Notes - 30 PDF

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    99 views4 pages

    Atmel-megaAVR-ATmega48-Learning Centre MCU-Application Notes-Atmel - Application - Notes - 30 PDF

    Uploaded by

    MaPitufina

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    AVR202: 16-bit Arithmetics

    8-bit
    Microcontroller

    Features
    Easily Expandable to 32-bit or Any Word Length
    Code Density and Speed Matches 16-bit Controllers
    Runable Example Program

    Introduction
    This application note lists program examples for arithmetic operation on 16-bit values.
    A listing of all implementations with key performance specifications is given in Table 1.

    Application
    Note

    Table 1. Performance Figures Summary


    Code Size
    (Words)

    Execution Time
    (Cycles)

    Add two 16-bit register variables

    Add 16-bit immediate to 16-bit register variable

    Subtract two 16-bit register variables

    Subtract 16-bit immediate from 16-bit reg. variable

    Compare two 16-bit register variables

    Compare 16-bit immediate to 16-bit reg. variable

    Negate a 16-bit register variable

    Application

    16 + 16-bit Register Addition


    This operation is done as follows:
    1. Add Low bytes.
    2. Add with carry High bytes.
    By adding more Add with Carry instructions, numbers of n-byte width can be added
    using n instructions.

    16-bit Register + 16-bit Immediate Addition


    As the AVR has no add immediate or add immediate with carry, the subtract immediate and subtract immediate with carry instructions are used. The operation is done as
    follows:
    1. Subtract immediate Low byte of negated number from register Low byte.
    2. Subtract immediate with carry High byte of negated number from register High
    byte.
    By adding more Add with Carry instructions, numbers of n-byte width can be added
    using n instructions.

    Rev. 0937BAVR05/02

    16 16-bit Register
    Subtraction

    This operation is done as follows:


    1. Subtract Low bytes.
    2. Subtract with carry high Bytes.
    By adding more Subtract with Carry instructions, numbers of n-byte width can be subtracted using n instructions.

    16-bit Register + 16bit Immediate


    Subtraction

    This operation is done as follows:


    1. Subtract immediate Low byte from register Low byte.
    2. Subtract with carry immediate High byte from register High byte.
    By adding more Subtract with Carry instructions, numbers of n-byte width can be subtracted using n instructions.

    Compare Two 16-bit


    Register Variables

    This operation is done as follows:


    1. Compare Low bytes.
    2. Compare with carry High bytes.
    Note that the Compare with Carry instruction supports zero-propagation, which means
    that all conditional branch instructions can be used following the two-step compare
    operation. By adding more Compare with Carry instructions, numbers of n-byte width
    can be compared using n instructions.

    Compare a 16-bit
    Register with a 16-bit
    Immediate

    This operation is done as follows:


    1. Compare register Low byte to immediate Low byte.
    2. Store immediate High byte to a third register.
    3. Compare with carry High bytes.

    Negate (2s
    Complement) a 16-bit
    Register Variable

    This operation is done as follows:


    1. Invert (1s Complement) Low byte
    2. Invert (1s Complement) high byte
    3. Subtract $FF from Low byte.
    4. Subtract with carry $FF from High byte.
    Note:

    Steps 3 and 4 are equivalent to adding $0001 to the 16-bit number.

    AVR202
    0937BAVR05/02

    AVR202

    3
    0937BAVR05/02

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    Atmel Corporation 2002.


    Atmel Corporation makes no warranty for the use of its products, other than those expressly contained in the Companys standard warranty
    which is detailed in Atmels Terms and Conditions located on the Companys web site. The Company assumes no responsibility for any errors
    which may appear in this document, reserves the right to change devices or specifications detailed herein at any time without notice, and does
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    Printed on recycled paper.


    0937BAVR05/02

    0M

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