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HallScrew HSO 2000 Series
Open Drive Single Screw Compressors

HSO 2024, HSO 2028, HSO 2031 and HSO 2035
Application Manual
HSO 2000 Series Application Manual
J & E Hall International 2004

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder.
The copyright in this publication shall be and remain the sole property of J & E Hall International.
Page 2 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Contents
Contents ................................................................................................................................3
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................4
List of Tables .........................................................................................................................4
1.
General Description ...................................................................................................5
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.4.1.
1.4.2.
1.4.3.
2.
Main Features......................................................................................................................... 5
Construction............................................................................................................................ 5
The Compression Process ..................................................................................................... 6
The Compression Process ..................................................................................................... 8
Suction ............................................................................................................................... 8
Compression...................................................................................................................... 9
Discharge ........................................................................................................................... 9
Capacity Control and Volume Ratio.........................................................................10

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
2.3.4.
2.4.
2.4.1.
2.4.2.
2.4.3.
2.4.4.
3.
Slide Valve Actuation ........................................................................................................... 11

Capacity Control Solenoid Valve Arrangements.................................................................. 12
Capacity Control Arrangement Using Separate Pairs of Solenoid Valves .......................... 12
Compressor Loading ....................................................................................................... 12
Compressor Unloading .................................................................................................... 12
Hold Slide Valve Position................................................................................................. 12
Flow Control Valves ......................................................................................................... 13
Capacity Control Arrangement Using a 4-Way Solenoid Valve .......................................... 15
Compressor Loading ....................................................................................................... 15
Compressor Unloading .................................................................................................... 15
Hold Slide Valve Position................................................................................................. 15
Flow Control Valves ......................................................................................................... 15
Economiser Facility..................................................................................................17
3.1.
3.2.
4.
Subcooling of Liquid Refrigerant .......................................................................................... 17

Side Load Operation ............................................................................................................ 18
Compressor Lubrication, Sealing and Cooling .........................................................20

4.1.1.
4.1.2.
4.1.3.
4.1.4.
5.
Oil Support System..................................................................................................22

5.1.
5.2.
5.2.1.
5.3.
5.3.1.
5.4.
5.4.1.
5.4.2.
5.4.3.
5.4.4.
5.4.5.
6.
Oil Injection/Lubrication ........................................................................................................ 22

Oil Drain................................................................................................................................ 22
Oil Drain Sensor............................................................................................................... 22
Oil Separation ....................................................................................................................... 23
Oil Separator Design ....................................................................................................... 23
Oil Separator Provisions....................................................................................................... 23
Oil Return ......................................................................................................................... 24
Suction/Discharge Non-return Valve ............................................................................... 24
Oil Heaters ....................................................................................................................... 24
Oil Low Level ................................................................................................................... 24
Oil Balance Lines ............................................................................................................. 24
Oil Circulation ..........................................................................................................25

6.1.
6.2.
6.2.1.
6.2.2.
6.2.3.
6.2.4.
6.3.
6.4.
6.4.1.
6.4.2.
7.
Capacity Control Actuation .............................................................................................. 20

Bearing Lubrication .......................................................................................................... 20
Shaft Seal Lubrication, Sealing and Cooling................................................................... 20
Oil Injection for Sealing and Cooling ............................................................................... 20
Oil Differential Pressure Monitoring ..................................................................................... 25

Oil Differential Pressure 1 (ODP1) ....................................................................................... 26
Oil Flow Switch ................................................................................................................ 27
Oil Differential Pressure 2 (ODP2) .................................................................................. 27
Oil System Differential Pressure Drop............................................................................. 27
Maintaining Discharge Pressure at Start up.................................................................... 27
Oil Filter ................................................................................................................................ 28
Compressor Cooling............................................................................................................. 29
Liquid Injection Cooling.................................................................................................... 29
External Oil Cooling ......................................................................................................... 31
Lubricating Oils........................................................................................................33
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Page 3 of 60

7.1.
7.1.1.
7.1.2.
7.2.
8.
Lubricant Types .................................................................................................................... 33

Mineral Oils ...................................................................................................................... 33
Synthetic Lubricants ........................................................................................................ 34
Semi Synthetic Lubricants.................................................................................................... 35
Electrical Connections .............................................................................................36

8.1.
HB Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (HBLVDT)................................................... 36
Appendix 1 Physical Data, Limits of Operation and Safety Requirements ...........................37

Appendix 2 Oil Support System Schematic Flow Diagrams .................................................43
Appendix 3 Limits of Operation Envelopes ..........................................................................47
Appendix 4 Liquid Injection Pressure Graphs ......................................................................52
Appendix 5 Approved Oils ...................................................................................................58
List of Figures
Fig 1 Compression Process...................................................................................................................... 8
Fig 2 Capacity Control Slide Valve in Operation .................................................................................... 10
Fig 3 Capacity Control Arrangement Using Separate Pairs of Solenoid Valves ................................... 14
Fig 4 Capacity Control Arrangement Using a 4-Way Solenoid Valve.................................................... 16
Fig 5 Economiser Arrangement.............................................................................................................. 19
Fig 6 Maintaining Discharge Pressure at Start up.................................................................................. 28
Fig 7 Liquid Injection Cooling ................................................................................................................. 30
Fig 8 Typical Methods of Providing Preferential Liquid Supply for Injection.......................................... 31
Fig 9 Oil Cooler Temperature Control .................................................................................................... 32
Fig 10 HBLVDT External Wiring Connections........................................................................................ 36
Fig 11 Key to Schematic Flow Diagrams ............................................................................................... 43
Fig 12 No Oil Pump................................................................................................................................. 44
Fig 13 Start-up Oil Pump: Common Oil Lines for Injection and Lubrication .......................................... 45
Fig 14 Continuously Running or Demand Oil Pump: Common Oil Lines for Injection and Lubrication 46
List of Tables
Table 1 Capacity Control Solenoid Valve Options ................................................................................. 12
Table 2 Pumping Capacities For Continuously Running Oil Pump ....................................................... 25
Table 3 Summary of Differential Pressure Sensing ............................................................................... 26
Table 4 Minimum Specification of Mineral Oils and Polyolester Lubricants .......................................... 33
Table 5 Approved Oils List...................................................................................................................... 58
Page 4 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
1.
General Description
1.1.
The J & E Hall International HSO 2000 series of open drive compressors
form part of the HallScrew family of positive displacement, oil injected,
single screw compressors.
These compressors have been specially developed for refrigeration, air
conditioning and heat pump applications, and can be applied to single
stage and multi-stage systems using all normal refrigerants as well as
many other process gases.
Main Features
For use with R717 (ammonia), R404a, R507, R22, R134a
and R407c.
Designed and tested to international standards.
Robust construction.
Improved machine clearance control for maximum efficiency.
Oil injected for maximum reliability.
Balanced loading on main bearings for maximum bearing
life.
Enhanced slide valve geometry for capacity modulation with
minimum loss of efficiency. Infinite adjustment between
maximum (100 %) and minimum load (nominal 10 %).
1.2.
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Economiser facility provided to improve operating efficiency,

especially at high compression ratios.
Construction
The motion work, i.e. that part of the machine which performs the
compression function, consists of three rotating parts; there are no
eccentric or reciprocating motions. These fundamental components
comprise the cylindrical main rotor in which are formed six-start, helically
grooved screw threads with a spherical (hourglass) root form. The main
rotor meshes with two identical toothed wheels each having eleven teeth.
These wheels (or 'star rotors' as they are called owing to their shape), are
made from a special synthetic material. They are located in a single
plane diametrically opposite each other on either side of the main rotor
with their axes at right-angles to the main rotor axis. As the main rotor
turns, it imparts a freely rotating motion to the star rotors.
The star rotors are supported by metal backings which are cast in onepiece with the star rotor shafts. Although they are located in place on
their backings, the stars are allowed to 'float' a small amount in a
rotational sense. This floating action, combined with the low inertia and
negligible power transmission between the main rotor and star rotors,
effectively absorbs any minute vibrations of the star/main rotor
combination. The star rotor shafts are supported at each end by taper
roller bearings.
The main rotor is a dynamically balanced component, manufactured from
cast-iron, keyed to the steel mainshaft which runs in rolling element main
bearings. Where the shaft emerges from the casing, leakage of oil or
refrigerant is effectively prevented by a specially designed mechanical
seal.
Page 5 of 60
1.3.
Page 6 of 60
The main rotor and star rotors are housed inside a one-piece, cast-iron
main casing. The inside of the casing has a somewhat complex shape,
but essentially consists of a cylindrical annulus which encloses the main
rotor leaving a small clearance. Part of the annulus is cutaway at the
suction end to allow the star teeth to mesh with the main rotor flutes. The
discharge ports (one for each star), are positioned at the other end of the
annulus. These ports convey the compressed gas into the discharge
manifold, formed by a web cast between the annulus and the walls of the
casing; this web separates the casing into two pressure zones. Except
for the discharge manifold, suction pressure prevails elsewhere in the
main casing.
Side covers are provided to allow easy access to the star rotors, star
rotor shafts and bearings, without disturbing working tolerances. The
discharge end cover can also be removed to inspect the capacity control
mechanism. The compressor is provided with the choice of either top or
bottom discharge; the unused connection is sealed off with a blank cover.
It is necessary to fit a suction strainer immediately before the compressor
suction inlet. The strainer is designed to trap any dirt circulating with the
refrigerant which might otherwise enter and damage the compressor.
To prevent reverse rotation of the compressor at shutdown it is necessary
to fit a non-return valve adjacent to the compressor in the suction and/or
discharge lines; refer to 5.4.2.
The Compression Process
In the construction of the HallScrew the helical flutes in the main rotor can
be likened to the cylinders of a reciprocating compressor, the star rotor
teeth taking the place of conventional pistons. Instead of using suction
and discharge valves, gas flow in and out of the flutes (the cylinders) is
controlled by fixed ports.
Gas enters the compressor through the suction connection and fills the
available flutes. Rotation of the main rotor traps the gas in chambers
formed by the flute walls, the cylindrical annular ring housing the main
rotor, and the star teeth. The small clearances around the star teeth are
sealed with oil which is injected into the compressor during operation. As
the main rotor turns, the star teeth act as stationary pistons in the moving
flutes (the cylinders), and the gas is compressed until a discharge port is
uncovered. Each flute is used twice per rotor revolution, i.e. once by one
tooth on each star.
The compression process is illustrated and described in detail in Fig 1.
As the compression process is symmetrical, occurring at the same instant
in each half of the compressor, this results in zero transverse gas
pressure loads on the main rotor bearings. The axial loads are also
minimal because the flutes terminate on the outer surface of the main
rotor. The only bearing loads, apart from the weight of parts, are bending
loads on the star rotor shaft bearings due to high pressure gas acting on
one side of each tooth in mesh. There is also a small axial thrust load on
the main rotor bearings resulting from the main shaft projecting through
the casing, combined with the rotor vent pressure.
Capacity control is effected by slide valves, one for each half of the
compressor. These valves are used to vent part of the gas trapped in the
flutes back to suction, thus effectively shortening the compression length
of the main rotor. Using this method, compressor capacity is infinitely
variable between 100 % and 10 % of full load.
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The movement of the slide valves is effected by oil pressure acting on a
piston which is connected to the valves by a yoke. Pressurised oil is
taken from the lubrication system and fed through solenoid valves which
respond to signals from the plant control system. The solenoid valves
direct oil to each end of the compressor capacity control cylinder via two
connections positioned at the rear of the main casing, moving the
capacity control piston in the appropriate direction to load or unload the
compressor. Oil from the other end of the capacity control cylinder is
vented to the low pressure (LP) side of the system via a connection in the
suction line before the suction non-return valve.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 7 of 60
B
a
b
a
b
c
1. SUCTION
B
b
a
a
b
c
2. SUCTION
Fig 1 Compression Process
1.4.
1.4.1.
Page 8 of 60
The Compression Process

As the HallScrew is a positive displacement compressor, there are three
separate stages in the compression cycle: suction, compression and
discharge. These are illustrated in Fig 1.
Suction
Main rotor flutes 'a', 'b' and 'c' are in communication at one end with the
suction chamber via the bevelled rotor end face, and are sealed at the
other end by the teeth of star rotor A. As the main rotor turns, the
effective length of the flutes increases with a corresponding increase in
the volume open to the suction chamber: Diagram 1 Fig 1 clearly shows
this process. As flute 'a' assumes the position of flutes 'b' and 'c' its
volume increases, inducing suction vapour to enter the flute.
Upon further rotation of the man rotor (diagram 2 Fig 1), the flutes which
have been open to the suction chamber engage with the teeth of the
other star rotor. This coincides with each flute being progressively sealed
by the cylindrical annulus housing the main rotor (the outline of the
annulus is shown as dotted lines). Once the flute volume is closed off
from the suction chamber, the suction stage of the compression cycle is
complete.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
B
b
a
b
c
A
3. COMPRESSION
B
a
b
a
b
4. DISCHARGE
Fig 1 (continued) Compression Process
1.4.2.
1.4.3.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Compression
As the main rotor turns, the volume of gas trapped within the flute is
reduced as the length of the flute shortens and compression occurs.
Discharge
As the star rotor tooth approaches the end of a flute, the pressure of the
trapped vapour reaches a maximum value occurring when the leading
edge of the flute begins to overlap the triangular shaped discharge port.
Compression immediately ceases as the gas is delivered into the
discharge manifold. The star rotor tooth continues to scavenge the flute
until the flute volume is reduced to zero. This compression process is
repeated for each flute/star tooth in turn.
While the compression process described above is occurring in the upper
half of the compressor, there is an identical process taking place
simultaneously in the lower half using star B, thus each main rotor flute is
used twice per rotor revolution (one by one tooth in each star). The
compression process may be likened to an assembly of six double-acting
cylinders (the main rotor flutes) in which the star rotor teeth move as
pistons (always in the same direction).
Page 9 of 60
2.
Capacity Control and Volume Ratio

Since the HallScrew compressor utilises fixed intake and discharge ports
instead of valves, the overall compression ratio is determined by the
configuration of these ports. The degree of compression is governed by
the ratio between the flute volume when it is sealed off by the star tooth
at the beginning of the compression process, to that immediately before
the delivery port is uncovered. This is known as the built-in volume ratio
(VR) and is an important characteristic of all fixed-port compressors.
In order to achieve maximum efficiency, the pressure within the flute
volume at the end of the compression process should equal the pressure
in the discharge line at the instant the flute volume opens to discharge.
Should these conditions not prevail, either overcompression or
undercompression will occur, both of which result in internal losses.
Although in no way detrimental to the compressor, inefficient
compression will increase power consumption.
Main Rotor
Discharge
Suction Gas
Slide valves in fully loaded position
Main Rotor
Discharge
Bypass
Suction Gas
Slide valves in part load position
Fig 2 Capacity Control Slide Valve in Operation
Page 10 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
2.1.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
The best part load characteristics are achieved if the design full load VR is
maintained as the compressors capacity is reduced. The HallScrew
2000 series compressor is fitted with a pair of sliding valves, one for each
half of the symmetrical compression process. These valves reduce
pumping capacity by delaying the sealing of the flute volume together
with the opening of the discharge port, altering the effective length of the
main rotor flutes. The valves not only permit stepless capacity control
down to approximately 10 % of full load (actual minimum value varies
with operating conditions), but also maintain the best possible VR over a
wide capacity control range.
Each slide valve is housed in a semicircular slot in the wall of the annular
ring which encloses the main rotor. As the slide valve travels axially from
the full load position it uncovers a port which vents part of the gas
trapped in the main rotor flute back to suction before compression can
begin. When the flute has passed beyond the port, compression
commences with a reduced volume of gas. However, a simple bypass
arrangement without any further refinement would produce an
undesirable fall in the effective volume ratio which in turn causes
undercompression and inefficient part load operation. To overcome this
problem, the slide valve is shaped so that it reduces the discharge port
area at the same time as the bypass slot is created.
Fig 2 shows one of the capacity control slide valves in two positions: fully
loaded and at part load, the arrows on the diagram indicating the flow of
gas. Each half of the compressor is provided with its own slide valve
system, these are operated simultaneously to maintain balanced gas
loads and low bearing loads within the compressor. The position of the
slot at the suction end of the slide and the position of the moving delivery
port can both be chosen to give the desired full load VR, the appropriate
ratio being selected according to the operating conditions. The following
volume ratio slides are available for each compressor size: 2.2, 3.0 and
4.9.
Slide Valve Actuation
The capacity control slides valves are joined together by a yoke which is
connected to a hydraulic piston, housed inside a cylinder and mounted
internally at the discharge end of the compressor.
The motive force required to actuate the piston is derived from a supply
of pressurised oil taken from the lubrication system. The flow of oil to the
cylinder is controlled either by a specially adapted 4-way solenoid valve
or by two pairs of solenoid valves connected in parallel. As the
requirement for duty changes, the plant control system energises or deenergises the solenoid valves, supplying oil pressure to drive the piston
and slide valves in the load or unload direction. The oil on the other side
of the piston is vented to the evaporator side of the suction non-return
valve via a drain line.
The capacity control piston/slide valves speed of travel, and hence how
quickly the compressor loads and unloads, is determined by flow control
valves fitted in the load and unload oil lines to the capacity control
cylinder.
Before the compressor starts, the HBLVDT must provide an at minimum
load permit start signal. If the slide valves are not already at minimum
load, the pressure generated by the system oil pump is used to return
them to the minimum load position.
Page 11 of 60

2.2.
Capacity Control Solenoid Valve Arrangements

As discussed in 6. Oil Circulation, if the system suction/discharge
pressure differential is sufficient to generate oil pressure for injection and
lubrication, an oil circulation pump can be dispensed with altogether.
However, as there is no other oil pressure source, special precautions
must be taken to automatically return the capacity control piston to the
minimum load position when the compressor stops to provide a
compressor on minimum load interlock permit start signal for the next
start. Therefore, instead of a 4-way solenoid valve, it is necessary to use
two pairs of solenoid valves connected in parallel as illustrated in Fig 3.
In this arrangement the solenoid valves in the unload path are reverse
acting, i.e. energise to close. Hence when the compressor stops for
whatever reason, and especially in the event of power failure, these
valves will always de-energise (open) and unload the compressor.
The arrangement using separate pairs of solenoid valves must be used if
the compressor is located in a Zone 1 or Zone 2 hazardous area where
explosion-proof coils are a mandatory requirement. These coils cannot
be fitted to the 4-way valve. The various capacity control solenoid valve
options are summarised in Table 1.
APPLICATION
CAPACITY CONTROL SOLENOID VALVE ARRANGEMENT
No oil pump
Use separate pairs of solenoid valves
Oil pump runs at start-up only

Continuously running or demand oil pump
A 4-way valve or separate pairs of solenoid valves can be

used
All oil pump applications - compressor located in a Zone 1 or

Zone 2 hazardous area
Use separate pairs of solenoid valves fitted with Valvex

explosion-proof coils
Table 1 Capacity Control Solenoid Valve Options
2.3.
Capacity Control Arrangement Using Separate Pairs of Solenoid

Valves
This arrangement, shown in Fig 3, provides continuously variable
capacity control between minimum and maximum load. There are two
pairs of solenoid valves connected in parallel:
Solenoid valves X and Y are normally open (NO), energise
to close.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
Page 12 of 60
Solenoid valves W and Z are normally closed (NC), energise

to open.
Compressor Loading
With all the solenoid valves energised, valves W and Z are open, X and Y
are closed. Pressurised oil flows through valve W into the load side of
the capacity control cylinder, forcing the piston and slide valves in the
load direction and increasing compressor pumping capacity. Oil on the
unload side of the piston is forced through valve Z and drains to suction.
Compressor Unloading
With all the solenoid valves de-energised, valves W and Z are closed, X
and Y are open. Pressurised oil flows through valve X into the unload
side of the capacity control cylinder, forcing the piston and slide valves in
the unload direction and decreasing compressor pumping capacity. Oil
on the load side of the piston is forced through valve Y and drains to
suction.
Hold Slide Valve Position
When solenoid valves X and Y are energised, valves W and Z deenergised, all the valves are closed, hydraulically locking the capacity
control piston and slide valves at the desired load position.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04

2.3.4.
Flow Control Valves

The capacity control piston and slide valves speed of travel, and hence
how quickly the compressor loads and unloads, is determined by flow
control valves fitted in the load and unload oil lines to the capacity control
cylinder. The time taken for the slide valves to travel from minimum to
maximum load, and from maximum to minimum load, can be adjusted
independently.
It is important to note that it is the flow control valve in the oil line
connected to the unload side of the piston which controls the speed of
loading while the valve connected to the load side of the piston controls
the speed of unloading; this is illustrated in Fig 3.
Closing the load flow control valve (turning the valve spindle
clockwise) decreases the speed of loading, opening the load
flow control valve (turning the spindle anticlockwise)
increases the speed of loading.
Closing the unload flow control valve (turning the valve
spindle clockwise) decreases the speed of unloading,
opening the unload flow control valve (turning the spindle
anticlockwise) increases the speed of unloading.
If the plant controller permits the frequency and/or duration of the load
and unload pulses to be adjusted, this feature can be used to supplement
the flow control valves.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 13 of 60
NO
NC
Load Line
Oil
Drain
Oil
Feed
NO
NC
Unload Line
Load Flow
Control Valve
B
1
Unload Flow
Control Valve
A
COMPRESSOR
LOADING
NO
NC
Load Line
Oil
Drain
Oil
Feed
NO
NC
Unload Line
Load Flow
Control Valve
Unload Flow
Control Valve
COMPRESSOR
UNLOADING
CAPACITY CONTROL ACTION
NORMALLY CLOSED (NC)

SOLENOID VALVE W
NORMALLY OPEN (NO)

SOLENOID VALVES X AND Y
NORMALLY CLOSED (NC)

SOLENOID VALVE Z
Load compressor
Energise (open)
Energise (close)
Energise (open)
Unload compressor
De-energise (close)
De-energise (open)
De-energise (close)
Hold slide valve position
De-energise (close)
Energise (close)
De-energise (close)
Flow control valves enclosed in boxes incorporate NRV as shown in Fig 11.
Fig 3 Capacity Control Arrangement Using Separate Pairs of Solenoid Valves
Page 14 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
2.4.
2.4.1.
Capacity Control Arrangement Using a 4-Way Solenoid Valve

This arrangement, shown in Fig 4, provides continuously variable
capacity control between minimum and maximum load. The solenoids on
the 4-way valve are normally closed, energise to open.
Compressor Loading
2.4.2.
Energising solenoid A (solenoid B de-energised) opens flow paths P A

and B T. Pressurised oil flows through path P A into the load side
of the compressor capacity control cylinder, forcing the piston and slide
valves in the load direction and increasing compressor pumping capacity.
At the same time, oil on the unload side of the piston drains to suction
through path B T.
Compressor Unloading
2.4.3.
2.4.4.
Energising solenoid B (solenoid A de-energised) opens flow paths P B

and A T. Pressurised oil flows through path P B into the unload
side of the compressor capacity control cylinder, forcing the piston and
slide valves in the unload direction and decreasing compressor pumping
capacity. At the same time, oil on the load side of the piston drains to
suction through path A T.
Hold Slide Valve Position
De-energising solenoids A and B returns the valve spool to the centre/off
position, closing all the ports and hydraulically locking the capacity control
piston and slide valves at the desired load position.
Flow Control Valves
The capacity control piston and slide valves speed of travel, and hence
how quickly the compressor loads and unloads, is determined by flow
control valves fitted in the load and unload oil lines to the capacity control
cylinder. The time taken for the capacity control piston/slide valves to
travel from minimum to maximum load, and from maximum to minimum
load, can be adjusted independently.
It is important to note that it is the flow control valve in the oil line
connected to the unload side of the piston which controls the speed of
loading while the valve connected to the load side of the piston controls
the speed of unloading; this is illustrated in Fig 4.
Closing the load flow control valve (turning the valve spindle
clockwise) decreases the speed of loading, opening the load
flow control valve (turning the spindle anticlockwise)
increases the speed of loading.
Closing the unload flow control valve (turning the valve
spindle clockwise) decreases the speed of unloading,
opening the unload flow control valve (turning the spindle
anticlockwise) increases the speed of unloading.
If the plant controller permits the frequency and/or duration of the load
and unload pulses to be adjusted, this feature can be used to supplement
the flow control valves.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 15 of 60
SOLENOID B
SOLENOID A
B
1
Unload Flow
Control Valve
A
A
B
P
Oil
Feed
B
U l
Oil
Drain
Unload Line
Load Line
COMPRESSOR
LOADING
SOLENOID B
Unload Flow
Control Valve
SOLENOID A
T
B
A
A
Oil
Feed
Oil
Drain
Unload Line
Load Line
COMPRESSOR
UNLOADING
CAPACITY CONTROL ACTION

Load compressor
SOLENOID A
Energise
SOLENOID B
OIL FLOW
De-energise
P A, B T
Unload compressor
De-energise
Energise
P B, A T
Hold slide valve position
De-energise
De-energise
No flow
1
2
Flow control valves enclosed in boxes incorporate NRV as shown in Fig 11.
The solenoids on the 4-way valve are normally closed, energise to open.
Fig 4 Capacity Control Arrangement Using a 4-Way Solenoid Valve
Page 16 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
3.
Economiser Facility
3.1.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
The HallScrew compressor is provided with an economiser facility. This

enables an additional charge of gas to be handled by the compressor,
over and above that which is normally pumped. It is, in effect, a form of
supercharging which has the net result of increasing refrigerating
capacity by a significantly greater percentage than power consumption,
hence improving the coefficient of performance (kW refrigeration/kW
power input) or Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the compressor.
The economiser principle is illustrated on a pressure/enthalpy (p-h)
diagram in Fig 5.
Suction gas is drawn into the main rotor flutes, these are sealed off in
sequence by the star rotor teeth and compression begins. An extra
charge of gas now enters the sealed flute through a port in the casing
enclosing the main rotor. This gas supply is taken from an intermediate
source at a slightly higher pressure than that prevailing in the flute at the
instant the gas is introduced, hence the gas is induced to enter the flute.
The original and additional charges of gas are then compressed and
discharged in the normal way. The full load pumping capacity of the
compressor at suction conditions is not affected by the additional flow
through the economiser connection.
In common with all screw compressors. as the compressor unloads, the
pressure at the economiser port falls towards suction pressure and the
additional capacity and improved efficiency economiser system is no
longer available.
As a guide to this effect, approximately half of the improvement due to
using an economiser system will be lost by the time the compressor
unloads to 90 % capacity, and falls to zero at around 70 % capacity.
The two most common methods of producing the intermediate gas
source are as follows:
Subcooling of Liquid Refrigerant
The main liquid supply to the evaporator flows through a small heat
exchanger (the economiser). A small quantity of liquid, taken from the
main liquid supply before the economiser, is evaporated in the
economiser in order to subcool the remainder. The subcooled liquid,
when passed to the evaporator, provides a larger refrigeration capacity
per kg than if it was not subcooled; the compressor still pumps the same
mass of gas. Hence the net refrigeration capacity is increased.
The volume of gas capable of passing through the economiser
connections is dependent upon the pressure in the economiser line. The
volume of gas generated in the refrigeration system by the subcooling
process is dependent upon the system mass rate of flow, the operating
conditions and the subcooler performance. These two flows must be the
same and hence an equilibrium economiser pressure is reached in
practice.
The requirements outlined in the previous paragraphs are met by the
system outlined in Fig 5. Service components such as isolating valves
have been omitted for clarity.
Liquid is metered into the economiser vessel through a thermostatic
expansion valve (TEV) with the sensing bulb strapped to the vapour
return line to the compressor economiser connection. The TEV must be
fitted with the appropriate size orifice, and have a maximum operating
pressure (MOP) in excess of the highest expected economiser gauge
(20 C to 25 C).
A solenoid valve must be fitted in the liquid line feeding the TEV; refer to
Fig 5. This solenoid valve should be electrically interlocked to energise
(open) when compressor capacity exceeds approximately 50 %, and deenergise (close) when capacity falls below 50 %.
Page 17 of 60

3.2.
Page 18 of 60
Side Load Operation

An alternative method of providing the intermediate gas supply is
available in some multi-temperature applications where, for example, a
higher temperature coldstore could operate at an elevated evaporating
temperature compatible with the economiser port pressure. The
refrigerant vapour generated by this store could then be returned to the
economiser port without significantly affecting the low temperature
capacity of the compressor.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Pressure
Subcooling
Condenser
Compressor
Economiser
Evaporator
Capacity Without Economiser
Capacity With Economiser
Enthalpy
Economiser Cycle on Pressure/Enthalpy (p-h) Diagram
Bypass line must be open

if the compressor runs
without the economiser
operating
TEV Equalising Line
Economiser
TEV
Equalising
Line
Oil
Separator
Economiser Liquid Line

Solenoid Valve
Evaporator
Evaporator Liquid Line

Solenoid Valve
Condenser
Economiser Circuit (Outline Only)

1
Electrically interlocked to energise (open) when compressor capacity > 50 %, de-energise (close)
when compressor capacity < 50 %.
Fig 5 Economiser Arrangement
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 19 of 60
4.
Compressor Lubrication, Sealing and Cooling
4.1.1.
4.1.2.
4.1.3.
4.1.4.
Page 20 of 60
In common with other types of oil injected screw compressor, HallScrew

2000 series compressors do not possess a built-in oil reservoir (sump),
oil circulation pump or oil filtration equipment. Instead, oil is supplied by a
separate external oil support system.
It is essential to supply the compressor with an
adequate supply of clean (filtered) oil at the correct
temperature; refer to 5. Oil Support System.
The oil performs four basic functions:
Capacity Control Actuation
Oil pressure is used to actuate the compressor capacity control
mechanism; refer to 2. Capacity Control .
Bearing Lubrication
The rolling element bearings used in the construction of the HallScrew
compressor require a steady but relatively small supply of oil for
satisfactory operation and long life. The oil injected for sealing and
cooling also lubricates the star shaft bearings, however, the main
bearings and gland seal assembly require a specific oil supply.
The rear main bearings are supplied with oil from a connection positioned
at the lower rear of the main casing. The oil is conveyed through a pipe
to the space behind the bearings, flows through the bearings and drains
into the main casing.
Shaft Seal Lubrication, Sealing and Cooling
The main shaft gland seal is a balanced mechanical type comprising a
rotating, spring-loaded sealing face element fixed to the shaft and a
stationary sealing face element located in the cover plate attached to the
shaft seal housing. Each sealing face has a highly polished optically flat
surface separated by a thin oil film which provides an effective seal to
minimise oil/refrigerant leakage.
The seal assembly is supplied with oil via a connection on the gland
housing. The oil both lubricates the moving surfaces and carries away
the heat generated at the gland seal faces. After flowing through the
gland, the oil lubricates and cools the front main bearing before draining
into the main casing.
Oil Injection for Sealing and Cooling
The fourth oil supply, which is the predominant oil usage, provides oil for
injection to seal the compression process. Oil is injected through two
connections; refer to Appendix 1.
In the design of the compressor the star rotor teeth must form an effective
seal with the flute profiles in the main rotor, while at the same time
maintaining a satisfactory operating clearance. The main rotor flute/star
tooth profile enables hydrodynamic and hydrostatic actions to combine to
provide a wedge of oil at this point. Between the main rotor and the
casing, and in several other positions where a pressure differential is
separated by two surfaces moving relative to each other, the oil injected
provides a sealing film enabling effective compression to take place. The
oil also has a silencing effect.
The oil for sealing and cooling is supplied to the capacity control slide
valves via oil tubes. The valves are free to move back and forth along
the axis of the tubes, escape of oil being prevented by a specially
designed bearing located on their inner circumference. Three drillings on
the inner face of each slide inject oil into the main rotor flutes.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04

Positioning the oil injection ports in the capacity control slide valves
ensures that, at all slide valve positions, oil enters the main rotor flutes
after the flute volume has been sealed, i.e. oil injection always occurs
during the compression process over the whole capacity control range,
thus ensuring maximum pumping efficiency. Because oil is injected over
a period in the compression process when the pressure of the gas
trapped in the flutes is considerably lower than discharge pressure, this
means that in the majority of instances the system pressure difference
can be used to provide the required oil flow without the need for an oil
pump running continuously while the plant is in operation; refer to 6. Oil
Circulation.
Compressor cooling can be accomplished by the direct injection of liquid
refrigerant into the compression process; refer to 6.4.1. Liquid Injection
Cooling. When liquid injection is not used, the oil injected for sealing
absorbs a large proportion of the heat of compression, thus reducing the
maximum discharge temperature, and is cooled externally via an oil
cooler; refer to 6.4.2. External Oil Cooling.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 21 of 60
5.
Oil Support System
5.1.
5.2.
HallScrew 2000 series compressors require an external oil separator and

oil support system; refer to Appendix 2 Oil Support System Schematic
Flow Diagrams.
The system into which the compressor is to be installed
must fully comply with the recommendations in 5.1. to
6.4. and 7. Lubricating Oils. Failure to do so could
result in deterioration of the compressor, both
mechanically and functionally.
Oil Injection/Lubrication
Separate lines are required to provide oil for injection, lubrication and
capacity control actuation. The connection sizes can be found in
Appendix 1.
If it is required to fit service valves in these lines, they should be full-flow
ball valves to minimise pressure drop.
Oil Drain
Oil which collects inside the compressor casing must be allowed to drain
back to the oil separator when the compressor stops. An oil drain facility,
including a non-return valve, forms an integral part of HallScrew 2000
series compressors. Oil is automatically drained into the discharge line
immediately inside the lower discharge flange.
If a discharge non-return valve is fitted between the compressor and oil
separator or when the discharge line rises above the compressor, the
internal drain ceases to function. In such applications, and for all low
stage (booster) and other low pressure difference applications where a
continuously running oil pump is used, provision must be made for an
external drain line, fitted with an oil drain sensor to prevent the
compressor starting unless the drain line is clear; refer to 5.2.1. Oil Drain
Sensor.
To ensure the oil drain line functions correctly:
The drain line must slope down all the way to the separator
without traps or risers. If it is required to fit a service valve in
this line, this should be a full-flow ball valve to minimise
pressure drop.
5.2.1.
Page 22 of 60
The drain line must incorporate a non return valve to allow

oil to flow from the compressor to the separator during shut
down, but prevent flow in the opposite direction when the
compressor is running. The non-return valve is required to
open with zero head.
Oil Drain Sensor
If the compressor capacity slide valves are not at the minimum load
position before starting, the pressure generated by the oil pump is used
to return them to minimum load. However, when it is necessary to fit a
continuously running oil pump, for example a low stage (booster)
application, there is a danger that the pump will partially fill the
compressor with oil. For these applications it is necessary to fit an optoelectronic liquid sensor into an external drain line from the compressor
(refer to Fig 14), electrically interlocked to prevent the compressor from
starting until the drain line is clear of liquid: refrigerant and/or oil.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04

5.3.
5.3.1.
5.4.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Oil Separation
All the oil injected into the compressor for lubrication, sealing and
capacity control actuation, ultimately ends up in the discharge gas
stream. During its passage through the compressor the oil is thoroughly
mixed with the refrigerant, eventually ending up in the discharge gas
stream as a fine mist of oil droplets. Before the oil can be recirculated it
must be separated from the discharge gas, filtered, cooled (if compressor
cooling is required and internal cooling by liquid injection is not used),
and then returned to the compressor. An oil separator is therefore
required in the discharge line. This vessel effectively removes the
majority of the oil constituent from the oil/gas mixture, the oil draining into
a reservoir which usually forms the lower portion of the separator vessel.
Oil Separator Design
The method of oil separation utilised by the oil separator is not important
in itself in that velocity, impingement coalescent or other types or
combination of types may be used. However it is important that the
separator operates at sufficient efficiency over the actual operating range,
with the compressor at all load conditions.
Deciding the required level of efficiency is important and is dependant not
only on the compressor but also on the system design. No separator is
100 % efficient and some oil will always be carried over into the system.
On a small direct expansion system this oil will be rapidly recirculated
back to the compressor travelling with the refrigerant through the system
and returning via the suction line. In this case the separator can be sized
such that allowing for the extremes of operation, sufficient oil is
maintained in the oil separator to ensure an adequate head of oil to
match the specified oil flow rate from the separator into the compressor.
Additionally, as the separator efficiency changes with load and operating
conditions, then the amount of oil carried into the system through the
separator will also vary. Therefore the oil remaining in the separator will
vary by an equal amount. Thus either sufficient oil capacity must be
provided in the separator to allow for this change in oil quantity or a more
consistent separator performance must be attained. As high quantities of
oil in the evaporator are detrimental to system performance it is normal to
design the separator with as high an efficiency as is economically
achievable. Even in this case the separator must provide sufficient oil
volume above the normal operating volume to cater for the variation in
efficiency. In addition the separator must have sufficient oil volume to
provide an adequate dwell time to allow oil and refrigerant to reach their
equilibrium condition.
In systems such as those incorporating flooded evaporators where oil
carried over from the separator is not so readily or quickly returned then
greater care is required in oil separator design. The separator must be of
sufficient efficiency that oil carried over into the system can be returned
by the oil rectification system. For miscible oil/refrigerant combinations a
sample of refrigerant is taken from the evaporator the refrigerant boiled
off and the oil returned to the compressor. If this refrigerant is not boiled
off in a useful fashion then this is a direct loss on the system
performance. If conditions change rapidly then it can take considerable
time for equilibrium to be achieved. Under these conditions oil will build
up in the evaporator and be lost from the separator. Thus the separator
must be of a high efficiency type perhaps including coalescent elements
and at the same time must have sufficient oil volume above the minimum
requirement to cope with these variations in operating conditions.
Oil Separator Provisions
In addition to the considerations discussed in 5.3.1, the oil separator
should comply with the following recommendations:
Page 23 of 60

5.4.1.
5.4.2.
Oil Return
As already mentioned in 5.2, the separator must be positioned at a
suitable height such that the standing oil level (compressor stopped) is
significantly below the bottom of the compressor. For applications using
a continuously running oil pump a drain line must be installed between
the compressor casing and the oil separator.
The oil separator must have a sufficient free volume to accommodate the
oil drainage from the compressor or oil returned from another part of the
system.
Suction/Discharge Non-return Valve
To prevent excessive reverse rotation of the compressor at shutdown it is
necessary to fit a non-return valve adjacent to the compressor in the
suction and/or discharge lines:
Single compressor application - either a suction or discharge
non-return valve must be fitted. A non-return valve in the
suction line must be located before the suction strainer.
5.4.3.
5.4.4.
5.4.5.
Page 24 of 60
Multiple compressor application - all compressors must be

fitted with a discharge non-return valve.
Discharge non-return valves must be sized according to
the operating conditions.
Oil Heaters
The separator must be fitted with oil heaters of sufficient capacity to
maintain an oil temperature 20 C above the ambient temperature,
thereby preventing refrigerant migration into the oil and the resultant loss
of viscosity and potential foaming. The oil heaters must be electrically
interlocked to energise when the compressor stops.
If the plant is sited in a cold environment then oil lines must be suitably
lagged and if necessary heater tape applied in order to prevent oil
foaming.
Oil Low Level
A level switch or sensor must be fitted to the oil separator or the main oil
line at a point corresponding to a dangerously low oil level. The switch or
sensor must be electrically interlocked to prevent the compressor starting
unless there is sufficient oil in the reservoir, and stop the compressor
should the oil level fall below the danger level.
Oil Balance Lines
In installations using multiple compressors/oil separator units on the
same refrigeration circuit, oil returning from the system must be
distributed such that an adequate oil level is maintained in each oil
separator. If an oil balance system is adopted that relies on solenoid
valves to prevent oil returning to the separator when the compressor is
stopped, these solenoid valves must be selected and tested as suitable
for use with refrigeration oils. Many such valves fail to close, with the
possibility of oil flowing through the non running oil system/compressor
and filling the compressor. This can occur even when a non return valve
is fitted after the separator.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
6.
Oil Circulation
An oil circulation pump can be dispensed with for most operating
conditions using HSO 2000 series compressors or if a pump is necessary
it is only required to run at start-up.
For applications without an oil pump, oil circulation is maintained by the
pressure difference generated between the high pressure side of the
system and the pressure in the sealed main rotor flute at the point of oil
injection. When the compressor stops, a special, fail-safe solenoid valve
arrangement (refer to Fig 3) automatically returns the capacity control
slide valves to minimum load.
For applications using an oil pump for starting only, the pump is used to
provide adequate lubrication for the bearings and mainshaft gland seal,
and an oil pressure source to return the compressor capacity control slide
valves to the minimum load position prior to starting. After a short period
the pump is stopped and oil injection maintained by the system pressure
difference. Non-return valves are positioned in the oil lines to ensure that
oil is only delivered to the lubrication and capacity control connections
when the pump is running. When self-injection takes over, oil is fed to
the lubrication, capacity control and oil injection connections.
Exceptions to the above occur when there is only a small system
pressure difference. Typical examples are under low ambient conditions,
low load operation and most low stage (booster) applications. If the
difference between absolute discharge pressure, measured at the outlet
from the oil separator, and twice the absolute suction pressure is less
than 2 bar abs, pumped oil injection/lubrication is necessary using a fullflow oil pump running continuously while the compressor is operating.
For minimum pumping capacities refer to Table 2.
HallScrew
Compressor
Pumping
3
Capacity m /hr
HallScrew
Compressor
Pumping
3
Capacity m /hr
HSO 2024
4 to 6
HSO 2031
7 to 10
HSO 2028
5.5 to 8
HSO 2035
10 to 15
Table 2 Pumping Capacities For Continuously Running Oil Pump
6.1.
Oil support systems, similar to those fitted to J & E Hall International

package units fitted with the HallScrew 2000 series compressor, are
illustrated in Appendix 2 Oil Support System Schematic Flow Diagrams.
All necessary valves, controls and instrumentation are shown in the
diagrams.
Oil Differential Pressure Monitoring
As already discussed in 6. Oil Circulation, there are four basic oil support
systems depending on whether an oil pump is fitted and its behaviour.
No oil pump, system suction/discharge pressure differential
is high enough to maintain oil follow.
Start-up oil pump, runs to lubricate the gland and bearings
before the compressor starts, then stops. When the
compressor starts, system suction/discharge pressure
differential is high enough to maintain oil flow.
Continuously running oil pump, for low system pressure
difference applications, starts and stops with the
compressor.
Demand oil pump, combines features of a start-up and a
continuously running oil pump.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 25 of 60

Each oil support system can be combined with two different oil feed
types:
Common oil supply feeds to the compressor oil injection port
and to the gland and bearings.
Separate oil supply feeds. The compressor oil injection port
has its own separate solenoid valve in the oil feed line which
is not supplied from the oil pump (if fitted). The oil supply
feed to the gland and bearings has its own solenoid valve
and is supplied from the oil pump (if fitted).
The oil differential pressure monitoring requirements for each oil support
system are summarised in Table 3.
STANDARD SOLENOID VALVE AND PRESSURE SENSING ARRANGEMENT
OIL DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE (ODP) AND
SENSING METHOD
OIL PUMP/SYSTEM TYPE

NO OIL PUMP
OIL PUMP RUNS AT

START-UP ONLY
CONTINUOUSLY
RUNNING OIL PUMP
DEMAND OIL PUMP
ODP1 by differential
pressure switch
Oil-to-suction P
Oil-to-discharge P
Oil-to-suction P
ODP1 by transducers
Oil injection pressure Suction pressure
Oil injection pressure

Discharge pressure

Suction pressure
Oil-to-discharge P
(during start-up only)
ODP2 by differential
pressure switch
Not used
ODP2 by transducers

Discharge pressure
(during start-up only)
Not used
Designated ODPS on applications with no oil pump or a continuously running oil pump (only one oil differential pressure
switch fitted).
Table 3 Summary of Differential Pressure Sensing
6.2.
Page 26 of 60
Oil Differential Pressure 1 (ODP1)

No oil pump or oil pump runs at start-up only
When the compressor starts, the suction/discharge pressure
differential must rise to establish oil flow and an oil differential
pressure in excess of the ODP1 value.
After allowing sufficient time for the pressure differential to rise
ODP1 is brought into the trip circuit. If the pressure differential has
not exceeded the ODP1 value, or falls below the ODP1 value
during operation, the compressor stops and a trip is displayed.
Continuously running oil pump
On starting the compressor and oil pump, the oil pressure
differential must rise to establish oil flow and an oil differential
pressure in excess of the ODP1 value.
After allowing sufficient time for the pressure differential to rise,
ODP1 is brought into the trip circuit. If the pressure differential has
not exceeded the ODP1 value, or falls below the ODP1 value
during operation, the compressor and oil pump stop and a trip is
displayed.
Demand oil pump
For demand oil pump operation system pressures are monitored
by a J & E Hall International Fridgewatch 2000 Controller.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
6.2.1.
6.2.2.
6.2.3.
6.2.4.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
The demand oil pump starts a few seconds before the compressor.
After the minimum run time interval expires, Fridgewatch checks if
system pressure difference is sufficient to maintain adequate oil
supply without the oil pump running. If Fridgewatch decides that
the oil pump is not required, the pump is stopped, otherwise the
pump continues to run until system pressure difference increases.
Once the pump has stopped, Fridgewatch continues to monitor oil
injection pressure. If as a result of falling system pressure
difference, oil injection pressure approaches the ODP1 trip value,
the pump is restarted.
Oil Flow Switch
For applications without an oil pump or with a continuously running oil
pump, the oil differential pressure switch can be replaced by a flow switch
positioned in the oil line to the compressor bearings.
Contacts close at 0.15 litres/second on flow increase.
Contacts open at 0.095 litres/second on flow decrease.
On starting the compressor, oil flow must rise to a value in excess of the
flow switch contacts close value.
After allowing sufficient time for oil flow to rise, the flow switch is brought
into the trip circuit. If oil flow has not exceeded the contacts close value,
or falls below the contacts open value during operation, the compressor
stops and a trip is displayed.
Oil Differential Pressure 2 (ODP2)
This differential pressure is only applicable when the oil pump runs at
start up only.
Before the compressor starts, the start-up oil pump runs to establish a
discharge/oil pump pressure differential in excess of the ODP2 value.
After allowing sufficient time for the pressure differential to rise, ODP2 is
brought into the trip circuit. If the pressure differential has not exceeded
the ODP2 value, the start sequence is terminated and a trip displayed.
For applications with separate solenoid valves in the oil feed and oil
injection lines, ODP2 continues to be monitored all the time the
compressor is running.
Oil System Differential Pressure Drop
Gauges or pressure transducers must be provided to measure the
pressure differential across the oil system, including the oil filter.
Oil pressure drop = Oil pressure before - Oil pressure
across filter
oil filter
after oil filter
NOTE: do not allow the pressure drop across the filter
to exceed the clean filter pressure drop plus 1.4 bar,
before changing the filter element.
Maintaining Discharge Pressure at Start up
Because oil pressure is generated by discharge pressure, a minimum
discharge pressure must be maintained, this minimum pressure
increases as suction pressure increases in order to maintain the required
pressure differential.
In circumstances where the minimum discharge pressure is difficult to
achieve, even with the help of condenser head pressure control devices,
a differential pressure regulator must be fitted in the discharge line
immediately after the oil separator. Fig 6 ilustrates a typical arrangement
using a Danfoss PM 1 main valve and CVPP pilot valve.
Discharge pressure, inlet pressure to the main valve, is applied to the
space below the pilot valve diaphragm. Suction pressure is applied via a
pilot line to the space above the diaphragm. The main valve, therefore,
controls on the differential between suction and discharge pressure.
Page 27 of 60
Suction
CVPP Pilot Line

Sensing Suction
Pressure
Danfoss PM 1
Main Valve +
CVPP Pilot Valve
Discharge
Line
Discharge
Oil Separator/Reservoir
Fig 6 Maintaining Discharge Pressure at Start up
6.3.
Page 28 of 60
The differential pressure regulator allows discharge pressure to build up

quickly on starting to achieve the necessary oil differential pressure
before the start delay time expires (usually 30 seconds). If the
suction/discharge pressure differential falls below the minimum
requirement to maintain adequate oil flow, the pilot valve throttles the
main valve to maintain the differential pressure, thereby ensuring
adequate oil flow to the compressor. During normal operation the main
valve will usually be fully open with little detrimental effect on compressor
performance.
Oil Filter
To ensure minimum wear on moving parts and to maximise bearing life it
is essential to fit an adequately sized oil filter; the location of the filter is
shown in Appendix 2 Oil Support System Schematic Flow Diagrams.
The oil filter should be of the type that uses a disposable element and
must be compatible, in all respects, with oil/refrigerant mixtures. A
bypass must NOT be included in the filter assembly.
The filter element should be capable of filtering to 10 microns or better
(10). A typical filter specification would be 25 75, 10 3, 5> 1.
This specification indicates that the filter element will pass 1 particle in 75
of 25 micron size, 1 particle in 3 of 10 micron size and will provide some
measure of filtration of 5 micron particles. Due to the refrigerant
absorbed in the oil, the filter element must be sized to give a lower
pressure drop than would otherwise be normal, i.e. 0.35 bar g maximum,
with the oil flow rates shown in Table 2. Remember that at certain
operating conditions, a continuously running oil pump will be required;
refer to the appropriate operational envelope in the HallScrew 2000
Series Compressor Selection Publication.
The maximum permissible pressure drop across the complete oil system,
with the oil filter fitted with a clean filter element, should not exceed
2.0 bar. During operation, change the filter element if the pressure drop
across the oil filter exceeds the clean filter pressure drop, plus 1.4 bar.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04

6.4.
6.4.1.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Compressor Cooling
The heat of compression must be removed either by the evaporation of
liquid refrigerant injected directly into the compression process (liquid
injection), or by using an external heat exchanger to cool the oil injected
to seal the compression process.
Liquid Injection Cooling
Liquid refrigerant is injected into the compressor main rotor flute, partway through the compression process.
The rate of injection is thermostatically controlled by a liquid injection
valve which meters a precise quantity of refrigerant into the compressor
according to changes in discharge gas temperature.
The injection valves sensing bulb is either strapped to the discharge line,
or installed in a bulb pocket in the line. The injection valve is normally set
to limit discharge temperature to 75 C, or 25 C above condensation
temperature if this is above 50 C, whichever is the higher, to ensure
satisfactory oil separator performance.
If liquid injection cooling is adopted and the discharge temperature is
likely to exceed 75 C, a small oil cooler must be provided in the oil line
supplying the bearings, gland seal and capacity control mechanism. This
cooler may be water, air or refrigerant cooled.
Liquid injection line components are illustrated and described in Fig 7.
Page 29 of 60
PMFH Pilot Operated Main Valve
Suction
PMFH Main
Valve
Liquid
Inlet
LO
To Oil Separator
Thermostatic injection valve
Meters a precise quantity of refrigerant into the compressor

according to changes in discharge gas temperature.
Main valve
The main valve is pilot operated by the thermostatic injection

valve.
Sight-glass (in line)
Visual indication that the line is full of liquid and provides early
indication of a choked strainer.
Non-return valve
Prevents reverse flow of liquid.
Solenoid valve
Electrically interlocked to energise (open) when the compressor

starts and de-energise (close) when the compressor stops.
Strainer
Prevents dirt from entering and damaging the injection valve or

solenoid valve.
Purge valve (normally closed and capped)

Facilitate cleaning the strainer and servicing components.
Stop valve
Stop valve (locked open)
LO
Fig 7 Liquid Injection Cooling
The liquid injection system requires a preferential supply of high pressure

liquid through an adequately sized supply line, taken from a source which
ensures a preferential supply to the liquid injection valve. The line
between the take-off point for the preferential supply and the entrance to
the liquid injection valve must, at all times, be full of liquid refrigerant.
Typical methods of achieving a preferential supply are illustrated in Fig 8.
Page 30 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
LP System Liquid Receiver with Weir
LP System Liquid Receiver with Sump
Liquid fills weir side of receiver to provide preferential

Liquid fills sump to provide preferential supply.
supply. Remainder over-flows weir to evaporator.
Remainder flows to evaporator.
Condensate From
Condenser
Liquid Receiver
Sump
Weir
Liquid Receiver
Main Liquid Supply

to Evaporator
Main Liquid Supply

to Evaporator
LP or HP System
HP System with Separate Level Control Vessel
Liquid fills vertical section of liquid line before

overflowing to evaporator
Level control system maintains constant liquid

level in control vessel. Preferential supply taken
from bottom of vessel
Condensate From
Condenser
Vertical section larger

in diameter than rest
of liquid line
Main Liquid Supply

to Evaporator
Condensate From
Condenser
Level
Controller
Main Liquid
Supply to
Evaporator
Liquid
Control
Vessel
Transducer
Column Provides
Level Signal
Liquid to
Injection Valve
Fig 8 Typical Methods of Providing Preferential Liquid Supply for Injection
6.4.2.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
External Oil Cooling

While offering savings in initial capital cost, liquid injection cooling can
result in a small loss of refrigeration capacity and increased power
requirement at higher pressure ratios.
As an alternative to liquid injection, the oil injected for lubricating and
sealing also performs the essential task of cooling the discharge gas by
absorbing the heat of compression. The warm oil is cooled externally
using a water, air or refrigerant cooled heat exchanger.
The oil cooler must be provided with some form of temperature control,
otherwise the oil injection temperature may fall too low to provide a
adequate discharge superheat and oil separation problems may be
encountered. Suitable means of oil temperature control include a bypass
around the heat exchanger, a pressure or temperature operated valve in
the water inlet line (water cooled cooler) or fan dampers (air cooled
cooler). Examples of bypass temperature control are illustrated in Fig 9.
Of the two methods, using a 3-way valve is preferred as this provides
modulating control of oil temperature.
Page 31 of 60
3-Way Valve
3-Way Valve,
Thermostatically
Controlled
Oil From
Separator
A
B
Water or
Refrigerant
Oil From
Separator
Oil to Cooler
Oil cooler may be water

cooled (pumped
circulation) or refrigerant
cooled (thermosiphon
circulation)
Oil Cooler
Oil to
Compressor
A
B
Oil to Compressor
Lubrication and Oil Injection
Connection(s)
Warm Oil
From
Separator
Reservoir
Oil From Cooler
A
B
Oil to Cooler
Cold Oil (Start-up)
Ports A B connected: the 3-way

valve diverts oil around the cooler.
Oil
Warms
up
Cool Oil to
Compressor
C
Oil From Cooler
Warm Oil at Control Temperature
Ports A C connected: the 3-way

valve permits flow through the cooler.
Solenoid Valve and Thermostat
Thermostat
Oil to Compressor
Lubrication and Oil Injection
Connection(s)
Oil From
Separator
Water or
Refrigerant
Oil Cooler
Oil to
Compressor
Oil From
Separator
Oil to Cooler
Oil cooler may be water

cooled (pumped
circulation) or refrigerant
cooled (thermosiphon
circulation).
Warm Oil
From
Separator
Oil to Cooler
Oil From Cooler
Cold Oil (Start-up)

Thermostat contacts closed: solenoid
valve energised (open).
Cool Oil to
Compressor
Oil
Warms
up
Oil From Cooler
Warm Oil at Control Temperature
Thermostat contacts open, solenoid

valve de-energises (closes) to permit
flow through the cooler.
Fig 9 Oil Cooler Temperature Control
Page 32 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
7.
Lubricating Oils
Lubricants used in the HallScrew compressor not only provide sealing
and cooling functions. The grade and type of lubricant chosen must
provide these functions at the actual operating environment existing
inside the compressor. In addition, as no oil separation system can be
100 % effective, the refrigeration system must be designed to adequately
return any oil carried over into the system to the compressor. Therefore,
the lubricant must be compatible with the refrigerant and the refrigeration
system as a whole.
The lubrication criteria can be met for standard operating conditions by
using a refrigeration quality oil as specified in Table 4 which is generally
in accordance with BS 2626 : 1992 Lubricating Oils for Refrigeration
Compressors.
Lubricating oils already approved for use with HallScrew 2000 series
compressors are listed in Appendix 5 Approved Oils. Alternative oils from
other suppliers may also be capable of providing adequate lubrication but
approval to use such oils MUST be obtained from J & E Hall International
if guarantees are not to be invalidated. Different types and makes of oils
must not be mixed.
POLYOLESTER
LUBRICANTS
MINERAL OILS
PARAMETER
EXTERNAL
OIL COOLING
Minimum ISO viscosity grade
68
Minimum viscosity index

Maximum pour point
LIQUID
INJECTION
OIL COOLING
4
Acid number
LIQUID INJECTION
AND EXTERNAL
OIL COOLING
100
68
45
33
45
-30 C
-20 C
-25 C
Minimum specific gravity @ 15 C

Maximum water content
0.88
40 ppm
50 ppm
<0.05
<0.15
Including liquid injection oil cooling where the condensing temperature is below 45 C.
For condensing temperatures above 45 C.
All condensing temperatures.
4
ISO grade 150 or 220 oil is preferred, where available and suitable for the system.
Higher grades enhance compressor performance.
1
2
3
Table 4 Minimum Specification of Mineral Oils and Polyolester

Lubricants
7.1.
7.1.1.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Lubricant Types
Refrigeration compressor lubricants can be divided into three categories:
Mineral Oils
These are the standard choice for use with R22 and R717 (ammonia)
refrigerants. Use of an approved oil from Appendix 5 Approved Oils will
ensure that viscosity and lubricity are maintained at an acceptable level
when diluted with refrigerant at the temperatures and pressures
encountered within the compressor.
Page 33 of 60
7.1.2.
Page 34 of 60
There is a wide variation in the characteristics of the mineral oils listed in

Appendix 5 Approved Oils, which should enable the refrigeration system
designer to select the most appropriate characteristics to match the
system requirements. Wax content or floc point is important in direct
expansion systems, adequate miscibility to ensure a single phase
oil/refrigerant mixture is required for R22 flooded evaporator systems,
whilst for systems using R717 (ammonia) refrigerant a sufficiently low
pour point is necessary.
Synthetic Lubricants
Synthetic lubricants can have completely different characteristics,
depending on the type.
Polyolester (POE) lubricants are the only lubricants that are approved for
use with the new HFC refrigerants such as R134a, and are selected to
provide suitable miscibility with HFC refrigerants.
Because of the high refrigerant content in polyolester lubricant, the
required viscosity grade is higher than that necessary with mineral oils.
NOTE: polyolester oils are very hygroscopic and,
typically, saturate at approximately 1,000 parts per
million (ppm) from atmospheric moisture; this is some
ten times the saturation of a typical mineral oil.
Oil for use in the compressor and refrigeration system
must be kept in properly closing containers. Exposure
to atmosphere for extended periods may result in the oil
becoming contaminated with moisture and dirt which
can cause harmful reactions in the system. For similar
reasons, oil reclaimed from the system should not be
reused.
Polyalphaolefin (PAO) lubricants have low pour points and low vapour
pressures, making them suitable for use with low temperature ammonia
systems that can accept an immiscible refrigerant/oil combination. These
oil types are partially miscible with R22 and are available in high viscosity
grades with high viscosity indexes. PAO lubricants can, therefore, be
used in suitably designed direct expansion R22 systems. J & E Hall
International should be consulted before using PAO lubricants.
Alkylbenzene lubricants have good miscibility with R22 refrigerant and
can assist in oil recovery in low temperature flooded R22 systems.
However, their very high refrigerant content can reduce the performance
of screw compressors and increase oil injection rates into the
compressor. In order to maintain adequate viscosity, higher viscosity
grades are required. Because of this, these lubricants should only be
used with HallScrew compressors if no other lubricant type is compatible
with the system and only after prior consultation with J & E Hall
International.
Polyglycol lubricants are not approved for use in HallScrew compressors
using halocarbon refrigerants. However, recent developments have
produced polyglycols which are miscible with ammonia; these oils are
being considered for use in direct expansion systems. If the use of this
oil type is proposed, J & E Hall International should be approached for
approval and advice on the most appropriate grade.
NOTE: these oil types typically saturate at levels some
ten times higher than for polyolester oils. It is,
therefore, even more important to keep exposure to the
atmosphere at an absolute minimum.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04

7.2.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Semi Synthetic Lubricants

These oil types can be further subdivided into synthetic/mineral oil blends
and hydrotreated mineral oils. The former type consists of a blend of
mineral oil and alkylbenzene lubricant, which attempts to combine the
advantages of both oil types; some grades are approved for use with
HallScrew compressors in R22 systems and are preferable to
alkylbenzene types. Hydrotreated oils can be used with ammonia
systems where their low pour points and low vapour pressure can prove
advantageous.
Page 35 of 60
8.
Electrical Connections
The following electrical connections are required to the compressor:
Mains electrical supply to the compressor drive motor and
motor starter. Refer to the motor and starter manufacturers
instructions.
Electrical supply to the capacity control solenoid valves;
refer to Fig 3 and Fig 4.
If a 4-way solenoid valve is used; refer to publication 4-45 available
from J & E Hall International.
Control electrical supply to the LVDT and 4 to 20 mA signal
from the LVDT to the plant controller; refer to 8.1.
HB Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (HBLVDT)
The HBLVDT provides a continuous 4 to 20 mA slide valve position
signal between minimum load (10 %) and maximum load (100 %).
Calibration of the 4 to 20 mA signal for maximum and minimum load is
done at the HBLVDT; refer to the procedure in the HSO 2000 Series
Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual.
External wiring connections are shown in Fig 10.
An explosion-proof version of the HBLVDT is available, contact J & E Hall
International for details.
8.1.
4 to 20 mA Output Signal
For Remote Indication of
Slide Valve Position
FW
154
3
+
4 to 20 mA Out
24 V dc
Supply
FW
153
FW
152
FW
151
Link
Connections to J & E Hall International
Fridgewatch 2000 and 2100 Controllers
Fig 10 HBLVDT External Wiring Connections
Page 36 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Appendix 1 Physical Data, Limits of Operation and Safety Requirements
Compressor Model Nomenclature

HS
Refrigerants
A = R134a
B = R22
C = R407c
D = Not allocated
E = R507
F = R404a
G = Not allocated
H = R717 (ammonia)
For other refrigerants refer to
J & E Hall International.
Lubricating Oil
E = Ester oil
M = Mineral oil
Capacity Control Slide Valve VR
2 = 2.2 VR
3 = 3.0 VR
4 = 4.9 VR
24, 28, 31 or 35
0 = Twin star
Compressor
2 = Series 2000
Application
O = Open drive
HallScrew
Example: HSO 2028/2/M/B
This describes a HallScrew 2028 twin star open drive compressor fitted with 2.2 VR capacity control slide valves, supplied
with mineral oil. Compressor for operation with R22.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 37 of 60
Physical Data
Compressor Type
Single screw, open drive.
Compressor Rotation
Anticlockwise looking on the motor (driven) end. Under no circumstances should the
compressor run in the reverse direction.
Method of Drive
Direct coupled to foot mounted drive motor.
Capacity and Power
Refer to selection data.
Capacity Control
Compressor capacity infinitely variable from 100 % to approximately 10 % of full load

(depends on the operating conditions).
Slide valve position indication by 4 to 20 mA HB Linear Variable Displacement
Transducer (HBLVDT). DIN plug terminal box rating IP65.
Speed Ranges, Swept

Volumes and Weights
COMPRESSOR
HSO 2024
NORMAL
SPEED
RANGE
SWEPT VOLUME
3
(m /hr)
50 HZ
60 HZ
50 HZ
60 HZ
853
1024
250
300
449
1273
1528
350
420
564
1728
2074
460
550
810
HSO 2035
1000 to
3600
rpm
2486
2983
650
780
1194
COMPRESSOR
TOTAL
dB A
NR
125
250
500
1k
2k
4k
HSO 2024
84
82
71.5
82
80
82
73
69
HSO 2028
86
84
73
84
82
84
75
71
HSO 2031
88
86
75
86
84
86
77
73
HSO 2035
90
88
77
88
85
88
79
75
HSO 2031
Page 38 of 60
WEIGHT
(kg)
1450 to
3600
rpm
HSO 2028
Sound Pressure Levels

@ 50 Hz (2 pole speed)
MAX ALLOWABLE
SHAFT POWER (kW)
CENTRE FREQUENCY - Hz
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Limits of Operation
Pressure Limits
Detailed below are the test pressures applied to HallScrew compressors during the
course of manufacture. These limits MUST NOT be exceeded during installation,
commissioning or operation of the plant.
Production
Compressor casing strength
43.4 bar g
Compressor casing leak
29.0 bar g
31.7 bar g
Assembled compressor leak
29.0 bar g
Design pressure (maximum working pressure)
29.0 bar g
Assembled compressor strength
Operational Pressure Limits
Maximum compressor operating suction pressure:

Maximum compressor operating pressure
differential (discharge suction)
Minimum suction pressure
VR 2.2 and 3.0 = 6.0 bar g

VR 4.9 = 4.0 bar g
20.0 bar
4
See note
Maximum compressor ratio
25:1
Temperature Limits
For normal refrigeration and air conditioning applications, the following temperature limits
should be observed.
Discharge high temperature cut-out
Compressors With External

Oil Cooling
5,7
Compressors With Liquid

Injection Oil Cooling
(Standard)
100 C maximum
Lube oil high temperature cut-out
80 C
Injected oil temperature
Controlled discharge temperature
40C
75 C
Discharge high temperature cut-out
100 C maximum
Injected oil high temperature cut-out
80 C
NOTES
1
Sound pressure level data applies to the compressor only. The sound pressure level for a standard air-cooled compressor
drive motor is usually higher.
The data refers to free-field conditions at a distance of 1 metre from the compressor. It is important to remember that on a
specific installation the actual sound pressure level is considerably affected by the size and type of room, material of
construction and plant design. Adjoining pipework, including suction, can have a very substantial effect on the noise level.
-5
Sound pressure levels given in dB refer to 2 x 10 N/m RMS.

Refer to J & E Hall International for 60 Hz operation.
2
Assembled compressors MUST NOT be subjected to pressures higher than those indicated. This may require isolation of
the compressor during system strength pressure testing.
Oil separator pressure limits may be less than those applicable to the compressor.
Refer to the appropriate limits of operation envelope in the HallScrew 2000 Series Compressor Selection Publication.
An oil cooling system MUST be fitted to all compressors. Part load operation will always require cooling even if full load
operation does not.
Injected oil temperature can be higher than 40 C, allowing a smaller oil cooler to be used, provided the discharge and oil
temperature limits are observed.
If refrigerants other than R22, R717 (ammonia), R134a, R404a, R407c or R507 are used, consult J & E Hall International.
If the controlled discharge temperature is likely to exceed 75 C, a separate oil cooler is required to limit the temperature of
the oil supply to the bearings, mainshaft gland seal and capacity control mechanism. Consult J & E Hall International.
When operating at a condenser gauge above 50 C, it is recommended that the discharge temperature is controlled to 25 C
above the condenser gauge to ensure satisfactory oil separation.
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 39 of 60
Safety Requirements for Compressor Protection

PARAMETER
TRIP
DEVICE
SETTING
REMARKS
Discharge pressure
High
HP cut-out
According to the
operating
conditions.
Connected to compressor
discharge, refer to
High
Cut-out or thermistor
100 C
Temperature at the
compressor discharge.
Suction pressure
Low
LP cut-out or pressure
transducer and controller
software programme
According to the
operating
conditions.
Maximum compressor
operating pressure
differential (discharge suction)
High
According to the
operating
conditions.
Oil differential pressure
Low
Differential pressure switch or

pressure transducers and
controller software programme
Refer to Table 3.
High
Cut-out or thermistor
80 C
Temperature in oil line to

compressor.
Oil flow
Low
Oil flow switch
Contacts close at
0.15 litre/second
on flow increase.
For applications without an

oil pump, the oil differential
pressure switch can be
replaced by a flow switch
positioned in the oil
lubrication line.
Discharge temperature
Oil temperature
Pressure operated main valve
or
3
Bursting disc.
Contacts open at
0.095 litre/second
on flow decrease.
Oil separator oil level
Oil drain line
Low
Level switch or sensor
Trip on low level.
Time delay required during

operation to prevent
spurious trips.
Opto sensor
Trip if oil/liquid
refrigerant
present; refer to
5.2.1 Oil Drain
Sensor.
Time delay required on

starting, and during
operation to prevent
spurious trips.
For high temperature applications consult J & E Hall International.

Pilot operated main valve positioned in a bypass line connecting discharge and suction; refer to publication 2-123
available from J & E Hall International.
3
Compressors fitted to J & E Hall International HSA chillers are provided with a bursting disc between discharge and
suction. If discharge pressure rises to an excessive level, the disc will rupture, allowing suction and discharge pressures
to equalise and effectively prevent further compression.
2
Page 40 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
HSO 2000 Series Physical Dimensions and Connections

1
DIMENSION
Overall
HSO 2024
HSO 2028
HSO 2031
HSO 3035
Length
975
1130
1150
1305
Height
446
500
560
640
Width
714
780
888
1000
420
470
600
660
280
306
415
468
Holding-down bolt centres

Holding-down bolt
Lifting eyebolts
CONNECTION
4 x M22
1 x M20
1 x M24
4 x M26
2 x M24
2 x M24
2 x M24
HSO 2031
HSO 3035
NO OFF
HSO 2024
HSO 2028
125 mm (5) NB
BS 4504 Table
40/3. 8 x M24
on 220 PCD
150 mm (6) NB
BS 4504 Table
40/3. 8 x M24
on 250 PCD
200 mm (8) NB BS 4504 Table

25/3. 12 x M24 on 310 PCD
Discharge (bottom standard,

top option)
100 mm (4) NB
BS 4504 Table
40/3. 8 x M20
on 190 PCD
125 mm (5) NB
BS 4504 Table
40/3. 8 x M24
on 220 PCD
150 mm (6) NB BS 4504 Table

40/3. 8 x M24 on 250 PCD
Suction pressure gauge
3/8 BSP x 6 mm OD male stud coupling
Discharge pressure gauge
Liquid injection
4 x M8 holes on 45 PCD (1/2 NB)
Economiser
4 x M8 holes on 45 PCD (1/2 NB)
Oil injection
Gland oil feed
1/8 BSPT x 8 mm OD male stud coupling
Rear main bearing oil feed
Capacity control load
Capacity control unload
Main casing oil drain
Discharge end cover oil drain
Suction (top standard,

bottom option)
3/4 BSP banjo bolt
3/4 BSP (plugged)
1 BSP banjo bolt
1 BSP (plugged)
3/8 BSP (plugged)
Dimensions in mm unless otherwise stated. Data provided as a guide only, refer to J & E Hall International Limited certified
drawing.
Bottom suction and top discharge options must be clearly stated when ordering.
3
Eyebolts screw into opposite tapped holes on main casing suction/discharge flange.
2
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 41 of 60
Capacity
Control
Unload
Discharge
Pressure
Gauge
Suction
(Top Standard)
Gland Oil Feed
TOP VIEW
Economiser
Connection
(Top)
Capacity
Control
Load
Discharge
(Top Option)
Liquid Injection
L
Suction
Pressure
Gauge
Main Oil
Injection
Main Oil
Injection
Discharge
End Cover
Oil Drain
B
A
W
Rear Main
Bearing
Oil Feed
Main Casing Oil Drain Connection

(HS 2031 and HS 2035)
Suction
(Bottom Option)
BOTTOM VIEW
Main Casing Oil Drain Connection

(HS 2024 and HS 2028)
Discharge
(Bottom
Standard)
Page 42 of 60
Economiser
Connection
(Bottom)
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Appendix 2 Oil Support System Schematic Flow Diagrams

Normally Open
Locked Open
Normally Closed
Normally Closed
and Capped
LO
Valve, straight through
Valve, right angle
LO
Ball valve
Non-return valve
Quick-acting drain valve, normally closed

and capped
Control valve
Relief valve
Solenoid valve (normally open)
Relief valve (to atmosphere)
Solenoid valve (normally closed)
Dual relief valve (to atmosphere)
Thermostatic expansion valve
Sight-glass (on vessel)
Liquid drainer
Sight-glass (in line)
Heater
Strainer
FS
Oil filter
Oil pump
B
B
T
P
Opto sensor in drain line
Flow control valve

B A = Full flow
A B = Metered flow
4-Way solenoid valve (subplate illustrated)
Pressure Indication (pressure gauge or

transducer)
DPS
Differential Pressure Switch
PSH
Pressure Switch High (discharge high

pressure cut-out or transducer)
LSL
Level Switch (opto sensor or level switch)
PSL
Pressure Switch Low (suction low pressure

cut-out or transducer)
TE
Thermistor or high temperature cut-out
PI
Fig 11 Key to Schematic Flow Diagrams
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 43 of 60
Discharge/Suction Bypass
PT
Evacuation
Suction
A
Unload
A
Load
Oil Injection
HS
T
P
4-Way
Solenoid Valve
(Subplate
Shown)
Oil Lubrication
Discharge
TE
Oil Separator/Reservoir
Sight-glass
LSL
Oil Drain
Oil Filling
Connection
HT (Oil)
Purge
TE
Oil
Filter
Circuit Completion
When Using Liquid
Injection Cooling
Second Filter if
Double (Duplex) Oil
Filters Required
Oil Cooler
(Water, Air or Refrigerant Cooled)
Instead of Liquid Injection;
refer to 6.4. Compressor Cooling
HP
PSH
PI
Discharge
ODP
LP
PI
Oil
PI
PSL
Suction
Fig 12 No Oil Pump
Page 44 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Evacuation
PT
Suction
A
Unload
A
Load
Oil Injection
HS
4-Way
Solenoid Valve
(Subplate
Shown)
T
P
Oil Lubrication
Discharge
HT (Del)
TE
Oil Separator
Reservoir
Coalescing Elements for Oil
Weir
Separation Down to 5 ppm
LSL
Oil Drain
Integral
Relief
Valve
Oil Filling
Connection
Purge
Oil Differential
Pressure
Regulator
Oil
Filter
HT (Oil)
TE
Oil Drain
Circuit Completion
When Using Liquid
Injection Cooling
Second Filter if
Double (Duplex) Oil
Filters Required
HP
HP
PSH
PI
Discharge
OD
P2
LP
Oil Cooler
PI
Oil
OD
P1
LP
PI
PSL
Suction
Fig 13 Start-up Oil Pump: Common Oil Lines for Injection and Lubrication
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 45 of 60
Evacuation
Suction
PT
A
Unload
A
Load
Oil Injection
HS
4-Way
Solenoid Valve
(Subplate
Shown)
T
P
Oil Lubrication
HT (Del)
FS
TE
Discharge
Oil Drain Line
Oil Separator
Reservoir
Weir
Coalescing Elements for Oil
Separation Down to 5 ppm
LSL
Purge
Oil Drain
Second Filter if
Double (Duplex) Oil
Filters Required
Oil Pump Differential

Pressure Regulator
Purge
Non-Return Valve for

Demand Oil Pump Option
PI
Discharge
LP
PI
Oil
Oil Filling
Connection
Oil
Filter
Oil Cooler
HP
PSH
TE
Circuit Completion
When Using Liquid
Injection Cooling
Oil Pressure
(After Filter)
OD
P2
HT (Oil)
PI
PI
PSL
Suction
Fig 14 Continuously Running or Demand Oil Pump: Common Oil Lines for Injection and Lubrication
Page 46 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Appendix 3 Limits of Operation Envelopes
Limits of Operation R22

70
Maximum suction pressure VR 4.9

60
50
VR 4.9
VR 3.0
VR 2.2
40
Discharge Gauge C
30
20
10
Consult J & E Hall International when

running at conditions below this line
-10
-20
-30
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Suction Gauge C

required below this line
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Booster
Page 47 of 60
Limits of Operation R717 (Ammonia)

70

60
50
VR 3.0
VR 4.9
40
VR 2.2
Discharge Gauge C
30
20
10

-10
-20
-30
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Suction Gauge C

Page 48 of 60
Booster
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Limits of Operation R134a

90
80
70
Gland and bearing oil

cooling required
above this line
60
VR 2.2
VR 3.0
50
Discharge Gauge C
VR 4.9
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
Suction Gauge C

Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Booster
Page 49 of 60
Limits of Operation R404a and R507

70
60
50
40
VR 2.2
VR 3.0
VR 4.9
Discharge Gauge C
30
20
10
-10

-20
-30
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Suction Gauge C

Page 50 of 60
Booster
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Limits of Operation R407c

70
60
50
VR 2.2
40
VR 3.0
VR 4.9
Discharge Gauge C
30
20
10
-10

-20
-30
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Suction Gauge C

Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Booster
Page 51 of 60
Appendix 4 Liquid Injection Pressure Graphs
Liquid Injection Pressure R22

25
Discharge Gauge C
60 C
20
50 C
Available Injection
Pressure Difference
Injection Port Pressure
Liquid Injection Pressure bar
15
40 C
10
30 C
20 C
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Suction Gauge C
Page 52 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Liquid Injection Pressure R717 (Ammonia)

25
Discharge Gauge C
60 C
20
50 C
Available Injection
Pressure Difference

15
40 C
10
30 C
20 C
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Suction Gauge C
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 53 of 60
Liquid Injection Pressure R134a

16
Discharge Gauge C
60 C
14
12
Available Injection
Pressure Difference
50 C
10
40 C
8
6
30 C
4
20 C
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Suction Gauge C
Page 54 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Liquid Injection Pressure R404a

30
Discharge Gauge C
60 C
25
50 C
20
Available Injection
Pressure Difference
40 C
15
30 C
10
20 C
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Suction Gauge C
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 55 of 60
Liquid Injection Pressures R407c

25
Discharge Gauge C
60 C
20
50 C
Available Injection
Pressure Difference

15
40 C
10
30 C
20 C
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Suction Gauge C
Page 56 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Liquid Injection Pressures R507

30
Discharge Gauge C
60 C
25
Available Injection
Pressure Difference
50 C
20
40 C
15
30 C
10
20 C
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Suction Gauge C
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 57 of 60
Appendix 5 Approved Oils

This table is for guidance purposes only. It is the responsibility of the
system designer to ensure that a particular oil is compatible with the
refrigeration circuit proposed. Approval must be obtained from J & E Hall
Limited if it is desired to use any oil other than those included in the table.
The oils listed should NOT be mixed.
SUPPLIER
BP
PRODUCT
ISO VG
Energol LPT46
Mineral
46
Yes
No
No
Energol LPT68
Mineral
68
Yes
Yes
No
Energol LPT100
Mineral
100
No
Yes
No
Mineral
68
Yes
Yes
No
Icematic 299
Mineral
(55)
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Limited
No
No
No
Limited
POE
68
No
No
Yes
100
No
No
Yes
POE
220
No
No
Yes
Icematic E100
POE
100
No
No
Yes
CP1009-68
Mineral
68
Yes
No
No
Frima FR68
Mineral
68
No
Yes
No
Frima FR100
Mineral
100
No
Yes
No
Frima NH46
Mineral
46
Yes
No
No
Frima NH68
Mineral
68
Yes
No
No
POE
100
No
No
Yes
Mineral
68
Yes
Planetelf ACD100LT
Zerice 68
Yes
No
Limited
No
Limited
No
AB
100
No
Zerice RS220
PAO
220
No
Purfrigol MP68
Mineral
(55)
Yes
Yes
No
POE
68
No
No
Yes
POE
68
No
No
Yes
Emkarate RL100S
POE
100
No
No
Yes
Emkarate RL150S
POE
150
No
No
Yes
POE
220
No
No
Yes
Zerice S100
Emkarate RL68H
Emkarate RL68HP
ICI
220
POE
Icematic SW220
Fina
PAO
68
Icematic SW100
Esso
PAO
Icematic SW68
Elf
R22
(AMMONIA)
Icematic 99
Icematic 2295
CPI Engineering
R134A,
R404A,
R507 AND
R407C
TYPE
Icematic 2294
Castrol
R717
Emkarate RL220H
Table 5 Approved Oils List
Page 58 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
SUPPLIER
Mobil
Petro Canada
PRODUCT
R717
TYPE
ISO VG
Gargoyle Artic C Heavy
Mineral
46
Yes
Gargoyle Artic 300
Mineral
(55)
Yes
(AMMONIA)
R22
R134A,
R404A,
R507 AND
R407C
No
No
Yes
No
Limited
No
Limited
No
Gargoyle Artic SHC226
PAO
68
Yes
Gargoyle Artic SHC230
PAO
220
No
EAL Artic 100
POE
100
No
No
Yes
Reflo 68A
Mineral
68
Yes
No
No
Clavus 46
Mineral
46
Yes
No
No
Clavus 68
Mineral
68
Yes
Yes
No
Clavus G68
Mineral
68
Yes
Yes
No
Clavus G100
Mineral
100
No
Yes
No
Capella WF 68
Mineral
68
Yes
Yes
No
Suniso 4GS
Mineral
(55)
Yes
Yes
No
Shell
Texaco
Witco
Key
AB
= Alkylbenzene synthetic lubricant.
Mineral = Mineral based oil.
PAO = Polyalphaolefin synthetic lubricant.
POE = Polyolester synthetic lubricant.
1
2
Under certain specific conditions in particular system designs, use of the associated lubricant can be advantageous.
These synthetic oils are the only lubricants approved for use with R134a refrigerant.
Table 5 (continued) Approved Oils List
Issue 1.1 : 10/04
Page 59 of 60
J & E Hall International 2004

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder.
The copyright in this publication shall be and remain the sole property of J & E Hall
International.
Questor House, 191 Hawley Road, Dartford, Kent DA1 1PU England
Telephone: +44 (0) 1322 223 456 Facsimile: +44 (0) 1322 291 458
www.jehall.co.uk
Page 60 of 60
Issue 1.1 : 10/04

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What is the purpose of this manual?

What is the purpose of this manual?

What are the main components of the compressor being described?

What are the main components of the compressor being described?

HallScrew HSO 2000 Series

Open Drive Single Screw Compressors

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

J & E Hall International 2004

Issue 1.1 : 10/04

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Capacity Control and Volume Ratio.........................................................................10

Slide Valve Actuation ........................................................................................................... 11

Subcooling of Liquid Refrigerant .......................................................................................... 17

Compressor Lubrication, Sealing and Cooling .........................................................20

Oil Support System..................................................................................................22

Oil Injection/Lubrication ........................................................................................................ 22

Oil Circulation ..........................................................................................................25

Capacity Control Actuation .............................................................................................. 20

Oil Differential Pressure Monitoring ..................................................................................... 25

Issue 1.1 : 10/04

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Lubricant Types .................................................................................................................... 33

Electrical Connections .............................................................................................36

HB Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (HBLVDT)................................................... 36

Appendix 1 Physical Data, Limits of Operation and Safety Requirements ...........................37

Issue 1.1 : 10/04

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Issue 1.1 : 10/04

Economiser facility provided to improve operating efficiency,

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Issue 1.1 : 10/04

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Issue 1.1 : 10/04

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Fig 1 Compression Process

The Compression Process

Issue 1.1 : 10/04

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Fig 1 (continued) Compression Process

Issue 1.1 : 10/04

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Capacity Control and Volume Ratio

Fig 2 Capacity Control Slide Valve in Operation

Issue 1.1 : 10/04

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Issue 1.1 : 10/04

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Capacity Control Solenoid Valve Arrangements

CAPACITY CONTROL SOLENOID VALVE ARRANGEMENT

Use separate pairs of solenoid valves

Oil pump runs at start-up only

A 4-way valve or separate pairs of solenoid valves can be

All oil pump applications - compressor located in a Zone 1 or

Use separate pairs of solenoid valves fitted with Valvex

Table 1 Capacity Control Solenoid Valve Options

Capacity Control Arrangement Using Separate Pairs of Solenoid

Solenoid valves W and Z are normally closed (NC), energise

HSO 2000 Series Application Manual

Flow Control Valves

Issue 1.1 : 10/04